Gouthami Sonali Paper

International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211
Volume 8, Issue 11, November-2020, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com
Role of 6G from Evolution to Applications in Mobile

Wireless Communication
Gowthami R1, Sonali N K2, Jayasheela C S3
1,2,3
Department of Information Science &Engineering/Bangalore Institute of Technology/VTU/India
--------------------------------------------------------------*****************-------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT
The recent advances in the technology extends focus on reshaping and redefining the future evolution of
mobile wireless communication. Although 5g has been deployed worldwide successfully creating new
opportunities, there is always a lot more in looking for new innovations. With the need for more advanced
services comes the 6g thereby evolving from connected things to connected intelligence. This paper presents a
detailed survey on the future 6g wireless communication. We first discuss the key performance of 6g over 5g.
Furthermore, we identify and cover most of the key enabling technologies such as Artificial Intelligence,
AR/VR, Terahertz, Visible Light and Quantum communication, Massive MIMO, Big Data and Block chain.
Our work mainly focuses on the evolution of 6G networks. We also outline various key solutions to 6g.
Keywords: 6G, AI/ML, AR/VR, Big Data Analysis and Block chain, Quantum communication, Terahertz
communication and VLC.
I. INTRODUCTION
In this modern era, Wireless Communication emerges as the most flexible and convenient way of communication
among the users present across the globe [5]. Earlier the communication systems, beginning with the first analog
wireless cellular standards in the 1980s (1G), then moving on to second generation (2G) [or Global System for
Mobile Communications (GSM)], passing third generation (3G) and fourth generation (4G), and proceeding to fifth
generation (5G) [2]. Each generation of technology, from the first to the fifth (5G), has been designed to meet the
needs of end users and network operators. However, nowadays societies are becoming more and more data-centric,
data-dependent, and automated. Radical automation of industrial manufacturing processes will drive productivity.
Autonomous systems are hitting our roads, oceans, and air space. Millions of sensors will be embedded into cities,
homes, and production environments, and new systems operated by artificial intelligence residing in local cloud and
fog environments will enable a plethora of new applications [6].
5G network architecture changes fundamentally with the development and application of new technologies such as
information technology (IT) and big data. In addition to human communication, the Internet of Things service
requirement of vertical industry is a new growth point for the telecommunication industry. The new design concepts
are IT based, Internet based, extremely simplified and service based, making the network more flexible and agile,
achieving high performance. New technologies are adopted in 5G architecture design including SDN/NFV,
computing and data separation, service-based architecture (SBA), control and user plane separation, diverse
connectivity, network slicing and edge computing [1].
Almost every ten years, a new communication system has been introduced, improving the QoS, providing new
features and introducing new technologies. The reason is that 5G provides a high standard infrastructure enabling a
variety of technologies such as; self-driving cars, AI, mobile broadband communication, IoT and smart cities. To
overcome the performance limitations of 5G to deal with new challenges, countries have researched the sixth-
generation communication system (6th-Generation, 6G). Upcoming technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI),
virtual reality, and the Internet of Everything (IOE) require low latency, ultrahigh data rates and reliability, for the
uplink and downlink which cannot be satisfied by existing 5G‟s ubiquitous mobile ultra-broadband, ultrahigh-speed-
with-low latency communications, and ultrahigh data density [8].
However, the usage of smart devices is increasingly growing each year and the data traffic usage will be
exponentially increasing technologies, in both 5G and 6G. 6G will be able to connect everything, integrate different
IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com Page 1101

