Lo Ra

Name: Rohan sunil Kadam
Roll :30
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
Date:12/10/22 M.SC (Computer Science)

Year (2022-2023)
LoRa (Long Ranges)
LoRa: What Exactly Is It?

LoRa is a low-power WAN transmission technology. LoRa is mostly used in the Internet of things. LoRa is
the abbreviation of the English words long range. Long range also represents a core advantage of LoRa, with
a long transmission distance.
LoRa is a kind of lpwan communication technology. It is an ultra-long-distance wireless transmission
scheme based on spread spectrum technology. LoRa is based on linear frequency modulation spread
spectrum, which not only maintains the low power consumption characteristics of signal spectrum
modulation but also significantly increases the communication distance.
LoRa IoT technology has high sensitivity and a strong signal-to-noise ratio. The emergence of LoRa can
well solve the application scenarios of long-distance, low power consumption, and small signal in the
transmission of the Internet of things. LoRa has incomparable performance and has a wide range of
applications in the era of the Internet of things.
LoRa is being developed fast in many countries

With forecast to reach 50 billion units of connected devices in 2020, many cities are starting or have
complete deploying LoRa enabling tracking and identify location of vehicles, people and assets connecting
millions and millions of IOT, M2M devices.
Smart cities are already tracking pets, child locating, preventing the elderly from getting lost, smart
metering, smart home and building, smart industrial, health care, retail and logistics, smart agriculture and
smart environment is growing at a very fast pace.
Advantages:
• Long Range: A single LoRa base station enables deep penetration capability for dense urban environments
and indoor coverage, while also providing the ability to connect to sensors more than 15-30 miles away in
rural areas.
• Low Cost: LoRa reduces both upfront infrastructure investments and operating costs, as well as end-node
sensor costs.
• Standardized: LoRaWAN ensures interoperability among applications, IoT solution providers and telecom
operators to speed adoption and deployment.
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• Low Power: The LoRaWAN protocol was developed specifically for low power and enables
unprecedented multi-year battery lifetime.
LoRa frequency bands

The LoRa wireless system makes use of the unlicensed frequencies below 1 GHz that are available
worldwide. It comes at no additional cost with the most widely used frequencies are:
• 868 MHz for Europe
• 915 MHz for North America
• 433 MHz band for Asia
LoRa technology
LoRa uses CSS (chirp spread spectrum) technology developed by Semtech. It focuses on secure bi-
directional communication, an asynchronous protocol that is optimal for battery lifetime and cost.
CSS uses its entire allocated bandwidth to broadcast a signal, making it robust to channel noise excellent at
handling interference and overlapping networks.
LoRa Products and LoRa device testing

Semtech corporation is leader in LoRa wireless technology based products.Semtech also offers LoRa device
evaluation and testing devices for 868 MHz band. LoRa base station is also developed by them. Moreover
SemTech corporation has developed LoRa development kit useful for the LoRa development/manufacturing
companies.
What is a LoRa Gateway?

LoRa gateway is a sophisticated software architecture designed to carry out communication in LoRa
network terminology. It acts as a smart hub between end devices and application network server. In future, it
will be preinstalled on all IoT enabled hardware to support wide range of applications.
Application and future of LoRa WAN technology

Smart City: LoRa WAN will be inevitable technology in future smart city applications together with Internet
of Things like:
Smart lighting
Air quality and pollution monitoring
Smart parking and vehicle management
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Facilities and infrastructure management
Fire detection and management
Waste management
Industrial Applications: LoRa WAN is suitable for wide range of industrial applications.
Radiation and leak detection

Smart sensor technology
Item location and tracking
Shipping and transportation
Smart home applications: In future, billions of smart devices and home appliances will be connected to
internet.
Enhanced home security

Home automation for IoT enables smart appliances
Healthcare: LoRa is one of the best solutions for connecting healthcare devices efficiently
Health monitoring devices and management

Wearable technology
Agriculture: LoRa technology can be used in smart agriculture and farming applications.
Smart farming and livestock management

Temperature and moisture monitoring
Water level sensors and irrigation control
Gateways.
Gateways make communication possible between different architectures and environments. They repackage
and convert data going from one environment to another so that each environment can understand the other's
environment data.
Wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks are a group of specialized devices or sensors which are used to monitor different
environmental conditions and to collect and organize that data at some certain central location.
It detects and measures a number of physical conditions such as humidity, temperature, sound, pressure,
speed and direction, chemical concentrations, vibrations, pollutant levels and many other such conditions. It
has many application with microcontroller projects.
A sensor network:
A sensor network consists of multiple detection stations called sensor nodes, each of which is small,
lightweight and portable. Every sensor node is equipped with a transducer, microcomputer, transceiver and
power source.
LoRa Network Architecture

Roll :30
Most of the modern IoT LAN technologies use mesh network architecture. By using mesh network, the
system can increases the communication range and cell size of the network. But, nodes in a mesh network
has additional responsibility of forwarding messages to other nodes, typically irrelevant to them. This affect
the device battery life significantly.
LoRaWAN uses star topology as it increases battery lifetime when long-range connectivity is used.
LoRa network consists of several elements.
LoRa Nodes / End Points: LoRa end points are the sensors or application where sensing and control takes
place. These nodes are often placed remotely. Examples, sensors, tracking devices, etc.
LoRa Gateways: Unlike cellular communication where mobile devices are associated with the serving base
stations, in LoRaWAN nodes are associated with a specific gateway. Instead, any data transmitted by the
node is sent to all gateways and each gateway which receives a signal transmits it to a cloud based network
server.
Typically the gateways and network servers are connected via some backhaul (cellular, Wi-Fi, ethernet or
satellite).
Network Servers: The networks server has all the intelligence. It filters the duplicate packets from different
gateways, does security check, send ACKs to the gateways. In the end if a packet is intended for an
application server, the network server sends the packet to the specific application server.
Using this type of network where all gateways can send the same packet to the network server, the need of
hand-off or handover is removed. This is useful for asset-tracking application where assets move from one
location to another.
Roll :30
Conclusion
In future, our global, national and regional networks have to support billions or even trillions of devices.
LoRa can play a significant role for providing a smart, low cost and highly efficient network for future
applications. It has an association of more than 400 companies globally to contribute, improve and
implement smart network for future needs.

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What are the main components of a LoRa network?

What are the main components of a LoRa network?

What technology does LoRa use for communication?

What technology does LoRa use for communication?

Name: Rohan sunil Kadam

Date:12/10/22 M.SC (Computer Science)

LoRa (Long Ranges)

LoRa: What Exactly Is It?

LoRa is being developed fast in many countries

LoRa frequency bands

LoRa Products and LoRa device testing

What is a LoRa Gateway?

Application and future of LoRa WAN technology

Radiation and leak detection

Enhanced home security

Health monitoring devices and management

Smart farming and livestock management

Wireless sensor networks

LoRa Network Architecture

LoRa network consists of several elements.

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