International Journal on Islamic Applications in Computer Science And Technology, Vol.

5, Issue 2, June 2017, 26-36

Integrated Modalities Search Framework for Digital English

Language Text Holy Qur’an and Tafsir

Umar Bin Qushema, Ahmad Hafizb, Akram Zekic , Adamu Abu bakard

Faculty of Information and Communication Technology

International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
a
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
English text is commonly used online for English language and other languages as well. This is one of
its attributes that makes its usage gains more popularity than others. English text version of Holy
Qur’an and Tafsir can be readable by those who cannot read the Arabic version in the transliterated
form. However, a non-Arab native recitation might be different from the Arab native. Nevertheless,
both Arab and non-Arab require the knowledge of Tafsir for understanding Qurán word-by-word and
its applications. Due to the availability of transliterated English text version of Qurán, it is possible to
further utilize the Text processing aspect of generic online search engine architecture to further
deliver the knowledge of Qurán. This research uses qualitative explorative approaches to present a
framework through which “meaning”, “teaching”, “civilization”, “scientific miracles” and “Aqidah
and Ibadah” are integrated for any English transliterated term of Qurán into English explanation
source through the knowledge of Tafsir. As a result, online user’s query will extract desirable
sequences of refined integration of Quran explanation inculcating knowledge composition of Holy
Qur’an and Tafsir. Three short surahs of Holy Qur’an and Tafsir are used for the evaluation of the
proposed framework. Text processing procedure is applied and a corpus of the English transliterated
terms explanation by Tafsir of Holy Qur’an and Tafsir are generated. This framework is suitable for
the design of search engine suitable for spreading the knowledge of Holy Qur’an and Tafsir.

Keywords: Transliteration, Teaching, Civilization, Scientific miracles, Aqidah, Ibadah

1. INTRODUCTION
There are many models for the application of language translation within linguistic theory,
which are tied to acquisition of linguistic knowledge of different classes. Understanding the
way in which a word is related to other words in the lexicon varies from language to language
(Pustejovsky, 1995). Evans (2005) argued that meaning is not a property of words, but rather
of the utterance: that is, a function of situated use. Those words, as such, don’t have
‘meanings’. The representational aspects of language that contribute to meaning involve two
dimensions: lexical representations, including access to non-linguistic, conceptual
knowledge, and a cognitively-realistic account of compositionality. This is the case with
English language, Arabic language also is tied with important rules. However, Holy Qur’an
and Tafsir, which was revealed in Arabic requires the knowledge of Tafsir for understanding.
Even Arab natives require the knowledge of Tafsir for understanding the words of Qur’an
and remains as an awakening issue (McLarney, 2015). English transliterated version of Holy
Qur’an and Tafsir is readable as same as the Arabic version but a non-Arab native recitation
International Journal on Islamic Applications in Computer Science And Technology, Vol. 5, Issue 2, June 2017, 26-36

might be different from the Arab native, although both Arab and non-Arab need the
knowledge of Tafsir for understanding Qurán word-by-word.

There are many online sources of Holy Qur’an and Tafsir and a lot of other Islamic articles
and reports are available in different websites. Even, comprehensive online portal and mobile
friendly Qur'an applications are available (Adhoni et al., 2013). Search engines are capable of
returning any related English transliterated term of Quran, different from text mining, which
involves extracting desirable text from text documents (Feldman & Dagan, 1995). Those
transliterated terms could be further be elaborated for better understanding of the word of
Holy Qur’an and Tafsir (Adhoni et al., 2014). Unfortunately, the application and explanation
of the English transliterated term of Quran found online do not express in particular
civilization and scientific miracle attached to the knowledge of Tafsir. Noordin and Othman
(2006) found that inculcating civilization from the knowledge of Quran is suitable for the
understating of its application. Although civilization is understood in different ways, some
like Freud and Strachey (2005) understated it as when human tends to understand how to
“use tools, and the gaining of power over fire, and the construction of dwellings”, which now
metamorphoses to a state of exploiting the earth for man. These are the issues, which need to
be clarified by the word of Holy Qur’an and Tafsir for the public domain. Therefore, taking
advantage of online search engine designed. This research uses qualitative explorative
approaches to undertake a study for developing a framework that inculcates “meaning”,
“teaching”, “civilization”, “scientific miracles” and “Aqidah and Ibadah” from the words of
Holy Qur’an and Tafsir to deliver into English explanation source through the knowledge of
Tafsir.

