ZARINA MD. ALI & Dr.

Tan Lai Wai

FLOW IN PIPES
4.1 Reynolds number
4.2 Hagen-Poiseuille equation
4.3 Darcy-Weisbach equation
4.4 Friction loss
4.5 Minor losses

2
 PIPE FLOW ANALYSIS
Types

Parameters: Case 1: Find hf

L – length
 Q – flow rate Case 2: Find L
D – diameter
hf – friction headloss Case 3: Find Q

Case 4: Find D

3
EXAMPLE 4.9 [CASE 1: FIND hf]

Water flows in cast iron pipe with 305 mm diameter

and 305 m length in velocity of 1525 mm/s. Calculate
the friction head loss if  = 1.13  10-6 m2/s.

L, Q and D are given

4
 e = 0.25 mm (given or from table), D = 305 mm, L = 305 m,
V = 1525 mm/s, v = 1.13x10-6 m2/s

e 0.25
   0.0008
D 305
VD (1525x103 )x(305x103 )
Re    4.11x10 5

v 1.13x106
Re  4,000 (turbulent)

From Moody chart, by using ε and Re

f = 0.019, then insert into
fLV 2 (0.019 )(305)(1525 x10 3 ) 2
hf   3
 2.25m
2 gD 2(9.81)(305 x10 )

5
EXAMPLE 4.10 [Case 2: Find L]

A galvanized iron pipe with diameter of 2.54 m is

used to flow water in horizontal axis at rate of 50
m3/s. If the difference of pressure heads is 2 m and 
is given as 1.13  10-6 m2/s, determine the length of
pipe. (Given e= 0.15mm)

hf, Q and D are given

6
D = 2.54 m, v = 1.13x10-6 m2/s, Q = 50 m3/s, P1  P2
 2m
e = 0.15 mm 
Q 50
V   9.87 m/s
A  (2.54) 2
4
VD 9.87x2.54
Re   6
 2.2x10 7
 4,000 (turbulent)
v 1.13x10
e 0.15
    0.00006
D 2540

ε and Re f = 0.0112 (moody chart)

7
D = 2.54 m, v = 1.13x10-6 m2/s, Q = 50 m3/s, P1  P2
 2m
e = 0.15 mm 

Energy Equation CONT’D

P1  P2 V1 2  V22
  Z1  Z 2  h f 
 h f  2m
 2g
fLV 2
hf  2
2 gD
(0.0112 ) L(9.87 ) 2
hf  2 
 L  91.3m
2(9.81)( 2.54)

8
EXAMPLE 4.11 [CASE 3: FIND Q]

A 100 mm diameter and 120 m length of cast iron

pipe was used to flow an oil and cause 5 m of energy
head loss. If  = 1  10-5 m2/s, determine the flow
rate of oil in the pipe. (Given: e = 0.25mm)

hf, L and D are given

9
D = 100 mm, v = 10-5 m2/s, L = 120 m, hf = 5 m, e = 0.25 mm

e 0.25 Assume fully turbulent and

    0.0025
D 100 So f = 0.025

Try and error solution using 1. f try1 = 0.025

these formula Used formula
fLV 2 h f (2 gD) V = 1.81 m/s
hf  
V 
2 gD fL Re = 1.81 x 104
Re 
VD Find friction factor using Moody
v chart f = 0.031
new

Value ftry1 ≠ fnew

10
D = 100 mm, v = 10-5 m2/s, L = 120 m, hf = 5 m,
e = 0.25 mm
CONT’D

2. ftry2 = 0.031 Find friction factor using Moody

chart f = 0.031
V = 1.62 m/s new

Re = 1.62 x 104 Value ftry2 = fnew OK

Or, trial-and-error in tabulated form,
Trial f V Re, x 104 Check f
0.025 1.18 1.18 0.031 Try again
0.031 1.62 1.62 0.031 Converged

fnew = 0.031 Then, V = 1.62 m/s

Q = VA = 0.0127 m3/s
11
 1. Assume fully turbulent and   0.0025

2. Re = 1.81 x 104 and   0.0025

3. Re = 1.62 x 104 and   0.0025

ftrial2 = 0.031

  0.0025

ftrial1 = 0.025

1.81  104
1.62  104
12
 EXAMPLE 4.12 [CASE 3: FIND Q]
Water at 20C flows in a 500-mm diameter welded steel pipe. If
the friction loss gradient is 0.006, determine the flow rate.
For welded steel pipe, e = 0.045 mm e 0.045
  0.00009
hf
D 500
Friction loss gradient  0.006  = 1.003  106 m2/s
L
fL V 2 hf f V2 f V2
hf   0.006  
D 2g L D 2g 0.5 2  9.81
0.2426
V
f

