Notes in Lie Detection Final

PACIFIC SOUTHBAY
COLLEGE INC.
Learning
PUROK CARMENVILLE, BRGY.
Handout in Lie
CALUMPANG, GENERAL SANTOS CITY
Detection
Technique
A Review notes in
Criminology)
_______________________________________
____________________
Name of Student, Year & Section
AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R.
CRIM., MS CJ
Compiler
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Instructor: AL BIEN D. ESCOBAÑEZ, R. Crim., MS CJ
Registered Criminologist
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
LESSON 1
INTRODUCTION
Polygraph is an instrument or device capable of recording changes in blood

pressure, pulse, respiration and skin resistance in the physiological phenomena that
maybe used as bases for the application of a reliable technique of diagnosing truth of
deception. It was derived from the two Greek words poly which means “many or having
several” and graph which means “writings”. Hence, literally, polygraph means many
writings. Polygraphy (sometimes called scientific truth verification) refers to the
scientific method of detecting deception with the use of the polygraph. It is administered
by a trained polygraphist, lie detector specialist (LDS), forensic
psycshophysiologist (FP) or polygraph examiner (PE) by asking questions to the
subject relevant to the case under investigation, the polygraph is commonly called as
lie detector; polygraph machine, deceptograph and truth verifier.
Why do people seek truth?
1. In decision making process, success primarily depends on true information
(simply known as the truth). Decision makers must possess the ability to evaluate
the veracity of information that they are using in their decision.
2. The knowledge of truth is the fundamental requirement in
administering/managing justice.
3. In crime detection, the task of determining the truth initially lies on the hands of
field investigators.
Sometimes in 1893, Dr. Hans Gross, an Austrian magistrate (judge) regarded as

the earliest advocate of criminal investigation as a science, published his book entitled
Criminal Investigation. In his book, Gross defined search for truth as the “the basis and
goal of all criminal investigation” (Weston and Wells, 1990).
In his earlier book System der Kriminalistiks, Gross emphasized that a large
part of the criminalist’s work involves battle against lies. The criminalist has to discover
the truth and must fight the opposite, which is lies and deceit. The criminalist encounters
the opposite at every step of his investigation.
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LESSON 2
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
A. DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIO-SPHYMOGRAPH
1. Cesare Lombroso
An Italian criminologist who used the “hydrosphymograph” in the
experiment he had conducted on actual criminal suspects whose
truthfulness or deception he sought to determine on the basis on the
presence or absence of blood pressure-pulse charges when the suspects
were questioned about the offense under investigation. This instrument
however, is generally intended for medical purposes not in the process of
detecting lies or deception or the truthfulness of the subject person. But
later he was accorded the distinction of being the first person to utilize an
instrument for the purpose of detecting lies.
2. Angelo Mosso
An Italian Physiologist who was influenced by Lombroso, pursued
his studies of emotion and fear and its influence on the heart and
respiration with an instrument for measuring blood pressure and pulse
change called “plethysmograph” invented by Frances Franke, which
reveals periodic undulations in blood pressure caused by respiration cycle.
3. William Moulton Marston
An American Scientist who used an ordinary
“Sphygmomanometer” by means of which he obtained periodic,
discontinuous blood pressure reading during the course of the test. He
also experimented with the galvanometer to record skin resistance
changes and gripping devices to record tension. He uses the word
association test. He considered the father of modern polyraphy.
4. John A. Larson
An American Psychologist who constructed an instrument capable
on continuously recording the all phenomena – blood pressure, pulse and
respiration – during the entire period of the test. The instrument designed
by Larson not only have recording for cardiosphymograph, pneumograph
and galvanograph but also it has the muscular movement pen for arms
and thighs.
5. Leonard A. Keeler
Is an American Psychologist who constructed a more satisfactory
instrument than the used by Larson. Later on, Keeler made additional
changes in the instrument, and at the time of his death in 1949 the
“Keeler Polygraph” included, in addition to units for recording what is
known as the Galvanic Skin Reflex (GSR) or electrodermal responses. He
also introduced the card test and the peak off tension test.
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B. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PNEUMOGRAPH
1. Vittorio Benussi
Is an Italian Psychologist who published an account of his research
on respiration changes as changes as symptoms of deception. In test
cases, he measured recorded respiratory tracings found that if the length
on inspiration were divided by the length of expiration the ratio was greater
before telling the truth than afterwards and greater after lying than before
lying. In summary, he detected deception with a pneumograph that
graphically measures the inhalation and exhalation. He also demonstrated
the changes in respiration-expiation ratio during deception.
2. Harold E. Burtt
Improvised and conformingly utilized the techniques of Benussi.
Accordingly, he considered this method (the measuring of the recorded
respiratory tracing) to be loss diagnostic value than blood pressure
techniques. He found out that changes in systolic blood pressure were of
greater value in determining deception than in changes in respiration.
C. DEVELOPMENT OF GALVANOGRAPH
1. Luigi Galvani
Is an Italian physiologist who was accorded the distinction for
developing the galvanic skin reflex (GSR) or galvanometer, which records
electrical body resistance in terms of ohms, the lowest current ever
recorded.
2. Sticker
Is responsible in discovering the amazing possibility of
Electrodermal response in discovering emotions. He claimed that a
person has no control as to their response. He is the inventor of the first lie
detector using Electrodermal responses.
3. S. Veraguth
Is the first one to use the term “psychogalvanic skin reflex”. He
believed that the electrical phenomenon is due to the activity of sweat
glands.
D. DEVELOPMENT OF QUESTIONING TECHNIQUE
1. Leonard A. Keeler
Developed the “relevant-irrelevant tests”. The theory of this test
is that guilty reacts only to relevant questions and innocent shows no
reactions.
2. John E. Reid
An American Lawyer/Polygraphist who developed the “reviewed
control question” consisting of a known lie incorporated into relevant-
irrelevant test. The theory of the test is to stimulate the innocent subject, to
identify the general nervous tension and guilt complex reactor and to
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improve contract between innocent and guilty subjects. He also
discovered the “guilt complex test” administered to the overly responsive
subject.
3. Cleve Backster
Conceived the psychological sit theory that forms the basis of his
zone of comparison technique that provides constant monitoring of the
subject’s reactivity and designed to disclose outside issue. This is known
as the Backster Zone Comparison Test.
E. EARLY PUBLICATIONS ON POLYGRAPH AND POLYGRAPHY

1. Daniel Defoe
Wrote an essay in 1730 suggesting that taking the pulse is practical and
more humane method of identifying a liar rather than subjecting the
subject to various mechanical attachments.
2. Max Wertheimer
Published a paper with Julius Klein entitled Psychologische
Tatbestandsdiagnostik with subtitle “Ideas about experimental methods
for the purpose of revealing the involvement of a person in a criminal act”.
3. Gesta Romanorum
Published his book in 1906 which started that during the Middle
Ages, nobleman tested the fidelity of his wife by taking her pulse.
4. James Mackenzei
A famous heart specialist who said polygraph exist as early as
1906 but it is not being used to detect deception. He first described the
instrument in an article entitled “The Ink Polygraph” which appeared in
the British Medical Journal 1908.
5. Vittorio Benussi
Presented a paper before the second meeting of the Italian Society
for Psychological in Rome on the subject of his experiments regarding
respiratory symptoms of lying.
F. OTHER PIONEERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLYGRAPH

1. Anton Mesmer
Is the first one to introduce hypnotism as method of detecting
deception.
2. Francis Galton
Developed the much acclaimed psychological test known as the
Word Association Test whereby the patient is presented with group if
words sufficiency separated in time to allow the patient to utter his first
thought generated by each word. Dr. Carl Gustav Jung later developed
the work and experiment of Galton.
3. Galileo Galilee
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Devised a gadget called “Pulselogim,” an instrument used to
measure heartbeat frequency of the object under lie detection test.
LESSON 3
EARLY METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION
Ordeal is a term of various meanings closely related to the Medieval Latin “dei
indicum” meaning “miraculous decisions” for ancient cases were decided through
several tests usually on physical strength.
Ancient method of trial in which the accused is exposed to physical danger which
was supposed to be harmless if innocent.
Ordeal, Trial or Judicium Dei is a common method of deciding guilt or innocence and a
practice of referring disputed questions to the judgment of God, determined by various
means, particularly by physical tests.
For the first decades of his renewed existence, the Medieval Coroner had to be
present at some curious and barbaric rites connected with the law. These were the
various “ordeals”, a semi-magical method of determining guilt or innocence which goes
right back to pre-historic times through many cultures prior to the coming of the Anglo-
Saxons.
1. Red Hot Iron Ordeal
This is the ordeal that is practiced in the hill tribe of Rajmal in North
Bengal. The accused places his tongue to a hot iron nine times unless burned
sooner. Sometimes the accused also is made to carry the metal in his hands. If
burned, the accused is put to death.
2. Ordeal by Balance
This is practiced in the Institute of Vishnu, India. This ordeal is makes use
of scale of balance wherein the accused and the accuser shall be placed in both
ends of the balance (seesaw like). The person to be adjudged lighter than the
other shall be acquitted. On the other hand, the person to be adjudged guilty is
the one heavier.
3. Ordeal by Boiling Water
This ordeal is use to point the thief in modern Africa. The subjects
plunged their right arms into the boiling pot to the elbow and step to the other
side of the fire. All are told to undergo the tests without murmuring. The one by
the time has lost some or showed blisters would prove that he or she is the thief.
4. Ordeal by Rice Chewing
The ordeal is used to determine who is telling the truth or lying. This is
practiced in India. It is formed with the kind of rice called “Sathee” prepared with
various incantations. The person on trial eats, with his face to the east and then
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spits upon a peaceful leaf. If the saliva is mixed with blood or the corner of his
mouths swells or if trembles, he is declared to be a liar.
5. Ordeal of the Red Water
This ordeal is used in Eastern Africa. The accused shall be required to
fast for twelve hours. He shall require swallow small amount of cooked rice and
given emetic red water extracted from the Sassy Tree bark. If the accused emits
or cough out the rice, he is adjudged guilty of the charge, otherwise the accused
is innocent.
6. Trial by Combat
This ordeal orders a fight between the accuser and the accused. Whoever
lost the fight will be adjudged guilty. The one who wins the fight at the same time
wins the case.
7. Ordeal by Drinking Decoction
The ordeal that requires the accused to be given a decoction to drink by a
priest. If the accused was harmless after drinking the decoction, then he is
innocent but if he dies, he is guilty. This ordeal was practiced in:
a. Nigeria
b. Brahamic India
c. India
8. Ordeal by Eating Corsnead
This ordeal is practiced in China and Alexandria, Egypt. The accused is
given uncooked dry rice to shallow and after which spit out the same. If the
accused spits out the rice to be still dry, he is considered innocent.
9. Ordeal by the Eucharist
This ordeal is reversed for the clergy and administered with pomp and
ceremony in the European Countries. The accused will be given any liquid food
that may cause death to any person. If the accuse is innocent, Angel Gabriel will
descend from heaven and prevent the accused from swallowing the food given to
him.
10. Ordeal of the Bier
This ordeal is applied to a mystery death of a person. The corpse will be
brought on a bier of boughs after which the natives will ask the corpse he/she has
been bewitched. If the victim died by witchcraft, the bier is supposed to know
more and if the sorcerer who killed him is present, the corpse will touch him/her.
This is practiced in countries of the continent of Australia and Europe.
11. Ordeal by heat and fire
In this ordeal, the accused is compelled to walk in bare foot through the
fire, if he remains unhurt then he is innocent. This ordeal was practiced in:
a. Early Germany
b. Early Scandinavian Countries
c. Early England
12. Ordeal by Boiling Oil or Water
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The accused is forced to dip his hand into the boiling water or oil and ask
to pick up stone in it. If the accused picked up the stone placed in the boiling
oil/water unhurt, the accused is innocent, otherwise he is guilty. This is practiced
in Asian Countries.
13. Ordeal by Using Red Hot Needle
This is the ordeal used to determine if the accused or any person is telling
a lie or not. A red hot needle shall be drawn through the lips of the accused. The
accused will not be hurt, or the accused’s lips will not be burned if he is innocent.
If the accused suffered blisters and burns, he is construed to be guilty of the
offense charged. This is practiced in Wanaka, East Africa.
14. Ordeal of the Tiger
This is the ordeal that makes use of a tiger to be set loose towards the
accused and the accuser placed together. The one that spares or untouched by
the tiger is considered innocent. If both were spared, further elimination will follow.
This ordeal is practiced in Siam.
15. Ordeal by Combat
This ordeal that was vividly dramatized in the movie entitled “Ivanhoe” that
was based from the novel of the same title that became the only legal ordeal that
was practiced in England during the reign of Henry III. The accuser and accused
shall convene a duel or fight where the winner shall be adjudged as innocent, the
looser to be guilty of the charge. Those persons not proficient in weapons and
those who could not afford to do so could hire champions in the field to do the
fighting for them.
16. Ordeal of the Cross
The ordeal that lets the accuser and accused to stand with arms crossed
on their breast in front of at least 3 designated adjudicator. The one who endures
the longer is deemed to have told the truth. This is practiced in European
Countries.
17. Ordeal by Waxen Shirt
The accused is dressed with cloth covered with wax and required to walk
in barefoot over burning coals. If unhurt through the fire and the wax did not melt,
the accused is innocent, otherwise guilty.
18. Ordeal of the Donkey’s Tail
As a psychological theory, a donkey is placed in a room alone and it will
be observed. If the donkey cried or made noise inside the room, a judgement of
guilt in commission of crimes is presumed.
SELECTED COUNTRIES THAT PRACTICES ORDEALS

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A. BURMA OR MYANMAR
The most common ordeal that was practiced in this country is ordeal by
candle lighting. The accuser and accused are given each identical candle to be
lighted at the same time. The persons that holds the candle that burned first
ahead is guilty or a liar. The candle that burned the longest determined which
told the truth
B. BORNEO
This is the ordeal that utilizes two shell fishes to represent the accuser and
accused. The two shell fishes shall be put in a plate and an irritating fluid was
then be poured onto them.
C. GREECE
The ordeal by the use of axe is used to determine the guiltiest person. A
suspended axe shall be spanned at the centre of a group of suspects. When the
axe stopped, whoever was in line with the blade is the one to be most guilty
among the suspects as pointed out by the divine providence.
D. NIGERIA
The common ordeal used in Nigeria is with the use of a cock’s feather.
The priest utilizes a cock’s feather and pierces into the tongue of the accused. If
the feather passed through the tongue easily, the accused is deemed innocent.
The other ordeal is with the use of a corrosive fluid. It will be poured into the eyes
of the accused. If the accused was unharmed then he is innocent, if suffered
bruises/blisters and injuries, the accused shall be deemed guilty.
E. EUROPE AND EARLY USA (17TH CENTURY)
Ordeal by water is the common ordeal used in these continents. This
ordeal is used on those accused of witchcraft. The accused is bound on his
hands and feet and put into the body of water. If the body of the accused sank,
he is guilty to be punished to death by burning. If he is half-drawn or remains on
the surface of the water, the accused is innocent.
F. MADAGASCAR
Legal authorities practiced trial by ordeal. The supposed criminal is made
to drink a poisonous fruit juice called “tangena” a small dose can be fatal. By
managing the size of the dose, those who administer it can decide result.
However, in some books authored by well-known writers and
academicians, The Hereditary Sieve Method was mentioned by Sir Hans Gross
his famous book in Criminal Investigation in which beans are to be thrown into a
sieve (bigao in vernacular) as the same of each suspect is called. If the beam
jumps out of the sieve, the owner of the name is innocent. If the bean remains in
the sieve, the person named is the thief.
The Ayur-Veda is a Hindu book of health and sciences that is believed to

be the earliest reference of the ordeals or methods of detecting deception as
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adapted by several countries in the world specially Europe. It is also believed to
be the basis in the creation of a polygraph machine.
LESSON 4
THE INSTRUMENT
The instrument used in Polygraph Examination is often called as
“Polygraph or Polygraph Machine, Lie Detector, or Deceptograph” as earlier
mentioned in the past chapters. Polygraph is defined as an instrument or device
capable of producing recordings of physiological phenomena that may be used
as the basis for the application of a reliable technique for diagnosing truth or
deception. The machine itself does not detect lies or deception, it only records
the physiological phenomena/changes that occur when the subjects tells a lie or
deception. It is the Examiner who detects deception through the use of a lie
detector or polygraph.
The machine /instrument has four (4) major parts or components, these
are;
1. Pneumograph – this occupy the two top/upper pens of the instrument

which records the thoracic and abdominal breathing patterns of respiration. This
is accomplished through the use of a pneumograph consisting of two hollow
corrugated tubes about seven inches in length, each attached to a unit by a
rubber hose no longer than six feet and no longer than one quarter inch in
diameter. This breathing pneumo unit is a low pressure unit. The
inhalation/exhalation of the subject causes the tubes to expand and contract,
thereby reflecting the change through bellows to the pen into the chart.
2. Galvanograph – this is the longest and the third pen of the instrument. The
electrodes are attached to the index finger and ring finger of the left hand, or to
the palmar and dorsal surfaces of the left hand. The electrodes used for
obtaining the recording of the GSR or electrodermal responses, are fastened to
the hand or fingers by means of the passage of an imperceptible amount of
electoral current through the hand or fingers bearing the attached electrodes, a
galvanometer unit provides recording of the variation in the flow of the electrical
current.
3. Cardiosphymograph – this is the fourth and the bottom pen of the

instrument. This cardio unit is mechanically operated unit. It is a high pressure
system. This system records changes in mean blood, rate and strength of pulse
beat by means of a medical blood pressure cuff containing a rubber bladder that
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is wrapped around the upper arm, in a manner that places the bladder against
the brachial artery. The bladder is connected to the rubber hose, past a pressure
indicating gauge to a very sensitive bellows and its connected lever system that
powers the pen. The polygraphist inflates the bladder with a hand pump to a
constant air pressure that will provide tracing aptitude of 0.75 to 1 inch with a
dicrotic notch situated about the middle of the diastolic limb of the tracing.
4. Keymograph – this is the chart recording unit of the instrument. It has a

synchronized motor the drives the chart at the rate of six inches per minute and
its speed constant is vital because the vertical lines, which are spaced either of
one-half or one inch interval, represents five or ten seconds interval on the chart.
This provides the polygraphist with a means of determining pulse rate and
question spacing.
ATTACHMENT OF THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF POLYGRAPH
A polygraph is in fact several instruments combined to simultaneously

record changes in blood pressure, pulse, respiration and skin resistance. The
electrical conductivity of the skin’s surface can also be measured through the
increasing sweat gland activity that reduces the skins ability to carry electrical
current.
The pneumograph tube is fastened around the subject’s torso and belly.
The blood pressure cuff is placed on the right arm in such a way that the rubber
bladder part should be located over the brachial artery. The electrodes or
Galvanic Skin Reflex (GSR) is attached on the palm or index finger and ring
finger of the left hand of the subject. Position the subject in a manner that he look
straight ahead with the instrument and the examiner to the right side or rear
somewhat ahead of the kymograph or chart drive so that the polygraph tracings
will not distract him.
LESSON 5
THE EXAMINER
Who are the Polygraph Examiner?
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Today, some polygraph examiners refers to be called Forensic
Psychophysiologist because only Forensic Psychophysiologist and the
subject (examinee) are present in the examination room, his or her behaviour
greatly influences the results of the PVE. Although, polygraph examiners are
referred to as polygraphist and lie detector specialist. The Forensic
Psychophysiologist has several tasks in performing PVE:
1. Collecting facts of the case