2. METHODOLOGY

2. 1 Conceptual Framework

Conceptualization involves the act of processing a concept by refining its application to a

conceptual or theoretical definition (Nguyen et al., 2014). The present research utilizes
modalities as the core concept and aims at proposing search approaches from different points
of view in order to come up with an integrated framework. The proposed conceptualization of
this research is presented in Figure 1. This framework comes from evaluating some previous
work related to using Holy Qur’an and Tafsir online. Elhadj (2010) proposed an online
learning environment of the Quran and its sciences, which can integrate different sub-systems
devoted to teaching how to recite the noble Quran and to memorize it in a manner similar to
the usual way followed in the Quranic schools and circles at mosques. This is quite an
interesting proposal that will enhance an engagement to Islam online and improve
individual’s Islamic knowledge. But, there could be some issues related to the technique used
for processing and retrieval of Quranic verse in the form of mismatch or errors of reporting as
observed by Sutan et al (2011). In a similar approach, Bakar and Rahman (2003) found out
that Malay Translated Al-Quran documents combined search of stemming and thesaurus
improve retrieval effectiveness and recall but decrease its precision. An approach to deal with
this kind of problem was proposed by Sharaf and Atwell (2012). The researcher built large
corpus of original Quranic Roman text transliterated version where semantically similar or
related verses are linked together in the corpus. This draws the need to start building up
Qur'anic search engine architecture. An attempt to develop a full functional search engine
architecture for Qur'an was presented by Beirade (2014). The author's techniques dwell on
the generic automatic processing of language where a database of the Qur'anic terms with
Othmani writing as the backbone. Three retrieval approaches in sequences were set and

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started with morphological analysis, followed by syntactic, and finally semantic analysis. As
a result, the research formulated its search strategies to use the "meaning", not the word
structure. This means that for any keyword query of the Qur'an, the result should be the
meaning of that term retrieved from words’ trees, subject’s trees, and syntactic analysis trees.
There are some drawbacks observed by some researchers regarding the legacy keyword
searching techniques applied to Qur'an in retrieving semantically relevant verses. An attempt
to address this drawback was made by Shoaib et al (2009). The researchers claimed
conceptualizing retrieval strategies by extracting relevant verses from any search keyword
followed by all its synonyms in an order of most relevant verses first and the least at the end.
Another concept of ontology as applied to semantic web for semantic search in Quran was
proposed by Khan et al (2013). The researchers suggested the adding living creatures like
animals and birds mentioned in Quran for any retrieval terms related to keyword search.
Yauri, et al (2013) proposed the implementation of Quran ontology to consist of noun
concepts, which the researchers were able to identify in Qur'an. The researcher outlined the
relationship that exists between the concepts. The retrieval techniques were designed to
reformulate or pre-process query to match the content Quranic verse related to the query
keyword. A diacritic-less searching approach to retrieve from the Quran relevant verses that
match a user’s query through automatic query expansion techniques has been proposed by
Hammon et al., (2007).

Consistent with the previous work, this research proposed retrieval architecture for searching,
but it also observed that both semantic and text-based retrieval approaches proposed for Holy
Qur’an and Tafsir still need an enhancement. Based on that, this research proposes the use of
Quranic verses alongside with Hadith for any query keyword search. Thereafter the result
should include the followings:
i. Meaning (M) 1
ii. Teaching (T) 2
iii. Civilization (C) 3
iv. Aqidah and Ibadah (A) 4
v. Scientific miracles (SM) 5

Fig 1. Conceptual Framework

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2.2 Case Study

The proposed framework was used in a case study to demonstrate the techniques for effective
utilization of knowledge in public atmosphere. Three short Surahs of the Quran (‘Surah An-
Nusr', ‘Surah Al-Quraysh’ and ‘Surah Al-Fill’) were used in this case study. The technique
involves building up a corpus where any verse of Quran will be taken into account from the
user, specifically the three short surahs stated above. The corpus is logically presented by
taking into account a matrix of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The combination of either two or more can
be retrieved depending on the query keyword used by the users. If the word contains 1, 2, 3,
4, and 5, then the result of the query can come in attached format together. Otherwise it could
either be (1), or (1, 2) or (1, 2, 3) or (1, 2, 3, 4) or the combination of any of the required
output. The matrix is demonstrated in Table 1.