technologies and applications [3]. Furthermore, the 6G system is envisioned to support new services such as smart
wearable, implants, autonomous vehicles, computing reality devices, sensing, and 3D mapping [7]. By analyzing the
expectations and requirements of the intelligent information society in 2030, it becomes clear that what technologies
would be demanded in 6G wireless network, especially for security. In recent years, researchers and engineers of
mobile wireless communication have been committed to improve the quality of user experience, from 4G to 5G and
to 6G in future [1].
Besides data rate and latency, there are evident differences between 6G and 5G in performance. With the
expectations of greater connection density, greater transmission bandwidth, lower end-to-end delay, higher
reliability and certainty, and more intelligent network characteristics, 6G wireless network with seamless coverage is
essential to integrated applications in future. Because of the complexity of the network, 6G will face serious safety
challenges. Artificial Intelligence (AI), Quantum Computing and Communications, and Block chain will be
powerful tools for network security [4].
6G communication networks will satisfy the user requirements of high data speed without any network interrupts. It
provides the data speed in the range of 10-300 Mbps and an extension of up to 10-11 Gbps. 6G is considered as the
fastest and efficient wireless communication networks in this modern Mobile Technology, as it uses full duplex
radio-wave transmission methodology in its communication process [5]. 6G is proposed to integrate 5G with
satellite networks for global coverage. 6g technology is considered to be cheap and Fast Internet Technology. It
provides high data rates and fast Internet speed to access on air through wireless and mobile devices with data
ranges up-to 11 Gbps when travelling far distances. The goal of 6g technology is to provide multimedia, internet
connectivity and weather information services to the mobile users [9].
In this paper, we have discussed the detailed information regarding the technologies in 6G the survey undertaken.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II presents the evolution of mobile wireless communication.
Section III gives the detailed description of Key considerations in 6G. Section IV provides a brief description of the
emerging technologies of 6G. Section V summarizes the state-of-the-art. Finally, the detailed survey is concluded in
Section VII.
II. EVOLUTION OF MOBILE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
The cellular wireless Generation (G) generally refers to a change in the nature of the system, speed, technology and
frequency. Each generation have some standards, capacities, techniques and new features which differentiate it from
the previous one. The evolutions of technologies and its comparative study on 1g, 2g, 3g, 4g, 5g and 6g technology
[10] are shown in Table I. Evolution of mobile communication network has been a phenomenal advancement in
mobile communication network since the first emergence of analog communications network in the 1980s. This
advancement is not a one-step process, but consists of several generations which have different standards, capacities
and techniques. New generation have been introduced nearly every ten year as shown in Fig. 1 [12].
The transfer from one generation to another improves the QOS (Quality of Service)[11]. The world is trying to
become completely wireless, demanding uninterrupted access to information anytime and anywhere with better
quality, high speed, increased bandwidth and reduction in cost. 1G–4G focus on providing services to only
„„people‟‟. With the development of the Internet of Things (IOT), 5G starts to deal with communications between
„„people‟‟ and „„things‟‟ [13]. After 4G the next generation 5G aims a real wireless world with no limitations while
6G integrates 5G with satellite networks.
Fig. 1 Evolution of Mobile wireless communication

Table I. Comparison Between Various Generations

Features 4G 5G 6G(suppo
sed)
Year 2010-2020 2020- 2030-
2030 2040
Maximu 1Gbs-1 35.46Gb 100Gbs-1

m rate s-1
Maximu 6GHz 90 GHz 10THz
m
frequenc
y
Service Video 30 Tactile
level VR/AR
Standard WiMAX, 5G NR, GPS,
s LTE, LTE- WWW COMPAS
A W S,
GLONAS
S, Galileo
systems
Multiple OFDMA OFDM Smart
xing OFDM
plus IM
Architect MIMO Massive Intelligent
ure MIMO surface
Core Internet Internet, Internet of
network Internet Everythin
of g
Things
Highligh Real- Extreme Security,
t Time ly high secrecy,
Streaming rate privacy
Technol Unified IP 4G+W 5G+Satell
ogy [9] & WW ite
Seamless
combo of
LAN/WA
N/ WLAN
/PAN
Handoff Horizontal Horizont Horizontal
[9] & Vertical al & & Vertical
Vertical
Due to variable technologies and standards, with 6G handoff/roaming will be an issue. This drives the 7G of mobile
wireless networks which aims to acquire space roaming. A few of the critical motivating trends behind the evolution
of 6G communication systems are as follows: high bit rate, high reliability, low latency, high energy efficiency, high
spectral efficiency, new spectra, green communication, intelligent networks, network availability, communications
convergence, localization, computing, control, and sensing. Therefore, 6G will be a world of fully digital
connectivity [11].
III. KEY CONSIDERATIONS IN 6G
Many of the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) used for developing current and emerging 5G technologies are also
valid for 6G. However, the KPIs must be critically reviewed and new KPIs must be seriously considered. KPIs
indicate key performance indicators for these wireless standards which are minimum or maximum specifications

required for the system to perform satisfactorily. The beyond 5G (B5G) and 6G targets in most of the technology
domains once again point to an increase in the respective capability by a factor of 10-100, in line with the previous
mobile cellular generation upgrades [14].
Early 6G targets represent a 10-100× increase over 5G for KPIs like peak data rates, latency, and density. 6G also
increases the importance of KPIs related to jitter, link budget, and other technology aspects [18]. Table II
summarizes the KPIs of 5G and 6G [14, 16, 17].
Table II. Performance Comparison Between 5g
Key 5G 6G
Performance
Indicators
(KPIs)
Maximum
Bandwidth 1 GHz 100 GHz
Peak Data
Rate 20 Gb/s >= 1 Tb/s
Experienced
Data Rate 0.1 Gb/s 1 Gb/s
Spectrum 3 times that of 5 to 10 times
Efficiency 4G that of 5G
Energy 1000x relative >10x relative to
efficiency to 4G 5G
Coverage
percent about 70% >99%
Area Traffic
Capacity 10 Mb/s/m2 1 Gb/s/m2
Connection
Density 106 devices/Km2 107 devices/Km2
Latency 1 ms 10 to 100 µs
Jitter Not specified 1 µs
Reliability or
FER (Frame
Error Rate) 1 x 10-5 1 x 10-9
Mobility 500 Km/h >= 1000 Km/h
Positioning
precision meter level centimeter level
Receiver
sensitivity about -120dBm <-130dBm
Uniform user 50 Mb/s, 2D 10 Gb/s, 3D
experience everywhere everywhere
Localization
accuracy 10 cm in 2D 1 cm in 3D
The key performance indicators (KPIs) have to a large extent stayed the same in several network generations [14,
15], while the minimum requirements have become orders-of-magnitude sharper. One exception is the energy
efficiency, which was first introduced as a KPI in 5G, but without specifying concrete targets. We believe 6G will
mainly contain the same KPIs as previous generations [14] but with greatly higher ambitions. However, while the
KPIs were mostly independent in 5G (but less stringent at high mobility and over large coverage areas), a cross-
relationship is envisaged in 6G through a definition of groups. All the indicators in a group should be fulfilled at the
same time, but different groups can have diverse requirements. The reason is that we will move from a situation
where broadband connectivity is delivered in a single way to a situation where the requirements of different
broadband applications become so specialized that the union of them cannot be simultaneously achieved. Hence, 6G
will need to be real-time configurable to cater to these different groups.

