GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Principles and Modern Applications TENTH EDITION

PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE

Gases
6
General Chemistry: Chapter 6 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
 1. Properties of Gases
2. The Simple Gas Laws
3. Combining the Gas Laws
4. Ideal Gas Equation
5. Gases in Chemical Reactions
6. Mixtures of Gases
7. Kinetic Molecular Theory
8. Gas Properties Relating to the Kinetic Molecular Theory

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 • Gases differ from solids and liquids in several respects: For
example, a gas expands spontaneously to fill its container.
Consequently, the volume of a gas equals the volume of
the container which is held.

• Gases form homogeneous mixtures with each other. Ex:

atmosphere. When water and gasoline are mixed, the two
liquids remain as separate layers. Hovewer, the water
vapor and gasoline vapors form homogeneous gas mixture.

• Each molecule behaves as though others are not present.

Individual molecules are relatively far apart.
• We cannot see individual particles, although we can see
the bulk when it is colored (Fig 6-1).

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 Four properties determine the physical behavior of a gas: the amount of the
gas (in moles) and the volume, temperature, and pressure of the gas. If we
know any three of these, we can usually calculate the value of the remaining
one by using a mathematical equation called an equation of state such as the
ideal gas equation.

COMPRESSIBILITY: Gases are easily compressed into a smaller volume. Compressibility is a

measure of how the volüme of matter decreases under pressure.

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 PRESSURE

Pressure is defined as a force per unit area, that is, a force divided
by the area over which the force is distributed. Figure 6-2 illustrates
the idea of pressure exerted by a solid.

𝐹(𝑁)
𝑃 𝑃𝑎 = (1)
𝐴(𝑚2 )

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 LIQUID PRESSURE

Because it is difficult to measure the total force exerted by gas molecules, it

is also difficult to apply equation (1) to gases.

The pressure of a gas is usually measured indirectly, by comparing it with a

liquid pressure.

Figure 6-3 illustrates the concept of liquid pressure and suggests that the
pressure of a liquid depends only on the height of the liquid column and the
density of the liquid.

𝐹 𝑊 𝑔𝑥𝑚 𝑔𝑥𝑉𝑥𝑑 𝑔𝑥ℎ𝑥𝐴𝑥𝑑

P= = = = = = gxhxd
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴

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 BAROMETRIC PRESSURE

Evangelista Torricelli constructed the device pictured in Figure 6-4 to measure the pressure exerted by the
atmosphere. This device is called a barometer.

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 In the open-end tube (Fig. 6-4a), the atmosphere exerts the same pressure
on the surface of the mercury both inside and outside the tube, and the liquid
levels are equal.

Inside the closed-end tube (Fig. 6-4b), there is no air above the mercury (only a trace of mercury
vapor).

The atmosphere exerts a force on the surface of the mercury in the outside container. This force
is transmitted through the liquid, holding up the mercury column within the tube. The column
exerts a downward pressure that depends on its height and the density of Hg(l).

The height of mercury in a barometer provides a measure of barometric pressure.

Barometric pressures may be expressed in a unit called millimeter of mercury (mmHg),
defined as the pressure exerted by a column of mercury that is exactly 1 mm in height
when the density of mercury is equal to 13.5951 g/cm3 (0 ˚C) and gravity is equal to
9.80655 m/s2.

1 atm = 760 Torr ≈ 760 mmHg

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 Manometers

Fig 6.5 shows the principle of open-end manometer. When the gas pressure and atmospheric pressure
are equal, the heights of the mercury columns in the two arms are equal. A difference in the height of two
arms signifies a difference between the gas pressure and barometric pressure.

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
 The Simple Gas Laws

Boyle’s Law: For a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the gas volume is inversely
proportional to the gas pressure.

P α 1/V
PfVf=PiVi

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 Example: Calculate the volume occupied by a gas when the pressure changes. Consider the 50.0-L gas
cylinder of oxygen mentioned in the chapter opening. The pressure of gas in the cylinder is 15.7 atm at 21°C.
What volume of oxygen can you get from the cylinder at 21°C if the atmospheric pressure is 1.00 atm?

PfVf=PiVi

15.7 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑉𝑓 50.0 𝐿 𝑥 = 785 𝐿
1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚

785-50.0 = 735 L

Ref:General Chemistry EIGHTH EDITION, MEDIA ENHANCED EDITION, Darrell D. Ebbing

Steven D. Gammon HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY NEW YORK BOSTON, 2008
 The Simple Gas Laws

Charles’s Law: The pressure is held constant at 1 atm while the temperature is varied. The
volume of gas increases as the temperature is raised and decreases as the temperature is
lowered. The relationship is linear.

VαT

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 Charles’s Law:

Ref:General Chemistry EIGHTH EDITION, MEDIA ENHANCED EDITION, Darrell D. Ebbing

Steven D. Gammon HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY NEW YORK BOSTON, 2008
 Charles’s Law:

The temperature at which the volume of a hypothetical* gas becomes zero is the absolute
zero of temperature: -273.15 ˚C on the Celsius scale or 0 K on the absolute, or Kelvin, scale.
The relationship between the Kelvin temperature, T, and the Celsius temperature, t, is
shown below in equation:

T(K) = t(˚C) + 273.15

The volume of a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure is directly

proportional to the Kelvin (absolute) temperature.

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 Charles’s Law:

Example: Earlier we found that the total volume of oxygen that can be obtained from a particular
tank at 1.00 atm and 21°C is 785 L (including the volume remaining in the tank). What would be
this volume of oxygen if the temperature had been 28°C?

