Female sex

Serial ration as per

No. State/UT Census 2011
1 Kerala 1084
2 Puducherry 1038
3 Tamil Nadu 995
4 Andhra Pradesh 992
5 Chhattisgarh 991

Female sex
Serial
State/UT ratio as per
No.
Census 2011
1 Haryana 877
2 Delhi 866
3 Chandigarh 818
4 Dadra & Nagar 775
Haveli
5 Daman & Diu 618
Future doesn’t look so bright!!!!
Legal Action To Stop Female Foeticide
 I. History
II. Definitions
– Techniques
– Places
– Qualified Persons

CONTENTS III.
–
–
Registration
Procedure for Registration
Minimum Requirements for Registration
– Process of Certification
– Rejection of Application for Registration
– Cancellation or Suspension of Registration
– Provision for Appeal
– Renewal of Registration
– Rejection of Application for Renewal
IV. Prohibitions
A. Prohibitions
A. On places
B. On persons
C. Miscellaneous
– Prescriptions and Regulations
– Penalties
A. Offence by persons
B. Offence by a company
V. Instrumentalities for Implementing the Act
– Policy Making Body
– Implementing Authorities
VI. Maintenance and Preservation of Records
VII. Search and Seizure
I. Search and Witnesses
– Seizure and Preparation of List
– Sealing
– Collection of Evidence
 History
• 1860
– Indian Penal Code, punishing causing of miscarriage and other like offences
• 1978
– directive banning the misuse of amniocentesis in government
hospitals/laboratories
• 1985
– Dr. Sanjeev Kulkarni, Mumbai
– Thesis of 200 sonography & abortion centres
– Misuse of sonography machines for female foeticide
• 1988
– Embryo testing restriction law, Maharashtra
– Maharashtra Regulation of Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act
• 1994 (20th September)
h

– Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act

• 2003 (14th Feb)
– “The Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex
Selection) Act.”
 – Techniques
DEFINITIONS – Places
– Qualified Persons
 Techniques

• Pre-natal diagnostic techniques include:

– pre-natal diagnostic procedures and
– pre-natal diagnostic tests.
 Pre-natal diagnostic procedures
It mean all gynaecological or obstetrical or medical
procedures such as:
– Ultrasonography;
– Foetoscopy;
– Taking or removing samples of:
• Amniotic fluid
• Chorionic villi
• Blood
• Any tissue
• Fluid
of a man or a woman before or after conception for being
sent to a Genetic Laboratory or Genetic Clinic for conducting
any type of analysis or pre-natal diagnostic tests for selection
of sex before or after conception.
 Pre-natal diagnostic tests
B. Pre-natal diagnostic test means:
– Ultrasonography
– Test or analysis of:
• Amniotic fluid
• Chorionic villi
• Blood
• Any tissue
• Fluid
of any pregnant woman or conceptus conducted to detect:
• Genetic disorders
• Metabolic disorders
• Chromosomal abnormalities
• Congenital anomalies
• Haemoglobinopathies
• Sex-linked diseases.
3
 Sex selection
C. Sex selection includes:
– Procedure
– Technique
– Test
– Administration
– Prescription
– Provision
of anything for the purpose of ensuring or
increasing the probability that an embryo will be of
a particular sex.
 Definitions
– Techniques
– Places
– Qualified Persons
 Places
• Genetic Counselling Centre
• Genetic Clinic
• Genetic Laboratory
 A. Genetic Counselling Centre
• An institute
• Hospital
• Nursing home
• Any place
by whatever name called which provides genetic
counselling to patients.
 B. Genetic Clinic
• A clinic
• Institute
• Hospital
• Nursing home
• Any place
by whatever name called which is used for
conducting pre-natal diagnostic procedures.
• By an amendment to the Act of 1994, an
explanation has been added to clarify the
position of a ‘vehicle’.
• It provides that for the purposes of this clause, a
Genetic Clinic includes a vehicle, where
ultrasound machine or imaging machine or
scanner or other equipment capable of
determining sex of the foetus or a portable
equipment which has the potential for detection
of sex during pregnancy or selection of sex before
conception, is used.
 C. Genetic Laboratory
• A laboratory; and
• Includes a place
where facilities are
provided for conducting
analysis or tests of
samples received from
Genetic Clinic for pre-natal
diagnostic test.
• An explanation has been added by the
amendments of 2002. The explanation provides
that “for the purposes of this clause (definition of
Genetic Laboratory), Genetic Laboratory includes
a place where ultrasound machine or imaging
machine or scanner or other equipment capable
of determining sex of the foetus or a portable
equipment which has the potential for detection
of sex during pregnancy or selection of sex before
conception, is used.”
• It has been clarified under the amended Rules
that every Genetic Counselling Centre/ Genetic
Laboratory/ Genetic Clinic would include an
ultrasound centre/imaging centre/nursing
home/hospital/institute or any other place, by
whatever name called, where any of the
machines or equipments capable of selection of
sex before or after conception performing or
performing any procedure, technique or test for
pre-natal detection of sex of foetus is used.
 Definitions
– Techniques

– Places

– Qualified Persons
 Qualified Persons
A. Gynaecologist
B. Medical Geneticist
C. Paediatrician
D. Registered Medical Practitioner
E. Laboratory technician
F. Radiologist
G. Sonologist or Imaging Specialist
 A. Gynaecologist
means a person who possesses a post-graduate
qualification in gynaecology and obstetrics.
• The Rules framed under the Act further
qualify the qualifications by providing
additional requirements for a gynaecologist
when employed by a genetic counselling
centre or a genetic clinic but do not
necessitate the engagement of a
gynaecologist by a genetic laboratory.
• For a genetic counselling centre, the gynaecologist
must have
– 6 months experience in genetic counselling ; or
– 4 weeks training in genetic counselling .
• For a genetic clinic, the gynaecologist should have
adequate experience in pre-natal diagnostic
procedures i.e. should have performed at least 20
procedures in chorionic villi aspirations per vagina or
per abdomen, chorionic villi biopsy, amniocentesis,
cordocentesis foetoscopy, foetal skin or organ biopsy or
foetal blood sampling etc. under supervision of an
experienced gynaecologist in these fields.
 B. Medical Geneticist
includes a person who possesses:
– Degree, or
– Diploma
in genetic science in the fields of sex selection and pre-
natal diagnostic techniques
or has experience of not less than two years in any of
these fields after obtaining-
– Any one of the medical qualifications recognized under the
Indian Medical Council Act, 1956; or
– A post-graduate degree in biological sciences.

