TES-K-100.01-R0 HVAC Design

TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION TES-K-100.01, Rev.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 GENERAL
2.0 OUTDOOR AMBIENT CONDITIONS
3.0 INDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS
4.0 COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS
5.0 SYSTEM SELECTION
6.0 EQUIPMENT SELECTION
7.0 AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
8.0 DUCTWORKS
9.0 CONTROL AND ZONING
10.0 VENTILATION AND EXHAUST SYSTEMS
11.0 SOUND AND VIBRATION CONTROL
12.0 AIR FILTERS
13.0 INSULATIONS
14.0 REFRIGERANTS
15.0 PIPING SYSTEMS
16.0 FRESH OUTDOOR AIR MAKE-UP SYSTEM AND MECHANICAL ROOM
17.0 SUPERVISORY CONTROL SYSTEM
18.0 ENERGY CONSERVATION
19.0 DESIGN DOCUMENTATION
20.0 ATTACHMENTS
TESK10001R0/AJJ Date of Approval: August 20, 2006 PAGE NO. 2 OF 89

TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION TES-K-100.01, Rev. 0
1.0 GENERAL
1.1 The Saudi Electricity COMPANY (SEC) Engineering Standard prescribes the
minimum mandatory requirements governing the design of Heating, Ventilating and
Air Conditioning (HVAC) and Refrigeration Systems for SEC facilities (i.e.,
building offices, control rooms, substations, communications, etc.) in Saudi Arabia.
1.2 Conflicts between this standard and other SEC Engineering Standards, related
Material Specification, Forms and Standard Drawings shall be resolved by the
Manager, Transmission Standards and Specifications Department (TSSD), SEC,
Riyadh.
1.3 Any deviations providing less than the minimum requirements of this standard
require written approval from the Manager, TSSD.
1.4 This standard ultimately aims to metricate all the units used. However, as most data,
figures, charts, tables and other information available for calculations are still
expressed in English units it is felt that English units be also adopted as an interim
for convenience.
1.5 The user of this Standard is advised to be conversant with HVAC terminology and
applicable conversion units.
1.6 Industry Standards

The latest revision of the following Codes and Standards shall be applicable for the
material covered in this TES.
AABC National Standards for Field Measurements and

Instrumentation, Total System Balance, Volume 1
AMCA 210 Test Code for Air Moving Devices
ANSI B31.5 Refrigerant Piping
ANSI B31.9 Building Services Piping
ARI-460 Remote Mechanical-Draft Air-Cooled Refrigerant Condensers
ARI-410 Forced-Circulation Air-Cooling and Air- Heating Coils
ARI-430 Standard for Central-Station Air-Handling Units
ARI-520 Positive Displacement Refrigerant Compressors and

Condensers
ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals

ASHRAE Handbook Systems and Equipment
ASHRAE Handbook Applications
ASHRAE Handbook Refrigeration
ASHRAE STD 62 Ventilation for Indoor Air Quality
ASHRAE RP 185 Refrigerant Line Sizing
ASHRAE GRP 158 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
General Specifications for Building Construction in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia-

Latest Edition.
NEBB Procedural Standards for Testing, Adjusting and Balancing of

Environmental Systems
NFPA 90A Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems
NFPA 101 Safety to Life from Fire in Buildings and Structures
NFPA 255 Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building

Materials.
SMACNA Duct Liner Application Standard
SMACNA Architectural Sheet Metal Manual
SMACNA HVAC Systems Duct Design
SMACNA HVAC Duct Construction Standard
SMACNA Industrial Ventilation Manual of Recommended Practice
UL 465 Central Cooling Air Conditioners
UL 555 Standards for Fire Damper
UL 555S Standard for Leakage Rated Dampers for Use in Smoke

Control Systems
UL/ANSI 984 Hermetic Refrigerant Motor-Compressor

1.7 Abbreviations
AABC Associated Air Balance Council

AMCA Air Movement and Control Association
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ARI Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
NEBB National Environmental Balancing Bureau
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
SMACNA Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’ National
Association
UL Underwriters Laboratories Inc.