Ti= 21+273 = 294 K

Tf= 28+273= 301 K
Vi= 785 L
Vf=?

𝑇𝑓 301 𝐾
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑥 = 785 𝐿 𝑥 = 804 L
𝑇𝑖 294 𝐾

Ref:General Chemistry EIGHTH EDITION, MEDIA ENHANCED EDITION, Darrell D. Ebbing

Steven D. Gammon HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY NEW YORK BOSTON, 2008
 Avogadro’s Law:

1. Equal volumes of different gases compared at the same temperature and

pressure contain equal numbers of molecules.
2. Equal numbers of molecules of different gases compared at the same temperature
and pressure occupy equal volumes.
A relationship that follows from Avogadro s hypothesis, often called
Avogadro s law, is as follows.

If the number of moles of gas (n) is doubled, the volume doubles, and so on.

The molar volume of a 1 mol gas is approximately 22.414 L at o C ˚and 1 atm (STP)

Vαn

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 Combining the Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation
and the General Gas Equation

Ref:General Chemistry EIGHTH EDITION, MEDIA ENHANCED EDITION, Darrell D. Ebbing

Steven D. Gammon HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY NEW YORK BOSTON, 2008
 The Ideal Gas Equation

1
𝐵𝑜𝑦𝑙𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤: 𝑉α 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑛, 𝑇
𝑃

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑒𝑠′𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤: 𝑉α 𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑛, 𝑃

𝐴𝑣𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑜′𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤: 𝑉α n 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑃, 𝑇

𝑛𝑇
𝑉 = 𝑅( )
𝑃

PV=nRT

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 Gas Densities and Molar Mass

To determine the density of a gas, we can start with the density equation, d=m/V.

Then we can express the mass of gas as the product of the number of
moles of gas and the molar mass: m=nxM

This leads to

𝑚 𝑛𝑥𝑀 𝑛
𝑑= = = 𝑥𝑀
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉

nV equivalent to P/RT

𝑚 𝑀𝑃
𝑑= =
𝑉 𝑅𝑇

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 Example: What is the density of oxygen, O2, in grams per liter at 25°C and 0.850 atm?

Ref:General Chemistry EIGHTH EDITION, MEDIA ENHANCED EDITION, Darrell D. Ebbing

Steven D. Gammon HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY NEW YORK BOSTON, 2008
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
 Gases in Chemical Reactions
Example: Many such air bags are inflated with nitrogen, N2, using the rapid reaction of sodium azide, NaN3, and iron(III)
oxide, Fe2O3, which is initiated by a spark. The overall reaction is
6NaN3(s) + Fe2O3(s) → 3Na2O(s) + 2Fe(s) + 9N2(g)
How many grams of sodium azide would be required to provide 75.0 L of nitrogen gas at 25°C and 748 mmHg?

Ref:General Chemistry EIGHTH EDITION, MEDIA ENHANCED EDITION, Darrell D. Ebbing

Steven D. Gammon HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY NEW YORK BOSTON, 2008
 Law of Combining Volumes
If the reactants and products involved in a stoichiometric calculation are gases, sometimes we can
use a particularly simple approach. Consider this reaction.

2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)

2 mol NO(g) + 1 mol O2(g) → 2 molNO2(g)

Suppose the gases are compared at the same T and P. Under these conditions, one mole of gas occupies a
particular volume, call it V liters; two moles of gas occupy 2V liters; and so on.

2 V L NO(g) + V L O2(g) → 2 V L NO2(g)

Divide by V
2 L NO(g) + L O2(g) → 2 L NO2(g)

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 Mixtures of Gases
The pressure of each gas is proportional to the number of moles of gas. The total pressure is the sum of the
partial pressures of the individual gases.
Dalton’s law of partial pressures states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial
pressures of the components of the mixture. For a mixture of gases, A, B, and so on

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
Ref:General Chemistry EIGHTH EDITION, MEDIA ENHANCED EDITION, Darrell D. Ebbing
Steven D. Gammon HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY NEW YORK BOSTON, 2008
 Collecting Gas Over Liquid

A gas collected trough filled with water is said to

be collected over water and is wet. It is a mixture of
two gases the desired gas and water vapor.

The gas being collected expands to fill the

container and exerts its partial pressure, Pgas.

Water vapor, formed by the evaporation of liquid

water, also fills the container and exerts a partial
pressure, PH2O.

The pressure of the water vapor depends only on

the temperature of the water, as shown in Table
6.4.

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 Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases

It is based on the model illustrated in Figure 6-14 and

outlined as follows.
• A gas is composed of a very large number of extremely
small particles in constant, random, straight-line motion.

• Molecules of a gas are separated by great distances. The

gas is mostly empty space.

• Molecules collide only fleetingly with one another and with

the walls of their container.

• There are assumed to be no forces between molecules

• Individual molecules may gain or lose energy as a result

of collisions however, the total energy remains constant.

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 Gas Properties Relating to the Kinetic-Molecular Theory

Diffusion is the migration of molecules as a result of

random molecular motion.

Effusion, is the escape of gas molecules from their

container through a tiny orifice or pinhole.

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
Ref:General Chemistry EIGHTH EDITION, MEDIA ENHANCED EDITION, Darrell D. Ebbing
Steven D. Gammon HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY NEW YORK BOSTON, 2008
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
 Real Gases

A useful measure of how much a gas deviates

from ideal gas behavior is found in its
compressibility factor. The compressibility
factor of a gas is the Ratio PV/nRT.

From the ideal gas equation we see

that for an ideal gas, PV/nRT=1.

Values of the compressibility factor are given

in Table 6.5 for a variety of gases at 300 K and
10 bar.

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.