 Under the amended definition, possessing a certificate

does not make one a qualified medical geneticist.
 C. Paediatrician
means a person who possesses a post-graduate
qualification in paediatrics.
• The Rules framed under the Act further qualify
the qualifications by providing additional
requirements for a paediatrician when employed
by a genetic counselling centre.
• For a genetic counselling centre, the paediatrician
must have
– 6 months experience in genetic counselling; or
– 4 weeks training in genetic counselling.
 D. Registered Medical Practitioner
– A medical practitioner who possesses any recognized medical
qualification as defined in clause (h) of Section 2 of the Indian
Medical Council Act, 1956; and
– Whose name has been entered in a State Medical Register.
• The Rules framed under the Act further qualify the
qualifications by providing additional requirements for a
registered medical practitioner when employed by a
genetic clinic.
• For the purposes of a genetic clinic the registered medical
practition should have
– post graduate degree or
– diploma or
– six months training or
– one year experience in sonography or image scanning.
• Besides, the Act and the Rules also refer to
other types of personnel.
 E. Laboratory Technician
For a genetic laboratory, there should be a
laboratory technician having
– B.Sc. degree in Biological Sciences; or
– Degree or;
– Diploma, in medical laboratory course; and
• At least one year’s experience in conducting
appropriate pre-natal diagnostic techniques,
tests or procedures.
F. Radiologist
G. Sonologist or Imaging Specialist means a
person who possesses-
– Any one of the medical qualifications recognized
under the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956; or
– A post-graduate qualification in ultrasonography
or imaging techniques or radiology.
Are training courses authorised by the
Govt of India?
• Medical Council of India has been given
guidelines by the Central Supervisory Board in
their meeting held in Mumbai in Jan 2012, to
create a 6 month Level I training course in
Ultrasound for MBBS doctors.
• This process is still a work in progress.
 Miscellaneous Definitions
Certain miscellaneous definitions have been added to clarify concepts
used for the first time in the amended Act. These are:-
A. Conceptus means any product of conception at any stage of
development from fertilization until birth including extra
embryonic membranes as well as the embryo or foetus.
B. Embryo means a developing human organism after fertilization till
the end of eight weeks (fifty-six days).
C. Foetus means a human organism during the period of its
development beginning on the fifty-seventh day following
fertilization or creation (excluding any time in which its
development has been suspended) and ending at the birth.
• All bodies under the PNDT Act namely Genetic
Counselling Centre, Genetic Laboratory or Genetic
Clinic as defined in the preceding chapters,
cannot function unless registered.
• The requirement of registration is mandatory
whether the body is government, private,
voluntary, honorary, part-time, contractual or
consultative.
• However the PNDT Act allows registration of
these bodies either separately or jointly when a
body is for instance both a centre and a clinic.
 Procedure for Registration
A. Every application for registration shall be
made TO:
– Chief Medical Officer of the district; or any other
medical officer constituted as an appropriate
authority
– Medical officer constituted as appropriate
authority for the sub-district within whose area or
jurisdiction the centre, clinic or laboratory is
situated.
B. Every application shall be made in duplicate
in Form A which is appended to the rules.
• The owner needs to register, at least 3 months in
advance, all the places where a USG machine,
whether a black and white or color Doppler
machine, is to be used; this applies to
medical/surgical nursing homes/intensive cardiac
care unit and wherever a USG machine is used.
This registration is compulsory and is regardless
of the type of studies intended to be performed
on that machine, whether pregnancy scans,
abdominal scans, or only 2D echocardiograms.
C. Every application shall be duly accompanied by an
AFFIDAVIT containing-
i. An undertaking to the effect that the Genetic
Centre/Laboratory/Clinic/ Ultrasound Clinic/Imaging
Centre/combination thereof, as the case may be, shall not
conduct any test or procedure, by whatever name called, for
selection of sex before or after conception or for detection of
sex of foetus except for diseases specified in Section 4(2) nor
shall the sex of foetus be disclosed to any body; and
ii. An undertaking to the effect that the Genetic
Centre/Laboratory/Clinic/ combination thereof, as the case
may be, shall display prominently a notice that they do not
conduct any technique, test or procedure etc. by whatever
name called, for detection of sex of foetus or for selection of
sex before or after conception.
D. The Appropriate Authority or any authorised
person will acknowledge the application in
the acknowledgement slip provided at the
bottom of Form A on the very same day if
personally delivered, otherwise on the next
day by post.
E. Every application form shall be submitted
along with an application fee of:
a) Rs.3000.00 for Genetic Counselling Centre,
Genetic Laboratory, Genetic Clinic, Ultrasound
Clinic or Imaging Centre.
b) Rs.4000.00 for an institute, hospital, nursing
home, or any place providing jointly the service
of a Genetic Counselling Centre, Genetic
Laboratory, Genetic Clinic, Ultrasound Clinic or
Imaging Centre or any combination thereof.
• However, if an application for registration has
been rejected by the Appropriate Authority,
no fee shall be required to be paid on re-
submission of the application by the applicant
for the same body within 90 days of rejection.
But every subsequent application shall be
accompanied by the prescribed fee.
• Application fee once paid will not be
refunded.
F. The application fee shall be paid
– By way of a demand draft
– Drawn in favour of the Appropriate Authority
– On any scheduled bank payable at the
headquarters of the Appropriate Authority
concerned.
G. The fees collected by the Appropriate
Authority for registration shall be deposited
by the Appropriate Authority concerned in a
bank account opened in the name of the
official designation of the Appropriate
Authority concerned.
H. The fees so collected by the Appropriate
Authority shall be utilized by the Appropriate
Authority in connection with the activities
connected with implementation of the
provisions of the Act and these rules.
 Minimum Requirements for
Registration
• There are different minimum requirements for
different bodies as regards minimum qualifications of
the employees and the minimum equipment for each
of the bodies under the PNDT Act.
• All the requirements relating to qualifications and
equipment are mandatory.
• Under the amended Rules, the Schedules appended to
the earlier Rules have been done away with and the
requirements for a Genetic Counselling Centre, Genetic
Laboratory and Genetic Clinic have been added under
Rule 3 itself by redrafting the same though the
requirements remain the same, more or less.
 A. Genetic Counselling Centre:
• The requirements for a Genetic Counselling Centre are
enumerated in Rule 3(1) in the amended Rules.
– The centre should have adequate space.
– The centre should contain educational
charts/models/equipments for carrying out genetic
counselling.
– The centre must have any one of the following employees
namely:
• A medical geneticist
• A gynaecologist; or
• A paediatrician
having such qualifications and experience as mentioned
previously.
 B. Genetic Laboratory
• The requirements for a genetic laboratory are
enumerated in Rule 3(2) in the amended Rules under
the PNDT Act.
– The laboratory should have adequate space for conducting
the tests.
– The laboratory should have or acquire such of the
equipments as may be necessary to conduct chromosomal
studies, biochemical studies and molecular studies from
amongst those enumerated under the amended Rules.
– The laboratory must have both a medical geneticist and a
laboratory technician in its employment having such
qualifications and experience as mentioned previously.
 C. Genetic Clinic
• The requirements for a genetic clinic are enumerated in Rule 3(3) of the
amended Rules under the PNDT Act.
– The centre should have adequate space.
– The clinic/ultrasound clinic/imaging centre should have or acquire such of the
following equipments, as may be necessary for carrying out the tests or
procedures:
a) Equipment and accessories necessary for carrying out clinical examination by an
obstetrician/gynaecologist
b) An ultra-sonography machine including mobile ultrasound machine, imaging machine
or any other equipment capable of conducting foetal ultrasonography.
c) Appropriate catheters and equipment for carrying out chorionic villi aspirations per
vagina or per abdomen.
d) Appropriate sterile needles for amniocentesis or cordocentesis.
e) A suitable foetoscope with appropriate accessories for foetoscopy, foetal skin or organ
biopsy or foetal blood sampling shall be optional.
f) Equipment for dry and wet sterilization
g) Equipment for carrying out emergency procedures such as evacuation of uterus or
resuscitation in case of need.
h) Genetic Works Station.
• The clinic must have gynaecologist or sonologist, imaging specialist,
Radiologist or Registered Medical Practitioner or medical geneticist in its
employment having such qualifications and experience as mentioned
previously.
• The aforementioned requirements are minimum mandatory and each of
these bodies can have more equipment, more number of employees etc.
as long as they fulfill the necessary qualifications mentioned in the PNDT
Act.
• Documentary proof of requisite qualifications and experience as specified
under the PNDT Act and rules of persons employed by the facility should
be annexed with the application for registration.
• The bodies can be owned by any person and he need not have the