2.0 OUTDOOR AMBIENT CONDITIONS
2.1 Temperatures given in this section shall be used as the ambient design temperatures
for HVAC System design, equipment selection and equipment specifications
purposes for the geographic areas listed. Design data for other locations, not given
shall be determined by the Project Design Team and concurred by the Manager,
TSSD.
2.2 The following information shown on Table 1.0 is the average outdoor design
condition for selected areas/locations in the Saudi Arabia.
Table 1.0 - Outdoor Ambient Design Conditions*
Summer Winter Wind

Location Daily Mean
Design db, Design wb, Design db, Directio
Range Speed
°C (°F) °C (°F) °C (°F) n
°C (°F) KPH
Abha 32(90) 16(61) 15(59) 3.2(38) 15 SW
Al-Baha 39(102) 17(63) 13.4(56) 5(41) 19 SW
Al-Hasa 50(122) 25((77) 16.8(62) 6.4(44) 11 N
Al-Jouf 47(117) 17(63) 16.8(62) 0.9(34) 20 W
Al-Qaseem 49(120) 19(66) 18.5(65) 3(37) 17 NE
Arar 48(118) 18(64) 17(63) -2.5(27) 19 NW
Dhahran 49(120) 28(82) 14(57) 6(43) 22 N
Jeddah 48(118) 27(81) 14(57) 14(57) 22 N
Jizan 44(111) 28(82) 8(46) 7(45) 13 W
Hafar Al-Batin 50(122) 19(66) 17.7(64) 1.9(35) 19 NE
Hail 44(111) 18(64) 16.3(61) -1.5(29) 17 NE
Khamis 35(95) 17(63) 15(59) 4.1(39) 15 SW
Mushait
Madinah 48(118) 21(70) 17(63) 9(48) 15 W
Makkah 49(120) 26(79) 15(59) 15(59) 9 N
Najran 42(108) 18(64) 16(61) 6(43) 7.4 E
Nariyah 48(118) 30(86) 18(64) 7.5(45) 24 N
Riyadh 48(118) 19(66) 15.7(60) 5.1(41) 17 NE
Tabuk 45(113) 19(66) 15.6(60) 0.5(33) 15 N
Yanbu 48(118) 28(82) 14(57) 10.6(51) 19 W
* The data of this table is based on the Ministry of Defense and Aviation (MODA) for
the last five years (2000-2004).

2.3 Ambient Air Quality
HVAC Systems shall be designed for air-borne dust concentration of 1 mg/cubic

meter (0.000001 oz/ft3 sand storm dust concentrations reaching 500 mg/m3 (0.0005
oz/ft3) near the ground. Dust particle sizes are:
95% less than 20 micrometers (0.0008 in.)

50% less than 1.5 micrometers (0.00006 in.)
Elements present in dust include compounds of sodium, calcium, magnesium, silicon

and aluminum. When wetted or exposed to condensing dew point conditions these
compounds become electrolytes and severely corrode unprotected metal surfaces.
Control and electrical panels in non-conditioned spaces shall be enclosed in airtight

enclosures.
HVAC Systems and equipment for offshore and located within 1 km. from sea shall
also be protected against failure and corrosion due to wind borne sea water spray and
accumulation of salt.
3.0 INDOOR DESIGN CONDITION
3.1 This Section contains the minimum indoor design criteria for air conditioning in
SEC installations in Saudi Arabia.
3.2 Design conditions for special occupancies shall, as a minimum, comply with
recommendations of the ASHRAE Fundamentals, Systems, and Applications
Handbooks; applicable health, safety, and construction codes and equipment
manufacturers requirements.
3.3 HVAC System shall be capable of maintaining dry bulb and relative humidity within
the given performance range under climatic conditions of Section 2.0.
3.4 The conditions listed herein shall be used as indoor design conditions for cooling
load calculations.

