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    Lecture Notes - Verbs

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    Kamalesh Siva
    Verbs play two main functions in clauses: as the main verb, which determines other elements in the clause, or as auxiliary verbs which qualify the meaning of the main verb. There are three classes of verbs - lexical verbs which only function as main verbs, primary verbs which function as both auxiliary and main verbs, and modal verbs which only function as auxiliary verbs. Verbs can take different valency patterns depending on required clause elements, including intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, complex transitive, and copular patterns. Multi-word verbs also exist and function as a single verb, comprising a verb and particle, preposition, or both.

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    Lecture Notes - Verbs

    Uploaded by

    Kamalesh Siva
    127 views16 pages
    Verbs play two main functions in clauses: as the main verb, which determines other elements in the clause, or as auxiliary verbs which qualify the meaning of the main verb. There are three classes of verbs - lexical verbs which only function as main verbs, primary verbs which function as both auxiliary and main verbs, and modal verbs which only function as auxiliary verbs. Verbs can take different valency patterns depending on required clause elements, including intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, complex transitive, and copular patterns. Multi-word verbs also exist and function as a single verb, comprising a verb and particle, preposition, or both.

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    Verbs play two main functions in clauses: as the main verb, which determines other elements in the clause, or as auxiliary verbs which qualify the meaning of the main verb. There are three classes of verbs - lexical verbs which only function as main verbs, primary verbs which function as both auxiliary and main verbs, and modal verbs which only function as auxiliary verbs. Verbs can take different valency patterns depending on required clause elements, including intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, complex transitive, and copular patterns. Multi-word verbs also exist and function as a single verb, comprising a verb and particle, preposition, or both.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    127 views16 pages

    Lecture Notes - Verbs

    Uploaded by

    Kamalesh Siva
    Verbs play two main functions in clauses: as the main verb, which determines other elements in the clause, or as auxiliary verbs which qualify the meaning of the main verb. There are three classes of verbs - lexical verbs which only function as main verbs, primary verbs which function as both auxiliary and main verbs, and modal verbs which only function as auxiliary verbs. Verbs can take different valency patterns depending on required clause elements, including intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, complex transitive, and copular patterns. Multi-word verbs also exist and function as a single verb, comprising a verb and particle, preposition, or both.

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    Verbs
    Functions of Verbs
    Verbs play two main functions in clauses:
    oThe main verb
    ➢ is the most essential element in a clause as it determines the other elements.

    o Auxiliary verbs
    ➢ come before a main verb and qualify (describe) its meaning.
    e.g., He will think about it.
    Classes of Verbs
    Verbs can be divided into three classes:
    o Lexical verbs function only as main verbs (e.g., write, read, and ponder).
    o Primary verbs (be, have, and do) function as both auxiliary and main
    verbs.
    e.g., She does (auxiliary verb) not do (main verb) her homework.
    He has already had his breakfast.
    o Modal verbs (can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must)
    function only as auxiliary verbs.
    Valency Patterns
    ❑ The patterns vary according to the clause elements required to follow the
    verb within the clause, e.g., direct object, indirect object, subject
    predicative.
    ❑ Valency patterns comprise a subject.
    ❑ Optional adverbials may be added.

    Subject Verb Optional adverbial


    He went to school
    Valency Patterns (Cont.)
    There are five patterns of valency:
    1. Intransitive
    Pattern: subject + verb (S + V)
    e.g., They play.

    2. Monotransitive
    Pattern: subject + verb + direct object (S + V + DO)
    e.g., She writes novels.
    Valency Patterns (Cont.)
    3. Ditransitive
    Pattern: subject + verb + indirect object + direct object (S + V + IO + DO).
    e.g., She gave her mother a flower.

    4. Complex transitive
    Complex transitive verbs precede a direct object (a noun phrase) followed by either an
    object predicative (a noun phrase or adjective), or an obligatory adverbial.
    ➢ Patterns: subject + verb + direct object + object predicative (S + V + DO + OP)
    e.g., He calls his son champion.
    ➢ or subject + verb + direct object + obligatory adverbial (S + V + DO + A).
    e.g., She put eggs in the fridge.
    Valency Patterns (Cont.)
    5. Copular
    Followed by a subject predicative (a noun, adjective, adverb, or
    prepositional phrase) or by an obligatory adverbial.
    Patterns:
    subject + verb + subject predicative (S + V + SP)
    e.g. She felt shy.
    or subject + verb + obligatory adverbial (S + V + A)
    e.g. Employers keep in touch with alumni employees.
    Multi-word verbs
    ❑ Several multi-word verbs function as a single verb.
    ❑ They usually have idiomatic meanings.
    ❑ There are three basic types of multi-word verbs:
    ➢ Phrasal verbs
    o comprise a verb and an adverbial particle (e.g., take off, go on and
    sort out).
    Multi-word verbs (Cont.)
    ➢ Prepositional verbs
    o comprise a verb and a preposition (e.g., depend on, go into and deal with).

    ➢ Phrasal-prepositional verbs
    o contain both an adverbial particle and a preposition (e.g., get on with, put up with and look
    forward to).

    ❑ Being idiomatic in meaning, multi-word verbs can sometimes be replaced by single word
    verbs:
    Multi-word verbs (Cont.)
    ➢ Other multi-words constructions happening with idiomatic meaning:
    ❖ verb + prepositional phrase combinations
    e.g., You have to take into account where the younger shoots are dominant.
    ❖ verb + verb combinations
    e.g., They're having to let 20 employees go.
    ❖verb + noun phrase combinations.
    e.g. Let's have a look at this.
    Tense

    ▪ The time of the situation.


    ▪ Past (e.g., played)
    ▪ Present (e.g., plays)
    ▪ Future (e.g., will play)
    ▪ Discuss the different types of each tense form and use!
    Aspect

    ✓ Unmarked (or simple aspect) (e.g., plays)


    ✓ Perfect (e.g., has played)
    ✓ Progressive (e.g., is playing)
    ✓ Perfect progressive (e.g., has been playing)
    Voice

    ➢ Active (e.g., eats)


    ➢ Passive (e.g., is eaten)
    ➢ Discuss the use of passive voice with different
    tenses!
    Modality
    ❖ Unmarked (e.g., swims)
    ❖ With modal verb (e.g., will/can/might
    swim)
    Negation

    o Positive
    e.g., He writes letters.
    o Negative
    e.g., He doesn’t write letters.
    Finite clause type or ‘mood’
    ❑ Declarative
    e.g., Tom’s flat is in Penang.
    ❑ Interrogative
    e.g., Is he from Greece?
    ❑ Imperative
    e.g., Give me his phone number!
    ❑ Exclamative
    e. g., What a beautiful apartment!

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