International Education Studies; Vol. 9, No.

8; 2016
ISSN 1913-9020 E-ISSN 1913-9039
Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education

The Relationship of Mental Pressure with Optimism and Academic

Achievement Motivation among Second Grade Male High School
Students
Ali Sedigh Sarouni1, Hossein Jenaabadi1 & Abdulwahab Pourghaz1
1
University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
Correspondence: Hossein Jenaabadi, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Sistan and
Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]

Received: April 3, 2016 Accepted: May 18, 2016 Online Published: July 26, 2016
doi:10.5539/ies.v9n8p127 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n8p127

Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the relationship of mental pressure with optimism and academic
achievement motivation among second grade second period male high school students. This study followed a
descriptive-correlational method. The sample included 200 second grade second period male high school
students in Sooran. Data collection tools in the current study were the Ursula Markham Mental Pressure
Inventory (1976), the Tschannen-Moran et al. Optimism Scale (2013), and the Hermans Academic Achievement
Motivation Questionnaire (1977). The obtained data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics
(Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis) via SPSS software. The results indicated that mental
pressure was significantly and negatively related to optimism (P<0.01), such that with an increase in mental
pressure, students’ optimism decreased. The results of regression analysis revealed that mental pressure predicted
5% of the variance in students’ optimism. Moreover, mental pressure was significantly and negatively related to
students’ academic achievement motivation (P<0.01), such that with an increase in mental pressure, students’
academic achievement motivation decreased. The results of regression analysis revealed that mental pressure
predicted 4% of the variance in students’ academic achievement motivation.
Keywords: mental pressure, optimism, academic achievement motivation, students
1. Introduction
Today, almost all human beings are familiar with the term mental pressure, since it has become an inseparable
part of human life and human faces with stressful situations since childhood (Khodaiarifard & Parand, 2011).
Mental pressure is any stimulus or change in the external and internal environment which may disrupt the vital
balance and be pathogenic in certain circumstances (Shaw, 1973).
Adolescence is a part of the life extension when individuals face various developmental obstacles and challenges.
In some cases, these challenges include identity and personality growth, achieving success independent of the
family, and establishment of relationships and conformity with peer groups. In addition, the transition from
childhood to adulthood occurs in parallel with a set of physical and mental changes. This is a period when
individuals satisfy social roles in peer groups and in relationship with the opposite gender, learn social skills,
provide requirements and conditions for presence in learning situations and make decisions for their own future
job. Each of these changes and adaptive requirements demands a kind of coping ability that is indeed behavioral
and cognitive strategies for effective and adaptive transition. Undoubtedly, all adolescents have worries that
affect their lives. According to interactive model of life, stress is a natural and ordinary component of life
(Fridenberg & Lewis, 1993).
The modern psychology attempts to not focus its attention solely on mental health problems and place a greater
emphasis on the positive aspects of life. The main goal of positive psychology is to accelerate the change in the
centerpiece of psychology, so that in addition to pay attention to the treatment of diseases, it helps to build
positive quality of life. Optimism is a positive human characteristic which has attracted special attention in
psychology and social sciences over the past two decades. Optimism usually refers to an orientation in which
selection of positive outcomes is expected and those outcomes are considered results of fixed general intrinsic
factors (Peterson, 2000).