 Maximum Bandwidth: The capacity to transfer maximum amount of data in fixed duration of time through
wired or wireless channel is known as maximum bandwidth. In analog domain it is measured in MHz or GHz
where as in digital domain it is measured in Gb/s or Mb/s or Kb/s. 6G wireless system supports bandwidth up
to 100 GHz [17].
 Peak Data Rate: The rate at which data is transferred from source to destination over wired/wireless channel
is called data rate. It is defined as ratio of bytes transferred per unit time (i.e. second). Here peak data rate
refers to maximum data rate supported by 6G wireless and it is specified in Mb/s or Gb/s. The 6G wireless
supports peak data rate of about 1 Tb/s.
 Experienced Data Rate: Various factors affect the internet speed and as a result actual speed experienced by
internet subscriber is lower than peak data rate. This parameter is known as Experienced Data Rate and it is
also measured in Gb/s or Mb/s. 6G subscriber experiences 1 Gb/s data rate.
 Spectrum Efficiency: It is the indicator of how efficiently allocated frequency spectrum is being utilized by
the wireless system i.e. 6G or 5G. It is also known by the name "spectral efficiency". It is the ratio of net data
rate (bps) to channel bandwidth (Hz). It is measured in b/s/Hz. 6G wireless technology supports 5-10 times
more spectral efficiency than 5G wireless.
 Peak spectral efficiency: As mentioned spectral efficiency indicates amount of information or how much data
can fit in the given BW (Bandwidth). It is the maximum spectral efficiency supported by 6G or any other
wireless system. 6G supports peak spectral efficiency about 60 b/s/Hz.
 Experienced spectral efficiency: It is the spectral efficiency practically achieved by the system in real-time
and experienced by the subscribers or users. 6G wireless supports experienced spectral efficiency of about 3
b/s/Hz.
 Network Energy Efficiency: It characterizes costs to run the wireless network 5G or 6G for a given capacity.
It is measured both in terms of power consumption per device and network transmission efficiency. Energy
efficiency of 5G is 1000x relative to 4G and 8g is above 10x relative to 5G
 Coverage percent: 6G will enhance coverage percentage from present 70% to 99%
 Area Traffic Capacity: It is defined as maximum traffic capacity supported per m2 or Km2. 5G specifies 10
Mb/s/m2 and 6G specifies 1 Gb/s/m2.
 Connection Density: It is the measurement of number of subscribers or devices connected on 5G or 6G
cellular system simultaneously. 5G specifies 106 devices/Km2 where as 6G specifies 107 devices/Km2 as
connection density.
 Latency: The latency of wireless loop depends on distance travelled and speed of the connection. It is
measured by simple "ping" command. Network latency takes both propagation delay and serialization delay.
 Jitter: In analog domain frequency spectrum purity is specified by phase noise. In time domain, it is measured
by the term called "phase jitter" or simple "jitter". It is measured in units of radians (rms) or pico-second (rms)
or micro second (µs). Jitter is not specified in 5G standard whereas value of 1 µs is specified in 6G wireless
standard.
 Reliability: Reliability of the wired or wireless connection is the measurement of its performance in real-time
conditions after deployment. It is measured in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate), PER (Packet Error Rate) or FER
(Frame Error Rate). There are PingTest and SpeedTest testing tools. Frame Error Rate of about 1 x 10-5 and 1 x
10-9 is specified for 5G and 6G systems respectively.
 Mobility: It defines performance of the wireless system when subscribers are moving at some speed specified
in Km/h. 5G supports mobility of 500 Km/h where as 6G wireless supports mobility of greater than 1000
Km/h.
 Uniform user experience: It defines experience of users while accessing the wireless system continuously
without interruption of the service. 5G specifies 50 Mb/s, 2D everywhere and 6G specifies 10 Gb/s, 3D
everywhere as uniform user experience.
 Localization accuracy: It is specified as 10 cm in 2D for 5G whereas 1 cm in 3D for 6G system.
 Positioning precision: 6G will reduce the positioning error from the present meter level to centimeter level
[16].
 Receiver sensitivity: 6G will even improve the receiver sensitivity better than -130dBm.
IV. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES OF 6G COMMUNICATION