Table 1: Matrix of query terms’ results in a corpus

Using this approach, Query process can integrate ‘hadith’ related to that verse of the Quran
where the query terms occur. Afterwards, many classes of Query suggested for the user
which depend on the user needs are also attached. Subsequently, some aspects of the Quran,
which make people understand clearly about the divine books, such as Meaning, Teachings,
Civilization, ‘Aqidah’ and ‘Ibadah’, and scientific miracle can be acquired.

2.3 Evaluation

The evaluation for the proposed approach considers a class query where any search query
term must have a meaning retrieved. Search query term could also be expressed with teaching
after its meaning has been presented through the act of Tafsir with reference. In a more
elaborated fashion, search term can contain classes for its corresponding civilization. The
result of search query term can also be applied to its Aqidah and Ibadah and scientific
miracles where available. The sequences of the output are represented below:
Class 1= Meaning
Class 2= Meaning + Teaching
Class 3= Meaning + Teaching + Civilization
Class 4= Meaning + Teaching + Civilization + Aqidah and Ibadah
Class 5= Meaning + Teaching + Civilization + Aqidah and Ibadah + Scientific Miracle
Following these classes of queries, integrated modes of retrieval can be developed. This
research gathered information and searched through the Quran and also ‘Tafsir' of Surah An-
Nasr, Surat Quraysh, and Surat Al-Fill. The Roman English transliterated Holy Qur’an and

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Tafsir version is used. The corpus is built according to term’s meaning, teaching, history and
civilization, ‘aqidah’ and significance, as well as their scientific miracles. Based on this,
surah is considered as a document, thus the following documents were used:

Document 1 (Surat An-Naşr):

Itha Ja’a Nasr Allahi wa alfath* wa rai’t alnnas yadkhloon fe deen
Allhi afwaja* fa sabbeh bhamde rabbic wa istaghfirhu innhu kan
tawwaba.
Document 2 (Surat Quraysh):
Le’ilaf quraysh* ilafehim rehlata Alshita’a wa alsaif* falya’abdo
rabb hatha albeit*althi ata’mahum men joua wa a’amnahum men
khowf.
Document 3 (Surat Al-Fīl):
Alam tra kaif fa’al rabbuka be ashab alfil* alam yaja’al haidahum fi
tathleel* wa arsal alaihem tairan ababeel* tarmeehum behijaraten
men sejjeel* faja’alahum ka’asefen ma’akul.
Document 4 (Verse#11 Surah#44):
Thumma istwa ila alsama'a wahia dukhanun faqal laha wa lilardh
ietya tawan qalata Atyna taean.

Table 2: Surat An-Naşr

Civilizatio Aqida'ah Scientific

Verse Meaning Teaching n & Ibadah Miracles
When the victory of …ask Him …eternal Duty
Allah has come and forgiveness lesson…
‫ إذا جاء نصرهللا‬the conquest, …
Itha ‫والفتح‬
Ja’a Nasr
Allahi wa
1234 alfath
And you see the
people entering into
‫ ورأيت الناس‬the religion of Allah
‫ يدخلون في‬in multitudes
‫دين هللا أفواجا‬
wa rai’t alnnas
yadkhloon fe
deen Allhi
1 afwaja

Then exalt [Him]

with praise of your
‫فسبح بحمد‬
Lord and ask
‫ربك و‬
forgiveness of Him.
‫استغفره إنه كان‬
Indeed, He is ever
‫توابا‬
fa sabbeh Accepting of
bhamde rabbic repentance.
wa istaghfirhu
innhu kan
1 tawwaba.

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Sbabul Nuzul:
When Allah's succour and the triumph cometh…) [110:1-3]. This was revealed when the
Prophet, Allah bless him and give him peace, left from the Battle of Hunayn. The Prophet,
Allah bless him and give him peace, lived only two years after this battle. Sa'id ibn
Muhammad al-Mu'adhdhin informed us> Abu 'Umar ibn Abi Ja'far al-Muqri'> al-Hasan ibn
Sufyan> 'Abd al-'Azizi ibn Sallam> Ishaq ibn 'Abd Allah ibn Kaysan> his father> 'Ikrimah>
Ibn 'Abbas who said: “When the Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace,
returned from the Battle of Hunayn and Allah, exalted is He, revealed (When Allah's succour
and the triumph cometh), he said: 'O 'Ali ibn Abi Talib! O Fatimah! Allah's succour and
triumph has come, I have seen people entering the religion of Allah in troops, I therefore
hymn the praises of my Lord and seek forgiveness of Him, for He is ever ready to show
mercy' ”.

