GSM - Chapter5 - and - Revision

Mobile Communication System
GSM
The Global System for Mobile
Communications PLMN &
Internet
ISC
MS OMC PSTN
BTS
ISDN
BSC PDN
GMSC
MSC
BSC
MS BTS
BTS
MS
General Description
Addresses and Identifiers
System Architecture
Mobile subscribers
Examples

• 1 International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)
• 2 International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
• 3 Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN)
• 4 Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)
• 5 Location Area Identity (LAI)
• 6 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
• 7 Local Mobile Subscriber Identity (LMSI)
• 8 Cell Identifier (CI)
• 9 Base Transceiver Station Identity Code (BSIC)
• 10 Identification of MSCs and Location Registers
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What is GSM?
▪ GSM, the Global System for Mobile Communications,
is a digital cellular communications system
▪ Or
▪ Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second
generation cellular standard developed to cater voice
services and data delivery using digital modulation
GSM provides –
▪ Digital Transmission
▪ ISDN compatibility
▪ Worldwide roaming in other GSM networks
▪ Provides a model for 3G Cellular systems (UMTS)
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GSM System Architecture

• A GSM system is basically designed
as a combination of three major
subsystems
–The Network SubSystem (NSS)
– the radio subsystem called the Base
station SubSystem (BSS) and
–the Operation SubSystem (OSS)
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Basic Network Overview
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General Architecture of GSM network
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NSS
• The Network SubSystem (NSS) includes
the equipment and functions related to
end-to-end-calls, management of
subscribers, mobility, and interfaces with
the fixed network (PSTN)
• It is built on the switch of the system
called Mobile-services Switching Center
(MSC).
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NSS Architecture
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NSS Architecture
• BSCs of a same area are connected to a switch. In
a GSM system this switch is called MSC (Mobile
Switching Center). MSCs are connected to each
others.
• Usually, each MSC is associated to four databases
– The Visitor Location Register (VLR)
– Home Location Register (HLR)
– Authentication Center (AuC)
– The Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
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MOBILITY FUNCTIONS
• Registration and Database

• SIM (The Subscriber Identity Module)
• Location Update
Registration and Database
• Home Location Register (HLR) - is a database maintained

by the service provider containing permanent data about
each subscriber (i.e. location, activity status, account
status, call forwarding preference, caller identification
preference)
• Visitor Location Register (VLR) – database that stores
temporary data about a subscriber; it is kept in the MSC of
the of the area the subscriber is located in; when the
subscriber moves to a new area the new MSC requests
this VLR from the HLR of the old MSC
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR) – database located near
the MSC and containing information identifying cell
phones
CONTENT OF HLR
• MSISDN
• IMSI
– They provide the right call, right service
IMSI = MCC+MNC+MSIN
MCC = Mobile Country Code
MNC = Mobile Network Code
MSIN = Mobile Sucscriber Identification Number
• MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming Number)
MSRN = CC + NDC + SN
CC : Country Code
NDC : National Destination Code
SN : Subscriber Number
MSC wants to MSRN FROM HLR(Left Photo)
HLR gives MSRN to MSC for startin call(Right Photo)
Registration and database …cont.
• Authentication Center (AuC)

– 1st level security mechanism for a GSM cellular network
– is a database that stores the list of authorized subscribers of a GSM
network
– it is linked to the MSC and checks the identity of each user trying to
connect
– also provides encryption parameters to secure a call made in the
network
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts
that communicate across the standardized Abis
interface allowing operation between components
made by different suppliers
▪ Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
▪ Base Station Controller (BSC)
▪ Mobile Stations(MS)
Base Station Subsystem (BSS) contd.

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
• Houses the radio transceivers that define a cell
• Handles radio-link protocols with the Mobile Station
• Speech and data transmissions from the MS are
recoded
• Requirements for BTS:
ruggedness
reliability
portability
minimum costs
Base Station Subsystem (BSS) contd.