A. AI/ML:
One of the most important advances in the history of the man-kind is currently blossoming in the form of AI [19].
Although 5G introduces AI, its intelligence is limited to network operation, management, and maintenance. 6G will

become a true intelligent cognitive wireless system, realizing full intelligence from the application layer to the
physical layer [20]. AI has two main applications in the application layer and network layer of wireless
communication network. First, they can be used for prediction, reasoning and large data analysis. In this application
area, AI functions are related to the ability of wireless networks to learn from data sets generated by their users,
environments and network devices. Secondly, another key application of AI in wireless networks is to implement
self-organizing network operations by embedding AI functions on network edges and network element entities such
as base stations and end-user devices [21].
6G will be truly AI-driven mobile wireless communication, i.e., communication system will be intelligent enough to
route the data [22]. Moreover, federated AI will help in knowledge sharing among the intelligent devices.
Furthermore, quantum machine learning will enhance the performance of 6G by intelligent data analysis. Artificial
intelligence (AI), more specifically machine learning (ML), has attracted a lot of attention from industry and
academia in recent years and initial intelligence has been applied to many aspects of 5G cellular networks, from
physical layer applications such as channel coding and estimation, to MAC layer applications such as multiple
access, to network layer applications such as resource allocation and error correction, and etc [12].
AI and ML techniques, especially deep learning, have rapidly advanced over the last decade and are now central to
several domains involving image classification and computer vision, ranging from social networks to security [23].
They are applied in problem areas where significant amounts of data are readily available for training.
Reinforcement learning is beginning to be applied in a variety of robotic control applications following various
demonstrations of its prowess in gaming environments.
ML:
Machine learning (ML), along with AI and deep neural networks (DNNs), are revolutionizing technology that drives
new research opportunities in various areas, including 6G communications and IOTs. The link and system-level
solutions for 6G communication are being built using AI and ML. ML plays a crucial role in6G wireless networks as
it is capable of modeling systems that cannot be presented by a mathematical Equation [24]. Moreover, it is
expected that ML tools can be used to replace heuristic orbrute-force algorithms to optimize certain localized tasks.
Meanwhile, it is envisioned that MLwill enable real-time analysis and automated zero touch operation and control in
6G networks. 6G networks are expected to employ MLagents for multiple functions, including optimization of the
radio interface, adaptive beam formingstrategies, network management, and orchestration.
There are several problems that categorizes the Machine Learning Techniques into:
Supervised Learning: Supervised learning is typically applied to problems relating to traffic prediction [25] and
classification, as well as slice resource prediction. While the former primarily involves pre-emptively determining
the network traffic load, as well as determining the applications, protocols and QOS classes the traffic belongs to,
for fine-grained traffic engineering, the latter involves predicting the resource requirements associated with different
network slices based on the anticipated traffic load [26]. Two learning models: Classification analysis aims to assign
a categorical label to every input sample, which mainly includes decision trees (DT), support vector machine (SVM)
and K-nearest neighbors (KNN). Regression analysis contains support vector regression (SVR) and Gaussian
process regression (DPR) algorithms, and it estimates orpredicts continuous values based on the input statistical
features [27].
Reinforcement Learning (RL): In RL, each agent learns to map situations to actions and makes suitable decisions
on what the actions to take through interacting with the environment, so as to maximize a long-term reward [27].
Classic RL algorithms include Markov decision process (MDP), Q-learning, policy learning, actor critic (AC), DRL
and multi-armed bandit (MRB).
Unsupervised Learning: In unsupervised learning, the collection of available input data samples is exploited to train
the system while no prior information of the desired system response is available [28]. Un-supervised learning is
typically used for clustering and classification natured problems. The implementation structures of such learning
methods can be named as: k-Means Clustering (kMC), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and maximum
likelihood learning, etc.
Adaptive ML- Enabled 6G can be classified as:
A) Federated Learning