Table 3: Surat Quraysh

code Verse Meaning Teaching Civilization Aqida'a Scientific
h& Miracles
Ibadah

1234 ‫ألم تر كيف فعل‬ Have you not … destroy …Invasion… only Allah's
‫ربك بأصحاب‬ considered, [O the Ka'bah,.. inflicting
Alam tra ‫لفيل‬ Muhammad], how His
punishment,
kaif fa’al your Lord dealt with
rabbuka be the companions of the
ashab alfil elephant?

123 ‫يجعل‬ ‫ ألم‬Did He not make …plot go

‫ كيدهم في‬their plan into astray? …
‫ تظليل‬misguidance?
alam
yaja’al
haidahum
fi tathleel

123 ‫ و أرسل عليهم‬And He sent against … And …… ... …

‫ طيرا‬them birds in flocks, sent
‫أبابيل‬ against
wa arsal them birds,
alaihem
tairan
in
ababeel flocks, …

123 ‫ ترميهم بحجارة‬Striking them with … Striking

‫ من‬stones of hard clay, them with
‫سجيل‬ stones of
tarmeehum Sijjil. …
behijaraten
men sejjeel

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123 ‫ فجعلهم كعصف‬And He made them … And

‫ مأكول‬like eaten straw. made them
faja’alahum like an
ka’asefen empty field
ma’akul
of stalks
(of which
the corn
has been
eaten up by
cattle)…

sbabul Nuzul:
(Hast thou not seen how thy Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?…) [105:1-5].
This was revealed about the story of the owners of the elephant who intended to destroy
the Ka'bah and how Allah, exalted is He, dealt with them by destroying them and driving
them away from the Sanctuary. This story is well known.

Table 4 Surat Al-Fīl

code Verse Meaning Teaching Civilization Aqida'a Scientific
h& Miracles
Ibadah

1234 ‫فعل كيف تر ألم‬ Have you not … destroy …Invasion… only Allah's
‫بأصحاب ربك‬ considered, [O the Ka'bah,.. inflicting
‫ لفيل‬Alam tra Muhammad], how His
punishment,
kaif fa’al your Lord dealt with
rabbuka be the companions of
ashab alfil the elephant?

123 ‫ ألم يجعل كيدهم‬Did He not make …plot go

‫ في‬their plan into astray? …
‫ تظليل‬misguidance?
alam yaja’al
haidahum fi
tathleel

123 ‫ و أرسل عليهم‬And He sent … And sent … … ... …

‫ طيرا‬against them birds against
‫ أبابيل‬in flocks, them birds,
wa arsal in
alaihem
tairan
flocks, …
ababeel

123 ‫ ترميهم بحجارة‬Striking them with … Striking

‫ من‬stones of hard them with
‫ سجيل‬clay, stones of
tarmeehum Sijjil. …
behijaraten
men sejjeel

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123 ‫ فجعلهم كعصف‬And He made … And

‫ مأكول‬them like eaten made them
faja’alahum straw. like an
ka’asefen empty field
ma’akul
of stalks (of
which the
corn has
been eaten
up by
cattle)…

sbabul Nuzul:
(Hast thou not seen how thy Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?…) [105:1-5]. This
was revealed about the story of the owners of the elephant who intended to destroy the
Ka'bah and how Allah, exalted is He, dealt with them by destroying them and driving them
away from the Sanctuary. This story is well known.