Base Station Controller (BSC)
• Manages Resources for BTS
• Handles call set up
• Location update
• Handover for each MS
BSS Architecture
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Radio Network — Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
PLMN &
Internet
ISC
MS PSTN
OMC
BTS ISDN
BSC PDN
GMSC
MSC
BSC
MS BTS
BTS
MS
• Components of the GSM radio network indicated

19
outside the red square. 5/24/2022
Mobile Station
• The Mobile Station (MS) is composed of three parts:

– the handset includes the radio equipment (receiver-
transmitter) and the Man-Machine Interface (MMI),
– the SIM card (Subscriber Identity Module-card):
• this smart card allows the identification of any
subscriber (not only of his equipment) by the
network. In particular, he can borrow any mobile
without changing anything from the network point of
view since he keeps the same SIM-card,
– the battery
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Mobile Station
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Mobile Station (MS) contd.

Mobile Equipment
• Produced by many different manufacturers

• Must obtain approval from the standardization
body
• Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International
Mobile Equipment Identity)
Mobile Station (MS) contd.

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
• Smart card containing the International Mobile
Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
• Allows user to send and receive calls and receive
other subscribed services
• Encoded network identification details
• Protected by a password or PIN
• Can be moved from phone to phone – contains key
information to activate the phone
SIM
• It includes numbers which provide definition
of user for network
• It also includes reachable networks list
• The subscriber is identified within the system
when he inserts the SIM-Card in the mobile
equipment and switches it on.
• This provide a considerable amount of flexibility
to the subscribers since they can use any
GSM-specified mobile equipment.
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SIM
• With the SIM-Card the idea of "personal
communication" is already realized:
–the user only needs to take his smart card on
a trip.
–You can rent a mobile equipment unit at the
destination, even in other country, and insert
your own SIM-Card.
• Any call you make will be charged to your
home GSM account.
• Also the GSM system is able to reach you at
the mobile unit you are currently using.
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The SIM-Card Functions
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Subscriber Identification
• The International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
is the primary identification of the subscriber within the
GSM network and is permanently assigned to him.
• The Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN) is

the number that the calling party dials in order to reach
the GSM subscriber. It is used by the land networks to
route calls toward an appropriate GSM network.
MSISDN is stored in HLR.
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Subscriber Identification
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Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)

• Mobile Stations transmit and receive messages to
and from the GSM over the air interface to establish
and continue connection through the system.
• Each mobile station has an International Mobile
Equipment Identity (IMEI) that is permanently stored
in the mobile unit. Upon request, the MS sends this
number over the signaling channel to the network.
• The IMEI is used to identify mobile units that are
reported stolen or operating incorrectly.
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IMEI
• IMEI – a unique 15 digit number identifying each phone, is

