PHSE 564 INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM AND REMOTE SENSING

Mini Project
Mushroom Poisoning in Thailand, 2003-2007

Presented to

Dr. Suwisa Mahasandana Department of Sanitary Engineering

Mr. Pornpat Poonaklom, Student ID 5338496 MPH Student-Thai Program, 2010 Mahidol University

Background:
More than 10,000 species of wild mushrooms in the world and about 100 species are poisonous. The gathering and consumption of wild mushrooms is a tradition all over the world, especially among the people living in rural areas. Poisonous and non-poisonous mushrooms can grow adjacent to each other. Poisonous mushrooms have no specific smell or taste and often resemble edible mushrooms. Cooking hardly destroys the deadly toxin. For these reasons, accidental poisonings can occur. The most dangerous poisonous mushrooms are Amanita species (A. phalloids, A. virosa), Gyromitra esculenta, and the Golerina species. In Thailand, there is a tradition of collection, consumption and selling of wild mushroom, especially in the northern and northeastern part of the country during the early rainy season. In Thailand, reports of mushroom poisoning have been submitted to the Bureau of Epidemiology (BOE) through the National Disease Surveillance System. Based on the 2007 Annual Epidemiological Surveillance Report of BOE, there rate of mushroom poisoning varied from 1.5 to 2.0 per 100,000 populations between 1998 and 2007. Some serious mushroom poisoning outbreaks in this period were investigated and recorded by BOE. Prevention and control of the future mushroom poisoning and optimal management the patients will be possible only when those data is clearly understood. Thus, epidemiological data and spatial analysis for creating comprehension knowledge on mushroom poisoning is needed.

Objectives:
To describe the distribution of mushroom poisoning cases and death cases by districts in Thailand during 2003-2007.

Materials and Methods:

Materials 1. ArgView GIS 3.3 software 2. Microsoft excel 2007 software 3. Thailands district Base map version 2002 from Bureau of Epidemiology (BOE), ministry of public health, Thailand name Thailand_district.shp. 4. Mushroom poisoning surveillance data from BOE. There are five files which name are mu2003.xls, mu2004.xls, mu2005.xls, mu2006.xls and mu2007.xls. Methods 1. Opened ArgView GIS and created new project, named mu2003_07.apr. 2. Opened Thailands district Base map. 3. Converted Thailand_district.shp to new shape file and renamed to mu2003_07.shp.

Figure 1: Thailand district map in ArgView GIS Mushroom Poisoning in Thailand, 2003-2007, Pornpat Poonaklom Page 2

4. Combined Thailand district map data and mushroom poisoning surveillance data. 4.1. Opened mu2003.xls by Microsoft excel and save as Text (Tab delimited) file, name mu2003.txt. 4.2. Did the similar process as 4.1 for other four Microsoft excel files (mu200?.xls).

Figure 2: Mushroom poisoning surveillance data 2003 in Microsoft excel files.

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4.3. Open mu2003.txt by using ArgView GIS within mu2003_07.apr project. 4.4. Did the same process as 4.3 for other four Text files (mu200x.txt).

Figure 3: Mushroom poisoning surveillance data 2003-2007 in Text files opened with ArgView GIS.

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4.5. Joined Mushroom poisoning surveillance data 2003-2007 Text files to Mu2003_07.shp one by one file by using field Code of Mu2003_07.shp and field Dcode of Text files as join variables

Figure 4: Joining mushroom poisoning surveillance data from text files to Mu2003_07.shp

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Figure 5: Combined data from mushroom surveillance data 2003 -2007 and Thailand District map, presented in table named Attributes of mu2003_07.shp

5. Created shape files of mushroom poisoning cases and death cases 2003. 5.1. Opened Mu2003_07.shp from step 4 5.2. Converted Mu2003_07.shp to Case2003.shp 5.3. Converted Mu2003_07.shp to Death2003.shp 6. Created shape files of mushroom poisoning cases and death cases for 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 with similar process of step 5.

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7. Used Views and Layouts to create map of mushroom poisoning cases and death cases 2003. 7.1. Created new view, named Mu2003View 7.2. Added shape files; Thailand_districts.shp, Case2003.shp and Death2003.shp to Mu2003View.

Figure 6: Adding shape files to Mu2003View

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7.3. Used Legand Editor to create dot density map of mushroom poisoning death cases 2003; Theme= Death2003.shp, Legand Type = Dot, Density Field = Death03 and 1 dot = 1. 7.4. Renamed Death2003.shp to Number of death cases.