2. Formulating questions
3. Setting up the interrogation room and the polygraph
4. Profiling and preparing the subject being tested
5. Asking questions
6. Chart marking
7. Chart probing
8. Chart interpretation
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD EXAMINER
1. Patience- there are times or instances that the subject could be questioned for
one day or more. Never interrogate a subject when you are in a hurry. Never
race against time.
2. The investigator must be master psychologist. He must be a good reader of
acts of men.
3. The examiner must be friendly and avoid arrogance. Try not to feel the
subject that you are superior to him. You should be friendly to gain confidence.
4. Never bluff. Never deceive the subject. Never promise the subject anything
that you can never fulfil. Be sincere to the subject.
5. He must be able to talk on all subjects under the sun, this is important in
order to make the subject talk more of the case.
6. The examiner must be courteous and gentle at all times. This is important to
gain the respect of the subject.
7. He must be resourceful.
8. He must be firm. Must not be sway by emotions of the subject. He must not
cry when the subjects starts to cry or laugh.
9. Dress formally when interrogating a subject. Never interrogate a subject in a
police uniform.
10. Use clean and understandable language.
THE POLYGRAPH EXAMINER SHOULD KNOW THE FOLLOWING:
1. A complete physical description of the subject to determine the technique to

be used (as for example the subject is deaf or blind).
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2. The complete history of the subject.
3. Experience, training, and education attainment of the subject (to make the
subject talk to himself.
4. A brief synopsis of the case (fact of the case so as the examiner can
formulate the questioners).
5. Reason why the subject is to be interrogated.
Attitude and Conduct of an Investigation of a suspect or witness, the

interrogator must observe the following:
1. The interrogator should avoid creating an impression that he is an investigator

seeking a confession or conviction. It is better for him to appear in the role of
one who is merely seeking the truth.
2. Such realistic words or expressions as “kill”, “steal”, “confess” your crime, etc.
3. The interrogator should sit fairly close to the subject and between the two;
there would not be a table or other pieces of furniture.
4. The interrogator should avoid facing about the room. To give undirected
attention to the person being interrogated, make it as such that will be more
difficult for him to evade detection of deception or conceals his guilt.
5. The interrogator should avoid as at least minimize smoking and should also
refrain from fumbling with a pencil pen or other room accessories for all this
tend to create an impression of lack of interest or confidence.
6. The interrogator should adopt his language to that used and understood by
the subject himself. In dealing with an uneducated and ignorant, the
interrogator should use simple words and sentences.
7. Since the interrogator should always occupy a fearless position with regards
to his subject and to the condition and circumstances attending the interview,
the subject should not be handcuff or shackled during his presence in the
interrogation. The interrogator should face the subject as “man” and as man
prisoner.
Is the result of PVE admissible as court evidence?
In most cases, polygraph evidence is used during pre-trail investigation

and preparation rather than during the actual trial.
In the OJ Simpson civil trial, the result of a polygraph was admitted into
evidence. This establishes a precedent across US allowing polygraph
examinations in civil trials such as divorce cases.
In the Philippines Setting, PVE using the polygraph is not fully developed.
The following are the reasons why at this stage results of PVE are not admissible
as evidence in the Philippine trial courts:
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a. Qualifications of the polygraph examiners are not standardized
b. PVE using the polygraph is not standardized
c. No standard instrumentation
LESSON 6
THE SUBJECT
KINDS OF PEOPLE TO BE INTROGGATED
A. Suspect – offenders of society who are presumed to have committed the

crime.
B. Complainants – are those persons who are offended by the suspects.
C. Witnesses – a person who knows something about the crime.
I. SUBJECT WHOSE GUILT IS DEFINITE OR REASONABLE
A. Emotional Offenders
1. Person who commit crimes in the heat of passion, anger or revenge.

2. Persons whose offenses accidental in nature like hit and run motorist.
Emotional offenders have a feeling of remorse, mental anguish as a result
of his act. He is bothered by his confidence and has difficulty of resting or
sleeping.
Techniques for this kind of Subject
a. Display an air of confidence on the subjects guilt

b. Point out the circumstantial evidence indicative of guilt.
c. Call attention to the subjects’ psychological and physiological symptoms of
guilt.
d. Sympathize with the subject by telling him that anyone else under similar
conditions or circumstances have committed similar offense.
e. Reduce a subject feeling by minimizing the moral seriousness of the offense.
f. Sympathize with the subject by condemning his victim or his accomplice, or
anyone else whom some degree of responsibility might conceivable be
placed for the commission of the crime in question.
g. Express friendship in arguing with the subject to tell the truth by:
1. Extend external sympathy by such friendly gestures as a pat on the

shoulder or knee, or by a grip of the hand.
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2. Tell the subject to tell the truth for the sake of his own conscience; or
moral well-being, as well as because it is the only decent and
honourable thing to do.
3. Urge the subject to tell the truth for the sake of his own conscience; or
moral well-being, as for the sake of everybody concerned, and also
because it is the only decent and honourable thing to do.
4. Let the subject talk of his misfortune and troubles in general, listen
and console as a very much interested and understanding friend.
h. Indicate to the subject, as a reason for telling the truth the possibility of
exaggeration on the part of his accuser.
i. Seek a general admission of his guilt. First ask the subject a question as to
some detail pertaining to the offense.
B. Non- Emotional Offenders

These are persons who commit crimes for financial gain, theft, robbery, killing for
money, or more, particular persons who are repeaters. These offenders have no moral
guilt not troubled by conscience. They do not wake up at night. His only concern is that
will he be caught.
Techniques for Non- Emotional Offenders:
a. Point out the fertility of resistance.

b. Appeal to the subject’s prude by well- selected flattery, or by a challenge to his
honor.
c. Point out the subject the grave consequence and fertility of a continuation of his
offensive behaviour.
d. When unsuccessful in obtaining a confession regarding the offense in question
seek (for use a wedge- to crowd or compress).
e. When co- offenders are being interrogated and the previously described
techniques have been found to be ineffective “Play one against to other” (point
out that among one of them has already admitted his guilt and implicit him in the
offense).
II. SUSPECT WHOSE GUILT IS DOUBTFUL OR UNCERTAIN

Techniques in interrogating this kind of Offenders
1. Create a situation (fishing technique questions)
2. Detect the clues of deception.
3. Try to determine what crimes these subject/ person has committed.
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4. Never agree or condemn the subject.
5. Create in the subject at belief relationship.
6. Understand the subject’s point of view.
7. Confidence and belief relationship should come before empathy.
8. Have interest in personal problem of the subject.
9. Establish relationship. Never be little the subject.
10. There should be no criticism (never condemn the person or anybody else)
11. Feedback is intended to keep the subject talking.
12. Never criticize the subject.
Kinds of Subject for Polygraph Test
1. Subject whose guilt is definite or reasonable certain.
a. Emotional Offender
1. Person who commit crimes 1 the beat of passion.
2. Person whose offense is of accidental in nature.
b. Non – emotional Offender
1. Person who commit crimes for financial gain.
2. Subject whose guilt is doubtful or uncertain.
The (3) General Types of Subjects
1. Victim or complainant
2. Witness
3. Suspect
NOTE: All Subjects must be in good physical and mental condition before he/she may
be submitted for Polygraph Examination. The following may not be submitted for
Polygraph Test:
1. Person who has extreme nervousness.