VD 0.5V   5
Re   6
4.985 10 V
 1.003  10

13
Assume friction factor f by assuming turbulent flow condition,
e
Based on  0.00009 so f = 0.0118
D
1. ftry1 = 0.0118
0.2426  0.2426  2.233 m/s
V
f 0.0118
VD 0.5V    
5

6
Re  4.985 10 V 1.113 10
 1.003  10 6

Check the friction factor f with the corresponding e/D and Re,
f = 0.0131 ftry1 = 0.0118 ≠ f = 0.0131

14
 f try2= 0.0131
0.2426  0.2426
V  2.120 m/s
f 0.0131
VD 0.5V   5
  6
Re   4.985 10 V 1.057 10
 1.003  10 6
Check the friction factor f with the corresponding e/D and Re,
Friction factor f = 0.0131 = f  ok!
Or, trial-and-error in tabulated form,
e 0.2426
 0.00009 V Re  4.985  105V
D f
Trial f V Re, x 106 Check f
0.0118 2.233 1.113 0.0131 Try again
0.0131 2.120 1.057 0.0131 Converged
  0.5 
2

Q  VA   2.12  0.4163m3 / s
4 15
 1. assume turbulent flow condition and e  0.00009
D
2. Re = 1.113 x 106 and   0.00009
3. Re = 1.057 x 106 and   0.00009

ftrial2 =
0.0131
ftrial1 =
0.0118 0.00009

1.113  106
1.057  106
16
 EXAMPLE 4.13 [CASE 4: FIND D]
A galvanized iron pipe 18000 ft long must convey ethyl alcohol (
= 2.3  105 ft2/s) at a rate of 135 gpm. If the friction head loss
must be 215 ft, determine the pipe size using Moody chart.
Note: 1000 gpm = 2.23 cfs.
For galvanized iron pipe, e = 0.0005 ft, so e 0.0005

D D
 2.23 
135    0.3833
V 
Q  1000  
A  D 2  D2
 
 4  2
 0.3833 
  1

 
2
fL V 2 f 18000 D D  0.7181 f
hf  215  5

D 2g D 2  32.2
 0.3833 
 D
Re 
VD  D 2
 1.667  10 4
 
 2.3  10 5
D 17
Trial-and-error in tabulated form,

Assume mid-range value of f , so f = 0.03

1
Re 
Trial f D  0.7181 f 5 e 0.0005
 1.667  10 4 Check f
(ft) D D
D

0.03 0.3561 0.001404 46808.7 0.0253 Try again

0.0253 0.3442 0.001453 48431.4 0.0253 ok!

Therefore, the size of the pipe

D  0.3442 ft  4.13 in

18
 1. Take mid-range value of f
2. Re = 4.68 x104
3. Re = 4.84 x104

ftrial1 = 0.03

ftrial2 =
0.0253 0.00145
0.0014

4.84  104

4.68  104
19
EXAMPLE 4.14 [CASE 4: FIND D]

Determine the suitable diameter of galvanized iron pipe

in flowing 85 L/s of water at length 180 m with 9 m of
fluid friction. Given  = 1.14 mm2/s.(Given: e=0.15mm)

hf, L and Q are given

20
L = 180 m, Q = 85 L/s, hf = 9 m , e = 0.15 mm,  = 1.14 mm2/s

Formulae:
VD QD (85x103 )4D 9.49x10 4
Re    
v Av D v
2
D
fLV 2 fLQ 2 fLQ 2
hf  hf  D 
5