Figure 7: Dot density map of mushroom poisoning death cases, 2003

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7.5. Used Legand Editor to create graduated color map of mushroom poisoning case 2003; Theme = Case2003.shp, Legand Type = Graduated Color, Classification Field = Sick03, Classification Type = Natural Break, and Number of classes = 5. 7.6. Renamed Case2003.shp to Number of poisoning cases

Figure 8: Graduated color map of mushroom poisoning cases 2003, classified by natural break

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7.7. Used Legand Editor to edit Thailand_district.shp; Legand Type = Single Symbol and edited symbol as figure. 7.8. Renamed Thailand_district.shp to District of Thailand.

Figure 9: Editing symbol of Districts of Thailand

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7.9. Created new layout, named Mu2003Layout, adjusted layout and exported file as Window Bitmap file as figure.

Figure 10: Editing layout and exporting map of mushroom poisoning cases and death cases, 2003

8. Created map of mushroom poisoning cases and death cases for 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 with the similar process of 7.

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9. Created map of mushroom poisoning cases and death cases for 2003-2007 in single layout. 9.1. Opened Mu2003View. 9.2. Use Legand Editor to edit Number of poisoning case graduated color map, and set symbol as equal interval by 15 cases as figure.

Figure 11: Editing Number of poisoning cases 2003, classified by equal interval

9.3. Did the similar process as step 9.1 and 9.2 for Mu2004View, Mu2005View, Mu2006View and Mu2007View.

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9.4. Created new layout, named Mu2003_07Layout adjusted layout and exported file as Window Bitmap file as figure.

Figure 12: Editing layout and exporting map of mushroom poisoning cases and death cases, 20032007

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Results:
Based on the available data from January 2003 to December 2007, there were 6,873 accumulative mushroom poisoning cases with 28 fatal cases reported in Thailand. Table 1: Number of mushroom poisoning cases and death cases, 2003-2007 Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total Number of poisoning cases 1,558 1,303 1,324 1,375 1,313 6,873 Number of death cases 3 12 1 1 11 28

There were 411 districts (44.4%) with at least one case of mushroom poisoning a year out of 926 districts, and there were 9 districts with more than 60 mushroom poisoning cases a year; there were Lahan Sai district and Ban Kruat district of Buri Ram province, Muang Loei district of Loei province, Chom Phra distract, Samrong Thap district and Bua Chet district of Surin province, Khuang Nai district of Ubon Ratchathani province Non Sa-at district and Pen district of Udon Thani province. Total 1,860 cases (27.1% of 6,873 accumulated cases) reported from those 9 heavily affected districts. Twenty eight fatal cases came from 14 districts of 7 provinces, there were Plaeng Yao district of Chachoengsao province, Doi Tao district and Wiang Haeng district of Chiang Mai province, Muang Krabi district and Nua Khlong district of Krabi province, Chiang Khan district, Na Haeo district and Tha Li district of Loei province, Pai district of Mae Hong Son province, Renu Nakhon district of Nakhon Phanom province, Pua district, Tha Wang Pha district, Bo Klue district and Chalermphrakiet district of Nan province. Mushroom Poisoning in Thailand, 2003-2007, Pornpat Poonaklom Page 14

Figure 13: Mushroom poisoning cases and death cases, 2003-2007, classified by equal interval

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Figure 14: Mushroom poisoning cases and death cases, 2003, classified by natural break Mushroom Poisoning in Thailand, 2003-2007, Pornpat Poonaklom Page 16

Figure 15: Mushroom poisoning cases and death cases, 2004, classified by natural break Mushroom Poisoning in Thailand, 2003-2007, Pornpat Poonaklom Page 17

Figure 16: Mushroom poisoning cases and death cases, 2005, classified by natural break Mushroom Poisoning in Thailand, 2003-2007, Pornpat Poonaklom Page 18

Figure 17: Mushroom poisoning cases and death cases, 2006, classified by natural break Mushroom Poisoning in Thailand, 2003-2007, Pornpat Poonaklom Page 19

Figure 18: Mushroom poisoning cases and death cases, 2007, classified by natural break Mushroom Poisoning in Thailand, 2003-2007, Pornpat Poonaklom Page 20

Conclusion:
There were 6,873 accumulative mushroom poisoning cases with 28 fatal cases reported in Thailand during 2003 to 2007. Nine districts with more than 60 mushroom poisoning cases a year were included 27.1% of country mushroom poisoning cases and 14 districts from 7 provinces were reported the fatal cases in Thailand. The northeastern and northern parts of country were most affected area.

Folder names:
- Pornpat_mu - Pornpat_mu\pic

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