2. Person who has physiological abnormalities such as high blood
pressure/hypertension, heart disease, respiratory disorder, toothaches, severe
headaches and practically any painful ailments.
3. Person with mental abnormality
4. Unresponsive persons, such as person who suffer mental fatigue or under the
influenced of drugs and alcohol.
KINDS OF SUBJECT IN POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
B. AS TO AGE
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7-12 Years Old: Fantastic Stage of Subject
13-19 Years Old: Fantastic and Reality Stage of Subject
Association to gang/groups
Age of imitation and idolatry
Most juvenile delinquents are this stage
Ego is developed
20-25 Years Old: Ego of the Subject Begins to Lessen
They realize that they are not that important persons
They begin to be adults
They become responsible
At this age girls start to marry
They begin to be sociable
26-60 Years Old: They can be the Best Witnesses
He begins to realize his place in the society
Materialistic
They are already matured
Temper begins to lessen
61 Years Old to Death
Begins to act like children
Memories are like children
Senses are already defective
They are not quite good witnesses
They need respect from others
They are irritable and sensitive
Becomes more religious
Beginning to tell experiences of the pass
TYPES OF LIAR
A. PANIC LIAR. Is one who lies in order to avoid the consequences of
confession for he believes that confession will just make the matter worst.
PAGE 17
The person is afraid of embarrassment to love ones and it is serious blow to
his/her ego.
B. OCCUPATIONAL LIAR. Is someone who has lied for spare years. He is the
kind of person which is called a practical liars and lies when it has a higher
“pay off” than telling the truth.
C. TOURNAMENT LIAR. This is the type of liar where the person lies because
it is the only weapon remaining to defend his side. This person realizes that
he or she will probably be convicted but will not give anyone the satisfaction
of hearing his probably be convicted but will not give anyone the satisfaction
of hearing his confessions. He wants the people will believe that the law
punishes the innocent person.
D. PSYCHOPATIC LIAR. The type of liar that is considered the most difficult
one for the person has no conscience and shows no regret for dishonest
and no manifestation of guilt.
E. ETHNOLOGICAL LIAR. Is one who was taught not to be a squealer. This
kind of liar is usually coming from the underworld gang in order for the
member not to reveal any secret of their organization.
F. PATHOLOGICAL LIAR. Refers to a person who cannot really distinguish
right from wrong. Sometimes, other professional authors of book refer to an
insane person or to a person whose mind is sick.
G. BLACK LIAR. Is a person who always pretends. It also refers to those
persons who kept on adding remarks to themselves.
KINDS OF LIE
A. BENIGN OR WHITE LIE. The kind of lie that is used to maintain the
harmony of friendship, relationship in the home and or office.
B. RED LIE. The kind of lie of a person that has something to do with
communist propaganda that is against the government of the country.
C. MALICIOUS LIE. The kind of lie that has the purpose of misleading the
justice in favour of himself or towards other persons. It is sometimes called
chronic lie for it is done occasionally accompanied by plots and plans.
SOME OF THE PHYSICAL SIGNS OF LYING ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1. Blushing ( to blush to become red, as in the cheeks, from shame or confusion)
2. Twitching of the lips (short, sudden quick short spasmodic contraction of the
fibers or muscles)
3. Squinting of the eyes (looking obliquely)
4. Failure to look the inquirer “straight to the eye”
5. A peculiar monotone of the voice
6. A forced laugh
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7. A counter inquiry saying “who me”?
8. Unnecessary request for repetition of question
9. Movement of the hands and feel exhibiting a state of uneasiness
a. Fight from interrogation room
b. Fear of detection
10. Increased activity of the Adam’s apple and many reactions of similar nature.
11. Unusual perspiration/ excessive sweating
12. Dryness of the mouth
13. Rapid breathing
14. Unusual blood pressure
15. Fidgeting(restless motion) of the hands
16. Stammering
17. Swearing before God that he did not commit a crime
18. Subjects refuse to answer questions
19. Subject is absent-minded
20. Pointing his guilt to somebody else
21. Subject reference marks ( i.e. “I’m honourable person how could I do that?”)
22. Subject often ask permission by going to a certain place like comfort room
23. Subject refuses to answer the questions directly by offering alibis (i.e. wait a
minute why do you have to ask that question? “How will I answer that I was in
Cavite at that time?” )
24. Not that I remember (question) expression
25. Spotless past record religious man.
The reason why some people are better liar than the other is that other are not
very much disturbed over the telling of the lie. They are better and able to control
their emotional disturbances produced by lying and thus avoid display of the
outward indications exhibited by person less fortified with this essential of
successful lying.
THE EXAMINATION ROOM
The Polygraph Test must be conducted in a quiet, private semi- sound proof
room. Extraneous noises, such as the ringing of telephone or the conversation of
persons outside the examination room, or the presence of investigators or other
spectators in the room itself, would induce disturbances and destructions that in turn
would distort the various physiological recording and seriously interfere with a
satisfactory polygraph diagnosis. It should be very conservative as to painted wall and
furniture. It should contain no ornaments, pictures, or other objects which would in any
way distract the attention of the person being examined. It should be properly
PAGE 19
ventilated with an even comfortable temperature. There should have an observation
room adjoining with the examination room equipped with one-way.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXAMINATION ROOM
1. It must be semi-sound proof room.
2. Free from extraneous noises.
3. No other spectators allowed in the room.
4. No conversation of persons outside the examination room.
5. No ringing of telephones, or cellular phones.
6. The arresting officer should be kept out.
7. It should contain no ornaments, pictures or other objects,
8. The subject should not face a glass window or another room during the test
because of the possible destruction, which may affect test responses.
9. The lightning fixture of the room should be arranged in such a way to provide
good but not excessive glaring illumination.
10. Should be adequately ventilated, with an even and comfortable temperature.
11. There should be an observation room or a one way mirror or the arrangement
should be similar to a psychology laboratory. It should concealed with an
equipped microphone, camera, video camera, so that outside the observation
room can hear well as see what occurs on the examination room.
LESSON 7
TEST PROCEDURE IN POLYGRAPH EXAMINAION
When a mentally normal person tells a lie, physiological changes occur within
his/her body that could be recorded by polygraph machine and evaluated by a
polygraph examiner.
WHAT TAKES PLACE DURING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
The nervous control of the human body includes the Central Nervous System
(CNS)-(the brain and the spinal cord) and the automatic or regulating nervous system
that has two complementary branches: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic
nervous system acting opposite to each other. When a person is under the influence of
physical exertion or emotional stimuli such as anger, excitement, fear, telling lie, etc.
stimuli, and the sympathetic will prevail and override the parasympathetic, therefore,
there will be changes in the heart rate, pulse rate, blood pressure, respiratory tracing,
psychogalvanic reflexes, time of response to question, voice tracing etc. the
parasympathetic nervous system works to bring back things to normal when the
conditions of stress have been removed. It is the prevailing branch when the situation is
PAGE 20
normal and the subject is calm, contented and relaxed. When the subject is asked a
series of questions, the recording of the several psycho-physiological reactions and the
scientific interpretation are the bases of the tests by the polygraph examiner.
PURPOSES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

The main purpose of the examination is to determine the truth or deception
based on the presence of emotional disturbances of the subject appearing on the
recorded physiological responses to question relative to the case under investigation.
USES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
1. It serves as investigative aid for the investigators to:

a. Confirm the statements of victims
b. Ascertain the credibility of witnesses
c. Asses the truthfulness of suspect
2. It speeds up the process of investigation
3. It eliminates innocent subjects
LIMITATIONS OF THE SUBJECT TO UNDERGO POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
1. The subject must have a good night sleep at least five (5) hours prior to the test.
2. The subject must refrain from smoking for at least two (2) hours prior to the test.
3. The subject should not undergo prolonged interrogation prior to the test.
4. The subject must not have been subjected to physical abuse or body contact.
5. The subject must refrain from drinking alcoholic beverages or any drugs 12 hours
before the test.
6. The subject must not be suffering from any temporary illnesses like headache,
toothache, menstruation (female), colds, etc.
7. The subject should be physically fit
8. The subject should not be engaged in sexual activities few hours before the test.
PHASES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
PHASE 1. INITIAL INTERVIEW WITH THE INVESTIGATOR HANDLING THE CASE
It is essential to the examiner to obtain accurate information concerning all the

available facts and circumstances that form the basis for the suspicion or accusation
directed against the person to be examined in order to conduct a satisfactory polygraph
examination. If the victim or other witnesses to an occurrence are available, they should
be interviewed, otherwise the examiner may obtain only garbled version of the facts of
the case.
PAGE 21
For better polygraph examination purposes the more verbal description or even
photographs, a crime scene sketch prepared by the investigator is preferred. Unless the
examiner is fully informed about the case, he will not be in the position to conduct a
sufficient pre-test interview with the subject. It is during this phase that the relevant,
irrelevant, control and sometimes, guilt complex questions are formulated. It is also
helpful to the examiner to know as much about the subject and his background as is
available. Such information facilities the pre-test interview as well as post-test
interrogation of a lying subject.
THIS PHASE INCLUDES:
1. Acquiring and evaluating the facts.

