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    02 Introduction

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    Esha Afzal
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    02 Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Esha Afzal
    37 views18 pages
    Yuuhhhhhhhhuuuuuy

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    02-Introduction

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    37 views18 pages

    02 Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Esha Afzal
    Yuuhhhhhhhhuuuuuy

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    Chapter 1

    Introduction

    1.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
    1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
    The term telecommunication means communication at a
    distance. The word data refers to information presented
    in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
    and using the data. Data communications are the
    exchange of data between two devices via some form of
    transmission medium such as a wire cable.

    Topics discussed in this section:


    Components
    Data Representation
    Data Flow

    1.2
    Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication

    1.3
    Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

    1.4
    1-2 NETWORKS

    A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)


    connected by communication links. A node can be a
    computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
    and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
    network.

    Topics discussed in this section:


    Distributed Processing
    Network Criteria
    Physical Structures
    Network Models
    Categories of Networks
    Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork
    1.5
    Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

    1.6
    Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

    1.7
    Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

    1.8
    Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

    1.9
    Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

    1.10
    Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

    1.11
    Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

    1.12
    Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

    1.13
    Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

    1.14
    Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

    1.15
    1-3 THE INTERNET

    The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily


    lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
    way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a
    communication system that has brought a wealth of
    information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.

    Topics discussed in this section:


    A Brief History
    The Internet Today (ISPs)

    1.16
    Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

    1.17
    1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

    In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocols


    and standards. First, we define protocol, which is
    synonymous with rule. Then we discuss standards, which
    are agreed-upon rules.

    Topics discussed in this section:


    Protocols
    Standards
    Standards Organizations
    Internet Standards

    1.18

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