Chemistry Investigatory Project

REACTIONS
●WHAT IS ALCOHOL?
In chemistry, an alcohol is a type of organic compound that carries at least
one hydroxyl (−OH) functional group bound to a saturated carbon atom.
The term alcohol originally referred to the primary alcohol ethanol (ethyl
alcohol), which is used as a drug and is the main alcohol present in
alcoholic drinks. An important class of alcohols, of which methanol and
ethanol are the simplest examples, includes all compounds which conform
to the general formula CnH2n+1OH. Simple mono alcohols that are the
subject of this article include primary (RCH2OH), secondary (R2CHOH)
and tertiary (R3COH) alcohols.
Alcohols are polar, since they have oxygen-hydrogen bonds, which allow
alcohol molecules to attract each other through hydrogen bonds. Since
oxygen atoms are much more electronegative than hydrogen atoms, the
oxygen-hydrogen bond is especially polar. The partially-negatively charged
oxygen atom on one alcohol molecule is strongly attracted to the partially
positively charged hydrogen atom on another alcohol molecule; this strong
attraction results in much stronger intermolecular forces between alcohol
molecules than there are between nonpolar alkanes of the same molar
mass. low-molecular weight alcohols such as methanol and ethanol are
miscible with water, and solubility decreases as the number of carbons in
the alcohol increases.
REACTIONS
●SIDE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL

IN BODY
➡️Temporary effects you might notice while drinking alcohol (or shortly
after) can include:
● feelings of relaxation or drowsiness

● changes in mood
● impulsive behavior
● slowed or slurred speech
● nausea and vomiting
● head pain
● changes in hearing, vision, and perception
● trouble focusing or making decisions
● loss of consciousness or gaps in memory (often called a blackout)
➡️Some long-term effects of frequently drinking alcohol can include:

● persistent changes in mood, including anxiety and irritability
● insomnia and other sleep concerns
● a weakened immune system, meaning you might get sick more often
● changes in libido and sexual function
● changes in appetite and weight
● problems with memory and concentration
● difficulty focusing on tasks
● increased tension and conflict in romantic and family relationships
REACTIONS
●WHAT IS ESTER?
The word ester was coined in 1848 by a German chemist Leopold
Gmelin, probably as a contraction of the German Essigäther, "acetic
ether".Esters are chemical compounds derived by reacting an oxoacid with
a hydroxyl compound such as an alcohol or phenol. Esters are ubiquitous.
Most naturally occurring fats and oils are the fatty acid esters of glycerol.
Esters with low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and
found in essential oils and pheromones. Their flexibility and low polarity is
manifested in their physical properties; they tend to be less rigid (lower
melting point) and more volatile (lower boiling point) than the
corresponding amides. Esters have the general formula R–COO–R′, which is
similar to that of the organic acid, but the H of the –COOH has been replaced by
a hydrocarbon group. The ending of the name of an ester is ate, such as in ethyl
acetate
REACTIONS
●PROPERTIES OF ESTER
● The name of an ester is derived from its carboxylic acid that takes
part in the esterification reaction.
● They have a pleasant smell.
● They have a wide application in the perfume and food industries.
● Esters are organic compounds found in oils and fats.
●USES OF ESTERS
● Esters that have fragrance are used in perfumes, food flavorings, and
cosmetics.
● Used as an organic solvent.
● Nitroglycerin is known and famous for its explosive properties.
● In the manufacturing of surfactants like detergents and soaps.
● Natural occurring esters are present in pheromones
● The backbone of DNA molecules is formed by phospho esters.
● Polyesters are used in the production of plastics
●EXAMPLES OF ESTERS
REACTIONS
●ESTERIFICATION
Esterification is the process of combining an organic acid (RCOOH) with an

alcohol (ROH) to form an ester (RCOOR) and water; or a chemical reaction
resulting in the formation of at least one ester product. Ester is obtained by
an esterification reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
The chemical reaction for esterification is given below:-
●ESTERIFICATION METHODS
● Esterification can happen in three ways.

1. From acid anhydride and alcohol
2. From acid chloride and alcohol
3. From carboxylic acid and alcohol
REACTIONS
●REMOVAL OF ALCOHOL
THROUGH ESTERIFICATION
ABSTRACT
This report is pertaining to a method to remove alcohol from the stomach

before a significant amount enters blood. The objective is to determine if
organic acids can react efficiently with alcohol in an esterification reaction
to possibly eliminate it from the human body[1]. The experiment are
carried out with a view to create some sort of medication where the
quantity of acetic acid would be consumable.Intention behind this project is
not to motivate alcohol consumption but to provide an easy remedy for
critical conditions
INTRODUCTION
All across the globe consumption of alcohol is increasing day by day or

rather has become a trend. Youngsters have fallen for this and start
consuming alcohol at an early age. Alcohol consumption gives rise to
serious health disorders. It damages the liver causing liver cirrhosis, shows
a range of short term and long term disorders on brain and central nervous
system and also affects the reproductive organs. To tackle these problems
and to contribute to a healthy living, we came up with this idea of reducing
alcohol to ester using esterification reaction
REACTIONS
II THEORY:
II.1 REACTIONS:
1. Actual esterification reaction
C2H5OH + CH3COOH CH3COOC2H5 + H20
Ethyl alcohol Acetic acid Ethyl acetate Water
2. Pre- esterification reaction
2CH3COOH + Ca(OH)2 CH3COO-Ca-OOCCH3 + 2H2O
Acetic Acid Calcium Calcium Acetate Water
Hydroxide
3. Modified esterification reaction
2C2H5OH + CH3COO-Ca-OOCCH3 2CH3COOC2H5 + Ca(OH)2
Ethanol Calcium Acetate Ethyl Acetate Calcium Hydroxide
II.2 CALCULATIONS:
REACTIONS
Some necessary calculations to obtain right pH of solution i.e. in the range

of 3-4 are as follows
1.100 ml of vinegar contains approximately 0.067-0.087 moles of acetic

acid depending upon manufacturer.
2. According to FDA, recommended consumption of calcium for an adult is

