PM-I Scope-Req WiSe2223
PM-I Scope-Req WiSe2223
PM-I Scope-Req WiSe2223
Wintersemester 2022 / 23
Prof. Dr. Andreas Pfnür / Dr. Bettina Hornung
Technische Universität Darmstadt / Institut für
Betriebswirtschaftslehre
Änderungshistorie / Change History
Version / Dateiname / File Name Upload in moodle Changes compared to previous version
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 2
Project Management I
SCOPE AND REQUIREMENTS
MANAGEMENT
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Scope & Requirements Management
1 OVERVIEW
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 4
1.1 Overview
According to the PMI Pulse of the Determining the project scope and the
Profession Survey1) specific requirements is crucial for each
project independent of the project
34% management approach
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 5
1.2 Motivation and Challenges
What the customer What the Project How the Analyst What the Programmer How the Consultant
explained it Leader understood designed it implemented described it
How the project was What operations What the customer How it was What the customer
documented installed was billed for maintained actually needed
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 6
1.3.1 Definition: Project Scope
The project scope defines the range or extent of matter being dealt
with in a project
Environment
§ System boundaries provide a basic frame for requirement capturing and analysis
§ Important in case of many and / or complex interfaces to the system environment
§ Negative list is useful to clearly define the system boundary against its environment
§ Unclear system boundaries bear risks (à risk of scope creep)
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 7
1.3.2 Definition: Requirement
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1.4 Processes
3. Create WBS*)
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 9
Scope & Requirements Management
2 CAPTURE REQUIREMENTS
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 10
2.1 Origin of Requirements
*)
The outcome / the benefits the (main) stakeholders what to achieve with the project.
**)
Requirements describe the expected output of the project
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 11
2.2 Classification of Requirements - Product
Requirements
Functional requirements
• Actions that can be operated independently by a system
• Human-system-interaction
Non-functional requirements
• Technical requirements
• Security requirements
• Performance requirements
• Requirements regarding the user interface
• Quality requirements
• Legal and contractual requirements
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 12
2.3 Classification of Requirements -
Project Requirements
Project requirements
(requirements of how the project shall be managed and run)
• Requirements regarding the project management, quality
management, executing activities
• Delivery requirements
• Legal and contractual requirements
ents
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PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 13
2.4.1 Choosing Requirements Gathering
Techniques
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 14
2.4.2 Techniques for the Requirements
Gathering
There is a variety of requirements gathering techniques
Survey techniques
• Performance factors, explicit knowledge
?
Observation techniques
• Implicit knowledge / excitement factors
• Performance factors in case of communication problems with the
stakeholders
Creativity techniques
• Identification of new functionalities
• Solution finding
Backward-looking techniques
• Gathering of basic factors
Supporting techniques
• Increase effectiveness of other requirement capturing techniques
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 15
2.4.3.1 Survey Techniques - Questionnaire
Advantages Disadvantages
§ Reach a large number of stakeholders § Poorly suited to identify tacit
with relatively small amount of time knowledge / requirements
and cost
§ Non-functional requirements can
hardly be raised
§ Direct queries are not possible
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 16
2.4.3.2 Survey Techniques – Interview
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 17
2.4.3.3 Survey Technique – Self Recording
Advantages Disadvantages
§ Low expenditure of time for the analyst § Often only aware requirements documented
§ Possibly rework required
§ Difficult to enforce in case of low motivation
of the relevant stakeholders
§ In case of many stakeholders high effort to
evaluate data
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 18
2.4.3.4 Survey Technique – On-Site-Customer
Requirement details can be clarified and evaluated very fast by the on-
site-customer-technique ?