To overcome the privacy and communication concerns, it is important to introduce distributed, edge-deployed
learning algorithms such as federated learning (FL). FL allows privacy preservation by enabling distributed training
without raw data transfer. FL uses local and global computation resources along with communication resources. FL
uses local and global computation resources along with communication resources. Several machine learning
techniques, such as long short-term memory, convolutional neural network, and Naive Bayes schemes can be used at
each local device [32].
Traditional machine learning requires shifting of data from end devices to the edge/cloud server for the training of
the deep Q-learning agent deployed at the edge/cloud server. The sending of data from end devices to the edge
server has a substantial cost in terms of wireless communication resources [33]. By contrast, federated learning can
be used to train the deep Q-learning agent efficiently by reducing wireless resource usage through sending only
model updates (that have much less size compared with the whole training data) to the edge/cloud server.
B) Distributed Learning
The growing computation and storage power of devices provides opportunities for on-device distributed training by
processing data locally. To overcome stringent computation, bandwidth, storage, power and privacy constraints on
individual devices, increasing research interests are moving toward leveraging the dispersed computing resources
across the cloud, network edge and end-devices through the lens of mobile edge computing [34]. The limited
bandwidth has become the main bottleneck for global model aggregation from locally updated models computed at
each mobile device. Joint device selection (i.e., maximizing the number of selected devices) and beam forming
design (i.e., minimizing the global model aggregation error) can be used to improve the convergence rate in the
distributed training process and the prediction accuracy in the inference process, respectively.
Edge AI:
Technology in 6G is claiming to have a high capacity to provide smooth services to billions of intelligent devices.
AI Edge intelligence is implemented using AI algorithms for analysis in Edge nodes called Edge analytics. The
advantages of intelligent 6G functions in wireless and non-wireless communication services can be classified as
Operational intelligence (OI) Environmental intelligence (EI) and Service intelligence (SI) [29-30]. Indeed, EdgeAI
may improve communication networks in many ways [31]. Scalability and platform KPIs can be improved,
especially in relation to connectivity, data transmission, computation offloading, and capabilities for reactivity and
proactivity. This contributes towards robustness, reliability and scalability, resulting in improved Quality of
Experience (QOE) for edge applications.
B. AR/VR:
Digitalization will pave the way for the creation of new virtual worlds with digital representations of imaginary
objects that can be blended with the digital twin world to various degrees to create a mixed-reality, super-physical
world. As smart watches and heart rate monitor‟s transform into skin patchables, ingestables, body implants, body
armor skeleton and brain activity detectors, the biology of humans will be mapped accurately every instant and
integrated into the digital and virtual worlds, enabling new super-human capabilities. Augmented reality user
interfaces will enable efficient and intuitive human control of all these worlds, whether physical, virtual or
biological [23].
Augmented reality (AR)/Virtual reality (VR) over wireless is becoming one of the key application drivers for the
future [35]. Holographic teleportation has been recognized as the natural successor to AR and VR-based solutions.
Unlike existing solutions, holographic teleportation operates in a true three-dimensional space and leverages all five
senses- sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste, to provide a truly immersive experience but requires data rates close
to 5 Tbps and an end-to-end latency of less than 1 ms, both of which are impossible to achieve with 5G systems
[26]. Thus, 6G, with its expected Tbps-level throughput and sub-millisecond latencies, will play a vital role in
building upon the groundwork. [36]AR and VR will use the core service of combined and enhanced eMBB and
URLLC. Very high per-user data rates in Gbps range and very low latencies are required to deliver a fully
immersive experience. Remote connectivity and interaction powered by holographic communications, along with all
human sensory input information, will further push the data rate and latency targets. Multiple-view cameras used for
holographic communications will require data rates on the order of terabits per second. Currently, both AR and VR
are developing. However, 6G will open new windows for their usage in the field of healthcare. AR will help to view
the inside of the body of a patient without any incision. Moreover, doctors can adjust the depth of the specific
location in the body. The specific body area can also be enlarged for better visibility. 6G will help the doctors to
view a patient remotely. The AR and holographic communication can be combined for better diagnosis [29]. All the

