St.

Louise de Marillac College of Sorsogon

Higher Education Department
Sorsogon City
2nd Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021
MICRO PERSPECTIVE in TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
Student’ Name ______________________________ Course & Year: _______________________
Instructor: Ms. Noryjean D.Espeña Fb account: Ma’am NJ

Module 3-4
Chapter 2. The Impact of Tourism
2.1 The Economic Effects of Tourism
2.2 Socio-Cultural Impact of Tourism
2.3 Environmental Impact of Tourism

Learning Objectives:
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Determine the economic impacts of tourism industry.
2. Identify the effects of tourism to the social being of the people within the community.
3. Give the relevant impact of tourism on culture.
4. Provide the environmental issues commonly encountered associated to tourism
industry.

NOTES:
 Read and Follow the instructions carefully.
 Not following the instructions will automatically wrong.
 Do not use a red ballpen in accomplishing your modules.
 Avoid erasures.
 NO COPY, PASTE!

I. Elicit

INTRODUCTION
Good day! We are now in our third and fourth modules. Be guided with the given
objectives above.
For this module, think about Tourism spots and identify its impact to our society
and personal lives.

II. Engage

Write down and describe now the tourism spots that you have in your mind.
Name of Tourism Spot Description
1.
2.
3.

III. Explore

THE IMPACT OF TOURISM

The impacts created by tourism industry can be broadly classified under three major headings.
1. Economic Impacts
2. Socio-cultural Impacts
 3. Physical Impacts

Economic Impacts
The economic aspect of development is paramount in tourism; the readers are invited to learn the
importance of both sides of the impact through this lesson.

Positive Economic Impacts

Businesses and public organizations are increasingly interested in the economic impacts of tourism at
national, state, and local levels. One regularly hears claims that tourism supports a certain number of jobs in an
area, or that a festival or special event generated a specific amount of sales or income in a community.
Multiplier effects are often cited to capture the secondary effects of tourism spending, and to show the wide
range of sectors in a community which may benefit from tourism.
Tourism’s economic benefits are touted by the industry for a variety of reasons. For one, claims of
tourism’s economic significance lend the industry an air of increased respectability in the eyes of the business
community, public officials, and the general public: this often translates into decisions or public policies
favorable to tourism. Also, community support is important for tourism; the industry affects and is affected by
the entire community.

The major economic benefits are:

1. Generating Income
2. Creating Employment
3. Source of Foreign Exchange Earnings
4. Developing Infrastructure
5. Multiplier Effect
6. Contributions to Government Revenues

Negative Economic Impacts

1. Economic Leakages
- It refers to the process through which tourism receipts are withdrawn or leave the destination’s
economy.
This happens due to reasons such as:
a) Foreign capital investment in tourism and the profit is taken to their country.
b) Employing foreigners in tourism job and their income in the form salary is leaked out of the
country.
c) Importing good from other countries to cater to the requirements of the tourists.
2. Inflation
- It is a phenomena happening out of tourism development at a particular region where the prices of
land and other commodities is increased either by creating artificial demand or taking the
advantage of the high spending capacity of the tourists. The major concern is that the local people
will be affected by this and they find it difficult to manage their life with limited income. This
would increase the cost of living of the local people.
3. Seasonal Employment
- Most of the jobs created by the tourism industry are seasonal in nature. Because of this particular
character, employees will be very busy and they will have hand full of money during peak season
but as the industry moves to the off season much loss their job and it would be difficult for them to
manage in rest of the period.
Socio-Cultural Impacts
Society is the umbrella of individuals, families and institutions that are part of a region. The region as
an attraction of tourism invites many visitor who get an impression of the society and are guided by it. It can
also be vice-versa, that is tourism can also create many impact on the society. These are discussed in this
section.