2. Determining the areas the subject needs to be asked.
3. The investigator must furnish the examiner the following:
a. Sworn statement of the suspect, witness and victim/ complainant.
b. Incident or spot report.
c. Background investigation (BI) of suspects, witnesses, and victims/
complainants.
d. Rough sketch or pictures of the crime scene and other facts such as:
Specific article and exact amount of money stolen.
Peculiar aspect of the offense or any strange set.
The exact time of the commission of the offense
Known facts about the suspect’s action or movement.
Facts indicating any connection between the suspects, victims and
witnesses.
Exact type of weapon, tool or firearm used
Result of the laboratory test.
Unpublished facts of the offense known only by the victim, suspects
and the investigator of the case.
PHASE II. PRE- TEST INTERVIEW
The examiner pre- test interview with the subject prior to the test is considered
essential both for the purpose of conditioning the subject for the examination and also to
provoke and observe indications of guilt of innocence. The examiner should not hold
back any information from the subject about the instrument its attachment or recording.
This will serve to increase a lying subject concerned over possible detection.
The examiner should be friendly to the subject but reserve during the pre- test
interview. No accusatory approach is made in this phase. The subject himself is usually
the best source of information about his behaviour.
PAGE 22
The primary purpose of the pre- test interview is to prepare or condition the
subject for the test. This phase includes:
1. The appraisal of the subject’s constitutional rights.
2. Obtain subject’s consent to undergo polygraph test by signing statement of
consent.
3. The taking of personal data of the subject.
4. Determine his suitability as the subject.
5. Clinical observation of the subject.
6. Evaluating the psychological evaluation of the subject.
7. Informing the subject of his involvement of the case investigated.
The type of test that the examiner will conduct is based on the pre- test interview.
It also serves to condition the subject physiologically for the test upon meeting the
subject for the first time. The polygraph examiner identifies himself and shakes hands
with the subject. He then guides the subject to sit on the chair. The examiner then
informs the subject of his constitutional rights and proceeds to secure the subject’s
consent to undergo polygraph examination. Should the subject given his consent, he is
told to sign a “statement of consent” in duplicate, then the examiner will ask the subject
whether he was already examined by other polygraph examiner for the same case or
other separate case.
If the answer of the subject is positive, the examiner will about inquire details of
the test as to where it was conducted; who conducted the test, the examiner will also
ask whether or not the subject was informed of the result of the past test that was
conducted if any. (As a matter of professional ethics, a polygraph examiner should not
continue the test if the subject was previously examined by any polygraphist for the
same case, except, for a worthy cause or reason cause or reason). After this, the
examiner will then obtain information regarding the subject’s bio data for a file or
reference.
Any person who shall be subjected to undergo polygraph examination should be
informed of the following rights:
1. To be examined by a qualified examiner.
2. To be determine if fit for the examination
3. To be informed of the reason for the lie detector test
4. To have an explanation of the lie detector machine and what it does
5. To give consent to the subject about the test
6. Not to be compelled to undergo prolonged questioning
7. Not to be exposed to oral criticism or abuse
8. Not to be exposed to physical mental, psychological abuse, and
9. To refuse to submit to the lie detector test
PAGE 23
PHASE III. THE ACTUAL TEST: THE CONDUCT OF INSTRUMENTATION
After the pre-test interview, the examiner will proceed to place the attachment of
polygraph components on the subject. In practice, the first to be attached is the
pneumograph, followed by the cardiospymograph and the galvanograph. Review all
the questions being prepared with the subject before the actual examination is
conducted. The examiner should discourage any lengthy comments or statement by the
subject respecting the matter of incident under investigation or his disclaimer of
responsibility for it.
Test instruction is given to the subject. Any movement of the body will have an
effect on the results of the chart paper. The answer of the subject is limited of YES or
NO in order to avoid distortion of tracing on the chart.
PHASE IV: POST TEST INTERVIEW/INTERROGATION
This phase includes all consideration that bears on the examination just after the
instrument are turned off. If there are significant fluctuations that show up on the
polygraph test result that may signal the subject has been deceptive, especially if the
person displayed similar responses to the question that was repeatedly asked, the
examiner will then proceed to conduct short interrogation. The purpose of which is to
obtain confession or admission. However, if the chart of the polygraph indicates that the
subject is innocent, the examiner will just release the subject cordially and thanks
him/her for the cooperation shown.
Whether you pass or fail a polygraph examination, it will often have very little
legal importance. Often, defense lawyers boast that their client has passed the
polygraph. Of course, you will rarely hear of a defendant taking a polygraph if he/she
failed it. In the next lessons, you will learn on the legalities of polygraph examination
and its acceptability as court evidence.
Can a person be compelled to undergo lie detector test?

In as much as the test requires the subject to answer the question either by YES
or NO, it infers the use of intelligence and attention or other mental faculties which is
self-incriminatory. Therefore, you cannot compel a person to be subjected to the test.
Is there a best time of the day to conduct a polygraph examination?

Yes, Since it is important that the person tested be capable of the maximum
reactions (for scoring purposes), that person should be well rested prior to the
examination. In other words, testing conducting in the morning will be more productive
than those examinations conducted in the later in the day and in the evening, these
significantly increases the risk of an inconclusive result. The person also should not be
tested right after the argument, interrogation or one day or work if possible.
PAGE 24
Can a person below 18 years of age qualified to be a subject for polygraph
examination?
Yes, but the examiner must have first the consent of the parents or any guardian
of the person below 18. However, most examiners will not test anyone who is less than
12 years of age, except for the extraordinary circumstances.
Can medication affect the result of the examination?

Yes, any drugs or medication that supresses normal activity of the CNS will
reduce the strength of reactions found on the polygraph charts, resulting in a higher
likelihood of inconclusive result. Examples of drugs are sedatives, anti-anxiety meds,
blood pressure stabilizer, etc. the medication will not change the outcome of the
examination but it serves to reduce the chances of resolving the problem.
Can a pregnant person be tested?

Yes, a pregnant person can become a subject of polygraph examination. If the
fetus is making excessive movements inside the womb or causing the pain to the
mother during the test, the test should be stopped or should not begin.
Most examiners will not test pregnant woman under any circumstances but
others conduct examination to pregnant woman after the first trimester. Some
examiners will only test if there is a note from the woman’s physician that there are no
complications from the pregnancy and the stress of taking a polygraph test would not
have an impact on the health of the mother of the fetus.
LESSON 8
Methods of deception detection
Deception Detection
The knowledge of the truth is an essential requirement for the administration of
criminal justice. The success or failure in making decisions may rest solely on the ability
to evaluate the truth or falsity of the statement given by the suspect or witness. The task
for its determination initially lies on the hand of the investigator.
Modern scientific methods have been devised utilizing knowledge of physiology,
psychology, pharmacology, toxicology, etc. in determining whether a subject is telling
the truth or not. Although the scientific methods of deception detection have not yet
attained legal recognition to have their results admissible as an evidence in court, they
have been considered very useful as aids in criminal investigation.
Methods of deception detection which are currently being used or applied by law
enforcement agencies may be classified as follows:
PAGE 25
1. Devices which record the psycho-physiological response:
a. Use of a polygraph or a lie detector machine
b. Use of the word association test
c. Use of the psychological stress evaluator
2. Use of drugs that try to “inhibit the inhibitor”
a. Administration of “truth serum”
b. Narcoanalysis or narcosynthesis
c. Intoxication
3. Hypnotism
4. By observation
5. Scientific interrogation
6. Confession
I. RECORDING OF THE PSYCH0-PYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE
The nervous control of the human body includes the central nervous system (the
brain and the spinal cord) and the autonomic or regulating nervous system
(sympathetic and parasympathetic). The central nervous system primarily controls
the motor and sensory functions that occur at or above the threshold. It may be
voluntarily. The autonomic nervous system acts as self-regulating autonomic
response of the body.
The autonomic nervous system is composed of two complementary branches:
the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, acting opposite each other.
The fibers of both enervate are all organs where self-regulation is essential.
When a person is under the influence of physical (exertion) or emotional (anger,
excitement, fear, lie detection, etc.) stimuli, the sympathetic will dominate and over-
ride the parasympathetic, thus, there will be changes in the heart rate, pulse rate,
blood pressure, respiratory tracing, psychogalvanic reflexes, time of response to
question, voice tracing, etc. The parasympathetic nervous system works to restore
things to normal when the conditions of stress have been removed. It is the
dominant branch when the condition is normal and the subject is calm, contented
and relaxed.
The recording of some of the psycho-physiological reaction of a subject when he
is subjected to series of questions, and the scientific interpretation by trained experts
are the basis of the tests.
A. Use of a Lie Detector or Polygraph:

It is not appropriate to call a lie detector a polygraph. A lie detector records
physiological changes that occur in association with lying in a polygraph. It is the
fear of detection of the subject which allows the determination. The fear of the
subject when not telling the truth activates the sympathetic nervous system to a
series of automatic and involuntary physiological changes which are recorded by
the instrument.
PAGE 26
The instrument (lie detector) is like an electrocardiogram or
electroencephalogram with recording stylets making tracing on moving paper at
the rate of 6 inches per minute.
The test must be made in a room especially built for the purpose. It must
be quiet, private, sound-proof and free from any disturbance and distractions.
Extraneous noises, like blowing of horns ringing of bells or telephone and loud
conversations of persons must be avoided.
The subject is seated on a chair beside a table where the instrument is
located. The pneumograph tubes are placed around the chest and abdomen, the
blood pressure cuff around the upper right arm, and the electrodes are attached
to the two fingers of the other hand. The back of the chair is equipped with an
inflatable rubber bladder for the purpose of recording the muscular contraction
and pressure. All the gadgets attached are connected to the recording
instrument. The subject must be placed in a position so that he looks straight
ahead.
The subject is instructed to remain as quiet as possible, to answer all
questions by “yes” or “no”, and to refrain from other verbal responses during
the test. If any explanations are to be made, the subject is instructed to wait until
the termination of the test.
Phases of the Examination:
1. Pre-test interview
2. Actual interrogation and recording through the instrument
3. Post-test interrogation
1. Pre-test interview
Before the actual testing is done, the examiner must first make an informal
interview of the subject which may last from 20-30 minutes.
a. Purpose of the interview:
1) To determine whether the subject has any medical or psychiatric
condition or has used drugs that will prevent the testing.
2) To explain to the subject the purpose of the examination.
3) To develop the test questions, particularly those of the types to be
asked.
4) To relieve the truthful subject of any apprehension as well as to satisfy
the deceptive subject as the efficiency of the technique.
5) To know any anti-social activity or criminal record of the subject.
2. Actual interrogation and recording:

With all the gadgets attached to the body of the subject, the instrument will
start running by applying pressure on a button. The subject then will be asked to
answer the following standard test questions:
PAGE 27
a. Irrelevant questions –These are questions which have no bearing to
the case under investigation. The question may refer to the subject’s
age, educational attainment, marital status, citizenship, occupation, etc.
The examiner asks these types of questions to ascertain the subject’s
normal pattern of response by eliminating the feeling of apprehension.
b. Relevant questions –These are questions pertaining the issue under
investigation. They must be unambiguous, unequivocal and
understandable to the subject. They must be all related to one issue or
one criminal act. It is equally important to limit the number of relevant
questions to avoid discomfort to the subject. Relevant questions must be
very specific to obtain an accurate result.
Examples of relevant questions are:
Did you shoot to death Mr. Xander Ford?
Did you take the ring, wrist watch, and wallet of Mr. Tanga after his
death?
Classes:
a. Strong or primary relevant – Having an intense and specific
relationship to the offense or problem being considered.
b. Secondary or weak relevant – deals with secondary elements of the
crime and probe mostly on guilty knowledge and partial involvement.
Types:
a. Sacrifice or DYAT- designed to uncover the subject’s attitude,
cooperation towards the test. DYAT-Do you intend to answer the
question truthfully?
b. Knowledge or DYK –designed to probe whether the subject’s
possess information regarding the identity of the offender, the location of
the evidence or other necessary elements of the case facts, DYK – Do
You Know?
c. Evidence Connecting questions – are questions about some
specific piece of evidence found at the scene of the crime, to focus the
subject’s attention on the probability of incriminating proof that would
establish his guilt.
d. LTQ Questions – are questions used for protection against loss of
psychological control as approaching the end of the question series.
LTQ – Lied to any Questions.
c. Control questions— These are questions which are unrelated to the
matter under investigation but are of similar nature although less serious
as compared to those relevant questions under investigation.
Example:
PAGE 28
If someone is being investigated for murder by shooting, the control
questions may be “Have you ever used or fired a gun?”, “Do you have a
gun?”, “Have you killed someone with a gun?”, etc.
In practice, the relevant- irrelevant questions technique is used.
The responses to the two types of questions are compared. If there is no
significant difference between the relevant and irrelevant questions, the
subject is reported to be truthful. However, if the subject responds more to
the relevant questions, he is considered as not telling the truth.
The use of control questions is considered by many polygraphists
to be the most reliable and effective questioning technique. These are
usually asked if there is a doubt in the interpretation of the subject’s
response to relevant and irrelevant questions.
3. Post-test interrogation:
The purposes of further questioning after the test are:
a. To clarify the findings
b. To learn if there are any other reasons for the subject’s responding to a
relevant question, other than the knowledge of the crime
c. To obtain additional information and an admission for law enforcement
purposes, if the results suggest deception.
4. Supplementary tests
Aside from the standard tests described above, the following special tests may
be performed and incorporated as a part of the standard procedure or may be used
as supplementary tests depending upon the result of the standard test in order to
draw a better conclusion.
a. Peak –of-tension test
The subject may be given this test if he is not yet informed of the details of
the offence for which he is being interrogated by the investigator, or by other
persons or from other sources like the print media.
The examiner will prepare several questions, about seven, and one of
them has a specific bearing on the matter under investigation. The
specific question must refer to some details of the incident which could not
have been known to the subject.
A truthful subject, not aware of any question referable to the subject of
investigation, will respond by not building up tension. However, when the
question which refers to a detail of the incident is asked, a guilty subject will
develop a “peak of tension” which will be recorded in the tracing.
b. Guilt complex test

PAGE 29
This test is applied when the response to relevant and control questions
are similar in degree and consistency and in a way that the examiner cannot
determine whether the subject is telling the truth or not.
The subject is asked questions aside from the irrelevant, relevant,
controlled questions; a new series of relevant questions dealing with real
incident and that which the subject could not have committed. If the
subject does not respond to the added relevant questions, it indicates that the
subject was being deceptive as to the primary issue under investigation.
However, no conclusion can be drawn if the response to the added guilt
complex question is similar to the real issue questions.
c. Silent answer test
This test is conducted in the same manner as when relevant, irrelevant
and control questions are asked, but the subject is instructed to answer the
questions silently, to himself, without making any verbal response. This test is
effective when the subject’s verbal response causes distortion in the tracing
such as sniff or clearing of the throat.
Reasons for the Inadmissibility to the Court of the Result of Polygraph