Basics Implementation
§ Stakeholder representatives on-site at the § Especially well suited for individual
developer team development
§ Permanently available § For critical systems risk reduction due to
§ Clarification of questions possible on short fast customer feedback
call § Often used in development processes
§ Immediate test of results possible
Advantages Disadvantages
§ Quick transmission of requirements § Very high effort for the customer
§ Quick clarification of questions, § High coordination effort for on-site-customer
contradictions, missing information etc. to align with stakeholders who are not on-
site
§ Risk that the requirements of other
stakeholders are not recognized or not
evaluated properly
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 19
2.4.4.1 Observation Technique – Field
Observation
Advantages Disadvantages
§ Enables the detection of unconscious work § Not useful for hardly observable processes
§ Documentation of processes that are difficult and exception
to describe § Risk of biased results if observed persons
§ Very effective for analysis of deviations in feel uncomfortable
processes
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 20
2.4.4.2 Observation Technique - Apprenticing
Advantages Disadvantages
§ Effective requirements engineering in case § Inappropriate in a (security-) critical work
of communication difficulties environment
§ Low risk of biased results because the § Very time and cost-intensive for analysts
stakeholder does not feel observed,
§ Rather unsuitable in product development
however the observer’s experience could
with not exactly differentiate stakeholder
influence the result
groups
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 21
2.4.5.1 Creativity Technique - Brainstorming
Basics Implementation
§ One oft the most known techniques § Step 1: Group of 5 to 10 members
§ Developed by Alex Osborne in 1939 collect ideas (typically 20 min)
§ Original aim: increase quality and § Step 2: analysis of the ideas
quantity of promotion ideas
Advantages Disadvantages
§ Particularly effective with persons from § Risk of poor results in case of
different stakeholder groups complicated group dynamics
§ Effective in a good atmosphere § Difficult to perform if stakeholders are
§ Ideas can be refined mutually distributed spatially
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 22
2.4.5.2 Creativity Technique - Method-6-3-5
Basics Implementation
§ Written Brainstorming variant § 6 participants write down 3 ...
§ ... pass them to the neighbour for
additions or comments (5 iterations)
§ Last step: summary and idea evaluation
Advantages Disadvantages
§ Even feasible with critical group § less effective than a usual
dynamics Brainstorming because the participants
§ Also applicable if stakeholders are are not together in the same room
spatially distributed
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 23
2.4.5.3 Creativity Technique – Walt Disney
Method
Basics Implementation
§ Change of perspective Three perspectives:
§ Perspectives can be taken in spatial - Dreamer / Visionary: fantasy, new
and temporal different places ideas, creativity
- Realist: feasibility
- Critic: reasonableness, weak spots,
negative aspects
Advantages Disadvantages
§ New ideas can be developed and § See Six Thinking Heads
tested on their feasibility
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 24
2.4.5.4 Creativity Technique – Change of
Perspective
Basics Implementation
§ Consideration of a problem from different Six symbolically coloured heads to represent six
perspectives perspectives
§ White: facts and data
§ Red: emotions
§ black: Objective negative arguments
§ yellow: Objective positive arguments
§ Green: new ideas
§ Blue: process control (e. g. Moderation)
Advantages Disadvantages
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 25
2.4.5.5 Creativity Technique –
Bio Association
Bionics und bio-association can help to find or to develop solutions by
analogies
Basics Implementation
§ Bionics: Use of a analogy example from § Development of solution findings for an
nature as working hypothesis to find a existing problem by applying / transferring
solution existing solutions from different fields of
§ Bio association: models not limited to nature expertise
Advantages Disadvantages
§ Complex problems or hardly conceivable § Time-consuming (analogy finding, reverse
dependencies are more comprehensible transformation)
through analogy
§ Risk of lacking stakeholder acceptance
§ Opportunity to develop creative solutions
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 26
2.4.5.6 Creativity Technique – Osborne-
Checklist
Advantages Disadvantages
§ Provides good results in case of substantive § To complex for comprehensive products,
objects then only used for overall functionality or a
§ Provides hints for improvement possibilities few part-functions
of a product
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 27
2.4.6.1 Backward-Looking Technique –
System Archaeology
System archaeology analyses an existing system
Basics Implementation
§ Recognise basic factors § Analysis of existing systems and the
§ Identify behaviour of an existing documentation about it
system § Especially, field logic can only be
§ Base: existing system and the derived out of the system
documentation delivered with it
Advantages Disadvantages
§ Ensures that consistent functionality is § Can be very complex and time
completely recognised consuming
§ Risk: documentation outdated and / or
of a poor
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 28
2.4.6.2 Backward-Looking Technique – Reuse
Advantages Disadvantages
§ High cost savings § Risk to find not the right requirements
§ Relatively high documentation effort in
previous projects
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 29
2.4.7.1 Supporting Technique - Workshops
Basics Implementation
§ Cooperative requirements capturing § Gather and develop requirements
by a few to many stakeholders § Clarify open questions
§ Previously defined procedure / § Concretise, bundle, prioritise of
workshop agenda requirements
§ Use of a facilitator or moderator
Advantages Disadvantages
§ Direct communication promotes a § Difficult to perform due to many or
mutual understanding, willing to spatially spread stakeholders
compromise and receiving of
information assessed by the team § Risk: negative group dynamics
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 30
2.4.7.2 Supporting Technique – Mind Maps
Advantages Disadvantages
§ Good suitability for § Mind Map mostly
a visualisation and only interpreted in
structuring of the right way by the
thoughts / author
requirements
§ As a long-term
documentation for
a third party rather
inappropriate
Miro – miro.com
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 31
2.4.7.3 Supporting Technique –
Audio / Video Recordings
Advantages Disadvantages
§ Quick accomplishment of the survey is § Additional effort to compile the results
possible
§ Conversation partner can feel observed
§ No loss of information
§ Additional technical effort to compile results
§ Efficient documentation of processes
§ Affected stakeholders can feel observed à
§ Simple measurement of the duration of the can distort the results
work stages
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 32
Exercise 1 – Scope Clarification
Regard this course as a project and slip into the lecturer’s role. For
which topics would you ask whether there are in or out of scope?