qualifications required under the Act as long as he has employees that
fulfill the minimum qualifications required under the PNDT Act. If an
institute, hospital, nursing home or any place provides services jointly of
any of these bodies then such a place should fulfill the minimum
requirements of both the bodies in order to be registered.
 Process of Certification
a) Every application received by the appropriate authority will firstly be
scrutinized by it and an enquiry into whether such body fulfills all the
requirements under the PNDT Act will be done.
b) An enquiry by the Appropriate Authority includes an inspection of the
premises after giving due notice to the applicant.
c) After the appropriate authority is satisfied that the applicant has fulfilled
all minimum requirements, the application will be placed before the
Advisory Committee.
d) The Advisory Committee shall thereafter scrutinize the application and
give its advice on the same to the appropriate authority.
e) The Appropriate Authority after considering the advice will grant a
certificate of registration.
f) The certificate of registration shall be given in duplicate and in the form
as prescribed in Form B under the PNDT Act. The grant of certificate of
registration shall be communicated within 90 days from the date of
receipt of application for registration.
f) It is mandatory for everybody registered
under this Act to display the certificate of
registration at a conspicuous place in such
centre, laboratory or clinic.
g) In some cases the appropriate authority
depending upon the requirements available
at such centre, laboratory or clinic may grant
a certificate only to conduct one or more
specified prenatal diagnostic tests or
procedures.
h) The certificate of registration shall be non-
transferable.
i) In the event of change of ownership or
change of management or when the centre,
laboratory or clinic ceases to function as one
both copies of certificate of registration shall
be surrendered to the Appropriate Authority.
j) Each new owner or manager of a centre,
laboratory or clinic has to apply afresh for
grant of certificate of registration.
k) All centres, laboratories and clinics registered under the
PNDT Act shall give an affidavit affirming that they will not
indulge in pre-natal determination of sex as mandated by
the Supreme Court in the case of CEHAT & Ors v. Union of
India.
l) The Registration Certificate must mention the number of
ultrasound machines in the centre. Further the
registration certificate must also mention all the portable
ultrasound machines in the said centre.
In case of registration certificates already issued, the list of
ultrasound machines portable or otherwise must be
mentioned on another paper and the said paper must also be
displayed along with the registration certificate at a
conspicuous place in the centre.
 Rejection of Application for
Registration
• If after enquiry and after giving an opportunity of
hearing to the applicant and after taking advise from
the Advisory Committee the Appropriate Authority has
come to a conclusion that the applicant has not
complied with the requirements of the Act then the
said application will be rejected.
• The reasons for the rejection shall be given in writing
and as specified in Form C appended to the Rules
under PNDT Act.
• The rejection of registration shall be communicated to
the applicant within 90 days from the date of the
receipt of the registration.
 Cancellation or Suspension of
Registration
• The Appropriate Authority can at any time either on its own or on a complaint by
anyone issue a show cause notice to the Genetic Counselling Centre, Genetic
Laboratory or Genetic Clinic, Ultrasound Clinic or Imaging Centre as to why its
registration should not be cancelled or suspended for breach of any of the
provisions of the PNDT Act or the rules. The reasons for every such notice should
be mentioned in the notice itself.
• Thereafter the clinic, laboratory or centre must be given an opportunity to defend
itself against the charges. After giving the centre, laboratory or clinic a reasonable
opportunity of being heard and after taking into account the advice given by the
Advisory Committee, the Appropriate Authority may either suspend the
registration of such a place or cancel the registration depending upon the gravity
of the charge. Action can be taken by the Appropriate Authority irrespective of any
criminal action that will be taken against such a place.
• In certain exceptional cases like in the case of public interest the Appropriate
Authority may suspend or cancel registration without issuing a show cause notice.
However the reasons for waiving show cause notice have to be given in writing.
 Provision for Appeal
• Any genetic counselling centre, genetic laboratory or
genetic clinic may appeal against an order of cancellation or
suspension of registration within 30 days of the order of
cancellation or suspension.
• The appeal may be made to:
– The Appropriate Authority at the district level if the order is
passed by the Appropriate Authority at sub-district level.
– The Appropriate Authority at the State/UT level if the order is
passed by the Appropriate Authority at district level.
• Each appeal shall be disposed of by the District Appropriate
Authority or by the State/UT Appropriate Authority, as the
case may be, within 60 days of its receipt.
• Thus a hierarchy of appellate bodies has been provided and
further the time limit for disposing of the appeals has been
laid down.
• Moreover the appeal shall be made to the Central
Government if the order is passed by the Central
Appropriate Authority.
• The appeal shall be made to the State government if the
order is passed by the State Appropriate Authority.
• If the appeal is not made within the time as prescribed
above, the Appropriate Authority may condone the delay in
case he/she is satisfied that appellant was prevented for
sufficient cause from making such appeal.
 Renewal of Registration
A. Every certificate of registration shall be valid for
a period of five years since its issuance.
B. Thirty days before the date of expiry of the
certificate of registration a fresh application for
a certificate of Registration should be
made.(ideally 3 months)
C. The application for renewal must be made in
duplicate in the prescribed Form A (same as the
one prescribed for obtaining the first
registration certificate) to the Appropriate
Authority.
D. The Appropriate Authority shall acknowledge
the receipt of the application in the
acknowledgement slip provided at the
bottom of Form A on the very same day if
personally delivered, otherwise on the next
day by post.
E. Along with the application for renewal of
certificate, registration fees of half of what
was initially payable will be paid depending
upon whether it is for a genetic counselling
centre, genetic laboratory or genetic clinic,
ultrasound clinic or imaging centre or for a
joint facility.
F. After the receipt of the application the Appropriate Authority will
hold an enquiry including an inspection of the premises after
giving due notice into whether the applicant has fulfilled all the
requirements necessary under the Act. The Appropriate Authority
will also give the applicant a hearing.
G. After conducting the enquiry and hearing if the Appropriate
Authority finds everything satisfactory then it will place the
application before the Advisory Committee for its scrutiny.
H. Thereafter having regard to the advice of the Advisory Committee
the Appropriate Authority will renew the certificate of registration
in the prescribed Form B (same as the one prescribed for the first
registration certificate) for a further period of 5 years starting
from the date of expiry of the old certificate.
I. On the receipt of the renewed certificate of
registration in duplicate, the two copies of the earlier
certificates will have to be surrendered immediately
to the Appropriate Authority.
J. One copy of the renewed certificate has to be
displayed in a conspicuous place of the centre,
laboratory or clinic.
K. If the Appropriate Authority fails to renew the
certificate of registration within 90 days of its
receiving the application for renewal, it will amount
to automatic renewal or deemed renewal
 Rejection of Application for Renewal
• After conducting an enquiry into the application
for renewal, after hearing the applicant and after
taking the advice of the Advisory Committee if
the Appropriate Authority finds that the applicant
has not complied with the requirements of the
Act then the Appropriate Authority can reject the
application for renewal.
• Every order of rejection will contain reasons for
rejection and it will be communicated in the
prescribed Form C. (same as the one prescribed
for the initial rejection)
• Once the applicant receives the
communication of rejection the applicant
must immediately surrender both the copies
of the earlier certificate of registration.
• In case the appropriate authority fails to
communicate its rejection to the applicant
within 90 days of receiving the application for
renewal then it amounts to automatic renewal
or deemed renewal.
 Note!!!
In case of defence establishments, applications for
registration have to be submitted to the
Appropriate Authorities specifically notified for
defence establishments who are otherwise
responsible for the implementation of the Act in
their areas.
If the machines are lying packed or are not in use,
then also registration is mandatory because
requirement of registration arises by the very
possession of the machines.
 Is there a restriction on portable
ultrasound devices ?
• The Maharashtra State Branch of IRIA
challenged the ban being imposed by the
Municipal Corporation of Mumbai on the use
of portable machines before the Hon'ble High
Court Mumbai, which petition came to be
dismissed and the judgment in the petition
means that the portable machine can now be
used only in the institute or hospital where it
is registered thereby restricting the portability
of the portable USG
• Do MRI machines need to be registered?