incorporated in the cellular phone by the manufacturer
• IMEI ex.: 994456245689001
• when a phone tries to access a network, the service
provider verifies its IMEI with a database of stolen phone
numbers; if it is found in the database, the service provider
denies the connection
• the IMEI is located on a white sticker/label under the
battery, but it can also be displayed by typing *#06# on the
phone
IMEI
• Stored inside the Mobile Equipment.
• Used to replace IMSI or TMSI when both are
unavailable (example: Emergency calls without
SIM-Card) or when required by the network (for
maintenance).
• Can be used for EIR database updating (when
existing):
– TAC = 6 digits describing the type of equipment,
– FAC = 2 digits for identification of the factory,
– SNR = 6 digits for the serial number of the device.
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IMEI
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OSS
• The Operation SubSystem (OSS) mainly
contains Operation and Maintenance
Center for NSS (OMC-S) and Operation
and Maintenance Center devoted to the
BSS (OMC-R).
• It is connected to all equipment in the
switching system and to the BSC (BTSs
are not connected to the OSS)
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Operation Subsystem
• There are three areas of OSS
–network operation and maintenance functions,
–subscription management, including charging
and billing, and
– mobile equipment management. These tasks
require interaction between some or all of the
infrastructure equipment. OSS is implemented
in any existing network
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Interfaces
• Um
▪ Radio interface between MS
and BTS
▪ each physical channel
supports a number of logical
channels
◼ Abis
▪ between BTS and BSC
▪ primary functions: traffic channel transmission, terrestrial
channel management, and radio channel management
◼ A
▪ between BSC and MSC
▪ primary functions: message transfer between different BSCs to
the MSC
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Interfaces in a GSM PLMN
PLMN &
Internet
ISC
MS PSTN
Abis OMC ISDN
BTS
PDN
BSC
E (G)MSC
A
Abis MSC
BSC
MS Um BTS
F C
B
BTS MS-SIM D
MS SIM
G
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Interfaces
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• GSM distinguishes explicitly between user and
equipment and deals with them separately.
• The user identity is associated with a mobile station
by means of a personal chip card, the Subscriber
Identity Module (SIM).
– It allows to distinguish between equipment mobility and
subscriber mobility. …..NEXT
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International Mobile Station Equipment

Identity (IMEI)
• By means of the IMEI one recognizes obsolete,
stolen, or nonfunctional equipment and, for example,
can deny service.
• For this purpose, the IMEI is assigned to one or
more of three categories within the EIR:
– The White List is a register of all equipment.
– The Black List contains all suspended equipment.
– Optionally, an operator may maintain a Gray List, in which
malfunctioning equipment or equipment with obsolete
software versions is registered.
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Contents of the EIR
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International Mobile Station Equipment

Identity (IMEI)
• The IMEI is usually requested from the network at
registration.
• It is a hierarchical address.
• IMEI = TAC + FAC + SN + SP

– Type Approval Code (TAC): 6 decimal places, centrally
assigned
– Final Assembly Code (FAQ: 6 decimal places, assigned by
the manufacturer
– Serial Number (SN): 6 decimal places, assigned by the
manufacturer
– Spare (SP): 1 decimal place
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International Mobile Subscriber Identity

(IMSI)
• When registering for service with a mobile network
operator, each subscriber receives a unique
identifier, the International Mobile Subscriber
Identity (IMSI).
• A mobile station can only be operated
– if a SIM with a valid IMSI is inserted into equipment with a
valid IMEI, since this is the only way to correctly bill the
associated subscriber.
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International Mobile Subscriber Identity

(IMSI)
• The IMSI also consists of several parts:
– Mobile Country Code (MCC): 3 decimal places,
internationally standardized
• Eg. MCC for
• Ethiopia: 251
• China: 460
– Mobile Network Code (MNC): 2 decimal places, for unique
identification of mobile networks within a country
• Eg. MNC for ChinaMobile 00; for ChinaUnicomm 01
– Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (MSIN): maximum
10 decimal places, identification number of the subscriber
in his/her mobile home network
• Subscriber identification uses a maximum of 15
decimal digits,
– IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN.
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Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN)

• The "real telephone number" of a mobile station is
the Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN).
• The separation of call number (MSISDN) and
subscriber identity (IMSI) primarily serves to protect
the confidentiality of the IMSI.
• A subscriber can hold several MSISDNs for
selection of different services.
– Each MSISDN of a subscriber is reserved for specific
service (voice, data, fax, etc.).
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Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN)

• The MSISDN categories follow the international ISDN
numbering plan
– Country Code (CC): up to 3 decimal places
• internationally standardized, complying to the ITU-T E.164 series
– National Destination Code (NDC): typically 2-3 decimal places
• ChinaMob139 138 137 136 135;Unicomm 130 131 132 133
– Subscriber Number (SN): maximal 10 decimal places
• HLR ID: H0H1H2(country) H3(province) Subscriber: ABCD
• The subscriber number has a maximum of 15 decimal digits.
– MSISDN = CC + NDC + SN
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Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)