 D 
2
2 gD
2
12.1h f
2 gD 
 4 

3 2
f (180 )(85 x10 )
D5  0.012 f D5 
12.1(9)

21
Relative roughness, ε cannot be determined because e was
not given.
CONT’D
Try and Error Solution, used formula
So start by take f at the middle range, f = 0.030
1. ftry = 0.030 2. ftry = 0.019
Value ftry ≈ fnew

D = 0.2045 m D = 0.1869 m So D = 186.9 mm

Re = 4.641 x 105 Re = 5.078 x 105
e/D = 0.00073 e/D = 0.0008 In design, standard
fnew = 0.019 fnew = 0.0195 size usually will be
chosen from table
(show in next slide)

22
 CONT’D

D = 186.9 mm

So take 8 in
diameter
pipe
23
ENERGY HEAD LOSS (hL)

Major Head Loss, hf

-friction
-occur along the pipe

Minor Head Loss, hm

- normal flow disruption
- occur in entrance, submerged
discharge, contraction,
expansion, pipe fitting, bends
and elbow
24
 Minor losses means losses due to local disturbances of
the flow in conduit such as changes in cross section,
projecting gaskets, elbows, valves and similar items.

Though the causes of minor losses are usually confined

to a very short length of flow path, the effects may not
disappear for considerable distance d/stream.

Minor losses can be express as hm or hk

25
 CONT’D

Also can represent them as being equivalent to a certain

length of straight pipe, expressed in terms of number of
pipe diameters, N

kV 2 f ( ND) V 2

Minor losses also known as 2g D 2g
h’ or where it happen
(i.e., he = loss of head at entrance)
k  Nf

Loss coefficient

26
Happen when fluid from reservoir enters the pipe (in figure).
At point B, velocity is maximum and minimum pressure.

Mean velocity
in the pipe

V2
he  k e
2g
Vena Contracta

27
Entrance loss coefficients:
CONT’D

Figure (a) shows that there is no contraction of the stream

entering and k is correspondingly small. While (b) k = 0.5 (c)
produce a maximum contraction and its degree depends upon
how far the pipe may project within the reservoir.

28
 Discharge into Still
Water

When fluid with a velocity is

discharged from the end of pipe
into a closed tank or reservoir
which is so large – entire kinetic
energy is dissipated V2
hd  k d
2g
1.0 (under
all conditions)
29
 Discharge into Moving Water
CONT’D

When fluid with a velocity is

discharged into a body of water V 2 Vc2
hd  
moving away in a channel 2g 2g

Discharge loss is equal to the difference between

the discharge and ultimate velocity heads

30
 Sudden
Contraction
Happen when pressure drop due
to the increase in velocity and to
the loss of energy in turbulence
2
V2
Contraction hc  k c
2g

31
 Gradual Contraction
CONT’D

In order to reduce the foregoing losses, abrupt

changes of cross section should be avoided. It
can be achieved by one diameter to the other
with a smoothly curved transition. 2
V2
hc  k c
2g
Possible minimum value of k:
kc – 0.05 (smoothly curved transition)
kc – 0.1 (conical reducer with total cone angle of 20-40o)
Smaller or larger total cone angles result in higher values of kc

32
 Sudden Expansion

There is a rise in pressure because of the decrease in

velocity, but this rise would be even greater if there were not
the loss in energy. There is excessive turbulence in the flow
from C to E, beyond which the flow is normal.

(V1  V2 ) 2
hx 
2g

33
Gradual Expansion CONT’D

To minimize the loss accompanying a reduction in

velocity, a diffuser can be used.
(V  V ) 2

hx  k ' 1 2

2g

because of cone angle

(see next slide)

34
Gradual Expansion CONT’D

35
EXAMPLE 4.14
Water flows through a 150 mm diameter pipe at 100 L/s.
 If the pipe suddenly enlarges to 200 mm diameter, find the
head loss.
 If the same enlargement is via a diffuser with a total cone
angle of 20o, what is the head loss?