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung
33
Exercise 2
Regard this course as a project and slip into the lecturer’s role. Which
techniques would you apply to capture the requirements for this
course?
Stakeholder Technique(s)
Professor • interview
• backward looking (information from previous course)
e
om cours
ers fr
Answ , Nov 12
4
unit
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 34
Exercise 3
Requirements
e
om cours
ers fr
Answ , Nov 12
4
unit
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Scope & Requirements Management
3 DOCUMENT REQUIREMENTS
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3 Document Requirements
3.1 GENERAL CONCEPTS
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3.1 Glossary
Centrally administered
Is maintained continuously
Is generally accessible
It is useful to start creating a
It’s use is mandatory and binding glossary at project start to
avoid later effort to align on
Contains origin of terms terms and definitions
38Bettina Hornung
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr.
3 Document Requirements
3.2 CLASSICAL APPROACH
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3.2 Documenting (Individual) Requirements
§ Coordinated
§ Rated / evaluated [IEEE Std 830-1998]
§ Unique [IEEE Std 830-1998]
§ Valid and current
§ Correct [IEEE Std 830-1998]
§ Consistent [IEEE Std 830-1998]
§ Testable [IEEE Std 830-1998]
§ Implementable
§ Traceable [IEEE Std 830-1998]
§ Complete [IEEE Std 830-1998]
§ Comprehensible
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 40
3.2.2.1 Overview Requirements Template (1/2)
4. Insert objects
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 41
3.2.2.1 Overview Requirements Template (2/2)
The use of a template leads to standardized and easier 1. Determination of the legal liabilities
to understand sentences each describing a requirement 2. Formulation of the core of the requirement
4. Insert objects
BE ABLE
WILL
<process verb>
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 42
3.3.1 Documenting the Scope
The set of all requirements should cover the project scope. There are
various tools to compile and maintain them
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 43
3.3.2 Requirements Documentation:
Standard Structure
Due to its complexity a good structure of the requirements documentation is
important
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 44
3.3.3 Requirements Documentation:
Minimum Scope
1. Introduction
Purpose, Systems scope,
Stakeholder, Definitions,
Abbreviations, References, Overview
of the document structure
2. General Overview
System environment, Architectural § Minimum scope
description, System functionality, § In practice standard
User und target groups, Boundary structures are
adjusted according
conditions, Assumptions to project specific
3. Requirements circumstances
1. Functional Requirements
2. Non-Functional Requirements
3. Project Requirements
4. Appendix Example of what
a scope
5. Index document could
look like.