127
ies.ccsenet.org International Education Studies Vol. 9, No. 8; 2016

Achievement motivation can be observed in many areas of activity such as work, school, home arts or sports and
championships competitions. The construct of academic achievement motivation at school refers to behaviors
that lead to learning and achievement. One of the best research reviews that have linked motivation to the
educational environment was conducted by Pintrich and Degourt (1990). They concluded that this relationship is
possible in three ways: 1–Goals that a student has for performing his/her school tasks; 2–one’s belief in his/her
own abilities to perform tasks concerned with expectations from the person; 3–students’ emotional reactions to
tasks, such as anxiety, anger, pride, shame and guilt (as cited in Shahsavani, 2000).
Optimism is among the aspects of positive thinking. The public defines optimism as "seeing the glass as half
full", or seeing a glossy layer in any phenomenon, or the habit of waiting for a happy ending to any real trouble
(Seligman, 2009). Moreover, optimism also means having positive expectations for the results and consequences
(Scheier & Carver, 1985). Having optimistic attitude is a good way to cope with stress and present and future
problems, while pessimistic attitude leads to doubt, frustration, sadness and apathy to attempt. Thus, optimism
and pessimism are among the main factors that affect the mental health. In this regard, Seligman (2007) studied a
unique case and concluded that bitter events do not have a great effect on our misery; however, the way people
cope with these events shows how much they are vulnerable. Optimism has an important role in compatibility
with stressful events of life.
Khoshouei (2009) investigated the relationship of optimism with mental pressure and coping styles among
students in Isfahan and found that optimism and its components were significantly and negatively related to and
mental pressure and inefficient coping styles, while optimism and its components were significantly and
positively correlated with efficient coping styles.
Jafar-Tabatabaee et al. (2013) examined the effect of optimism training on anxiety and depression among
students of Islamic Azad University of Birjand and concluded that after optimism training, the experimental
group’s mean score on anxiety and depression scales decreased from 23.74±10.70 to 11.48±6.51 and from
26.70±12.33 to 8.78±6.61, respectively (P<0.001). In addition, optimism training increased optimism from
13.13±2.72 to 15.04±2.96; however, its effect on pessimism was not significant. It seems that optimism training
was an effective tool which decreased students’ anxiety and depression effectively; however, the mean score of
pessimism after the intervention was not statistically significant. Therefore, this training program can be used in
student consultation centers to decrease students’ anxiety and depression.
Sarabadani, Blourdi, and Ghiassi (2011), in a study, examined the relationship of students’ mental pressure (stress)
with their academic achievement motivation and self-esteem and found a significant negative relationship between
mental pressure and academic motivation (P<0.01). They also found a similar relationship between achievement
motivation and self-esteem (P<0.01).
Moradi et al. (2014) studied the relationship between academic optimism and academic achievement among
male high school students of Districts 6 and 9 in Tehran and found a significant positive relationship between
optimism and academic achievement. Among the components of academic optimism (students’ academic
emphasis, students’ trust to teachers and students’ sense of identity towards school), students’ academic emphasis
had the highest contribution to the prediction of academic achievement.
Considering the above literature, the main research question of the present study is whether there is a significant
relationship between mental pressure, optimism and academic achievement motivation among second grade
male high school students in Sooran?
1.1 Hypotheses
1) There is a significant relationship between second grade male high school students’ mental pressure and
optimism.
2) Second grade male high school students’ mental pressure can predict their optimism.
3) There is a significant relationship between second grade male high school students’ mental pressure and
academic achievement motivation.
4) Second grade male high school students’ mental pressure can predict their academic achievement motivation.
2. Methods
2.1 Statistical Population and Sample
The statistical population consisted of 437 second grade second period male high school students in Sooran. The
hierarchical sampling method was used. According to Morgan’s table, the sample size was 205. However, in the
end, the final sample included 200 students. In the next stage, after referring to each school, based on the number

128
ies.ccsenet.org International Education Studies Vol. 9, No. 8; 2016

of classes, the respondents were randomly selected to complete the questionnaire.

2.2 Data Collection Tools
2.2.1 Mental Pressure Inventory
This 38-item inventory was developed by Ursula Markham. After studying various cases, the inventory was
standardized and revised according to the Iranian culture and norms by Pashasharifi. The inventory contains 38
Yes-No items for female students and 37 Yes-No items for male students. The items measure mental
pressure-induced behaviors. Yes responses show mental pressure, and No responses indicate lack of mental
pressure. In the current study, the researcher considered the sum of the scores at four levels: 0-9 = normal mental
pressure, 10-18 = medium mental pressure, 19-27 = severe mental pressure and 28-38 very severe mental
pressure (Pashasharifi, 2002). To calculate the reliability, in the present study, Cronbach’s alpha was used, the
results of which was 91% for the whole inventory.
2.2.2 Optimism Scale
Students’ Academic Optimism Scale was developed by Tschannen-Moran et al. (2013) and contains 28 5-option
items. The questionnaire consists of three subscales including academic emphasis (8 items), students’ trust to
teachers (10 items), and students’ sense of identity towards school (10 items). This questionnaire was scored
using a Likert type scale (very low=1, low=2, medium=3, much=4, and very much=5).

Table 1. Items of students’ optimism scale

Dimension Items
1 Students’ trust to teachers 1 to 10
2 Students’ academic emphasis 11 to 18
3 Students’ sense of identity towards school 19 to 28