• Yes, they need to be registered and all

changes to be notified to the AA

• Do CT scan machines need to be registered?

• Yes, they need to be registered and all

changes to be notified to the AA
• The IRIA has filed a petition before the
Hon'ble High Court Delhi, whereby a few
provisions of the PC-PNDT Act have been
challenged, such as the registration given to
other faculty members, the mode of training
imparted.
• The said petition is still pending……
 PROHIBITIONS
• The PNDT Act is a comprehensive piece of
legislation which prohibits sex selection before
or after conception and misuse of pre-natal
diagnostic techniques for determination of the
sex of the foetus, leading to female foeticide as
also advertisements in relation to such
techniques for detection or determination of sex.
• The Act also specifies the punishment for
violation of its provisions. Accordingly, the Act
imposes the following:
 ON PLACES
• No genetic counselling centre or genetic clinic
or genetic laboratory shall
– Conduct; or
– Associate with; or
– Help in conducting pre-natal diagnostic techniques
unless registered.
Moreover the Registration certificate has to be
displayed prominently on a board in such place.
• No genetic counselling centre or genetic clinic or genetic
laboratory shall
– Employ or cause to be employed or take services of any person,
whether on honorary basis or on payment who does not
possess prescribed qualifications.
A qualified person could be:
• Gynaecologist
• Medical Geneticist
• Paediatrician
• Registered Medical Practitioner
• Radiologist
• Sonologist
• Imaging Specialist
who fulfils the requirements laid down under the Act
• No genetic counselling centre or genetic clinic
or genetic laboratory shall
– Conduct or cause to be conducted a pre-natal
diagnostic technique except for the purposes
specified in the Act.
– Conduct or cause to be conducted a pre-natal
diagnostic technique including an
ultrasonography for the purpose of determining
the sex of the foetus.
Every genetic counselling centre or genetic clinic or genetic laboratory is required to
display prominently a notice in English and in the local language or languages that
conduct of sex-determination tests/disclosure of sex of the foetus is prohibited.
 B. ON PERSONS
• No person shall open any genetic counselling centre,
genetic clinic or genetic laboratory including clinic,
laboratory or centre having ultrasound or imaging
machine or scanner or any other technology capable of
undertaking determination of sex of foetus and sex
selection unless such centre, clinic or laboratory is duly
registered separately or jointly.
• No qualified person shall conduct or aid in conducting
himself or through any other person a pre-natal
diagnostic technique at any place other than the place
registered.
 Illustration
A. No one can conduct a pre-natal diagnostic
technique at home, unless the facility at
home is also registered.
B. No one can conduct a pre-natal diagnostic
technique either on a voluntary basis, or on a
charitable basis unless the body is registered
after meeting all necessary qualifications of
persons, place and equipment.
• Any changes in the center (e.g., change in
machine or place of use) should be intimated
to the AA 30 days in advance.
• Any change of the doctor operating the
machine should be intimated to the AA within
30 days.
• No person shall render any services to any facility, after the
commencement of the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation
and Prevention of Misuse) Amendment Act, 2002 unless such
facility is duly registered under the Act.
• No person including a relative or husband of the pregnant woman
shall seek or encourage the conduct of any pre-natal diagnostic
techniques on her except for the purposes specified in clause (2) of
Section 4 of the Act.
• No person including a relative or husband of a woman shall seek or
encourage the conduct of any sex-selection technique on her or
him or both.
• No person shall conduct or cause to be conducted any pre-natal
diagnostic technique including ultrasonography for purpose of sex
determination.
• In fact a good doctor should counsel the
patient that sex-determination is illegal and
should also positively propagate about the girl
child.
• A doctor is highly regarded in the society and
any counselling by him/her will have great
impact in the implementation of the Act.
• No person, including a specialist or a team of specialists in
the field of infertility, shall conduct or cause to be
conducted or aid in conducting by himself or by any other
person, sex selection on a woman or a man or on both or
on any tissue, embryo, conceptus, fluid or gametes derived
from either or both of them.
• No person shall, by whatever means, cause or allow to be
caused selection of sex before or after conception.
• No person including the person conducting a pre-natal
diagnostic procedures shall communicate to the pregnant
woman concerned or her relatives or any other person the
sex of the foetus by words, signs or in any other manner
whatsoever.
 Illustration
A. Dr. Sirisha tells Ramu it is time to celebrate, give me a packet of sweets.
This is illegal as indirectly the doctor is communicating to the father that
it is a baby boy.
B. Dr. Deepthi told Geeta, “Oh! your shoulders have become heavy now”.
This is also illegal as the same indirectly conveys the fact that it is baby
girl.
C. Dr Sreedhar used to tell all his patients “You see I have all the latest
techniques from America, I can tell the sex of the child within 10 weeks
of pregnancy”. In every case the doctor used to tell his patients it was a
girl and his wife Mrs. Sreedhar used to conduct the abortions the very
next day. Dr. Sreedhar’s actions are in clear violation of the PNDT law. Dr.
Sreedhar’s actions also amount to misrepresentation and fraud.
D. Dr. Preetham never told his patients anything, he used raise his left
eyebrow when it was a boy and right eyebrow when it was a girl. Dr.
Preetham’s, actions though creative are also in violation of the PNDT law
as the same amount to signs and gestures which is also prohibited.
• The Central Supervisory Board has laid down a
code of conduct under section 16 (iv) of the
Act to be observed by persons working in
bodies specified therein and as such the same
has to be strictly followed.
 Can one arrange for a locum sonologist
when one is on leave or vacation?
• One has to give one month notice for the same
to local AA with a letter, and copy of certificates
of that doctor.
• A recent Gazette notification has stated that
application for locum to adding a doctor's name
to the Registration Certificate needs to be done
30 days in advance;
• This gazette has been challenged by IRIA in Delhi
High Court in July 2012, and interim relief has
been given of 7 days.
 C. MISCELLANEOUS
• No person, organization, Genetic Counselling Centre,
Genetic Laboratory or Genetic Clinic, including clinic,
laboratory or centre having ultrasound machine or
imaging machine or scanner or any other technology
capable of undertaking determination of sex of foetus
or sex selection shall issue, publish, distribute,
communicate or cause to be issued, published,
distributed or communicated any advertisement, in
any form, including internet, regarding facilities of pre-
natal determination of sex or sex selection before
conception available at such centre, laboratory, clinic
or at any other place.
 Illustration
A. “Spend Rs.5000 now and save Rs.5 lakhs later.
Contact Dr. Ahmed of Ahmed Diagnostic Center.”
This advertisement is illegal as it advertises
facilities for sex determination.
B. “Urine test now and result known immediately
whether boy or girl.” This advertisement is also
clearly illegal.
C. “Want to know – boy or girl, quick and easy. No
surgery required.” This advertisement is clearly
illegal.
• No person, organization including Genetic
Counselling Centre, Genetic Laboratory or
Genetic Clinic shall issue, publish, distribute,
communicate or cause to be issued,
published, distributed or communicated any
advertisement, in any manner regarding pre-
natal determination or pre-conception
selection of sex by any means whatsoever,
scientific or otherwise.
 Illustration
A. A magazine published in America but distributed by AB Co
in India, with its office in Delhi carries an advertisement
for sex-determination. Such an action on the part of the
company in Delhi is in violation of the Act.
• Advertisement includes any notice, circular, label, wrapper
or other document including advertisement through
internet or any other media in electronic or print form and
also includes any visible representation made by means of
any hoarding, wall-painting, signal, light, sound, smoke or
gas.
B. Wrappers of Saritha Milk food with a colorful picture of a
baby boy— if you want a baby boy contact Saritha
Diagnostic Centre and they will help you, otherwise money
back guaranteed. This is clearly illegal.
• No person shall sell, distribute, supply, rent, allow or
authorize the use of any ultrasound machine or
imaging machine or scanner or any other equipment
capable of detecting sex of foetus whether on payment
or otherwise to any Genetic Counselling Centre,
Genetic Laboratory, Genetic Clinic or any other person
or body not registered under the Act.
• “Person” includes manufacturer, importer, dealer or
supplier of ultrasound machines/imaging machines or
any other equipment capable of detecting sex of
foetus” as also any organization including a commercial
organization.
Further the provider of such machine/equipment to any
person/body registered under the Act shall:
a) send to the concerned State/UT Appropriate
Authority and to the Central Government, once in
three months a list of those to whom the
machine/equipment has been provided; and
b) take an affidavit from such body or person purchasing
or getting authorization for using such
machine/equipment that the machine/equipment
shall not be used for detection of sex of foetus or
selection of sex before or after conception.
 Is there a restriction on the number
of places a Sonologist can visit ?
• As per the recent gazette dated 5 June 2012, a
sonologist can visit only 2 places in one district.
• This gazette has been challenged in Delhi High Court by
IRIA and ad-interim stay has been obtained.
• It has also been challenged in Mumbai High Court by
Dr Rajeev Zankar, and ad-interim stay has been given
until next hearing in October.
– In the next hearing, the appropriate authority informed
the court that they were unconditionally withdrawing the
restriction on number of places visited by a radiologist.
 Prescriptions and Regulations
• The PNDT law is a prohibitory and regulatory statute; it seeks to
put in place a mechanism which prohibits sex selection while
preventing the misuse and over-use of the pre-natal diagnostic
techniques.
• At the same time, the Act permits and regulates the use of such
techniques for the purpose of detection of specific genetic
abnormalities or disorders and for the larger benefit of mankind.
• The Act further permits the use of such techniques only under
certain conditions by the registered bodies.
• The PNDT Act prohibits the conduct of pre-natal diagnostic
techniques for determination of the sex of the foetus but allows the
conduct of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for purposes that have
also been specified under the Act.
• These are for detection of:
– Chromosomal abnormalities;
– Genetic metabolic diseases;
– Haemoglobinopathies;
– Sex-linked genetic diseases;
– Congenital anomalies;
– Other abnormalities or diseases as specified by
the Central Supervisory Board.
• The Central Supervisory Board has laid down a representative list of
indications for ultrasound during pregnancy (new Form F under the
amended Rules)
• The conduct of pre-natal diagnostic techniques is further permissible if the
person qualified is satisfied for reasons to be recorded in writing that any
of the following conditions exist:
– Age of the pregnant woman is above thirty-five years;
– Pregnant woman has undergone two or more spontaneous abortions or foetal
loss;
– Pregnant woman has been exposed to potentially teratogenic agents such as
drugs, radiation, infection or chemicals;
– The pregnant woman or her spouse has a family history of mental retardation
or physical deformities such as, spasticity or any other genetic disease;
– Any other condition specified by the Central Supervisory Board.
• The doctors conducting pre-natal diagnostic techniques should maintain
proper documentation.
• Under the amendments it has been made mandatory that the
person conducting ultrasonography on a pregnant woman shall
keep complete record thereof in the clinic in such manner, as may
be prescribed, and any deficiency or inaccuracy found therein shall
amount to contravention of provisions of section 5 or section 6
unless contrary is proved by the person conducting such
ultrasongraphy.
• Once the doctor follows all the necessary requirements under the
law and does the necessary paperwork as mentioned below, he can
have no fear from the law.
• The woman must not only make sure that her consent is taken in
case of invasive procedures but must ask for a copy of every
document that she signs. If she does not understand anything she
must ask for an explanation and it is her right to be told.
• Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis or a pre-natal diagnostic
technique/test/procedure such as amniocentesis, chorionic villi
biopsy, foetoscopy, foetal skin or organ biopsy or cordocentesis can
be conducted:
ONLY
– After obtaining the written consent of the woman in the prescribed
format in a language which she understands. The format for the
written consent is provided in Form G under the Rules.
– However, an exception is that where a Genetic Clinic has taken a
sample of any body tissue or body fluid and sent it to a Genetic
Laboratory for analysis or test, it shall not be necessary for the Genetic
Laboratory to obtain a fresh consent in Form G.
– Giving her a copy of the same; and
– Explaining all known side and after effects of the procedures to the
pregnant woman.
• Under the amended Rules, a distinction has been made
between invasive and non-invasive techniques for the
purpose of obtaining consent and the consent is required in
the case of invasive techniques.
• However, in case of ultrasonography, other documentation
is now required.
– Any person conducting ultrasonography/image scanning on a
pregnant woman shall give a declaration on each report on
ultrasonography/image scanning that he/she has neither
detected nor disclosed the sex of foetus of the pregnant woman
to any body.
– The pregnant woman before undergoing ultrasonography/image
scanning declare that she does not want to know the sex of her
foetus.
• It is important to mention that the PNDT Act has an
important link with the Medical Termination of
Pregnancy Act, 1971 (hereinafter referred to as the
MTP Act). Prior to 1971, abortions were considered
illegal in our country and in fact the same could be
punishable under the Indian Penal Code. In 1971, the
MTP Act was passed which provides for the
termination of certain pregnancies by registered
medical practitioners (as defined under the MTP Act).
Thus it is clear that abortion is not provided for in all
cases of pregnancy but only in case of certain
pregnancies.
• Under the Act, termination of pregnancy is possible where:
– The length of the pregnancy does not exceed twelve weeks;
– The length of the pregnancy exceeds twelve weeks but does
not exceed twenty weeks: in this case the opinion of two
registered medical practitioners in favour of the termination of
the pregnancy is essential.
ONLY
• If the continuance of the pregnancy would involve a RISK to
the life of the pregnant woman or of grave injury to her
physical or mental health ; or
27