devices will be intelligent devices and connected to 6G Internet. Using 6G a smooth and high-resolution
presentation can be created for remote medical learning or diagnosis.
C. Massive Mimo:
Compared to 5G, we expect to shift from traditional massive MIMO toward IRS in 6G wireless systems to offer
large surfaces for wireless communications and heterogeneous devices. This technology will be considered as a
great solution to maximize the data rate and to minimize the transmit power in upcoming 6G networks Massive
MIMO[11]. IRSs and massive MIMO consist of different array architectures (passive versus active) and operating
mechanisms (reflecting versus transmitting). Benefit from the passive elements, IRSs achieve much more gains
compared to massive MIMO while consuming low energy [8]. Cell-free massive MIMO is a form of network
MIMO where the antennas are not centralized but distributed among different locations. A central baseband
processing unit, which is connected to all the antenna stripes through cables, is used to perform the necessary
baseband signal processing operation [37]. At higher frequencies and with more antenna elements, new forms of
transmissions should be considered for improved efficiency. By coherently combining transmission from and
reception at multiple points the signal can be locally shaped according to each user‟s location and service
requirements. This constitutes a new frontier for massive MIMO development [41]. MIMO techniques are alluring
to enhance the VLC rate, but MIMO systems are difficult to realize in VLC. First, the diversity gains are limited due
to very similar paths between the transmitter and thereceiver. Second, the design of VLC MIMO receiver is difficult
[16].
D. Terahertz:
6G aims to push the boundaries of the frequency band to THz to meet even higher demand. The THz band is
intended to be the next frontier of high-data-rate communications. THz waves, also known as sub millimeter
radiation, usually refer to the frequency band between 0.1 THz and 10 THz with the corresponding wavelengths in
the 0.03 mm–3 mm range. THz communication will enhance the 6G potentials by supporting wireless cognition,
sensing, imaging, communication, and positioning [11]. Terahertz (THz) frequency band, is the last unexplored span
of radio spectrum. THz communications provide ultra-high bandwidth and ultralow latency communication
paradigm[8] THz communication system is promised to support data rates on the order of 100 Gbps or more with
tens of GHz available bands in THz spectrum, while there is only 9 GHz bandwidth within mm-Wave band[12]
major progress in the domains of transceiver and antenna design has seen THz links become a promising option for
realizing indoor communications networks. More recently, there has been significant progress on realizing wireless
network on chip (WNOC) using THz bands [26]. THz based communications require rethinking of existing
solutions and investigate novel approaches that offer a seamless operation over the entire THz band [39].
E. VLC:
Visible light communication (VLC) is considered as one of the techniques that will be used in 6G communications.
VLC can integrate space/air networks and underwater networks with terrestrial networks to provide superior
coverage. VLC can also be useful in cases where traditional RF communication is less active such as in-cabin
internet service in airplanes, underwater communication, and healthcare zones, etc. VLC is also a potential solution
to build gigabit wireless networks underwater[8]. Visible light communication (VLC) takes full advantage of LED
to achieve the dual purposes of lightning and high-speed data communication. VLC for short range links (up to few
meters) has many attractive advantages over classical radio communication[12]. Visible light communication can be
used to enable several 6G applications using a visible light spectrum that ranges from 430 THz to 790 THz[33] The
transmission range of VLC can reach up to 20 m, with data rates of 10 Gaps and 100 Gbps, when using LEDs and
LDs, respectively[39].
F. Holography:
Holographic beam forming (HBF) is a new method for beam forming that is considerably different from the MIMO
systems because it uses software-defined antennas. HBF is an advantageous approach in 6G for the efficient and
flexible transmission and reception of signals in multi-antenna communication devices. In the field of physical-layer
security, wireless power transfer, increased network coverage, and positioning HBF can perform substantial
roles.[11] Computational holographic radio is one of the most promising interference-exploiting technologies [8].
Holographic RF allows for control of the entire physical space and the full closed loop of the electromagnetic field
through spatial spectral holography and spatial wave field synthesis. This greatly improves spectrum efficiency and
network capacity, and helps the integration of imaging and wireless communication. How to realize holographic
radio is a widely open area [40]. High fidelity AR/VR will be ubiquitous, and holographic communication and
display can also be carried out at anytime and anywhere, so that people can enjoy fully immersed holographic

interactive experience at any time and place, that is, to realize the communication vision of so-called "holographic
connectivity"[21] In the 6G era, reconfigurable stereo audio will motivate the development of a platform for use in
capturing several physical presences in each configuration. In other words, ample freedom for Holographic data are
expected to consume a high bandwidth and must be delivered over reliable network links [30].
G. Edge Computation:
Edge technology collects, computes and analyses the health data in real time in its Edge nodes [29]. Mobile edge
computing (MEC) will be an important enabling technology for the emerging 6G networks, where MEC can provide
computing, management and analytics facilities inside RAN or SDN in close proximity to various devices. In MEC
networks, the decision-making optimization, knowledge discovery and pattern learning are sophisticated due to the
multi-dimensional, randomly uncertain, and dynamic characteristics. Hence, traditional algorithms (e.g., Lagrangian
duality) may face the limitation in such complex networks [27]. Promising and emerging paradigm of MEC has also
received a joint interest with multiple-access methods, referred to as Multi-Access Edge Computing, leveraging real-
time access to the radio network. This enables new possibilities to jointly optimize the radio resources and data
network performance features. Enabling these interesting concepts to demand the provision of intelligence and
strong computational capability at the network edge, which can be foreseen in the shape of QC, ML, and QML in
the future [28]. Edge computation was carried out by IoT devices to resource owner nodes to integrate the ecosystem
and provide necessitated resources if needed [43].
H. Bigdata Analysis:
Big data analytics is a complex process for analyzing a variety of large data sets or big data. Big data is collected
from a wide variety of sources, such as videos, social networks, images, and sensors. This technology is widely used
for handling a large amount of data in 6G systems. The combination of machine learning and big data will determine
the best path for the user data through predictive analytics to reduce the E2E delay in 6G systems [11]. Big data are
stored, process and managed through Cloud Computing. Big data 2.0 require a supercomputer to compute and
analyze data [22]. The first natural application of AI is big data analytics. the 6G architecture and protocols shall be
designed in a way that protects data security, privacy and integrity. At the same time, it is equally important that
laws and regulations are established to address data ethics and ownership in the context of 6G, bearing in mind the
need for a proper balance between risk and benefit [34].
I. QUANTUM COMMUNICATION:
Quantum communication (QC) is another promising communication paradigm with unconditional security. The
fundamental difference between quantum communication and classical binary based communication is whether
eaves dropping can be detected on-site [12]. The quantum communications offer strong security by applying a
quantum key based on the quantum no-cloning theorem and uncertainty principle. The information is encoded in the
quantum state using photons or quantum particles and cannot be accessed or cloned without tampering it due to
quantum principles. Furthermore, quantum communications improve throughput due to the superposition nature of
qubits [11]. Quantum systems are particularly useful for solving complex optimization problems. For example, in
the optimal routing problem with multiple objectives, traditional methods, including the geographic routing
algorithm, demonstrate significant complexities to yield optimal solutions, and less complex ones often sacrifice
optimality. It has been demonstrated that using quantum computing for such problems can efficiently reduce
complexity while achieving optimality [26] The QC-assisted communications is another new research area, which is
envisioned to hold promise for achieving extremely high data rates and link security in future 6G and beyond
communications. The emerging solutions for enhancing the link capacity in future communication systems, e.g.,
power domain multiple access supported by Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC), have very high run-time
computational power demands; thus there is a clear scope for exploiting QC Quantum communication is an
emerging branch of telecommunications engineering, which has been motivated from the principles of quantum
mechanics and is based on the exchange of quantum states [28]. If large-scale quantum computing becomes a
reality, then the cryptographic primitives need to be replaced for quantum-secure ones[37].
J. Blockchain:
Blockchain is an essential technology to manage massive data in future communication systems. Blockchains are
just one form of the distributed ledger technology [11]. Blockchain is a chain of blocks which constitute a
distributed database. It is designed for cryptocurrencies (e.g. bitcoin) initially. It provides a secure and distributed
database for storing transaction records, and each node includes the previous block‟s cryptographic hash, a time
stamp, and transaction data [8,38]. The data on a blockchain is gathered together and structured in blocks. The
blocks are connected and secured using cryptography., the blockchain technology will provide several facilities,