Examination:
1. The polygraph techniques are still in the experimental stage and have not
received the degree of standardization of acceptance among scientist.
In a series of decisions of the state supreme courts in the United
States (Fyre vs. U.S., State vs. Cole Bonner), (People vs. Becker), etc.,
NON- ADMISSIBILITY of the lie detector test was uniformly ruled. The
common reason given was that, according to psysiological and
psychological authorities, the test has not gained a degree of
development beyond the experimental stage. Until it is established that
reasonable certainty follows from such a test, it would be an error to admit
the results as evidence, the test is useful in the investigation of a crime but
it has no place in the courtroom.
2. The trier of fact is apt to give almost conclusive weight to the polygraph
expert’s opinion.
3. There is no way to assure that a qualified examiner administered the test.
The polygraph is capable of high a degree of accuracy only when
conducted under controlled conditions by an examiner who is highly
qualified due to his ability, experience, education and integrity.
“The important areas that may affect the accuracy of the reported test
result would be:
a) His polygraphy training
b) The extent of his experience with respect to the years and number
of tests he has conducted
c) The operation of the polygraphy instrument itself
PAGE 30
d) The accuracy of the polygraph technique. In addition, special
consideration should be given to the number of tests and the
number of questions asked during the test. (Modern Legal
Medicine, Psychiatry and Forensic Science, by Curran, et. Al.,p.
1203)
4. Since the polygraph involves a certain unconscious quality of the
examinee, he may unwittingly waive his or her right against self-
incrimination. It becomes necessary to determine the scope of the
defendant’s waiver if he voluntarily submits to the test.
5. The test itself cannot be relied upon because it has many errors.
The factors that are responsible for the 25% errors of the lie detector
are as follows:
1) Nervousness or extreme emotional tension experience by a
subject who is telling the truth regarding the offense in
question but who is nevertheless affected by:
a. Apprehension induced by the mere fact that suspicion or
accusation has been directed against him.
b. Apprehension over the possibility of an inaccurate lie detector
test result.
c. Over-anxiety to cooperate in order to assure an accurate test
result.
d. Apprehension concerning possible physical hurt from the
instrument.
e. Anger resentment over having to take a lie detector test.
f. Over-anxiety regarding serious personal problems unrelated to
the offense under investigation.
g. Previous extensive interrogation, especially when accompanied
by physical abuse.
h. A guilt-complex or fear of detection regarding some other offense
which he had committed.
2) Physiological abnormalities such as:
a. Excessively high or excessively low blood pressure
b. Diseases of the heart; and
c. Respiratory disorder
3) Mental abnormalities such as:
a. Feeblemindedness, as in idiots, imbeciles and moron;
b. Psychosis or insanities, as in manic-depressives, paranoids,
schizophrenics, paretics, etc.
c. Psychoneurosis and psychopathia, as among the so-called
“peculiar” or “emotionally stable” persons---those who are either
PAGE 31
psychotic or normal, and those from the border line between these
two groups.
4) Unresponsiveness in a living or guilty subject, because of:
a. No fear of detection
b. Apparent inability to consciously control response by means of a
certain mental sets of attitudes
c. A condition of “sub-shock” or “adrenal exhaustion” at the time of
the test
d. Rationalization of the crime in advance of the test to such an
extent that lying about the offense arouses little or no emotional
disturbance
e. Extensive interrogation prior to the test
5) Attempt to beat the machine by controlled breathing or by muscular
flexing.
6) Unobserved application of muscular pressure which produces
ambiguities and misleading indications in the blood pressure
tracing. ( Lie Detection and Criminal Interrogation by Fred Imbau
and John Reid, The Willams and Wilkins Co.,p. 65).
However, the results of the lie detector tests may be admissible if
there is a stipulation of the parties and counsels that they will
accept the said results. The reason is that if the defendant agrees
to the admission of the polygraph result, then he should not be able
to object if the subsequent result turns out to be unfavourable to
him (State vs. Valdez, 91 Ariz. 274, 371,( 1962). The judge may
have the discretion as to whether it is to be admitted or not. For
example, it may not be admitted if done by an incompetent
polygrapher.
Can a person be compelled to be subjected to the lie-detector
test?
Inasmuch as the test requires the subject to answer the
questions either by “yes or no”, it infers the use of intelligence and
attention or other mental faculties which is self-incriminatory.
Therefore, a person cannot be compelled to be subjected to the
test.
B. Use of the Word Association Test
A list of stimulus and non-stimulus words is read to the subject who is instructed
to answer as quickly as possible. The answers to the questions may be a “yes” or a
“no”. Unlike the lie detector, the time interval between the words uttered by the
examiner and the answer of the subject is recorded.
When the subject is asked questions with reference to his name, address, civil
status, nationality, etc. which has no relation to the subject matter of the
investigation, the tendency is to answer quickly. But when questions bear some
PAGE 32
words which have to do with the criminal act the subject allegedly committed, like
knife, gun or hammer which was used in the killing, the tendency is to delay the
answer.
The test is not concerned with the answer, be it a “yes” or “no”. The important
factor is the time of response in relation to stimulus or non-stimulus words.
Like the use of the lie detector, the subject cannot be compelled to be subjected
to the test without his consent.
C. Use of the Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE)
When a person speaks, there are audible voice frequencies, and superimposed
on these are the inaudible frequency modulations which are products of minute
oscillation of the muscles or micro tremor occur at the rate of 8 to 14 cycles per
second and controlled by the central nervous system.
When the person is under stress as when he is lying, the micro tremor in the
voice utterance is moderately or completely supressed. The degree of suppression
varies inversely to the degree of psychologic stress in the speaker.
The PSE detects, measures, and graphically displays the voice modulations that
we cannot hear.
When a person is relaxed and responding honestly to the questions, those
inaudible frequencies are registered clearly on the instrument. But when a person is
under stress, as when he is lying, those frequencies tend to disappear.
1. Procedure:
a) The examiner meets the requesting party to determine the specific purpose of
the examination and to begin formulation of relevant questions.
b) A pre-test interview is conducted with the subject to help him or her feel at
ease with the examiner, to provide an opportunity to specify matters, to
eliminate outside issues, and to review questions that will be asked.
c) An oral test of about 12 to 15 “yes” or “no” questions is given which is
recorded on a tape recorder. The questions are a mixture of relevant and
irrelevant questions.
d) Immediately following the test or a later time, the tape is processed through
the Psychological Stress Evaluator for analysis of the answers.
e) If stress is indicated, the subject is given opportunity to provide additional
clarification. A retest is given to verify correction and clarification.
2. Advances of Psychological Stress Evaluator over the Lie Detector Machine;
a) It does not require the attachment of sensors to the person being tested
b) The testing situation need not be carefully controlled to eliminate outside
distraction; and
c) Normal body movement is not restricted
II. USE OF DRUGS THAT “INHIBIT THE INHITOR”
A. Administration of truth serum
PAGE 33
The term “truth serum” is misnomer. The procedure does not make
someone tell the truth and the thing administered is not a serum bit is
actually a drug.
In the test, hyoscine hydrobromide is given hypodermically in
repeated doses until a state of delirium is induced. When the proper point
is reached, the questioning begins and the subject feels a compulsion to
answer the questions truthfully. He forgets his alibi which he may have
built up to cover his guilt. He may give details of his acts or may even
implicate others.
The drug acts as depressant on the nervous system. Clinical
evidence indicates that various segments of brain particularly the cortex
and diencephalon are selectively depressed in the reversed order of their
evolutionary development.
The use of drugs for the purpose is not without the element of
danger and should not be attempted except by a physician who has had
experience in using the drug. Scopolamine cause psychotic reactions.
B. Narcoanalysis or Narcosynthesis
This method of deception detection is practically the same as that
of administration of truth serum. The only difference is the drug used.
Psychiatric sodium amytal or sodium penthotal is administered to the
subject. When the effects appear, questioning starts. It is claimed that the
drug causes depression of the inhibitory mechanism of the brain and the
subject talks freely.
The administration of the drug and subsequent interrogation must
be done by a psychiatrist with a long experience on the line.
Like the administration of truth serum, the result of the test is not
admissible in court.
C. Intoxication with alcohol
The apparent stimulation effect of alcohol is really the result of the
control mechanism of the brain, so alcohol, like truth serum, and
narcoanalytic drugs “inhibit the inhibitor”.
The ability of alcohol to reveal the real person behind the mask
which all of us are said to wear (“mask of sanity”) is reflected in the age
old maxim, “In vino Veritas” (“in wine there is truth”).
The person whose statement is to be taken is allowed to take
alcoholic beverages to almost intoxication. At this point the power to
control diminishes and the investigator starts pounding questions and
recording answers.
The questioning must start during the excitatory state when the
subject has the sensation of his well-being and when his action, speech
and emotions are less stained due to the lowering of the inhibition
normally exercised by the higher brain centers. When the subject is
PAGE 34
already in the depressive state due to the effect of alcohol, he will no
longer be able to answer any question.
Confessions made by the subject while under the influence of
alcohol may be admissible if he is physically capable to recollect the facts
that he has uttered after the effects of alcohol have disappeared. But in
the most instances, the subject cannot recall everything that he had
mentioned or he may refuse to admit the truth of the statement given.
III. HYPNOSIS
Hypnosis is the alteration of consciousness and concentration in which the
subject manifests a heightened of suggestibility while awareness is maintained.
Not all persons are susceptible to hypnotic induction. Subjects who are
compulsive depressive type, strong-willed like lawyers, accountants, physicians
and other professionals are usually non-hypnotizable.
Reasons Why Deception Detection Obtained Through Hypnosis Is Not
Admissible In Court;
1. It lacks the general scientific acceptance of the reliability of hypnosis per se in
ascertaining the truth from falsity.
2. The fear that trier of fact will give uncritical and absolute reliability to a
scientific device without consideration of its flaw in ascertaining veracity.
3. The possibility that the hypnotized subject will deliberately fabricate.
4. The prospect that the state of heightened suggestibility in which the
hypnotized subject is suspended will produce distortion of the fact rather than
the truth, and
5. The state of the mind, skill and professionalism of the examiner are too
subjective to permit admissibility of the expert testimony. (Am.J. of Trial
Advocacy,p.603.)
Confession while under hypnotic spell is not admissible as evidence because
of such “psychiatric treatment” is involuntary and mentally coercive. Although
hypnosis neither may nor yield admissible evidence it may be of some use
during investigation as a discovery procedure.
IV. OBSERVATION
A good criminal investigator must be a keen observer and a good
psychologist. A subject under stress on account of the stimulation of the
sympathetic nervous system may exhibit changes which may be used as a
potential clue of deception. And since just one or a combination of the following
signs and symptoms is not conclusive or a reliable proof of guilt of the subject,
their presence infers further investigation to ascertain the truth of the impression.
Physiological and Psychological Signs and Symptoms of Guilt;
PAGE 35
1. Sweating – sweating accompanied with a flushed face indicate anger,
embarrassment or extreme nervousness. Sweating with a pallid face may
indicate shock or fear. Sweating hands indicate tension.
2. Color change – if the face is flushed, it may indicate anger,
embarrassment or shame. Pale face is a more common signs of guilt.
3. Dryness of the mouth – nervous tension causes reflex inhibition of
salivary secretion and consequently dryness of the mouth. This causes
continuous swallowing and licking of the lips.
4. Excessive activity of the Adam’s apple – on account of the dryness of
the throat aside from the mouth, the subject will swallow saliva from the
mouth and this causes the frequent upward and downward movement of
the Adam’s apple. This is observed in many guilty subjects.
5. Fidgeting – subject is constantly moving about in the chair, pulling his
ears, rubbing his face, picking and tweaking the nose, crossing or
uncrossing the legs, rubbing the hair, eyes, eyebrows, biting or snapping
of fingernails, etc. These are indicative of nervous tension.
6. Peculiar feeling inside – there is a sensation of lightness of the head and
the subject is confused. This is the result of his troubled conscience.
7. Swearing to the truthfulness of his assertion – usually a guilty subject
frequently utters such expression. “I swear to God I am telling the truth” or
“I hope my mother drops dead if I am lying, “I swear to God’….etc. Such
expressions are made to make forceful and convincing his assertion of
innocence.
8. Spotless past record – “Religious man”- the subject may assert that it is
not possible for him to do “anything like that” inasmuch as he is a religious
man and that he has a spotless record.
9. Inability to look at the investigator “straight in the eye” – the subject
does not like to look at the investigator for fear that his guilt may be seen
his eyes. He will rather look at the floor ceiling.
10. “Not that I remember” expression – the subject will resort to the use of
“not that I remember” expression when answering to be evasive or to
avoid committing something prejudicial to him.
V. SCIENTIFIC INTERROGATION
Interrogation is the questioning of a person suspected of having
committed an offense or of persons who are reluctant to make a full disclosure of
information in his possession which is pertinent to the investigation. It may be
done on a suspect or a witness.
1. A suspect is a person whose guilt is considered on reasonable ground to be a
practical possibility.
2. A witness is a person, other than the suspect, who is requested to give
information concerning the incident. He may be a victim, a complainant, an
accuser, a source of information, an observer of the occurrence, a scientific
PAGE 36
specialist who was examined physical evidence or a custodian of official
document.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUESTIONS TO BE ASKED
1. They should be as much as possible answerable by mere “yes” or “no”.
2. The question should be clearly understood.
3. The question may either be shown before the subject.
4. The question must have only single unambiguous meaning.
5. Lengthily question should be avoided.
6. Avoid legal terminology such as rape, murder, embezzlement, because they are
sufficiency precise in meaning.
7. It should cover factual information; they should not be based on opinion.
8. It must not be in a form of accusation.
9. Question must be clear and phrase in language that the subject can easily
understand.
10. They must not contain interference in one’s relation or practical belief.
LESSON 9
TEST TECHNIQUES WITH SOME SAMPLES OF SET OF
QUESTIONS
TEST I. THE GENERAL QUESTION TEST (GQT) is the test about the case under
investigation. These are sequence of relevant, irrelevant and control questions asked in
a designed order. The questions are arranged in order to contrast the subject’s
responses between relevant questions and control questions. The answer to the
questions is restricted to yes or no only.
Given below is an example of General Question Test (GQT). The subject Jerry
was suspected to have stolen the P50,000.00 cash money of Juan Dela Cruz in the
office of the latter. The investigator of the case has requested polygraph examination of
said suspect. Applying the several techniques are shown in the preceding pages.
Q# TYPE QUESTION
1Q IQ Is your first name Jerry?
2Q IQ Do you know that today is Thursday
3Q WRQ Between 1-5 PM of June 10, 2006 did you open the table drawer of Juan
Dela Cruz?
4Q IQ Are you married?
PAGE 37
5Q SRQ Were you the one who actually stole the missing P50,000.00 cash
money of Juan Dela Cruz?
6Q IQ Before attaining the age of 25 have ever stolen anything?
7Q SRQ Do you know how to read?
8Q CQ Were the bunch of keys recovered under the table of Juan Dela Cruz
yours?
9Q KQ Do you know who stole the P50,000.00 cash money of Juan Dela Cruz?
10Q SCQ Have you ever stolen anything from your current employment?
TEST II. CARD OR NUMBER TEST (STIMULATION OR VERIFICATION TEST)
Upon finishing the first test, here is another part of the test; the examiner will
show to the subject seven (7) variously numbered cards, face down. The cards are set
in such a way the examiner will right away know which card which has been chosen by
the subject. The numbers 7, 11 and 13 should not be used because other subjects are
too superstitious and numbers 6 and 9 should not include avoiding confusion on the part
of the subject. The cards with numbers 15,8,5,3,4,14 and 12 are used.
The subject is given an instruction to get a card, look at it and memorize the
number of the card that was chosen and return it without showing or telling the number
to the examiner. After the selection is finished, the examiners shuffle the cards and will
instruct the subject to answer NO to each question regarding the cards, even if the
number of the card he has chosen is asked by the examiner. In short one of the
subject’s answers to the questions is a LIE.
The verification test intended to assure the innocent examinee of the