Positive Socio-Cultural Impacts

1. Increase the Standard of Living
2. Cultivate Brotherhood among People and Nation
 - Tourism is the movement of people across the nation where they get in touch with the people of
different countries. This would enable the tourists interact with many types of people residing and
visiting a destination. In the process of interaction, they build up friendship and unity amongst
them. Many international disputes are also settled by negotiation between the leaders where they
travel the boarders and spend some time with the host nation.
3. Heritage Conservation
- The conservational initiatives by the national and international organizations, plays an important
role in the preservation of our heritages. Many of our heritage treasures are funded, maintained
and promoted by the tourism department. Most of our heritage resources are known to the rest of
the world as it is promoted by the tourism industry and it brings lot of foreign exchange as well.
4. Peace and Stability
- Honey and Gilpin (2009) suggests that the tourism industry can also help promote peace and
stability in developing country like India by providing jobs, generating income, diversifying the
economy, protecting the environment, and promoting cross-cultural awareness. However, key
challenges like adoption of regulatory frameworks, mechanisms to reduce crime and corruption,
etc, must be addressed if peace-enhancing benefits from this industry are to be realized.
5. International Understanding
- Through tourism, people can understand and appreciate the culture, history, geography, social,
educational, political, and economic systems of other countries. This will lead to greater
understanding, between various countries. A few decades ago our former Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru observed that, “we must welcome the friendly visitors from abroad not only for
economic reasons but even more because, this leads to greater understanding and mutual
appreciation”. There is nothing that the world Needs today, than this mutual understanding. It may
be Notes 88 noted here that only on this aspect the world tourism began to flourish after the
International Tourism Conference in Rome in 1963 under the guidance of United Nations
Organisations.

Negative Socio-Cultural Impacts

1. Undesirable Social and Cultural Change
- Tourism sometimes led to the destruction of the social fabric of a community. The more the
tourists arrive into a place, the more the perceived risk of that place losing its identity. A good
example is Goa. From the late 60’s to the early 80’s when the Hippy culture was at its height, Goa
was a haven for such hippies. Here they came in thousands and changed the whole culture of the
state leading to a rise in the use of drugs, prostitution and human trafficking. This had a ripple
effect on the country.
2. Increase of Tension and Hostility
- Tourism can increase tension, hostility, and suspicion between the tourists and the local
communities when there is no respect and understanding for each other’s culture and way of life.
This may further lead to violence and other crimes committed against the tourists. The recent
crime committed against Russian tourist in Goa is a case in point.
3. Creating a Sense of Antipathy
- In most all-inclusive package tours more than 80% of travelers’ fees go to the airlines, hotels and
other international companies, not to local businessmen and workers. Moreover, large hotel chain
restaurants often import food to satisfy foreign visitors and rarely employ local staff for senior
management positions, preventing local farmers and workers from reaping the benefit of their
presence. This has often created a sense of antipathy towards the tourists and the government.
4. Demonstration Effect
- It is the tendency of the local people to imitate the life style and culture of the tourists. Their eating
habits, dressing style, behavior etc.would be copied by the host community which would gradually
lead for disappearing the actual culture of the host nation. The following details the concept of
Demonstration effects.
Demonstration effects are effects on the behavior of individuals caused by observation of the
actions of others and their consequences. The term is particularly used in political science and
sociology to describe the fact that developments in one place will often act as a catalyst in another
place. The arrival of tourists in growing numbers at a destination will have many social, cultural
and economic effects on host communities. Within those communities, some may wish to imitate
 the behaviour of tourists. Such imitation is known as a demonstration effect. It implies that the
new behaviours are seen as desirable by at least some sectors of the host community.
The term demonstration effect is closely linked to acculturation, which can be defined as
cultural change initiated by the interaction of two or more cultural systems. However, imitation is
but one aspect of acculturation. The attendance of local youths at discos in a developing world
holiday resort may be an example of a demonstration effect where Western pop music and dance
is enjoyed, but the change in behaviour where local people withdraw some features of their
cultural life from public view is part of a wider process of acculturation.
An understanding of demonstration effects requires consideration of why some behaviour is
imitated and not others, who imitates them, how they are learned and to what extent tourism is a
cause of imitation. Research has indicated that there are a number of determining factors,
including the strength of the host culture and its flexibility and responsiveness to new influences,
the homogeneity of that culture and its acceptance by all members of the host community, the gap
between the cultures of the host and those of the tourists, the contact situation, the type of social
interactions that result from contact situations, the respective economic power relationships
between host and guest, the motivation of both tourist and host, the level of exposure of the former
to other sources of influence besides tourism, and the role of tourism entrepreneurs and their staff.
Much of the literature about demonstration effects is concerned with tourist-host relationships
where the tourist is from a developed Notes 90 country while the latter comes from a developing
country. Cultural gaps are thus assumed to be large. It can be noted that economically marginal
areas exist within developed countries, and that often within those countries tourism becomes
important because these are often rural sites possessing scenic touristic values.
5. Commodification of Culture
- Every culture is unique and has a reverence attached to it. The various forms of culture are grate
attraction to the destinations. However, the unethical alterations to the actual form of performances
of cultural arts for shorten money disturb its originality.
6. Urbanization of Rural Area
- As more and more developments take place in rural area in the name of tourism, the virginity of
the villages getting lost. Accordingly, people also get modernized. Since most of our new
generation tourism resources are city centered, people are leaving their native villages and heading
towards the urban areas.