such as interoperability across devices, traceability of massive data, autonomic interactions of different IoT systems,
and reliability for the massive connectivity of 6G communication systems to reach the goal of uHSLLC service.
Blockchain builds trust between networked applications, voiding the necessity of trusted intermediaries [11]. Apart
from security, blockchain provides several benefits in resource orchestration and network access. Decentralized
control mechanism based on blockchain enables direct communication links to be established between network
entities, which reduces the administrative costs [12] blockchain will be considered to be one of the key enabling
technologies of 6G systems, it has few challenges. Mainly, these challenges are simultaneous scalability and
reliability, high-latency, and high energy consumption for running consensus algorithm [33].
V. SUMMARY OF STATE-OF-THE-ART
This section summarizes the state-of-the-art as shown in Table III. Abbreviations used in this paper have been listed
in the Table IV.
Table III. Summary of State-Of-The-Art
Ref Yea Description Area of focus

. r
44. 201 The technical challenges and opportunities for wireless communication and sensing Thz
9 applications above100 ghz are described and the viability of wireless cognition, communications
hyper-accurate position location, sensing, and imaging are illustrated.
45. 202 The current candidate technologies are categorized in a well-organized manner and Intelligent
0 the AI-assisted intelligent communication are selected as an example to elaborate the communications
drive-force behind.
28. 201 A novel QC-assisted and QML-based framework for 6G communication networks, its Machine learning
9 challenges and potential enabling technologies at the network infrastructure, network and Quantum
edge, air interface, and user end are proposed and future research directions for the computing
quantum- and QML-assisted B5Gnetworks are identified and discussed.
46. 201 The integration of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in millimeter-wave Millimeter-wave,
9 communications (mmwavenoma) for future B5G and 6Gsystems is explored. It NOMA.
focuses on the design challenges of mmwave-NOMA due to beam forming.
23. 202 New themes such as AI/ML driven air interface, network localization and sensing, Technology
0 cognitive spectrum sharing, sub-terahertz, RAN-Core convergence that shape transformations
6Gsystem requirements and technologies are discussed
16. 202 Visions and requirements, Technology trends and challenges along with the 6G Vision and
0 development of a ubiquitous intelligent mobile society with intelligent life and technology
industries are discussed trends
47. 202 Association of users and possible configurable waveform parameters in a cell for 6G Machine
0 communication systems are discussed Learning
48. 202 Introduces an interdisciplinary approach linking the concepts of e-healthcare, priority, Machine learning
0 big data analytics (BDA) and radio resource optimization. Naïve Bayesian (NB) and Big data
classifier, logistic regression (LR), and decision tree (DT) are used as an ensemble Analytics
system
49. 202 Integration of Blockchain and iot technologies to attain high-level solutions by Iot, Blockchain,
0 addressing the shortcomings and limitations of iot and Blockchain technologies are Edge computing
discussed
50. 202 Basic concepts and properties exhibited in complex adaptive systems and the most Complex
0 important network modeling paradigms for 5Gand 6G mobile communication Systems
networks are presented.
42. 202 Discussed the recent advancements that will make non-terrestrial networks a reality, Non-terrestrial
0 the development of new aerial/ space architectures, and innovative spectrum and network (NTN),
antenna technologies. satellites
51. 202 Provides an overview of HMIMOS wireless communication, available HMIMOS Holographic
0 hardware architectures, their functionalities and characteristics, also the recent MIMO Surfaces
communication applications.
34. 201 Discussed the potential technologies for 6G to enable mobile AI applications, also AI- AI, BigDdata,