• If there is a substantial risk that if the child were born, it

would suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities as
to be seriously handicapped.
• It has been clarified under the Act that where
the pregnancy is alleged to have been caused
by rape, the anguish caused by such
pregnancy shall be presumed to constitute a
grave injury to the mental health of the
pregnant woman.
• Thus, pregnancy due to rape can be validly
terminated.
• Further, where the pregnancy occurs as a result
of failure of any device or method used by any
married woman or her husband for the purpose
of limiting the number of children, the anguish
caused by such unwanted pregnancy may be
presumed to constitute a grave injury to the
mental health of the pregnant woman.
• Thus, failure of methods of family planning could
also give rise to a ground for termination of the
pregnancy.
• While considering whether the continuance of
pregnancy would involve risk or injury to the health of
the pregnant woman, account may be taken of the
pregnant woman’s actual or reasonable foreseeable
environment.
• There is another provision under which the pregnancy
can be terminated validly irrespective of the length of
the pregnancy and the opinion of two registered
medical practitioners. In this case, the registered
medical practitioner should be of the opinion, formed
in good faith that the termination of the pregnancy is
immediately necessary to save the life of the
pregnant woman.
• The opinion of the registered medical practitioners
should be formed in good faith. Such opinion has to be
certified in Form I under the MTP Regulations framed
under the Act.
• In this form the reasons for forming the opinion also
have to be stated. Further every registered medical
practitioner who terminates any pregnancy is required
within three hours from the termination of the
pregnancy to certify such termination in the said form
where again the reason for terminating the pregnancy
has to be specified.
• It is clear from what is above mentioned that termination
of pregnancy is possible only in certain cases and where the
pregnancy is more than 12 weeks old, opinion of two
registered medical practitioners as defined under the MTP
Act is essential, and then also abortion is possible only up
to the twentieth week.
• Through ultrasonography, which is the most commonly
used technique for determination of the sex of the foetus,
the sex of the foetus can be known only after the 14th
week. Thus if a woman were to go in for abortion after
getting to know the sex of the foetus, since it would be a
second trimester pregnancy, opinion of two registered
medical practitioners would be essential.
• The MTP Act further provides that the
pregnancy cannot be terminated (except
where the woman has not attained the age of
18 years or she has attained the age of 18
years but is a mentally ill person in which case
the consent in writing of the guardian is to be
taken) except with the consent of the
pregnant woman. The form for the consent is
provided in Form C under the MTP Rules
framed under the MTP Act.
• To be put in a sealed envelope;
• The envelope to be sent by the registered medical practitioner to
the head of the hospital or owner of the approved place;
• Safe-custody of the same by the latter;
• A weekly statement of cases where medical termination of
pregnancy has been done is required to be sent to the Chief
Medical Officer by the head of the hospital or the owner of the
approved place. This is to be done in Form II under the Regulations.
• An admission register is to be maintained for recording therein the
admissions of women for the termination of their pregnancies.
• This is to be done in Form III under the Regulations.
• If all these records are duly maintained, with
their aid the Appropriate Authorities can
monitor the abortions that are being done.
For instance, if there are too many cases
referred by a particular doctor or the reasons
stated are essentially the same, the real
reason for the abortion may be traceable to a
determination of the sex of the foetus.
• The Rules framed under the PNDT Act lay down
certain other conditions for analysis or test and
prenatal diagnostic procedures. Thus:
– A Genetic Laboratory cannot accept for analysis or
test any sample, unless referred to it by a Genetic
Clinic;
– Every pre-natal diagnostic procedure has to be
immediately preceded by locating the foetus and
placenta through ultrasonography;
– The pre-natal diagnostic procedure shall be done
under direct ultrasonographic monitoring so as to
prevent any damage to the foetus and placenta.
 A. Offence by persons
B. Offence by a company:
 A. Offence by persons
I. If any person acts contrary to the prohibitions
listed above, including under Sections 22(1) and
22(2) relating to advertisement, he will be liable
to be punished with:
– Imprisonment which may extend to 3 years; and
– Fine which may extend to Rs.10,000/-.
Any subsequent conviction entails:
– Imprisonment which may extend to 5 years; and
– Fine which may extend to Rs.50,000/-
• Advertisement of any sort is banned and is
punishable under the Act with
– a fine of up to Rs.1 Lakh
and/or
– imprisonment for 5 years
II. In case of a person seeking the aid of the bodies
or persons referred to above for sex selection or
for conducting pre-natal diagnostic techniques
on any pregnant woman for the purposes other
than those specified in Section 4(2), he shall be
liable to be punished with:
– Imprisonment which may extend to three years; and
– Fine which may extend to Rs.50,000/-.
• Any subsequent conviction entails:
– Imprisonment which may extend to 5 years; and
– Fine which may extend to Rs.1 lakh.
III. In case of a registered medical practitioner, his
name shall be reported by the Appropriate
Authority to the State Medical Council
concerned for taking necessary action:
– Including temporary suspension of the MCI
registration from the time of framing the case upto
disposal; and
– on conviction for the period of:
• Five years for the first offence;
• Permanently for the subsequent offence.
IV. Husband and relatives of the pregnant woman
who undergoes a pre-natal diagnostic technique
for the purposes other than those specified in
sub-section (2) of section 4 shall be:
– Presumed to have compelled the woman to undergo
the pre-natal diagnostic technique unless the contrary
is proved; and
– Liable for abetment of offence under Section 23 (3);
and
– Punishable for the offence under Section 23 (3).
 NOTE!!!
• If the contrary is proved, the woman can also
be likewise punished.
• For the removal of doubts, it has been made
clear under the amendments that the
provisions of Section 23 (3) shall not apply to
the woman who was compelled to undergo
such diagnostic techniques or such selection.
V. If any person contravenes any provision of the Act or
the Rules made thereunder for which no penalty has
been specified, he will be liable to be punished with:
– Imprisonment which may extend to three months; or
– Fine which may extend to Rs.1000/-; or
– With both.
• Any subsequent contravention entails an additional
fine which may extend to Rs.500/- for every day during
which such contravention continues after conviction
for the first such contravention.
• Even if a radiologist is attached on
HONORARY/ NAMESAKE basis to a ultrasound
clinic, he is equally responsible for any
contraventions of provisions of PCPNDT law
done in the center and thus is equally liable
for punishment like imprisonment and fine.
• Onus of proving not-guilty is on
radiologist/sonologist and NOT on the
authorities.
• This is similar to dowry or rape case where
accused has to prove that he is not guilty.
• In other criminal cases the prosecution has to
prove that the accused is guilty.
 B. Offence by a company:
• A company:
– Means any body corporate;
– Includes a firm or other association of individuals.
• In case of offence by a company:
– Every person incharge of; and
– Every person responsible to the company for the
conduct of the business of the company at the time
the offence was committed
– The company shall all be deemed to be guilty and
accordingly proceeded against and punished.
• The aforesaid is subject to the qualification that if any such
person proves that the offence was committed without his
knowledge or that he had exercise due diligence to prevent
the commission of such offence, he may not be so liable.
• If consent, connivance of or that it was attributable to any
neglect on the part of:
– Director and in relation to a firm, a partner in the firm
– Manager
– Secretary
– Other officer
they shall also be deemed to be guilty and accordingly
proceeded against and punished.
 The offences under the Act are:
• Cognizable: This means that for such an
offence the police officer may arrest without
warrant.
• Non-bailable: This means that the police
cannot grant bail in such a case.
• Non-compoundable: This means that the
parties to the case cannot settle the case and
decide not to prosecute.
 Who Can Make A Complaint?
• The Appropriate Authority concerned;
• Any officer authorized in this behalf by the
Central Government or State Government or the
Appropriate Authority;
• A person who has given notice of at least 15 days
to the Appropriate Authority of the alleged
offence and of his intention to make a complaint
in the court i.e. if the Appropriate Authority fails
to take action on the complaint made by a
person, on the lapse of 15 days, that person can
directly approach the court.
• Every public spirited person can activate the
PNDT law for the violation of the same and
he/she can seek the assistance of a lawyer, an
NGO and even a group of persons can file a
complaint together.
• Once the complaint is made in the Court the
public prosecutor will take on from there and
the complainant need not be present on every
date of hearing.
Significantly “person” includes a social organization.
There is incentive of Rs. 20,000/- each
for informers of violation of the PNDT
Act.
 • In such a case, the court, on demand by such
person, may direct the Appropriate Authority
to make available copies of the relevant
records in its possession to such person.
• The drafts of complaints that can be made by
a public spirited person to the Appropriate
Authority is shown in Annexure V

