Playful Learning and
Playful Learning and
Playful Learning and
Montessori Education
by Angeline S. Lillard
Although Montessori education is often considered a form of playful learn-
ing, Maria Montessori herself spoke negatively about a major component
of playful learning—pretend play, or fantasy—for young children. In
this essay, the author discusses this apparent contradiction: how and why
Montessori education includes elements of playful learning while simul-
taneously eschewing fantasy. She concludes with a discussion of research
on the outcomes of Montessori education and on pretend-play research,
clarifying how Montessori education relates to playful learning.
Again, playful learning spans both free play and guided play.
Playful learning is child centered, constructivist, affectively positive,
and hands-on. It can involve fantasy but does not necessarily do so.
At the guided-play end of the playful-learning span, “teachers might
enhance children’s exploration and learning by commenting on their
discoveries, co-playing along with the children, asking open-ended
questions about what children are finding, or exploring the materi-
als in ways that children might not have thought to do” (Weisberg,
Hirsch-Pasek, and Golinkoff, in press). Recent meta-analyses sug-
gests that more directed forms of “discovery learning” are optimal
(relative to pure discovery learning and didactic instruction) and
consistent with the idea that playful learning is an excellent ap-
proach for helping children (Alfieri et al. 2010).
Overall Structure
Involves objects x
Involves lessons x
Fun x
Structured materials x
Description of activity x
Pretend play x
Figure
Figure1.1.
How thethe
How Montessori method
Montessori is and
method is is
andnotislike
notplayful learning
like playful learning
Lillard
as the teacher guides • Playfultowards
the children Learning and Montessori
established goals. Education 141
In terms of overall structure, Montessori education appears to some observ-
ers loose and amorphous and to others, rigid. Montessori education actually falls
corresponds to an uptick in a child’s responsibilities and adult ex-
pectations at this age across many cultures (Rogoff et al. 1975).
In terms of over-
all structure, Montes- Whether one sees Montessori education
sori education appears as loose or rigid depends on the level
to some observers loose at which one focuses. If one focuses on
and amorphous and to the microlevel of table washing, it might
others, rigid. Montes- seem excessively rigid. If one focuses
sori education actually on the higher level of the freedom
falls midway between children have to choose what they do
these characterizations: when and with whom, it seems loose.
it embeds freedom within And, if one focuses on the (at least,
structure and structure in some senses) even higher levels of
within freedom. The over-
the curriculum and its expectations for
arching principle calls for
behavior, it seems structured again.
the child’s behavior to be
constructive for his or her
development—and for the community, too. Well-trained Montessori
teachers require children to behave in constructive ways. They often
ask children who misbehave to stay at their sides, where they can
monitor the miscreants closely and, in effect, externally control the
misbehavior. Teachers gradually allow the children to move away as
the youngsters learn to control themselves and can therefore function
more independently. Most children do not need to stand by like this,
and those who do rarely need to do so for long. In this sense, then,
Montessori education is very structured.
Michelene
Interactive Chi suggests that the best learning comes from contexts
Lessons
that are not
Michelene Chi just active
suggests thator
theconstructive (2009),
best learning comes butcontexts
from also interactive.
that are not
Conventional
just school lessons
active or constructive arealso
(2009), but sometimes interactive,
interactive. Conventionalsometimes
school les-
not, are
sons depending
sometimeshow many questions
interactive, a teacher
sometimes not, asks.how
depending Playful
manylearning
questions
often proves interactive when it is more guided and less interactive as
it becomes freer. In guided play, the teacher tells or shows the children
Figure 2. A Montessori student plays with the Wooden Cylinders to learn dimensional
concepts she will later apply to studying mathematics. (Photograph by An Vu)
Figure 2. A Montessori student plays with the Wooden Cylinders to
learn dimensional concepts she will later apply to studying mathematics.
(Photograph by An Vu)
Lillard • Playful Learning and Montessori Education 145
how to handle learning materials. In the lesson dealing with shapes,
for example, a teacher extends the initial lesson by asking children
to consider the ways in which all the triangles are alike, and through
such questions, helps the children arrive at a definition of triangles.
All the while, the children interact with the materials.
Freely Chosen
Peers
No Extrinsic Rewards
Fun
Summary
Limits on Choice
For all this concern with restrictions, some variance exists in the
Montessori method in the way children can use the materials. If a
teacher judges that a child’s alternative use of a material engenders
important learning (and hence is constructive), the teacher allows
Description of Activity
Pretend Play
Summary
Cognitive Outcomes
R eferences
He, Hong-Ling, Hong Yan, Ling Zuo, Ling Liu, and Xi-Ping
Zhang. 2009. “Effects of Montessori Education on the
Intellectual Development in Children Aged 2 to 4 Years.”
Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 11:1002–5.