1.3g per day.[2]
3.Now, 100ml = 0.067 moles of acetic acid
1000 ml = 0.67 moles of acetic acid
4.Approximately the concentration of vinegar should be 0.03M
using,
M1V1 = M2V2
we obtain the quantity of vinegar as,
(1000 x 0.03)/0.67
= 44ml
5.Permissible value for Ca(OH)2 is 0.02[1] moles, the amount of Ca(OH)2

required is,
0.02x74 , where molecular weight of Ca(OH)2 is 74

REACTIONS
=1.48g
III. PROCEDURE
III.1 Preparation of Solution:
1. Take 44 ml of vinegar in a beaker.
2. Measure 1.48g of calcium hydroxide using a digital weighing machine.
3. Add the measured calcium hydroxide to the beaker containing vinegar

and stir well.
4. With the help of pH paper or pH indicator solution, measure the pH of

solution ( we had used pH meter for
accuracy )
5. Obtained pH should be in the range of 3-4.
III.2 Titration against Potassium Permanganate:
1. Take 10 ml of this solution and add 10 ml alcohol to it.
2. Fill the burette with 2% KMnO4.
3. Perform the titration till brown color is obtained.

REACTIONS
IV. OBSERVATIONS
1. Alcohol reacts with acetate ions present in the solution to form ester ,
ethyl acetate.
2. It is indicated by the citric flavor aroma of ester instead of the pungent

smell of acetic acid.
3. Observations from titration suggest complete reduction of alcohol to

ester because:
i. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) which is purple colored acts as an

indicator and the end point achieved is purple-brown color.
ii. Formation of MnO2- ions gives the brown color and suggests reduction
of alcohol.
REACTIONS
V. CONCLUSION
1. Alcohol can be harmful to the human body as it can cause heavy damage
to the liver like liver cirrhosis. Short term effects on the brain include
dizziness, drowsiness, loss of concentration, and mood swings. Long term
effects
include memory loss, strokes and concussions. Reproductive organs are

also damaged due to consumption of
alcohol. It can result in infertility or physical deformities and mental

retardation in case of fetus.
2. Esters having negligible effect on our health proves to be a better

alternative than alcohol in our body.
3. Using edible colors and artificial flavors it can be used in the

pharmaceutical and drug industry.
4. Usually our liver takes 10-12 hours to reduce alcohol but this might prove
to be a faster solution.

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REACTIONS

●SIDE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL

● feelings of relaxation or drowsiness

➡️Some long-term effects of frequently drinking alcohol can include:

Esterification is the process of combining an organic acid (RCOOH) with an

The chemical reaction for esterification is given below:-

● Esterification can happen in three ways.

This report is pertaining to a method to remove alcohol from the stomach

All across the globe consumption of alcohol is increasing day by day or

1. Actual esterification reaction

C2H5OH + CH3COOH CH3COOC2H5 + H20

Ethyl alcohol Acetic acid Ethyl acetate Water

2. Pre- esterification reaction

2CH3COOH + Ca(OH)2 CH3COO-Ca-OOCCH3 + 2H2O

Acetic Acid Calcium Calcium Acetate Water

3. Modified esterification reaction

2C2H5OH + CH3COO-Ca-OOCCH3 2CH3COOC2H5 + Ca(OH)2

Ethanol Calcium Acetate Ethyl Acetate Calcium Hydroxide

Some necessary calculations to obtain right pH of solution i.e. in the range

1.100 ml of vinegar contains approximately 0.067-0.087 moles of acetic

2. According to FDA, recommended consumption of calcium for an adult is

3.Now, 100ml = 0.067 moles of acetic acid

1000 ml = 0.67 moles of acetic acid

4.Approximately the concentration of vinegar should be 0.03M

we obtain the quantity of vinegar as,

5.Permissible value for Ca(OH)2 is 0.02[1] moles, the amount of Ca(OH)2

0.02x74 , where molecular weight of Ca(OH)2 is 74

III.1 Preparation of Solution:

1. Take 44 ml of vinegar in a beaker.

2. Measure 1.48g of calcium hydroxide using a digital weighing machine.

3. Add the measured calcium hydroxide to the beaker containing vinegar

4. With the help of pH paper or pH indicator solution, measure the pH of

5. Obtained pH should be in the range of 3-4.

III.2 Titration against Potassium Permanganate:

1. Take 10 ml of this solution and add 10 ml alcohol to it.

2. Fill the burette with 2% KMnO4.

3. Perform the titration till brown color is obtained.

2. It is indicated by the citric flavor aroma of ester instead of the pungent

3. Observations from titration suggest complete reduction of alcohol to

i. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) which is purple colored acts as an

include memory loss, strokes and concussions. Reproductive organs are

alcohol. It can result in infertility or physical deformities and mental

2. Esters having negligible effect on our health proves to be a better

3. Using edible colors and artificial flavors it can be used in the

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