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    Chap 7 Part 1 NUCLEIC ACIDS

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    The Hush
    The document discusses DNA and RNA, including nucleotides, nucleosides, nitrogenous bases, and DNA replication. It defines nucleotides as the building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group. DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, while RNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. DNA replication involves unwinding of the DNA double helix at the origin of replication by helicase, followed by continuous synthesis of the leading strand and discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand in short Okazaki fragments.

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    Chap 7 Part 1 NUCLEIC ACIDS

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    The Hush
    13 views37 pages
    The document discusses DNA and RNA, including nucleotides, nucleosides, nitrogenous bases, and DNA replication. It defines nucleotides as the building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group. DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, while RNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. DNA replication involves unwinding of the DNA double helix at the origin of replication by helicase, followed by continuous synthesis of the leading strand and discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand in short Okazaki fragments.

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    BIO462 NUCLEIC ACIDS

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    The document discusses DNA and RNA, including nucleotides, nucleosides, nitrogenous bases, and DNA replication. It defines nucleotides as the building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group. DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, while RNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. DNA replication involves unwinding of the DNA double helix at the origin of replication by helicase, followed by continuous synthesis of the leading strand and discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand in short Okazaki fragments.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    13 views37 pages

    Chap 7 Part 1 NUCLEIC ACIDS

    Uploaded by

    The Hush
    The document discusses DNA and RNA, including nucleotides, nucleosides, nitrogenous bases, and DNA replication. It defines nucleotides as the building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group. DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, while RNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. DNA replication involves unwinding of the DNA double helix at the origin of replication by helicase, followed by continuous synthesis of the leading strand and discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand in short Okazaki fragments.

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    of 37

    BIO462

    CHAPTER 7:
    NUCLEIC ACIDS
    (PART 1: NUCLEOTIDES & DNA REPLICATION)
    LEARNING OUTCOMES

     Distinguish between terms of nitrogenous base, nucleoside and


    nucleotide.
     Identify the differences between DNA and RNA.
     Relate both DNA and RNA to protein biomolecule.
     Understand DNA replication.
     Compare prokaryotic DNA replication with eukaryotic DNA
    replication.
    NUCLEIC ACIDS

     Nucleic acids are large biological molecules, essential for all


    known forms of life
     Two types: ???
    NUCLEOTIDES
     Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the
    monomers/subunits of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA
     The building blocks of nucleic acids
     Nucleotides are composed of :???
    NUCLEOTIDES

     2 types of aldopentoses found:


     ribose (RNA)

     2-deoxyribose(DNA)(lack oxygen atom at carbon-2)


    NUCLEOSIDES
     Nucleoside  a compound that consist of D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-
    ribose covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base by a β-N-glycosidic
    bond
     Covalent linkage forms between N9 of purines or N1 of pyrimidines
    and C1 (anomeric carbon of ribose or 2-deoxyribose)
    NITROGENOUS BASES
     PURINES
    1. Adenine (A)

    2. Guanine (G)

     PYRIMIDINES
    3. Thymine (T)

    4. Cytosine (C)
    BASE-PAIRINGS
    Base Number of
    Purines Pyrimidines Pairs H-Bonds
    Adenine (A) Thymine (T)
    Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)
    DNA

     Deoxyribonucleic acids, DNA: a biopolymer that consist of


    a backbone of alternating units of 2-deoxy-D-ribose and
    phosphate group
     Nucleotides join together through phosphodiester
    linkages between the 5' and 3' carbon atoms to form
    nucleic acids
     The 3' -OH of the sugar group forms a bond with one of the
    negatively charged oxygen of the phosphate group attached
    to the 5' carbon of another sugar
    DNA double helix

    5’ 3’

    3’ 5’

    Sequence is always read 5' to 3’


    RNA
     Assembled as a chains of nucleotides joined
    by phosphodiester bond between the 3’-OH
    of the pentose and the 5’-P of the next
    nucleotide, but is usually single- stranded
     The pentose unit is β-D-ribose the extra
    OH present in RNA makes this nucleotide
    more susceptible to hydrolysis than DNA
    TYPES OF RNA??
    mRNA
    tRNA
    rRNA
    RNA vs DNA

    RNA DNA
    DNA REPLICATION
    Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

     The flow of information in the cell starts at DNA, which replicates to


    form more DNA, is then ‘transcribed’ into RNA, and then it is
    ‘translated’ into protein.
    DNA REPLICATION
     DNA copying
     During cell division, cell must copy its entire DNA  so each
    daughter cell gets one complete copy
     Rate of synthesis
     Bacteria = 1000 bases per second
     Mammals = 100 bases per second
     3 types of replication model:
     Conservative replication
     Semi conservative replication
     Dispersive replication
    CONSERVATIVE MODEL FOR THE REPLICATION OF DNA

    Conservative replication:

    One daughter helix gets both of


    the old (template) strands, and
    the other daughter helix gets
    both of the new strands
    SEMICONSERVATIVE MODEL FOR THE REPLICATION OF DNA

    Semiconservative replication:

    Each daughter helix gets one


    old strand and one new strand
    DISPERSIVE MODEL FOR THE REPLICATION OF DNA

    Dispersive replication:

    Material in the two parental


    strands is distributed more or
    less randomly between two
    daughter
    DNA Replication

     Semiconservative Model:
    Watson and Crick showed  the two strands of the
    parental molecule separate, and each functions as a
    template for synthesis of a new complementary strand

    DNA Template
    Parental DNA
    New DNA
    DNA Replication

     Origins of replication
    1. Replication Forks: Y-shaped regions of replicating DNA
    molecules where new strands are growing.
    3’

    Parental DNA Molecule


    5’ Replication
    Fork
    3’

    5’
    Specific point where
    unwinding of dsDNA happens

    Specific points where formation


    of new polynucleotide happens
    Replication bubbles
    DNA Replication

     Strand Separation:
    1. Helicase 

    2. Single-Strand Binding Proteins 


    DNA Replication
     Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
    Leading Strand:

    5’ 3’

    5’
    RNA
    Nucleotides DNA Polymerase III Primer
    DNA Replication

     Synthesis of the new DNA Strands


    Lagging Strand:

    Leading Strand
    5’ 3’

    3’ 5’
    DNA Polymerase III RNA Primer
    5’ 3’

    3’ 5’
    Lagging Strand
    DNA replication of the leading and lagging strand
     The helicase unzips the double-stranded DNA for replication, making a forked
    structure (replication fork).
    The primase generates short strands of RNA that bind to the single-stranded DNA
    to initiate DNA synthesis by the DNA polymerase.
    This enzyme can work only in the 5' to 3' direction, so it replicates the leading
    strand continuously.
    Lagging-strand replication is discontinuous, with short Okazaki fragments being
    formed that are later linked together.
    DNA Replication
     DNA replication is continuous on the leading strand and semi-discontinuous
    on the lagging strand
     The two DNA strands are of opposite polarity, and DNA polymerases only
    synthesize DNA from 5’ to 3’.
     DNA is made in opposite directions on each template.

    Leading strand

    Lagging strand
     http://highered.mcgraw-
    hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120076/bio23.
    swf
     http://bioteach.ubc.ca/TeachingResources/Molec
    ularBiology/DNAReplication.swf
     http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/biology/re
    plication.swf
    END OF PART 1_CHAP 7

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