The offence under the Act shall be tried only in a court of the Metropolitan Magistrate or a
Judicial Magistrate of the First Class.
• The drafts of complaints that can be filed by
the Appropriate Authority in court are
annexed herewith as Annexure-VI.
• The reply that can be filed by the Appropriate
Authority to an application for anticipatory
bail is annexed as Annexure-VII.
 Good Faith
• No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding
shall lie against the Central or State Government
or the Appropriate Authority or any officer
authorized by them for anything which is in good
faith done or intended to be done under the Act.
• Thus the Appropriate Authority can perform its
duties under the Act without any fear of any type
of legal proceedings being initiated against
him/her.
 Major
violations
 Minor
violations
INSTRUMENTALITIES
FOR IMPLEMENTING
THE ACT
A. Policy Making Body
B. Implementing
Authorities
 A. Policy Making Body
• A Board is required to be constituted by the
Central Government which is known as the
Central Supervisory Board (hereinafter
referred to as the Board).
• The Act makes provision for inclusion of
government officials, specialists as well as
representatives of welfare organizations in this
Board.
Accordingly the Board is to comprise of:
a) Chairman (ex-officio)
– The Minister in charge of the Ministry of Department of Family
Welfare.
b) Vice-Chairman (ex-officio)
– The Secretary to the Government of India in charge of the Department
of Family Welfare.
c) Three members (ex-officio) appointed by the Central
Government to represent the Ministries of Central Government in
charge of
– Women and Child Development,
– Department of Legal Affairs or Legislative Department in the Ministry
of Law and Justice, and
– Indian System of Medicine and Homoeopathy.
d) Director General of Health Services of the Central Government
(ex-officio)
e) Ten members appointed by the Central
Government, two each from amongst-
1. Eminent medical geneticists;
2. Eminent gynaecologists and obstetrician or expert of
stri-roga or prasuti tantra;
3. Eminent paediatricians;
4. Eminent social scientists; and
5. Representatives of women welfare organizations.
f) Three women members of Parliament
– two elected from Lok Sabha and
– one from Rajya Sabha.
g) Four members appointed by the Central
Government (on the recommendation of the
respective State Government or of Union
Territory) by rotation to represent the States
and Union Territories.
h) Member Secretary (ex-officio)
– An officer, not below the rank of Joint Secretary
or equivalent of the Central Government, in
charge of Family Welfare.
• The Act also specifies the terms of the various
members and prescribes the procedure for the
meetings of the Board which is to be further provided
for by regulations made by the Board.
• It is mandatory for the Board to meet at least once in
six months.
• Importantly, if a person, in the opinion of the Central
Government, has been associated with the use or
promotion of pre-natal diagnostic technique for
determination of sex or with any sex selection
technique, he shall be disqualified from being
appointed as a member of the Board.
• In the amendments it has been clarified that
no member other than an ex-officio member
shall be appointed for more than two
consecutive terms.
 Functions Of The Board
• The functions of the Board as specified under the Act are:
i. To advise the Central Government on policy matters relating to use
of pre-natal diagnostic techniques, sex selection techniques and
against their misuse;
ii. To review and monitor implementation of the Act and the rules
made thereunder and to recommend to the Central Government
changes in both;
iii. To create public awareness against the practice of pre-conception
sex selection and pre-natal determination of sex of foetus leading
to female foeticide;
iv. To lay down code of conduct to be observed by persons working at
Genetic Counselling Centres, Genetic Laboratories and Genetic
Clinics;
v. To oversee the performance of various bodies constituted under
the Act and take appropriate steps to ensure its proper and
effective implementation.
• The Board is also to perform any other functions
as may be specified under the Act such as
specifying abnormalities or diseases for which
pre-natal diagnostic techniques can be conducted
or the conditions which are necessary to exist
before the conduct of these techniques.
• Thus the Act envisages the Board as the main
body which is to make recommendations on
policy maters and on amendments that are
necessary in the Act.
• The Supreme Court vide its order dated 4.5.2001 had
also directed the Board to lay down a code of conduct
under section 16 (iv) of the Act to be observed by
persons working in bodies specified therein and to
ensure its publication so that the public at large can
know about it.
• Pursuant to this, the Board has laid down a Code of
Conduct to be observed by persons working at any of
the facilities. This provides that all persons including
the owner, employee or any other persons associated
with facilities registered under the Act/the Rules shall-
 Code of Conduct
i. Not conduct or associate with, or help in carrying out detection or
disclosure of sex of foetus in any manner;
ii. Not employ or cause to be employed any person not possessing
qualifications necessary for carrying out pre-natal diagnostic
techniques/procedures and tests including ultrasonography;
iii. Not conduct or cause to be conducted or aid in conducting by himself
or through any other person any techniques or procedure for selection
of sex before or after conception or for detection of sex of foetus except
for the purposes specified in sub-section (2) of section 4 of the Act;
iv. Not conduct or cause to be conducted or aid in conducting by himself
or through any other person any techniques or test or procedure under
the Act at a place other than a place registered under the Act/the Rules;
v. Ensure that no provision of the Act and these Rules are violated in any
manner;
vi. Ensure that the person conducting any techniques, test or
procedure leading to detection of sex of foetus for purposes not
covered under section 4(2) of the Act or selection of sex before or
after conception is informed that such procedures lead to
violation of the Act and the Rules which are punishable offences;
vii. Help the law enforcing agencies in bringing to book the violators
of the provisions of the Act and the Rules;
viii. Display his/her name and designation prominently on the dress
worn by him/her;
ix. Write his/her name and designation in full under his/her
signature;
x. On no account conduct or allow/cause to be conducted female
foeticide;
xi. Not commit any other act of professional misconduct.
 State Supervisory Board
II. Under the amended provisions of the Act, a
State Supervisory Board or the Union
Territory Supervisory Board is required to be
constituted by each State and Union
Territory having a Legislature;
 State/Union Territory Supervisory
Board
a) Chairperson, ex-officio
– The Minister in charge of Health and Family Welfare in the State
b) Vice- Chairperson, ex-officio
– The Secretary in charge of the Department of Health and Family
Welfare
c) Secretaries or Commissioners in charge of ex-officio
– Departments of Women and Child Development,
– Social Welfare,
– Law and
– Indian System of Medicines and Homoeopathy, ex-officio, or their
representatives;
d) Director of Health and Family Welfare or Indian System of
Medicines and Homoeopathy of the State Government,;
e) Three women members of Legislative Assembly or Legislative
Council
f) Ten members to be appointed by the State Government
out of which two each shall be from the following
categories:
i. Eminent social scientists and legal experts;
ii. Eminent women activists from non-governmental
organizations or otherwise;
iii. Eminent gynaecologists and obstetricians or experts of stri-
roga or prasuti tantra;
iv. Eminent paediatricians or medical geneticists;
v. Eminent radiologists or sonologists;
g) Member Secretary, ex-officio
– An officer not below the rank of Joint Director in charge of
Family Welfare
• The Act also specifies the terms of the various members
other than ex-officio members as three years, co-opting of
members and procedure for the meetings of the Board.
• The number of co-opted members cannot exceed one-third
of the total strength of the State Board. The co-opted
members shall have the same powers and functions as
other members, except the right to vote and shall abide by
the rules and regulations.
• It has been clarified that if a member of the Legislative
Assembly or member of the Legislative Council who is a
member of the State Board, becomes Minister or Speaker
or Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly or
Chairperson or Deputy Chairperson of the Legislative
Council, she shall cease to be a member of the State Board.
• It is mandatory for the Board to meet at least
once in four months

and

• one-third of the total number of members of

the State Board shall constitute the quorum.
The functions of the Board as specified
are:
i. To create public awareness against the practice of pre-conception
sex selection and prenatal determination of sex of foetus leading
to female foeticide in the State;
ii. To review the activities of the Appropriate Authorities functioning
in the State and recommend appropriate action against them;
iii. To monitor the implementation of provisions of the Act and the
rules and make suitable recommendations relating thereto, to the
CSB;
iv. To send such consolidated reports as may be prescribed in
respect of the various activities undertaken in the State under the
Act to the Board and the Central Government; and
v. Any other functions as may be prescribed under the Act.
• The Act does not specify the time frame
within which such Boards are to be
constituted but as the Board has an important
role with regard to policy matters and
reviewing and monitoring the work of the
other bodies in the State, it would further the
implementation of the provisions of the Act if
such Boards are set up as expediently as
possible.
 B. IMPLEMENTING AUTHORITIES
The role of the implementation of the Act has been
assigned to the appropriate authorities. The Appropriate
Authorities are to function with the aid and advice of an
Advisory Committee. Under the Act:
• The Central Government is required to appoint one or
more Appropriate Authorities for each of the Union
territories;
• The State Government is required to appoint one or
more Appropriate Authorities for the whole or part of
the States having regard to the intensity of the problem
of pre-natal determination of sex leading to female
foeticide;
• Under the amendments, a MULTI-MEMBER
BODY has been provided as the State Appropriate
Authority (or when appointed for the whole of
the Union Territory) consisting of:
– Chairperson
• An officer of or above the rank of the Joint Director of Health
and Family Welfare
– An eminent woman representing women’s
organization; and
– An officer of Law Department of the State or the
Union Territory concerned.
• Such authorities are to be constituted within
three months of coming into force of the
Amended Act and any vacancy occurring
therein is required to be filled within three
months of the occurrence.
• Under the directions of the Supreme Court,
Appropriate Authorities are to be appointed at
District and sub-district levels as well.
– At the District level, the Chief Medical Officers or
the Civil Surgeons have been designated as the
Appropriate Authorities while
– at the sub-district level, the practice varies from
State to State.
 Functions of the Appropriate
Authority:
• To grant, suspend or cancel the registration;
• To enforce the standards for genetic counselling centre,
genetic clinic and genetic laboratory.
• To investigate complaints of breach of provisions of the
Act and the Rules;
• To take the complaints to the court.
• To take appropriate legal action against the use of any
sex selection technique by any person at any place, suo
motu or brought to its notice and also to initiate
independent investigations in such matter;
• To create public awareness against the practice of sex
selection or pre-natal determination of sex;
• To supervise the implementation of the
provisions of the Act and rules;
• To recommend to the CSB and State Boards
modifications required in the rules in accordance
with changes in technology or social conditions;
• To take action on the recommendations of the
Advisory Committee made after investigation of
complaint for suspension or cancellation of
registration
• While it is the function of the Appropriate
Authority to take a complaint of breach of
provisions of the Act and the Rules thereunder
to the court, if the Appropriate Authority fails
to act on the complaint within 15 days, a
public spirited person can take the complaint
to the court directly.
• Moreover the Appropriate Authority has been invested with the
following POWERS, namely-
a) Summoning of any person who is in possession of any information
relating to violation of the provisions of this Act or the rules made
thereunder;
b) Production of any document or material object relating to clause
(a);
c) Issuing search warrant for any place suspected to be indulging in
sex selection techniques or prenatal sex determination; and
d) Any other matter which may be prescribed.

