Module 1 - Presentation 2
Module 1 - Presentation 2
Module 1 - Presentation 2
• URBAN CONJESTION
REASONS TO GO
• CREATE GREEN SPACE
UNDERGROUND: • PROTECTION
• ISOLATION
UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION
Underground construction has been around for thousands of years, mostly developed through mining
and more recently through transport, housing and commercial industries. . Underground housing
(sometimes called earth sheltered housing) refers specifically to homes that have been built
underground, either partially or completely. Thousands of people in Europe and America live in
underground homes. In Russia there is more development below the ground than above it. Countries
like Japan and China, where development space is at a premium, are particularly keen to build
underground living places.
IMPORTANCE
It is essential in the mass transportation systems that move millions of urban commuters in cities
every day. It also plays a role in protecting and securing structures against natural disasters, as well as
supporting water quality with underground systems for wastewater control. There are several
challenges and considerations during planning, execution and commissioning of underground
construction for any project.
Innovative new technologies, equipment and tools have made it easier than ever before to take on
massive jobs without disturbing life above ground.
ADVANTAGES
Some advantages of underground houses include resistance to severe weather, quiet living space, an
unobtrusive presence in the surrounding landscape, and a nearly constant interior temperature due to the
natural insulating properties of the surrounding earth. One appeal is the energy efficiency and
environmental friendliness of underground dwellings. One benefit of locating a structure underground is the
increased protection provided from threats of force as compared with an above ground sitting. This has been
the driving consideration behind the use of underground construction for many military facilities. More Area
above is available for simultaneous use for development.
DISADVANTAGES
However, underground living does have certain disadvantages, such as the potential for flooding, which in
some cases may require special pumping systems to be installed. High chances of pests like rats and snakes
to enter inside the property. Working under reduced
light conditions, difficult or limited access and egress, with the potential for exposure to air contaminants
and the hazards of fire and explosion, underground construction workers face many dangers. Flooding risks
too.
APPLICATIONS
➢ Mining Construction
➢ Tunnel Construction
➢ Building Construction
o Underground Parking
o Waste Storage
o Research Labs
➢ Underground Utility Construction
Mining Construction
Mining projects are happening around the world as the search for new deposits of valuable materials
increases. From iron ore to copper and silver, the earth still holds unexplored pockets of opportunity,
primarily in developing nations in South America and Asia. Technological advancements in mining
equipment are helping companies drill ever-deeper caves, at a faster pace. Other developments in concrete
and concrete admixture are also available to improve safety along with speed, thanks to advanced
applications for backfilling, anchoring, and shielding.
Tunnel Construction
Tunneling work is on the upswing in aging cities that need to shore up their crumbling infrastructure,
including water and sewer channels, oil and natural gas pipelines, telephone and electric lines, cable
systems and more. Meanwhile, road tunneling is paving the way to growth in emerging economies.
There is also continued expansion of subway construction in modern cities seeking more efficient and
less polluting modes of transportation. Like mining, the tunneling industry has enjoyed many
technological improvements for computer-controlled drilling, safer excavation in wet areas, and better
coating of raw surfaces for underground durability.
Building Construction
Underground construction methodologies are also essential to commercial and residential property
developments. A sound foundation is the starting point for any successful building project. Depending on
the size and nature of the building, this can range from a simple basement to a complex and cavernous
underground facility engineering operation. It could also include the option to build a site that is
completely underground.
Underground Parking
Underground parking is structured parking built below ground level, either
as a basement to a building or covered with structure above. Locating parking underground
conceals cars from the streetscape, allowing more active uses (such as retail, restaurants and
cafes) to be placed on the
street edge.
Waste Storage
City Waste can be collected underground and later transported in Cities where land is less premium.
Underground garbage collection in City
There are several underground waste storage facilities located around the world for Hazardous, Toxic and Nuclear Wastes.
Japan has Underground Research Center. engineered to house 17,000 of “spent” fuel rods – pending study outcomes
regarding volcanic activity and underground water flows.
Research Labs
Most exciting underground construction project of our time is that of the particle accelerator complex built by the
European Organization for Nuclear Research, also known as CERN. This is the facility that houses the Large Hadron
Collider (the “super-collider”), along with other marvels of physics ingenuity. CERN hosts Open Days each year for the
public to view this amazing feat of engineering prowess.
Underground Utility Construction
Underground utility services includes underground utility projects of all sizes and complexities for municipal,
private, and residential areas. Underground water supply systems, sewerage system, storm water collection
systems are an interconnected network of pipelines that are hidden below the ground spread across the city.
Even services like optic cables and tele communication networks in laid underground.
Construction Techniques
Coffer Dam
Caissons
A caisson is retaining water tight structure used to work for the construction of a concrete dam, on the foundation of a
bridge pier or for the repair of ships. They are sunk through water during the process of excavation of foundations to
exclude water which eventually becomes an essential part of the substructure.
Permanent structure.
Large hollow structure that is sunk down through the earth Used in the construction of bridge piers, building columns,
dams.
Types of Caissons
• Box caissons
• Open caissons.
• Suction caissons
• Pneumatic caissons
Advantages of Caissons
• Economic.
• Slightly less noise and reduced vibrations.
• Easily adaptable to varying site conditions.
• High axial and lateral loading capacity.
• Minimal handling equipment is required for placement of reinforcing cage.
• Placement is sometimes possible in types of soil that a driven pile could
not penetrate.
Box Caissons
Box caissons are the prefabricated concrete boxes
of various shapes with water tight floor and walls,
which are set down on the prepared bases.
Suction caissons
The embedment is achieved
either by pushing or by creating
negative pressure. This type is
usually used in offshore
construction.
Open Caissons
Open caissons are box
type structure similar Pneumatic caissons
to box caissons except Pneumatic caissons are the ones
that they don’t have a which are closed on top and open at
bottom face and the bottom .The compressed air is
mainly consists of used to exclude water from the
vertical walls. caissons chamber.
Cofferdams
Cofferdams are temporary watertight enclosure pumped dry below the water line to execute the building operation to
be performed on dry surface.
Temporary structure, designed to keep water and/or soil out of the excavation.
Types of Cofferdams
• Dikes
• Cellular cofferdams
• Rock-filled crib cofferdams
• Concrete cofferdams
• Suspended cofferdams
Advantages of Cofferdam
• Allow excavation and construction of structures in otherwise
poor environment
• Provides safe environment to work
• Contractors typically have design responsibility
• Steel sheet piles are easily installed and removed
• Materials can typically be reused on other projects
Comparison Between Caisson and Cofferdam
Caisson
• Permanent structure
• Plan of small area
• Water height more than 12m
Coffer Dam
• Temporary structure
• Plan of larger area
• Water height up to 12m
Components of Cofferdams
• Sheet piling
• Bracing frame
• Concrete seal
The typical cofferdam consists of sheet piles set around a bracing frame and are driven in the soil sufficiently to cut
off the flow of soil and to develop lateral and vertical support and to cut the flow of water.
Underwater concreting
This is a process where the prepared concrete is poured below the water surface using suitable methods. Placement
methods are:
Tremie method – A Tremie is a water tight pipe which is supported on a working platform above water level.
Pump method – It’s a method where the concrete is pumped directly into its final position including both horizontal
and vertical delivery of concrete.
Toggle bags – Toggle bags are ideal for small amount of concrete placement .They are filled with wet concrete and is
squeezed out by a diver.
Bag work – In this method, bags are filled with rich mix concrete, which are made of open weave material. They are
either diver- handled bags or placed using a crane. This method is used for temporary works or short-term solutions.
• Kinetic Structures
Kinetic structures are classified into three main categories, which are