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 45
3 Document Requirements
3.3 AGILE APPROACH
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 46
3.3.1 Documenting (Individual) Requirements
§ formal, informal
§ Graphical (e. g. flow chart), text
§ Very often based on User Stories
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 47
3.3.2 Requirements based on User Stories
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 48
3.3.2 Documenting the Project Scope
Detailed appropriately
§ Top PBI most detailed à input for next sprint
§ Detailing in just-in-time fashion
Emergent
§ Continuous rebalancing, reprioritizing and adding of PBIs
Example Product Backlog Structure
Estimated (granularity decreases as stories are
selected from top to bottom)
§ Each PBI has a size estimate
Prioritized
§ Near-term items are prioritized (not the entire backlog)
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 49
Scope & Requirements Management
4 VALIDATE SCOPE / VERIFY
REQUIREMENTS
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 50
Processes
3. Create WBS*)
Validate
4. Validate Scope Verify Requirements (covers formal
approval / confirmation)
Control
5. Control Scope Manage Requirements (covers management
of changes)
*) Work Breakdown Structure
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 51
4.1 Definition
§ Key Benefits:
- brings objectivity to the acceptance process
- increases the probability of final product, service, or result
acceptance
§ Performed periodically throughout the project as needed
§ Most common technique used: Inspection, Testing
§ Outputs
- Accepted deliverables
- Work performance information
- Change Requests
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 52
4.2 Implementation
§ Inspection § Inspection
§ Walk Through § Walk Through
Activities
§ Presentation § Presentation
(“how it’s done”)
§ Test § Test
§ … § …
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 53
Scope & Requirements Management
5 MANAGE REQUIREMENTS /
MANAGE CHANGES
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 54
5.1 Integrated Change Control
§ Key Benefit:
- Allows for documented changes within the project
§ Performed periodically throughout the project
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 55
5.2. Change & Change Request - Definition
A “Change” is every change that has an effect either on the project output
or on its approach and can be documented in a Change Request
Change Request
- Corrective actions
- on a delivery item / (partial) product of the project (Bug Fix)
- with regard to the approach / the processes of the project
- Preventive actions
is associated with a risk whose impact and / or its probability is
reduced if the action is implemented
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 56
5.3 Change (Request) Management
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 57
Scope / Requirements Management -
Literature, Links
SOPHIST www.sophist.de
Chris RUPP & die SOPHISTen „Requirements-Engineering und Hanser Verlag, ISBN: 978-3-446-
Management“ - Professionelle, iterative 40509-7
Anforderungsanalyse für die Praxis
Klaus Pohl, Chris Rupp ,, ISB„Basiswissen Requirements dpunkt.verlagN 978-3-89864-613-
Engineering“ - Aus- und Weiterbildung nach 0
IREB-Standard zum Certified Professional
for Requirements Engineering Foundation
Level
Project Management Institute „Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Second Edition, PMI
Structures“
PMI (Project Management Institute) PMI‘s Pulse of the Profession In-Depth PMI, www.pmi.org
Report Requirements Management
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 58
Appendix – NOT exam relevant
REQUIREMENTS TEMPLATE IN
DETAIL
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 59
3.2.2.2 Determine Legal Liabilities
The legal liability is defined by a defined set of modal 1. Determination of the legal liabilities
4. Insert objects
§ Recommended modal verbs
5. Formulation of logical and temporal
- Must conditions
- Shall
- Will MUST
§ Differentiation of requirements –
prioritisation (three gradations)
THE SYSTEM SHALL
- Legally binding =
implementation in any case
- Highly recommended WILL
- Is implemented if necessary
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 60
3.2.2.3 Formulation of the Core of the
Requirement
The core of each requirement is the required 1. Determination of the legal liabilities
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 61
3.2.2.4 Characteristic Activity of the System
Activities of a system can be classified into three 1. Determination of the legal liabilities
§ Interface requirements
<process verb>
MUST
<whom>
THE SYSTEM SHALL PROVIDE THE POSSIBILITY
<process verb>
WILL BE ABLE
<process verb>
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 62
3.2.2.5 Insert Objects
Some process verbs need one or more objects 1. Determination of the legal liabilities
§ Example for „print“: what and where 5. Formulation of logical and temporal
conditions
WILL BE ABLE
<process verb>
Source: Klaus Pohl, Chris Rupp, Basiswissen Requirements Engineering, dpunkt.verlag
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 63
3.2.2.6 Formulation of Logical and Temporal
Conditions
Many requirements apply typically only under specific 1. Determination of the legal liabilities
BE ABLE
WILL
<process verb>
Source: Klaus Pohl, Chris Rupp, Basiswissen Requirements Engineering, dpunkt.verlag
PM I – Scope & Requirements – WiSe22/23 – FB Immobilienwirtschaft & Baubetriebswirtschaftslehre - Dr. Bettina Hornung 64