• These provisions are meant to strengthen the hands of the

Appropriate Authority while discharging its functions under the Act.
• Under the directions of the Supreme Court dated 4.5.2001, all State/Union
Territory Appropriate Authorities are required to furnish quarterly returns
to the Board giving a report on the implementation and working of the
Act.
• These returns are to cover information, inter alia about:
i. Survey of bodies specified in Section 3 of the Act;
ii. Registration of bodies specified in Section 3 of the Act including bodies
using ultrasound machines;
iii. Action taken against non-registered bodies operating in violation of Section
3 of the Act, inclusive of search and seizure of records;
iv. Complaints received by the Appropriate Authorities under the Act and
action taken pursuant thereto;
v. Number and nature of awareness campaigns conducted and results flowing
therefrom.
• The format of the quarterly report that is required to be submitted is
herewith as Annexure-IX.
• The Act also provides for the appointment of
an Advisory Committee by the Central or the
State Government, as the case may be, to aid
and advise the Appropriate Authority in the
discharge of its functions.
 The Advisory Committee
• The Advisory Committee is to consist of:
– Three medical experts from amongst
gynecologists, obstetricians, pediatricians and
medical geneticists;
– One legal expert;
– One officer to represent the information and
publicity department of the respective
government;
– Three eminent social workers with at least one
being a representative of a women’s organization.
• A person who has been associated with the use or
promotion of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for
determination of sex or sex selection shall be disqualified
from appointment as a member of the Advisory
Committee.
• The intervening period between any two meetings of the
Advisory Committee shall not exceed 60 days whether any
application for registration or cancellation of the same is
pending or not.
• At every meeting of the Advisory Committee, four
members shall form a quorum. Thus at least four members
should be present for the meeting of the Advisory
Committee to be held.
• Under the Rules specially framed in this
behalf, the Appropriate Authority is required
to attend the meeting of the Advisory
Committee, provide all secretarial and other
assistance to the Advisory Committee for the
discharge of its functions, though the
Appropriate Authority shall not have a right to
vote in case of any difference of opinion
amongst the members of the Advisory
Committee and voting is done.
MAINTENANCE
AND
PRESERVATION
OF RECORDS
• The Act and the Rules also deal elaborately with the
maintenance and preservation of records.
• Maintenance of proper records has a dual advantage:
– From the point of view of the centre or clinic or laboratory, if
there is any complaint against them, through the records they
can prove that their action was in accordance with the law and
the rules.
– From the point of view of the implementing authorities, while
non-maintenance of proper records can itself give rise to a
cause of action, the fact that proper records have not been
maintained or that for certain cases no records have been
maintained can be indicative of the fact that the centre or the
clinic or the laboratory is conducting pre-natal diagnostic
techniques for the purpose of determination of the sex of the
foetus or in violation of the Act.
• Every Genetic Counselling Centre, Genetic
Clinic or Genetic Laboratory, Ultrasound Clinic
and Imaging Centre is required to maintain
certain records:
 Register
• Register showing in serial order:
– Names and addresses of men or women given
genetic counselling and/or subjected to pre-natal
diagnostic procedure or test;
– Names of their spouses or fathers;
– Date on which they first reported for such
counselling, procedure or test.
• Further,
– Record by every Genetic Counselling Centre of
each woman counselled is to be as specified in
FORM D under the Rules;
– Record by every Genetic Laboratory of each man
or woman subjected to pre-natal diagnostic test is
to be as specified in FORM E under the Rules;
• Record by every Genetic Clinic of each man or
woman subjected to pre-natal diagnostic procedure
is to be as specified in FORM F under the Rules
 Other Kinds Of Records
• Case records
• Forms of consent
• Laboratory results
• Microscopic pictures
• Sonographic plates or slides
• Recommendations and letters
• A person conducting ultrasonography on a pregnant
woman shall keep complete record thereof in the clinic in
such manner, as may be prescribed, and if any deficiency or
inaccuracy is found in the same, that would be treated as a
contravention of provisions of section 5 or section 6 unless
contrary is proved by the person conducting the
ultrasonography.
• Moreover every Genetic Counselling Centre, Genetic
Laboratory, Genetic Clinic, Ultrasound Clinic and Imaging
Centre shall send a complete report in respect of all pre-
conception or pregnancy-related
procedures/techniques/tests conducted by them in respect
of each month by 5th day of the following month to the
concerned Appropriate Authority.
• These records are required to be maintained for a period of
two years from the date of completion of counselling , pre-
natal diagnostic procedure or pre-natal diagnostic test
or
• in the event of any legal proceeding, till the final disposal
of the legal proceeding.
• In case the records are maintained on computer or other
electronic equipment, a printed copy of the record is
required to be taken and preserved after authentication by
a person responsible for such record.
• Records, at all reasonable times are to be made available
for inspection to Appropriate Authority or person
authorized by the Appropriate Authority on this behalf.
• The Appropriate Authority is to maintain a
permanent record of:
– Applications for grant of certificate of registration;
– Applications for renewal of certificate of
registration as specified in Form H under the
Rules;
– Letters of intimation of every change of employee,
place, address and equipment installed.
SEARCH AND
SEIZURE
• A search is an integral step in a criminal
investigation.
• Whenever an appropriate authority or any other
authorised officer has reason to believe that an
offence under the Act has been or is being
committed, he may search for a genetic
counselling centre, a genetic laboratory or genetic
clinic or any other place which is suspected to be
conducting pre-natal diagnostic techniques.
• The scope of the powers of the appropriate
authority to search and seize is very wide and
it includes the power to:
– Enter freely into the place of search.
– Search at all reasonable times.
• Examine and inspect all documents like:
i. Registers
ii. Records including consent forms, referral slips,
charts, laboratory results, microscopic pictures
iii. Forms
iv. Books
v. Pamphlets
vi. Advertisements
vii. Material objects like sonographic plates or slides
viii. Equipment like ultrasonography machines, needles,
foetoscope etc.
• Seize and seal any document, record, material
object or equipment etc. if there is reason to
believe that it may furnish evidence of
commission of an offence punishable under
the Act.
• It has been clarified that ‘material object’
would include records, machines and
equipments; and ‘seize’ and ‘seizure’ would
include ‘seal’ and ‘sealing’ respectively.
• Under the amended Rules, it has been provided that every Genetic
Counselling Centre, Genetic Laboratory, Genetic Clinic, Ultrasound
Clinic, Imaging Centre, nursing home, hospital, institute or any
other place where any of the machines or equipments capable of
performing any procedure, technique or pre-natal determination of
sex or selection of sex before or after conception is used, shall
afford all reasonable facilities for inspection of the place,
equipment and records to the Appropriate Authority in this behalf
for registration of such institutions, by whatever name called, under
the Act, or for detection of misuse of such facilities or
advertisement therefore, or for selection of sex before or after
conception, or for detection/disclosure of sex of foetus or for
detection of cases of violation of the provisions of the Act in any
other manner.
• Further the Appropriate Authority may seal
and seize any offending equiment if the facility
has not registered itself.
• The Act has to be read in conjunction with the
rules under the Act and the Code of Criminal
Procedure to ensure that the search and
seizure is done in a fair and non-arbitrary
manner.
• There are certain safeguards or prerequisites
to be followed during the search and seizure
to ensure the aforementioned objective
namely:
 Search and Witnesses
A. During the search at least two independent witnesses of the locality
should be present;
B. If no such persons are available or willing to be a witness to the search,
then two such persons of another locality should be present;
C. The search should be made in the presence of the two or more
independent witnesses;
D. The witnesses are to be selected by the appropriate authority or the
officer duly authorised to conduct search;
E. The witnesses so selected should be unprejudiced and uninterested as the
object of the section is to ensure fair dealing and a feeling of confidence
and security amongst public;
F. The witnesses may be summoned by Court to appear as witnesses.
G. Any person suspected of having any object on his person may also be
searched. However, if such person is a woman then, the search can be
done only by a female officer.
 Seizure and Preparation of List
A. A list of documents, records, material objects etc.
seized during the search should be prepared in
duplicate and both copies of such list shall be signed
on every page by the appropriate authority or the
officer authorised and the witnesses to the seizure;
B. Assistance of your office staff can always be taken
during the process of search and seizure;
C. The list should be prepared at the place affecting the
seizure and if it is not practicable to do so at the place
affecting the seizure then for reasons to be recorded
in writing it can be done in any other place but it has
to be in the presence of the witnesses;
D. A copy of the list prepared must be handed over to the person
from whose custody the document, record or material object etc.
is being seized or his representative under acknowledgment or
sent by registered post to him if he is not available at the place of
effecting the seizure;
E. The person from whose custody the document, record or material
object etc. is being seized or his representative should be
permitted to attend during the search and seizure;
F. The appropriate authority or the officer duly authorised in this
behalf may seize any document, material object, record or
equipment and take the same into safe custody;
G. It is preferable that along with the preparation of list of objects
seized, a slip is made and pasted on each object seized along with
the date, time and the signature of the witnesses;
H. After a list of seizure is prepared the same must be sent to
the Magistrate having jurisdiction or incharge of the case
within 24 hours of the seizure by the appropriate
authority or officer duly authorised. Permission to retain
the seized objects should be obtained from the Court. The
owner of the seized object may make an application to
the court for the release of the same. The court may do so
after imposing conditions for custody and taking a bond to
the effect that, the objects must not be misused for
conducting sex-determination tests and that the objects
must be produced in Court as and when required etc.
I. Police aid can be taken if the appropriate authority
apprehends a law and order problem during the process
of search and seizure.
 SEALING
A. If any material object seized is perishable in nature
then arrangements shall be made promptly by the
appropriate authority or officer duly authorised for
sealing, identification and preservation of the same
and send the same to a facility for test if so required;
B. And till such arrangements for safe removal are made
the refrigerator or other equipment used by the
Genetic Counselling Centre, Genetic Laboratory or
Genetic Clinic for preservation of such material object
seized shall be sealed; In case of such sealing it is
important to mention the same in the list of seizure
prepared;
C. If the search and seizure is not completed in a day
then the appropriate authority or officer duly
authorised may either seal the premises or mount a
guard for safe keeping to prevent any tampering of
the documents, records, material objects etc;
D. After seizure the seized objects can be removed to
your own premises or may be left in the custody of a
respectable person of the locality. If it is not possible
to remove the seized objects, they may be retained
where they are found after taking a bond from the
owner that the same would be produced before the
court as and when required.
 BUT……………….
• The machines of the facility that are seized
and sealed may be released if such
organization pays penalty equal to five times
of the registration fee to the Appropriate
Authority concerned and gives an undertaking
that it shall not undertake detection of sex of
foetus.
• The appropriate authority is duty bound to
maintain systematic records of the search and
seizure and the same would also safeguard
the appropriate authority against any
allegations of abuse.
What are the steps one needs to take
to deseal their machines?
• If a show cause notice has been issued by
authorities and the machine sealed, one
needs to release the machine through the
courts only.
 Collection of Evidence
• The evidence that needs to be collected in
order to make out a case under the PNDT Act
varies depending upon the nature of the
violation and in some cases the pieces of
evidence can overlap.
 I. Illegal Advertisement
• In case any genetic counselling centre, genetic
laboratory, genetic clinic, ultrasound clinic or
imaging centre advertises the facilities for pre-
natal determination of sex or sex selection
before or after conception, the advertiser, the
distributor, the person or centre who issues or
causes to be issued an advertisement for the
aforementioned purpose will all be equally
liable under the PNDT Act.
 The documentary evidence will
include:
A. The paper cutting of the advertisement, the name of the newspaper or
magazine or any other document which carries the advertisement, the
date of the issuance of the advertisement;
B. The name of the advertiser, his place of business;
C. The name of the owner of the clinic, centre or laboratory issuing such
advertisement, the address of the said centre, laboratory or clinic;
D. The name of the distributor, his place of business ;
E. The photograph of the advertisement, the photograph of the hoarding,
board, wall on which the advertisement is present etc.
F. The letter heads, memorandum of association, annual reports,
statements showing organizational structure and ownership of the
newspaper, or distributorship, or the centre. This information has to be
collected in order to link the person to the violation.
• The aforementioned list is not exhaustive but
merely illustrative.
II. In case of conducting a test for determination of sex
or communication of the sex of the foetus:

• The investigation of cases of this nature is

difficult because of the collusion between the
doctor and the persons wanting the test.
Nevertheless there are ways and means to
collect evidence is such cases as well:
 The documentary evidence will
include:
1) referral slips
2) consent forms
3) laboratory results
4) microscopic pictures
5) sonographic plates or slides
6) registers containing names and addresses of patients and their
families
7) case history of the patient
8) records of clients maintained on the computer or other electronic
equipment can be taken on a floppy or a printed copy of the
same
9) floppy or printed copy of the ultrasound image of the foetus
10) Receipt of fee paid for the test, details of cheque payment etc.
 Oral and other evidence
• Apart from documentary evidence, decoy witnesses namely pregnant
women can also be sent to suspected centres to find out if pre-natal
determination of sex is done. If it is found that such centres are
conducting the tests the statements of such witnesses can be recorded by
the appropriate authority.
• Hidden tape recorders or cameras can also be used to record the
conversation between the decoy witness and the doctor. When decoy
witnesses are sent for getting the tests done then the Chief Medical
Officer can at the same time raid the premises or inspect the premises
and collect the evidence on the spot. As and when decoy witnesses are
used their statement should be taken on affidavit that they are getting the
tests done on humanitarian and on the grounds of public interest in order
to assist the appropriate authority.
• In some cases women may themselves complain that they were forced to
get the sex of the foetus determined. Then that woman’s statement can
be recorded and she can also be called as a witness to depose about the
doctor, the centre and the family members who forced her to get the test
done.
• There is incentive of Rs. 10,000/- each
for decoy patients who help to nab
violators of the Act.
III. In case of non-registration, cancellation
or suspension of registration:
• The collection of evidence in these cases is not
very difficult as most of the records are
available with the appropriate authority itself.
 The documentary and oral evidence
will include
a) Copy of the registration certificate
b) Copy of the affidavit given by the owner that he will not
conduct pre-natal determination of sex.
c) Copy of the particulars given about the qualifications of
the employees while registration
d) Documents collected from the MCI, the degree certificate
of the medical practitioners (employees of the centre)
etc.
e) Statements of decoy witnesses
f) The tape and video recording
g) Other materials collected as evidence in case of
conducting tests.
• The complete evidence to be submitted before the
Magistrate would include:
1. A copy of the complaint
2. A statement showing the list of witnesses both of the
search and seizure and decoy witnesses
3. The report of the search and seizure or commonly called
Panchnamah
4. A copy of the all the documents collected.
5. Statements of witnesses if any.
6. Most essential would be the complete address of the
genetic counselling centre, genetic clinic or genetic
laboratory.
 Conclusion
• This malaise has taken root, and society needs to be
warned that trying to detect the sex of the fetus is a crime.
• This has to be done using wide-ranging methods including
articles and interviews in the media, as well as in cinema
halls and on television.
• The awareness of this program should percolate deep
down into societies and households, and the message that
the guilty party could be imprisoned and jailed should
come through.
• A multipronged approach with cohesion between doctors,
the government, and nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs) is the way forward to improve the female sex ratio
in our country.
 Why save GIRL child??
• A HAPPY GIRL child is a
future
– Daughter
– Sister
– Friend
– Wife
– Mother • From Sita…. to Saina….
– Grandmother…… we have a legacy…..
Rakesh C A
• Recent Amendment in PC-PNDT Act in August 2013 by The Central Supervisory Board (CSB) chaired
by Union health minister Ghulam Nabi Azad.
A modified "Form F"
* It is divided into four sections - A,B,C,D
* Section A is to be filled in for all diagnostic procedures/test carried out by genetic clinic,
ultrasound clinic or an imaging center, which includes general information about patient, with
added new coloum such as age of each living son in years and months and age of each living
daughter in years and months.
* Section B is to be filled for performing non-invasive diagnostic procedures/tests only
* Section C is to be filled for performing invasive procedures/tests only
* Section D is declaration of pregnant woman undergoing ultrasonography /image scanning that by
undergoing the test the woman does not want to know the sex of the fetus and declaration of
doctor/person conducting the diagnostic procedure/test that by conducting the test, the doctor has
neither detected nor disclosed the sex of her fetus to anybody in any manner
* Section B and Section C can be filled as per the tests (either invasive or non-invasive)