Mustafin Bexultan

Linear Algebra for Engineers

November 23, 2022

Homework 11

Complex numbers

1. Simplify:

(a) (4 − 7i)(9 + 2i)

(b) (3 − 5i)2
1
(c) 4−7i
9+2i
(d) 3−5i
(e) (1 − i)3

Solution:

(a)
(4 − 7i)(9 + 2i) = 36 + 8i − 63i + 14 = 50 − 55i

(b)
(3 − 5i)2 = 9 − 30i − 25 = −16 − 30i

(c)
1 4 + 7i 4 + 7i 4 7
= = = + i
4 − 7i 16 + 49 65 65 65
(d)
9 + 2i (9 + 2i)(3 + 5i) 27 + 45i + 6i − 10 17 + 51i 1 3
= = = = + i
3 − 5i 9 + 25 34 34 2 2
(e)
(1 − i)3 = 13 − i3 − 3i(1 − i) = 1 + i − 3i − 3 = −2 − 2i

2. Simplify:
1
(a) 2i
2+3i
(b) 7−3i
(c) i15 , i25 , i34
 2
1
(d) 3−i

1
 Solution:

(a)
1 2i 1
= =− i
2i −4 2
(b)
2 + 3i (2 + 3i)(7 + 3i) 14 + 6i + 21i − 9 5 + 27i 5 27
= = = = + i
7 − 3i 49 + 9 58 58 58 58
(c)

i15 = (i2 )7 i = (−1)7 i = −i, i25 = (i2 )12 i = (−1)12 i = i, i34 = (i2 )17 = (−1)17 = −1

(d)
 2
1 1 1 8 + 6i 8 + 6i 2 3
= = = = = + i
3−i 9 − 6i − 1 8 − 6i 64 + 36 100 25 50

3. Let z = 2 − 5i and w = 7 + 3i. Find:

(a) z + w
(b) z · w
z
(c) w
(d) z̄, w̄
(e) |z|, |w|.

Solution:

(a)
z + w = 2 − 5i + 7 + 3i = 9 − 2i
(b)
z · w = (2 − 5i) · (7 + 3i) = 14 + 6i − 35i + 15 = 29 − 29i
(c)
z 2 − 5i (2 − 5i)(7 − 3i) 14 − 6i − 35i − 15 −1 − 41i 1 41
= = = = =− − i
w 7 + 3i 49 + 9 58 58 58 58
(d)
z̄ = 2 + 5i, w̄ = 7 − 3i
(e)
p √ √ p √ √
|z| = 22 + (−5)2 = 4 + 25 = 29, |w| = 72 + 32 = 49 + 9 = 58

4. Let u = (1 + 7i, 2 − 6i) and v = (5 − 2i, 3 − 4i). Find:

(a) u + v
(b) (3 + i)u
(c) 2iu + (4 + 7i)v
(d) u · v
(e) ∥u∥ and ∥v∥

2
 Solution:

(a)
u + v = (1 + 7i + 5 − 2i, 2 − 6i + 3 − 4i) = (6 + 5i, 5 − 10i)

(b)

(3+i)u = (3+i)(1+7i, 2−6i) = ((3+i)(1+7i), (3+i)(2−6i)) = (3+21i+i−7, 6−18i+2i+6) =

= (−4 + 22i, 12 − 16i)

(c)
2iu + (4 + 7i)v = 2i(1 + 7i, 2 − 6i) + (4 + 7i) · (5 − 2i, 3 − 4i) =
= (2i(1 + 7i), 2i(2 − 6i)) + ((4 + 7i) · (5 − 2i), (4 + 7i) · (3 − 4i)) =
= (−14+2i, 12+4i)+(20−8i+35i+14, 12−16i+21i+28) = (−14+2i, 12+4i)+(34+27i, 40+5i)
= (−14 + 2i + 34 + 27i, 12 + 4i + 40 + 5i) = (20 + 29i, 52 + 9i)

(d)
p √ √
∥u∥ = (1 + 7i) · (1 + 7i) + (2 − 6i) · (2 − 6i) = 1 + 14i − 49 + 4 − 24i − 36 = −80 − 10i
p √ √
∥v∥ = (5 − 2i) · (5 − 2i) + (3 − 4i) · (3 − 4i) = 25 − 20i − 4 + 9 − 24i − 16 = 14 − 44i

5. Find real numbers x and y from the next equation:

(1 + 2i)x + (3 − 5i)y = 1 − 3i

Solution:

1x + 2ix + 3y − 5iy = 1 − 3i ⇒ 1(x + 3y) + i(2x − 5y) = 1 − 3i

   
1 3 1 −2ρ1 +ρ2 1 3 1
−→
2 −5 −3 0 −11 −5
x = −4/11, y = 5/11

6. Calculate:
(1 + 2i)5 − (1 − 2i)5 =?

Solution:

(1+2i)5 −(1−2i)5 = 15 +5·14 (2i)+10·13 (2i)2 +10·12 (2i)3 +5·11 (2i)4 +(2i)5 −(1−4i−4)(1−4i−4)(1−2i) =
= 1 + 10i − 40 − 80i + 80 + 32i − (1 − 4i − 4 − 4i − 16 + 16i − 4 + 16i + 16)(1 − 2i) =
= 41 − 38i − (−7 + 24i)(1 − 2i) = 41 − 38i − (−7 + 14i + 24i + 48) = 41 − 38i − (41 + 38i) =
= 41 − 38i − 41 − 38i = −76i

7. Calculate:
(1 − i)5 − 1
=?
(1 + i)5 + 1

3
 Solution:
(1 − i)5 − 1 1 + 5(−i) + 10(−i)2 + 10(−i)3 + 5(−i)4 + (−i)5 − 1 1 − 5i − 10 + 10i + 5 − i − 1
= = =
(1 + i)5 + 1 1 + 5i + 10(i)2 + 10(i)3 + 5(i)4 + (i)5 + 1 1 + 5i − 10 − 10i + 5 + i + 1
−5 + 4i (−5 + 4i)(−3 + 4i) 15 − 20i − 12i − 16 −1 − 32i 1 32i
= = = = =− −
−3 − 4i 9 + 16 25 25 25 25
8. Solve the system of equation in complex numbers:

(3 − i)x + (4 + 2i)y = 2 + 6i
(4 + 2i)x − (2 + 3i)y = 5 + 4i

Solution:
− 4+2i
   
3−i 4 + 2i 2 + 6i 3−i 1
ρ +ρ2 3 − i 4 + 2i 2 + 6i
−→
4 + 2i −2 − 3i 5 + 4i 0 −4 − 9i 9 − 4i
9 − 4i (9 − 4i)(−4 − 9i) −36 + 81i + 16i + 36 97i
y(−4−9i) = 9−4i ⇒ y = ⇒y= ⇒y= ⇒y= ⇒
−4 − 9i 16 + 81 97 97
y=i
4 + 2i (4 + 2i)(3 + i)
x(3−i)+i(4+2i) = 2+6i ⇒ x(3−i) = 2+6i−4i+2 ⇒ x(3−i) = 4+2i ⇒ x = ⇒x= ⇒
3−i 9+1
12 + 4i + 6i − 2 10 + 10i
x= ⇒x= ⇒x=1+i
10 10
(1 + i, i)

9. Solve the next equation in complex numbers:

x2 − (2 + i)x + (−1 + 7i) = 0

Solution:

D = (−(2 + i))2 − 4 · (−1 + 7i) = 4 + 4i − 1 + 4 − 28i = 7 − 24i

√ p √
−(−(2 + i)) ± 7 − 24i (2 + i) ± 16 + 9(−1) − 24i (2 + i) ± 16 + 9i2 − 24i
x= = = =
2·1 2 2
p p
(2 + i) ± 42 + (3i)2 − 2 · 4 · 3i (2 + i) ± (4 − 3i)2 (2 + i) ± (4 − 3i)
= = =
2 2 2
2 + i + 4 − 3i 6 − 2i
x1 = = =3−i
2 2
2 + i − (4 − 3i) 2 + i − 4 + 3i −2 + 4i
x2 = = = = −1 + 2i
2 2 2
10. Calculate:  
 1 i 1 + i

 −i 1 0  =?

1 − i 0 1 

4
 Solution:
 
 1 i 1 + i

 −i 1 0  = 1 − ((1 + i) · (1 − i) + i · (−i)) = 1 − (1 + 1 + 1) = 1 − 3 = −2

1 − i 0 1 

11. Calculate:
(1 + i)25 =?

Solution:

a = |a|(cos θ + i sin θ)
an = |a|n (cos(n × θ) + i sin(n × θ))
p p √
|a| = a2 + b2 = 12 + 12 = 2
b 1
tan(θ) = =
a 1
θ = arctan(1)
π
θ=
4
√ 25 π π
a25 = 2 (cos(25 × ) + i sin(25 × ))
4 4
12. Find a trigonometric form of the next complex number:
√
1 + i 3 =?

Solution:

z = |z|(cos θ + i sin θ)
p q √ √ √
|z| = a2 + b2 = 12 + ( 3)2 = 1 + 3 = 4 = 2
√
b 3 √
tan(θ) = = = 3
a 1
√
θ = arctan( 3)
π
θ=
3
π π
z = 2(cos + i sin )
3 3