36
 D1 = 150 mm, D2 = 200 m, Q = 100 L/s, α = 20o,

Q Q
V1   5.66 m/s V2   3.18 m/s
A1 A2

(a) Sudden enlargement (b) α = 20o k = 0.38

(previous slide)
(V1  V2 ) 2
hx 
2g k (V1  V2 ) 2
hx 
(5.66  3.18) 2 2g
hx   0.312 m hx  (0.38)(0.312 )  0.1187 m
2(9.81)

37
Happen when fluid flows through pipe fittings.

Velocity in a pipe of the

nominal size of the
fitting
2
V
hp  k
2g

38
In flow around a bend or elbow (because of centrifugal effects),
there is an increase in pressure along the inner wall.
Most of head loss due to a sharp bend by using
a vaned elbow can be eliminated.

vaned elbow

39
The pressure difference develops
CONT’D
between A & B (on the outside and inside
of the bend) is used as a basis of elbow
meter.

Secondary flow in a pipe bend

V2
hb  kb
2g

Refer to the next slide

40
 CONT’D
Resistance coefficients for 90 o bends

For 22.5 o and 45o bends,

losses are respectively about
40% and 80% of losses in
90o bends

41
EXAMPLE 4.15 [Pressure and hf]
In a chemical processing plant, benzene at 50C (sg. = 0.86) must
be delivered to point B with a pressure of 550 kPa. A pump is
located at point A 21 m below point B, and the two points are
connected by 240 m of plastic pipe having an inside diameter of 50
mm. If the volume flow rate is 110 L/min, calculate the required
pressure at the outlet of the pump.  = 860 kg/m3
 = 4.2  104 Pa.s

= zB  zA 1 1
110  
Q 1000 60
V 
A    0.05 2 
 
 4 
 0.9337 m/s
Energy equation between A and B
pA VA2 pB VB2
 zA   hL   zB 
g 2g g 2g
42
 zB  zA = 21 m
V  0.9337 m/s
 = 860 kg/m3
For plastic pipe, roughness e = 0

Reynolds VD 860  0.9337  0.05

Re   4
 9.559  10 4
number  4.2  10
From Moody chart, f = 0.0181

Energy equation between A pA VA2 fLV 2 pB VB2

 zA     zB 
and B: g 2g D2g g 2g

pA 0.0181 240  0.93372 550  103

 21  
860  9.81 0.05  2  9.81 860  9.81

pA  759.7 kPa

43
EXAMPLE 4.16
Elevation level for point 1 and 2 is 24 m
and 30 m respectively. Determine the
required air pressure (in the tank) is
needed to flow 0.013 m3/s of water to
point 2. Consider all head losses. Given:
Length = 152 m, diameter of pipe = 150
mm, f = 0.0588, ke = 0.5

44
 z1 = 24 m, z2 = 30 m, Q = 0.013m3/s, L = 152 m, D = 0.15 m,
f = 0.0588

Q 0.013
V2    0.74 m/s
A  (0.15) 2
Energy Equation: 4
P1 V1 2 P V 2

  Z1  2  2  Z 2  h f  hm
g 2 g g 2g Minor loss at
entrance
Friction along
the pipe
fLV 2 (0.0588)(152)V 2 V2 2
hf    59.58
2gD (0.15)2g 2g
2
V2
hm  0.5
2g
45
 z1 = 24 m, z2 = 30 m, Q = 0.013m3/s, L = 152 m,
D = 0.15 m, f = 0.0588 CONT’D
Energy Equation:
P1 V22 V22 0.5V22
  Z 2  Z1  59.58 
 2g 2g 2g

P1 V22
 (1  0.5  59.58)  6  7.7m
 2g
P1 =7.7 x 9810 = 75.54 kPa

46
EXAMPLE 4.17
295 m P2 = 40 kPa
Kilang B

Udara P1
150 m

25 m
Air

300 m

A factory B received water from a closed tank through a pipe

with 150 mm diameter at rate of 0.1 m3/s. Given that
kinematics viscosity of water, ν is 0.113 x 10-5 m2/s and pipe
friction factor, f is 0.016. (ke = 0.5, Kb = 0.9, ko = 1)
(i) Prove that the flow is turbulent
(ii) Energy head losses in pipe
(iii)Determine the tank pressure, P1.
47
48
49
50