Tschannen-Moran et al. (2013) reported the reliability related to each subscale of this scale as 0.93, 0.96, and
0.97, respectively. Moradi et al. (2014) obtained the reliability of this scale, the result of which for each subscale
and the total scale was 0.91, 0.86, 0.89 and 0.92, respectively. In the present study, Cronbach’s alpha was used to
calculate the reliability of the subscales and the total scale, the results of which were respectively 0.92, 0.92, 0.93
and 0.97.
2.2.3 Academic Achievement Motivation Questionnaire
This questionnaire was designed by Hemans and contains 29 4-option items in 10 dimensions (stress, task,
ambition, time perception, recognition behavior, choice of friends, achievement behavior, moving upward, risky
behavior, time view, resistance), which measure subjects’ achievement motivation. Higher-than-average scores
represent high achievement motivation and lower-than-average scores indicate low achievement motivation. This
questionnaire is scored according to 7 main characteristics based on which this questionnaire was developed.
Some items are positively and others are negatively presented. Items no. 1, 4, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 20, 23, 27, 28,
and 29 are positively scored (a=1, b=2, c=3, and d=4). However, items no. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19,
21, 22, 24, 25, and 26 are negatively scored (a=4, b=3, c=2, and d=1) and the scores ranges from 29 to 116
(Akbari, 2007). Sheikh-Fini (1994) calculated Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest reliability coefficients for this
questionnaire, the results of which were 0.84 and 0.82, respectively. Since Hermans developed the items based
on previous studies conducted on achievement motivation, the correlation coefficient of each item was calculated
with achievement behavior ranging from 0.30 to 0.57. Thus, the questionnaire is valid. In the present study,
Cronbach’s alpha of the total questionnaire was obtained 0.91.
2.3 Data Analysis
This descriptive study followed a correlational-predictive design. To analyze the data, both descriptive statistics
(frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and
simultaneous regression analysis) were applied via SPSS.

129
ies.ccsenet.org International Education Studies Vol. 9, No. 8; 2016

3. Results

Table 2. The respondents’ scores on the Mental Pressure Inventory

Variable N Mean SD df
Mental pressure 200 28.23 7.97 219

The results indicate that the respondents’ mean scores is 28.22.

Table 3. The respondents’ scores on the Optimism Scale

Variable N Mean SD df
Optimism 200 100.48 29.64 219

The results show that the respondents’ mean scores is 100.48.

Table 4. The respondents’ scores on the Academic Achievement Motivation Questionnaire

Variable N Mean SD df
Achievement Motivation 200 48.81 14.95 219

The results show that the respondents’ mean scores is 48.81.

3.1 There Is a Significant Relationship between Second Grade Male High School Male Students’ Mental
Pressure and Optimism

Table 5. Cross-correlation coefficients between students’ mental pressure and optimism

Optimism
Variable
R P
Mental pressure -0.255 0.001
p ˂ 0.01
(N = 200, P= 0.000, r = -0.23)

According to Table 5, it could be argued that there is a significant negative correlation between mental pressure
and optimism (P˂ 0.01). Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and the research hypothesis is confirmed at the
99% confidence level, suggesting a decrease in the respondents’ optimism due to an increase in their mental
pressure.

3.2 Second Grade Male High School Students’ Mental Pressure Can Predict Their Optimism

Table 6. Results of regression analysis conducted to predict optimism by mental pressure

Non-standardized coefficients Standardized coefficients
Variable T Sig
B Std. Error Beta
Constant 124.07 7.56 16.42 0.000
Mental pressure -0.836 0.258 -0.225 -3.25 0.001
2
Sig = 0.001, f = 10.53, Adjusted R = 0.05, r = - 0.225

130
ies.ccsenet.org International Education Studies Vol. 9, No. 8; 2016

According to Table 6, F-value is significant at the 99% confidence level. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected and
the alternative one is confirmed. The Adjusted R2 value is 0.05, i.e. mental pressure can predict 5% of the
variance in optimism. Given the significance of beta coefficients, the null hypothesis is rejected at the 99%
confidence level, suggesting the negative effect of the respondents’ mental pressure with a Beta value of -0.225
on optimism.
3.3 There Is a Significant Relationship between Second Grade Male High School Students’ Mental Pressure and
Academic Achievement Motivation

Table 7. Cross-correlation coefficients between mental pressure and academic achievement motivation
Academic achievement Motivation
Variable
R P
Mental pressure -0.21 0.003
p ˂ 0.01
(N = 200, P= 0.000, r = -0.21)

According to Table 7, it could be argued that there is a significant negative correlation between mental pressure
and academic achievement motivation (P˂0.01). Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and the research
hypothesis is confirmed at the 99% confidence level, suggesting a decrease in the respondents’ academic
achievement motivation due to an increase in their mental pressure.

3.4 Second Grade Male High School Students’ Mental Pressure Can Predict Their Academic Achievement
Motivation

Table 8. Summary of regression analysis conducted to predict mental pressure by academic achievement
motivation
Non-standardized coefficients Standardized coefficients
Variable T Sig
B Std. Error Beta
Constant 60.40 3.82 15.71 0.000
Mental pressure -3.05 0.13 -0.21 -3.05 0.003
2
Sig = 0.003, f = 9.31, Adjusted R = 0.04, r = - 0.21