Table 5: Verse#11 Surah#44

code Verse Meaning Teaching Civilization Aqida'a Scientific
h& Miracles
Ibadah

1234 ‫ثم استوى إلى‬ Then He directed We have to Source of Allah S.WT These verses
‫السماء و هي‬ Himself to the belive in sintific has an has been
‫دخان فقال‬ heaven while it was Istwa'a on recited in
Allah's knowledge. his A'rsh
‫لها ولألرض‬ smoke and said to it well. miracles
and this
‫ائتيا طوعا أو‬ and to the earth, Istwa'a as Quranic
‫كرها قالتا‬ "Come [into being], Imam Malik scientific
.‫أتينا طائعين‬ willingly or by said:" the conference
Thumma compulsion." They istwa'a is which was
istwa ila said, "We have known, the held in Cairo
alsama'a come willingly. how is and when the
wahia unknown Japanese
and asking
dukhanun professor
about that is
faqal laha Bida'ah. (Yoshida
wa lilardh Kozai) heared
ietya tawan that verse got
qalata Atyna surprised and
taean. said science
and scientists
did not reach
this amazing
fact only
recently after it
picked up a
powerful

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3. Discussion
The proposed use of class query from 1 to 5 has been demonstrated in Section 4. Table 2 to 6
express the coding scheme applied. At first, the column for “meaning” is the direct meaning
of a verse from Holy Qur’an and Tafsir. Any term within that verse resides in that meaning
sourced from the act of Tafsir. Therefore, if a search is either for a term or verse, then the
entire meaning will be the result. At this level, the class of the query is 1. That is basic unit
from any search except where the search term is an error term. Following the first class query
result, is the next column, which is the teaching class query term result column represented in
2. This is for verses in most cases. The reason is that hardly a term could describe a
phenomenon, but in some cases where it did, it is also applied to it. At this level, the result of
the query whose meaning was already tagged as 1 will be highlighted if teaches something,
so that the result is code 12. This highlight should capture any keyword or phrase within the
teaching that verse or term provided (see Table 2). However, very important term is
recommended in order to deliver the knowledge of the verse or term faster for the user.
Furthermore, this keyword that represents the teaching of the verse in some cases could be
the query term. That query can come from the term. As a result, it will give the verse of the
Holy Qur’an and Tafsir. In this case, a reserve engineering from “teaching to verse”, which
will be coded 21 will appear. This will lead to the acquisition of knowledge in a better way.
The next layer is civilization and coded by 3. Similar to the teaching column, this column
provides the explanation of what the verse or term applies to the civilization where applicable
sources from the act of Tafsir. This means verse meaning and teaching will be integrated with
civilization. The query result of verse or term with meaning, teaching, and civilization is
coded by 123 and the output is also a highlight of a very important term within the details of
how the verse is applied to the civilization. This will also be reserved engineered and the
result could either be 321 or 312. The remaining two columns are coded 4 and 5, which bear
Aqida'ah & Ibadah and Scientific Miracles, respectively and the retrieval method is also
applied similar to them.

This presentation requires a lot of filtering and good application of coding scheme. The codes
help in sending highlights, which subsequently lead to the exploration of detailed result. In
this case, the details of class 2, 3, 4, and 5 can only be delivered when require to go further to
explore. However, even at the highlight levels, this method helps in elaborating transliterated
version of Holy Qur’an and Tafsir verses meaning and knowledge. Search engine exhibiting
this proposed framework improves the search result quality and the teaching of Holy Qur’an
and Tafsir. This technique can lead to the exposure of Holy Qur’an and Tafsir online and a
lot of other Islamic articles and Islamic reports available in different websites. The
combination of the codes 12345 means search engine is able to crawl and makes gathered
verses or terms with all the attributes in document store. Search engine is now capable of
returning any interrelated query term of Quran.

4. Conclusion
This paper proposes an integrated modalities search framework for text Holy Qur’an and
Tafsir. In building a search engine architecture, text processing is crucial. When it applies to
English Roman transliterated version of Holy Qur’an and Tafsir, the treatment of text
processing could not be the same with the generic text processing approach. Since there are
lots of independent cases in the use of English text, this does not apply to Holy Qur’an and
Tafsir, because it is restricted (Sardar, 2011; Hossein, 2013). As a result, this research
provides modalities for a search engine architecture, especially for quality retrieval of verse

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or term related teaching, civilization where applicable. This procedure is presented by

filtering and application of coding scheme. The codes help in providing highlights, which
subsequently give the detailed elaboration of transliterated version of Holy Qur’an and Tafsir
verses meaning and knowledge. This is possible where only English transliterated terms
explanation by Tafsir are provided, otherwise no result is expected.

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