• The Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) is a
temporary location-dependent ISDN number.
• It is assigned by the locally responsible VLR to each
mobile station in its area.
• Calls are routed to the MS by using the MSRN.
• The MSRN has the same structure as the MSISDN:
– Country Code (CC) of the visited network
– National Destination Code (NDC) of the visited network
– Subscriber Number (SN) in the current mobile network
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Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)

• The MSRN can be assigned in two ways by the
VLR:
– either at each registration when the MS enters a new

Location Area (LA)
– or each time when the HLR requests it for setting up a

connection for incoming calls to the mobile station.
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Location Area Identity (LAI)

• Each LA of a PLMN has its own identifier.
• The Location Area Identifier (LAI) is also structured
hierarchically and internationally unique.
• LAI consisting of an internationally standardized
part and an operator-dependent part:
– Country Code (CC): 3 decimal digits
– Mobile Network Code (MNC): 2 decimal places
– Location Area Code (LAC): maximum 5 decimal places, or
maximum twice 8 bits, coded in hexadecimal.
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Location Area Identity (LAI)

• This LAI is broadcast regularly by the base station
on the Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH).
• Each cell is identified uniquely on the radio channel
as belonging to an LA, and each MS can determine
its current location through the LAI.
• Location update.
– If the LAI that is "heard" by the MS changes, the MS
notices this LA change and requests the updating of its
location information in the VLR and HLR
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Cell Identifier (CI)

• Within an LA, the individual cells are uniquely
identified with a Cell Identifier (CI), maximum 2 X 8
bits.
• Together with the Global Cell Identity (LAI + CI),

cells are thus also internationally defined in a
unique way.
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Base Transceiver Station Identity Code

(BSIC)
• Unique Base Transceiver Station Identity Code (BSIC)
– In order to distinguish neighboring base stations
• BSIC consists of two components:

– Network Color Code (NCC): color code within a PLMN (3 bits)
– Base Transceiver Station Color Code (BCC): BTS color code (3 bits)
• The BSIC is broadcast periodically by the base station on a

Broadcast Channel, the Synchronization Channel.
• Directly adjacent PLMN (and BS) must have different color

codes.
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Identification of MSCs and Location

Registers
• MSCs and location registers (HLR, VLR) are
addressed with ISDN numbers.
• They may have a Signaling Point Code (SPC)

within a PLMN
– used to address them uniquely within the Signaling System

Number 7 network (SS#7).
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Addresses and Identifiers used in PSTN-

GSM Call
MSISDN VLR: Visiting Location Register
PSTN
HLR: Home Location Register
BS: Base Station
GMSC: Gateway Mobile Switching Center
Route call
CCITTNO.7
MSRN TMSI/
TUP
IMSI
GMSC VMSC BS
Reg Confirm
Registered?
Whether
IMSI
CCITT CCITT
IMSI
NO.7 NO.7
MSRN MSISDN
MAP MAP
MSRN
CCITT
NO.7
MAP
MSISDN
Call from PSTN——MS

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GSM Network Areas

• The GSM network is made up of the
following geographical areas.(NEXT slide)
– cells,
– location areas (LAs),
–MSC/VLR service areas, and
–Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) areas.
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GSM Network Areas

• GSM system hierarchy
GSM Network (PLMN)
cells of one BSC may

MSC Region MSC Region
belong to different LAs
Location Area Location Area
BS Controller BS Controller ●●●
●●●
●●●
Cell ●●● Cell BS Controller

Location Area
MSC Region
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GSM Network Areas
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GSM Network Areas