9 enabled methodologies for 6G network design and optimization. machine

learning, IOT
27. 201 Proposed an AI-enabled intelligent architecture for 6G networks to realize knowledge AI
9 discovery, smart resource management, automatic network adjustment and intelligent
service provisioning
29. 202 Discussed the healthcare system for the era of 6G communication technology. Edge
0 Methodologies, include Quality of Life (qol), Intelligent Wearable Devices (IWD), Computing,
Intelligent Internet of Medical Things (iiomt), Hospital-to-Home (H2H) services, and Artificial
new business model Intelligence,
Health care
52. 202 Provides an in-depth overview of an interdisciplinary research field at the intersection Neurosciences,
0 of neurosciences and wireless communications, as well as signal processing, control brain
theory, and computer sciences
53. 202 Provides a unique blend that surveys the principles of physical operation of LIS, 6G, wireless
0 together with their optimization and performance analysis frameworks. communication,
massive MIMO.
54. 202 Discussed the modeling and analysis of FWC systems with massively distributed C-RAN, massive
0 raps, overview on the architecture, modeling, design, and performance of massively MIMO
distributed antenna systems with non-ideal optical front-hauls.
55. 202 Proposed a deep learning-based beam selection method that enables the initial beam Deep learning,
0 establishment in 5G NR and 6G mm Wave systems 6G, mmwave
56. 202 Proposed the design of short range Wireless Isochronous Real Time (WIRT) in-X sub 6G, sub-
0 networks aimed at life-critical applications with communication cycles for closed millisecond
loop control applications cycle, in-X
subnet works
Table IV. List Of Abbreviations
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

GSM Global System for Mobile
Communications
IT Information Technology
SDN/NFV Software Defined Networking /
Network Function Virtualization
SBA Service-based Architecture
IOE Internet of Everything
OFDM Orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing
LAN/WAN/WLAN/PAN Local area network/wide area
network/wireless LAN/Personal
Area Network
LTE Long Term Evolution
IOT Internet of Things
KPIs Key Performance Indicators
B5G Beyond 5G
QOS Quality of Service
BER Bit error rate
PER Packet error rate
FER Frame error rate
AI/ML Artificial Intelligence / Machine
Learning
MAC Media access control
DNNs Deep neural networks
SVM Support vector machine
MDP Markov decision process
KNN K-nearest neighbors

SVR Support vector regression

KMC K-Means Clustering
PCA Principal component analysis
FL Federated learning
OI Operational intelligence
EI Environmental intelligence
SI Service intelligence
QOE Quality of Experience
AR/VR Augmented reality /Virtual reality
VLC VLC Visible light communication
THz Terahertz
WNoc Wireless network on chip
RF Radio frequency
LED Light emitting diode
HBF Holographic beam forming
MEC Mobile edge computing
QC Quantum communication
SIC Successive interference
cancellation
uHSLLC Ultra- High- Speed with Low -
Latency Communication
NTN Non terrestrial network
NOMA Non-orthogonal multiple access
QML Qt modeling language
BDA Big data analytics
NB Naïve Bayesian
LR Logistic regression
QOL Quality of Life
WIRT Wireless isochronous real time
IWD Intelligent wearable devices
IIOMT Intelligent Internet of Medical
Things
H2H Hospital-to-Home
DT Decision tree
CONCLUSION
With the rapid advancements in the wireless technology in the role of connectivity, new features in the wireless
communication are identified. Various shortcomings in existing wireless communications has led to the foundation
for the next generations. This paper provides a detailed survey on 6g wireless network. Evolution of mobile
communication network towards 6g has been discussed and then we dive into Key considerations of 6g satisfying
the diverse requirements of the network. We have also highlighted the 6g applications such as spectrum
communications i.e., THz, VLC and intelligence as in AI/ML, AR/VR and edge computing along with Big data and
blockchain that help in revolutionizing the wireless communication. AI is believed to solve many challenges of
complex networks by optimizing the network performance. Terahertz (THz) and Visible Light communications are
said to achieve maximum spectrum utilization. From Big Data analysis handling large amount of data to edge
computing minimizing latency and bandwidth usage, each of the technologies is associated with its own challenges.
In the end, we summarize various recent studies on 6g. Hope this survey serves as a guideline for future
investigations on 6g networks.
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International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211

Role of 6G from Evolution to Applications in Mobile

IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com Page 1101

II. EVOLUTION OF MOBILE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Fig. 1 Evolution of Mobile wireless communication

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Table I. Comparison Between Various Generations

Maximu 1Gbs-1 35.46Gb 100Gbs-1

III. KEY CONSIDERATIONS IN 6G

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Table II. Performance Comparison Between 5g

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IV. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES OF 6G COMMUNICATION

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Table III. Summary of State-Of-The-Art

Ref Yea Description Area of focus

IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com Page 1110

9 enabled methodologies for 6G network design and optimization. machine

Table IV. List Of Abbreviations

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

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SVR Support vector regression

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