According to Table 8, F-value is significant at the 99% confidence level. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected and
the alternative one is confirmed. The Adjusted R2 value is 0.05, i.e. mental pressure can predict 4% of the
variance in academic achievement motivation. Given the significance of beta coefficients, the null hypothesis is
rejected at the 99% confidence level, suggesting the negative effect of the respondents’ mental pressure with a
Beta value of -0.21 on academic achievement motivation.
4. Discussion and Conclusions
This study investigated the relationship of mental pressure with optimism and academic achievement motivation
among second grade male high school students. The results related to the first research hypothesis indicated a
negative significant relationship between mental pressure and optimism, suggesting that an increase in students’
mental pressure reduces their optimism. In addition, the regression analysis indicated that mental pressure
predicted 5% of the variance in optimism. This finding is consistent with the results obtained from a study
conducted by Jafar-Tabatabaee et al. (2013), and Khoshouei (2009), who examined the relationship of optimism
with mental pressure and coping styles among students in Isfahan and found that optimism and its components
were significantly and negatively related to mental and inefficient coping styles; while optimism and its
components were significantly and positively correlated with efficient coping styles. The results related to the
third research hypothesis indicated a negative significant relationship between mental pressure and academic
achievement motivation, suggesting that an increase in students’ mental pressure reduces their academic

131
ies.ccsenet.org International Education Studies Vol. 9, No. 8; 2016

achievement motivation. In addition, the regression analysis indicated that mental pressure predicted 4% of the
variance in academic achievement motivation. This finding is consistent with the results obtained from a study
carried out by Mac and Sinclair (1992) and Sarabadani et al. (2011) who examined the relationship of students’
mental health with their academic achievement motivation and self-esteem in Shiraz and found a significant
negative relationship between mental pressure and academic motivation (P < 0.01) and a similar relationship
between achievement motivation and self-esteem (P < 0.01).
References
Akbari, B. (2007). Validity and reliability of the Herman Academic Achievement Motivation Questionnaire on
high school students in Gillan province. Knowledge and Research in Educational Sciences, 16, 73-96.
Fridenberg, E. & Lewis, R. (1993). Boys play sport and girls turn to others: age, gender and ethnicity as
determinates of coping. Journal of Adolescence, 16, 253-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jado.1993.1024
Hermans, H.J.M. (1970). A questionnaire measure of achievement motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology,
54, 353-363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0029675
Jafar-Tabatabaee, T. S., Ahadi, H., & Khamesan, A. (2013). The effect of optimism training on anxiety and
depression of students of psychology at the Islamic Azad University of Birjand. Modern Care Journal, 10(1),
34-42.
Khodaiarifard, M., & Parand, A. (2011). Stress and ways to deal with it (2nd ed.). Tehran: Tehran University Press.
Khoshouei, M. S. (2009). Investigating the relationship of optimism with mental pressure and coping styles in
students of Isfahan. Journal of Teaching and Learning, 1(1), 87-97.
Moradi, K., Vaezi, M. A., Farzaneh, M., & Mirzaee, M. (2014). Relationship between academic optimism and
academic achievement in boy high school students of Districts 6 and 9 in Tehran. Journal of Research in
Academic Learning, 2(5), 69-80.
Pashasharifi, H. (2002). Development and standardization of Persian Academic Achievement Questionnaires for
elementary and middle schools. Education, 1(69-70), 67-88.
Peterson, C. (2000). The future of optimism. American Psychologist, 55(1), 44-55.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.44
Sarabadani, T. L., Blourdi, A., & Ghiassi, M. (2011). Examine the relationship of mental pressure (stress) with
academic achievement and self-esteem among students in Shiraz. Journal of Psychology and Educational
Sciences, 3(13), 20-27.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of
generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4(3), 219-247.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219
Seligman, M. (2007). Learned optimism (1st ed.). Translated by Khodaee, Gh. Hamedan: Chenar Publication.
Seligman, M., Rayvitch, K., Cox, L., & Gilham, J. (2009). Optimistic child (2nd ed.). Translated by Davarpanah, F.
Tehran: Roshd Publication.
Shahsavani, S. (2000). Investigating the causes of decline in academic motivation among theoretical high school
students in Isfahan. Research conducted in Research Council Office of Department of Education in Isfahan
Province.
Shaw, S. E. (1973). Health education for the public: stress and stress management. Topics in Clinical Nursing,
1(1), 53-70.
Sheikh-Fini, A. A. (1994). Examining the relationship of academic motivation, locus of control and academic
achievement among female high school students in Bandarabbas (MA thesis of Psychology, Faculty of
Human Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University).
Tschannen-Moran, M., Bankole, R. A., Mitchell, R. M., & Moore, J. R. (2013). Student academic optimism: A
confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Educational Administration, 51(2), 150-175.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09578231311304689

132
ies.ccsenet.org International Education Studies Vol. 9, No. 8; 2016

Copyrights
Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

133