accurateness of the test and of the test and of the competency of the polygraphist. If
further serves to arouse the guilty examinee.
TEST III. SPOT RESPONDER TEST

This test contains questions previously asked in the General Question Test
(GQT). With the same number of the same question on the earlier test, the sequence is
shown in the table.
Q# TYPE QUESTION
Dela Cruz?
PAGE 38
6Q IQ Before attaining the age of 25 have ever stolen anything?
7Q IQ Do you know how to read?
8Q ECQ Were the bunch of keys recovered under the table of Juan Dela Cruz
yours?
9Q KQ Do you know who stole the P50,000.00 cash money of Juan Dela Cruz?
TEST IV. MIXED QUESTION TEST
This test is the same with the test III but question of GQT is again mixed and the
sentences of the questions are follows:
Q# TYPE QUESTION
9Q KQ Do you know who stole the cash money of Juan Dela Cruz?
6Q CQ Before attaining the age of 20 have ever stolen anything?
Dela Cruz?
6Q CQ Before attaining the age of 20 have ever stolen anything?
8Q ECQ Were the bunch of keys recovered under the table of Juan Dela Cruz
yours?
10Q CQ Have you ever stolen anything from your current employment?
TEST V. SILENT ANSWER TEST (SAT)
PAGE 39
In this test, the subject is instructed by the examiner to avoid from giving any
verbal answer to the questions asked towards him entire the test. The subject must also
be instructed to pay attention to each question and answer the question only to himself,
silently. In short, the subject should “sub-vocalize” his/her answers.
Two important point was found to be essential in order to achieve the utmost
benefits from the test: first, the subject should understand clearly that this kind of test
(SAT) the subject will be asked of the same questions just like on his previous tests and
is exactly in the order they were asked before. Secondly, it is significant for the subject
to understand that though he is not to answer all test questions silently in his mind with
truthful answers only.
PURPOSE OF THE EACH
TEST I The two irrelevant questions are designed to condition the subject
to have standard
tracing and establish truth-telling pattern for the primary part of the record.
TEST II To check the possible distortion when the selected number is asked.
TEST III To determine the responsiveness of the subject to critical questions and
also serves as a check on possibility of spot respond.
TEST V To serve an affirmative check
LESSON 10
CHART MARKING
Chart marking is the process of writing standard and customized signs on the
polygraph chart to denote the subject’s reactions and other circumstances that occur
during the actual polygraph test. Marking the paper chart while the polygraph pens are
writing on it will facilitate the evaluation and interpretation of the subject’s reactions.
It was Cleve Backster who developed and introduced uniform chart marking. In
1959, he completed a 4-page entitled ‘Uniform Chart Marking” which was published
by CH Stoelting Company. Standardized chart markings used by the PE/FP in
conducting a polygraph examination enable the reconstruction of the test conditions
subsequent independent review and analysis.
The following chart marking are uniformly used by FP during polygraph
examination:
PAGE 40
SYMBO USE/DESCRIPTION WHERE IT IS PLACED
L
X Beginning point of the test Below the chart tracing
XX Ending point of the test -do
I (Stimulus mark) beginning -do

and ending point of a
stimulus question
+ Indicates YES or affirmative -do
answer of the subject
--- Indicates NO or negative -do
answer of the subject
T-T Talking made by the subject -do
other than the normal “yes”
or ”no”
TI Talking instruction is given -do
by PE
C Coughing made by the Below p/tracing where break is present
subject
M Movement of the subject Exactly above/below break in the tracing
limb or body
MI Movement instruction given Below the c/tracing
by the PE
Increasing mechanical Adjacent to pattern where adjustment is
adjustment made
Decreasing mechanical -do
adjustment
CT Subject cleared his throat Usually placed below the p/tracing
OSN Outside noise penetrated the Below g or p/tracing where deviation is

polygraph examination room present
S The subject made sigh At the break point of p/tracing
SN The subject sniffed Below the p/tracing where sniffed is noted
SZ The subject sneezed Below the p/tracing at the point where it

happened
PAGE 41
B The subject burped or Below the p/tracing where it occurred
belched
L The subject laughed Below break point of p/tracing
Y The subject made yawn Below pneumo tracing
VC Voice change while At the break point of the cardio tracing

answering question
IM The subject made an -do
involuntary movement
ARM Movement of arm due to Below cardio tracing
extraneous factors usually
caused by BPC discomfort
BI The examiner gave a Below the cardio tracing
breathing instruction
R The subject requested for Below the cardio tracing
repetition of question
PJ Paper jam occurred during Below the cardio tracing
the test
PAGE 42

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PACIFIC SOUTHBAY

Polygraph is an instrument or device capable of recording changes in blood

Sometimes in 1893, Dr. Hans Gross, an Austrian magistrate (judge) regarded as

E. EARLY PUBLICATIONS ON POLYGRAPH AND POLYGRAPHY

F. OTHER PIONEERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLYGRAPH

SELECTED COUNTRIES THAT PRACTICES ORDEALS

The Ayur-Veda is a Hindu book of health and sciences that is believed to

1. Pneumograph – this occupy the two top/upper pens of the instrument

3. Cardiosphymograph – this is the fourth and the bottom pen of the

4. Keymograph – this is the chart recording unit of the instrument. It has a

ATTACHMENT OF THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF POLYGRAPH

A polygraph is in fact several instruments combined to simultaneously

1. Collecting facts of the case

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD EXAMINER

THE POLYGRAPH EXAMINER SHOULD KNOW THE FOLLOWING:

1. A complete physical description of the subject to determine the technique to

Attitude and Conduct of an Investigation of a suspect or witness, the

1. The interrogator should avoid creating an impression that he is an investigator

Is the result of PVE admissible as court evidence?

In most cases, polygraph evidence is used during pre-trail investigation

KINDS OF PEOPLE TO BE INTROGGATED

A. Suspect – offenders of society who are presumed to have committed the

I. SUBJECT WHOSE GUILT IS DEFINITE OR REASONABLE

1. Person who commit crimes in the heat of passion, anger or revenge.

Techniques for this kind of Subject

a. Display an air of confidence on the subjects guilt

1. Extend external sympathy by such friendly gestures as a pat on the

B. Non- Emotional Offenders

Techniques for Non- Emotional Offenders:

a. Point out the fertility of resistance.

II. SUSPECT WHOSE GUILT IS DOUBTFUL OR UNCERTAIN

2. Subject whose guilt is doubtful or uncertain.

The (3) General Types of Subjects

1. Person who has extreme nervousness.

KINDS OF SUBJECT IN POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

THE EXAMINATION ROOM

WHAT TAKES PLACE DURING POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

PURPOSES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

USES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

1. It serves as investigative aid for the investigators to:

LIMITATIONS OF THE SUBJECT TO UNDERGO POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

PHASES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION

PHASE 1. INITIAL INTERVIEW WITH THE INVESTIGATOR HANDLING THE CASE

It is essential to the examiner to obtain accurate information concerning all the

THIS PHASE INCLUDES:

1. Acquiring and evaluating the facts.

PHASE IV: POST TEST INTERVIEW/INTERROGATION

Can a person be compelled to undergo lie detector test?

Is there a best time of the day to conduct a polygraph examination?

Can medication affect the result of the examination?

Can a pregnant person be tested?

A. Use of a Lie Detector or Polygraph:

2. Actual interrogation and recording:

b. Guilt complex test

Reasons for the Inadmissibility to the Court of the Result of Polygraph

Physiological and Psychological Signs and Symptoms of Guilt;

TEST II. CARD OR NUMBER TEST (STIMULATION OR VERIFICATION TEST)

The verification test intended to assure the innocent examinee of the

TEST III. SPOT RESPONDER TEST

TEST IV. MIXED QUESTION TEST