• The cell is the area given radio coverage by one
base transceiver station.
• The GSM network identifies each cell via the cell
global identity (CGI) number assigned to each cell.
• The location area is a group of cells. It is the area
in which the subscriber is paged. Each LA is
served by one or more base station controllers,
yet only by a single MSC (see Figure on the next
slide). Each LA is assigned a location area identity
(LAI) number.
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Location Areas
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MSC/VLR Service Areas
An MSC/VLR service area represents the part of the GSM network that is
covered by one MSC and which is reachable, as it is registered in the VLR
of the MSC
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PLMN Network Areas
The PLMN service area is an

area served by one network
operator
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Advantages of GSM over Analog system

• Capacity increases
• Reduced RF transmission power and longer battery life.
• International roaming capability.
• Better security against fraud (through terminal validation
and user authentication).
• Encryption capability for information security and
privacy.
• Compatibility with ISDN,leading to wider range of
services
GSM Channel Types

• Traffic channels (TCHs)
– Traffic channels carry digitally encoded user speech or
user data and have identical functions and formats on both
the forward and reverse link.
– There are six different types of TCHs provided for in GSM.
• Control channels (CCHs)
– Control channels carry signaling and synchronizing
commands between the base station and the mobile
station.
– an even larger number of CCHs.
• Certain types of control channels are defined for just
the forward or reverse link.
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GSM Channel Types…..Cont’d
Traffic Channels in GSM

◼ Two types of TCHs
◼ Full-rate traffic channel (TCH/F)
◼ Half-rate traffic channel (TCH/H)
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GSM Channel Types…..Cont’d
Control Channels in GSM

◼ Three classes of control channels
◼ Broadcast Channels (BCH)
◼ Common Control Channels (CCCH)
◼ Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)
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Broadcast Channels (BCHs)

• The broadcast channel operates on the forward link
of a specific ARFCN within each cell, and transmits
data only in the first time slot (TS 0) of certain GSM
frames.
• BCHs only use the forward link.
• The BCH serves as a TDMA beacon channel for
any nearby mobile to identify and lock on to.
• The BCH is defined by three separate channels
which are given access to TS0 during various
frames of the 51 frame sequence.
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• Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
– The BCCH is a forward control channel that is
used to broadcast information such as cell and
network identity, and operating characteristics of
the cell
• current control channel structure, channel
availability, and congestion
– The BCCH also broadcasts a list of channels that
are currently in use within the cell.
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• Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
– The FCCH is a special data burst which occupies
TS 0 for the very first GSM frame (frame 0) and is
repeated every ten frames within a control
channel multiframe.
– The FCCH allows each subscriber unit to
synchronize its internal frequency standard (local
oscillator) to the exact frequency of the base
station.
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Common Control Channels (CCCHs)

• On the broadcast (BCH) ARFCN, the common control
channels occupy TS 0 of every GSM frame
– that is not otherwise used by the BCH or the Idle frame.
• CCCH consists of three different channels:
– Paging Channel (PCH)
– Random Access Channel (RACH)
– Access Grant Channel (AGCH)
• CCCHs are the most commonly used control channels and
are used to
– page specific subscribers,
– assign signaling channels to specific users, and
– receive mobile requests for service.
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GSM Control Channels (CCH)

Name Abbreviation Task
Broadcast common control BCCH To transmit system information (such as
channel (DL) network or cell identity)
Frequency correction FCCH The “lighthouse” of a BTS

channel (DL)
Synchronization channel (DL) SCH PLMN/base station identifier of a BTS plus
synchronization information (frame number)
Paging channel (DL) PCH Carries the PAG_REQ message
Access grant channel (DL) AGCH SDCCH channel assignment (the AGCH
carries IMM_ASS_CMD)
Random access channel (UL) RACH Communication request from MS to BTS
Standalone dedicated SDCCH Exchange of signaling information between
control channel MS and BTS when no TCH is active
Slow associated control SACCH Transmission of signaling data during a

channel connection (one SACCH TS every 120 ms)
Fast associated control FACCH Transmission of signaling data during a

Channel connection (used only if necessary)
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CCCH : Paging Channel (PCH)