Physical Impact
Physical Impact is the outright change that can be seen through any impact. The tourism
impact on the physical aspect are detailed here below.

Positive Physical Impact

1. Regional Development
- When tourism destinations equip with different sort of infrastructures and superstructures like roads,
bridges, airports etc., it ultimately benefits the local people and the region.
2. Direct Financial Contributions
- Tourism can contribute directly to the conservation of sensitive areas and habitat. Revenue from park-
entrance fees and similar sources can be allocated specifically to pay for the protection and
management of environmentally sensitive areas. Special fees for park operations or conservation
activities can be collected from tourists or tour operators.
3. Preservation of National Heritage and Environment
- Tourism helps preserve several places which are of historical importance by declaring them as heritage
sites.
4. Improved Environmental Management and Planning
- Sound environmental management of tourism facilities and especially hotels can increase the benefits
to natural environment. By planning early for tourism development, damaging and expensive mistakes
can be prevented, avoiding the gradual deterioration of environmental assets significant to tourism.
The development of tourism has moved the Indian government towards this direction leading to
improved environmental management.
5. Raising Environmental Awareness
 - Tourism has the potential to increase public appreciation of the environment and to spread awareness
of environmental problems when it brings people into closer contact with nature and the environment.
This confrontation heightens awareness of the value of nature among the community and lead to
environmentally conscious behavior and activities to preserve the environment.
6. Protection and Preservation of Environment
- Tourism can significantly contribute to environmental protection, conservation and restoration of
biological diversity and sustainable use of natural resources. Because of their attractiveness, pristine
sites and natural areas are identified as valuable and the need to keep the attraction alive can lead to
creation of national parks and wildlife parks.

Negative Physical Impacts

1. Depletion of Natural Resources
Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in
areas where resources are already scarce.
(1) Water
(2) Local Resources
(3) Land Degradation
2. Pollution
Tourism can cause the same forms of pollution as any other industry: air emissions, noise,
solid waste and littering, releases of sewage, oil and chemicals, even architectural/visual pollution.
(1) Air Pollution
(2) Noise pollution
Noise can be classified in the following types,
 Ambient or steady state noise (back ground noise, )
 Fluctuating noise
 Intermediating noise (noise with breaks – noise / silent noise / silent…….
 Impulsive noise

The following are the effect of noise pollution on human health

1. Auditory effects such as conductivity deafness perceptive hearing loss
2. Non auditory effects include interference with speech decreasing in work efficiency,
physiological disorders such as head ache and heart attach.

Effect of Noise Pollution to Wild Life

The noise created by the tourist have a degrading effect on animal’s life study which results in
dislocation and changes of habitats and breeding patterns of animals.

(3) Solid waste and littering

(4) Sewage

3. Destruction and Alteration of Ecosystem

An ecosystem is a geographic area including all the living organisms (people, plants, animals,
and micro-organisms), their physical surroundings (such as soil, water, and air), and the natural cycles
that sustain them.

4. Adverse Effects on Environment and Ecology

One of the most important adverse effects of tourism on the environment is increased pressure
on the carrying capacity of the ecosystem in each tourist locality. Increased transport and construction
activities led to large scale deforestation and destabilization of natural landforms, while increased
tourist flow led to increase in solid waste dumping as well as depletion of water and fuel resources.
Flow of tourists to ecologically sensitive areas resulted in destruction of rare and endangered species
due to trampling, killing, disturbance of breeding habitats. Noise pollution from vehicles and public
address systems, water pollution, vehicular emissions, untreated sewage, etc. also have direct effects
on bio-diversity, ambient environment and general profile of tourist spots.

IV. Explain.
 Instruction. Create a short conclusion about this topic. At least one (1) paragraph and five (5) sentences.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

V. Elaborate

(Please refer to the word puzzle in the last part)

Instruction. Cite 10 Tourism spots/places in the Philippines that possessed the 3 impacts of Tourisms.
Cross out each word.

VI. Evaluate
Instruction. Answer the questions by giving at least 5 pointers each. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. How was the Tourism in the Philippines before the pandemic?

2. What is the effect of the pandemic in tourism industry?

VII. Extend

Read and Study the Psychology of Tourism

(Elaborate )

References:

Websites:
https://www.planetware.com/philippines/top-rated-tourist-attractions-things-to-do-in-the-philippines-phi-1-
26.htm
https://www.pdfdrive.com/tourism-principles-practices-philosophies-e34631555.html

Book:
Cruz, Z. L. (2013). Principles of Tourism. Rex Book Store, Inc.