• Paging Channel (PCH)
– The PCH provides paging signals from the base station
to all mobiles in the cell, and notifies a specific mobile of
an incoming call which originates from the PSTN.
– The PCH transmits the IMSI of the target subscriber, along
with a request for acknowledgment from the mobile unit on
the RACH.
– Alternatively, the PCH may be used to provide cell
broadcast ASCII text messages to all subscribers, as part
of the SMS feature of GSM.
• Random Access Channel (RACH)
• Access Grant Channel (AGCH)
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CCCH : Random Access Channel (RACH)

– The RACH is a reverse link channel used by a subscriber
unit to acknowledge a page from the PCH, and is also
used by mobiles to originate a call.
– In establishing service, the GSM base station must
respond to the RACH transmission
• by allocating a channel and assigning a stand-alone
dedicated control channel (SDCCH) for signaling during a call.
– This connection is confirmed by the base station over the
AGCH.
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CCCH : Access Grant Channel (AGCH)

– The AGCH is used by the base station to provide forward
link communication to the mobile,
• and carries data which instructs the mobile to operate in
a particular physical channel (time slot and ARFCN) with
a particular dedicated control channel.
– The AGCH is the final CCCH message sent by the base
station before a subscriber is moved off the control
channel.
– The AGCH is used by the base station to respond to a
RACH sent by a mobile station in a previous CCCH frame.
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Dedicated Control Channels (DCCHs)

• Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channels (SDCCHs)
– used for providing signaling services required by the users
• Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
• Fast Associated Control Channels (FACCHs)
– used for supervisory data transmissions between the
mobile station and the base station during a call.
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GSM logical channels
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Summary Questions
• What are the three categories of services defined in GSM?
• What are the two types of short messages?
• What are the two required pieces of equipment for data
exchanges in GSM (one in the MS, the other in the MSC)?
• What are the user data rates which were selected for GSM?
• What is the CLIP supplementary service?
• What is the CoLP supplementary service?
• What is the MPTY supplementary service?
• What is the call forwarding supplementary services?
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Mobile Communication System

Addresses and Identifiers

GSM System Architecture

Basic Network Overview

General Architecture of GSM network

• Registration and Database

Registration and Database

• Home Location Register (HLR) - is a database maintained

Registration and database …cont.

• Authentication Center (AuC)

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

▪ Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

▪ Base Station Controller (BSC)

Base Station Subsystem (BSS) contd.

Base Station Subsystem (BSS) contd.

Radio Network — Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

• Components of the GSM radio network indicated

• The Mobile Station (MS) is composed of three parts:

Mobile Station (MS) contd.

• Produced by many different manufacturers

Mobile Station (MS) contd.

The SIM-Card Functions

• The Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN) is

Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)

• IMEI – a unique 15 digit number identifying each phone, is

Interfaces in a GSM PLMN

Addresses and Identifiers

International Mobile Station Equipment

Contents of the EIR

International Mobile Station Equipment

• IMEI = TAC + FAC + SN + SP

International Mobile Subscriber Identity

International Mobile Subscriber Identity

Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN)

Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN)

Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)

Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)

– either at each registration when the MS enters a new

– or each time when the HLR requests it for setting up a

Location Area Identity (LAI)

Location Area Identity (LAI)

Cell Identifier (CI)

• Together with the Global Cell Identity (LAI + CI),

Base Transceiver Station Identity Code

• BSIC consists of two components:

• The BSIC is broadcast periodically by the base station on a

• Directly adjacent PLMN (and BS) must have different color

Identification of MSCs and Location

• They may have a Signaling Point Code (SPC)

– used to address them uniquely within the Signaling System

Addresses and Identifiers used in PSTN-

Call from PSTN——MS

GSM Network Areas

GSM Network Areas

GSM Network (PLMN)

cells of one BSC may

Location Area Location Area

BS Controller BS Controller ●●●

Cell ●●● Cell BS Controller