Table 2.0 - Indoor Design Condition
DESIGN DESIGN % AIR

FACILITY db wb RELATIVE MOTION TOLERANCE
°C (°F) °C (°F) HUMIDITY mps (FPM) db (rh)
1. Offices, Schools, 24 (75) 17 (63) 50 0.075 - 0.25 ± 2°C
Theaters (15 - 50) (± 20%)
2. Shops, Houses, 24 (75) 17 (63) 50 0.075 - 0.25 ± 2°C
Apartments, (15 - 50) (± 25%)
Trailers, Dining Halls,
Stores
3. Computer Rooms* 22 (72) 17 (63) 50 ± 2°C
0.075 - 0.25
** (15 - 50)
(± 20%)
± 2°C
(± 20%)
4. Comm. Facilities, See TES-T-743 Environmental For Comm. Terminals
Central Offices
5. Power Plants, BSP/Grid 25 (77) 17.8 50
Substations, Control (64.2)
Rooms
6. Elect. Equipment
Rooms: 25 (77) 17.8 50
(Switchgear, MCC, (64.2)
Relay
Test, Battery Room,
etc.), Toilet
7. Cable Entry/Cable 30 (86 ) 17.8
Basement (64.2)
8. Hospitals & Clinics 24 (75) 50
Various Rooms*
9. Laboratories Refer to SEC Hygienist
10. Masjid (Mosques) 24 (75) 17 (63) 50
* Additional design information is required

** Computer room temperature shall be determined by equipment Manufacturer’s requirement.

4.0 COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS
4.1 Introduction
The underlying sciences of HVAC Engineering, such as thermodynamics and

hydraulics are not discussed here. Principles derived from these sciences are used
only in the context of how their use facilitates the design of HVAC Systems.
The method of load calculations and estimate sheet follow ASHRAE GRP 158.
Figures, constants and other factors shall be taken from ASHRAE GRP 158 or from
manufacturer's data.
4.2 HVAC Load Calculations
Typically, the following steps are involved in HVAC load calculations:
a) Data gathering from building plans and specifications. Building location,

orientation, shading characteristics, building dimensions, type of building
materials and internal load profiles are all required for the subsequent
calculations.
b) Selection of indoor and outdoor design conditions. These data for the
various SEC locations in Saudi Arabia are listed in Sections 2.0 and 3.0.
c) Calculation of heat transfer coefficients
d) Calculation of space cooling load
e) Calculation of space heating load
f) Psychrometric analysis.
There are several computerized programs available in the market for HVAC
calculations. These programs are based on the same data and methodology as the
manual calculations. User of the computer programs should be able to translate
calculation results to SEC Standard Form No. 16305/07, Cooling and Heating Load
Estimate Sheet. It is strongly recommended that the user of any HVAC computer
software be familiar with the abbreviated procedure of calculations as outlined in the
following sections of this document.

Overall building cooling and heating loads shall be calculated. Zoning, exposure
and building mass shall be considered in the calculations. The Air Conditioning
Systems shall provide comfort conditions in all spaces throughout the operating
period. Each zone room and portion of room with different load profile orientation
or sensible load shall be calculated. A separate block load for each air-handling unit
shall be calculated.
During cooling load calculations, all sensible and latent heat sources shall be
considered.
Sensible cooling load shall be calculated for building envelope, people, lights,
equipment and for outside air that is introduced into the system by air make-up or by
infiltration. Latent cooling load shall be calculated for people, outside air and any
process in which moisture is given up to the air.
Heating loads shall include heat losses from outside surfaces (roofs, walls, windows,
raised floors); interior non-conditioned spaces (partitions, ceilings, floors); make up
air and infiltration; duct and plenum losses.
A Psychrometric analysis shall be provided for each air handler load. This analysis
shall include but not necessarily be limited to:
a) Mixing temperature of outside and return air streams

b) Coil conditions i.e. entering and leaving conditions
c) Room design conditions
d) Outside design condition
4.2.1 Cooling Load
Space cooling load is the rate of heat removal from the conditioned space
that has to be maintained in order to provide the desired inside conditions.
Cooling loads can be classified according to the heat gain mode of the
conditioned space as follows:
a) External cooling load as a result of heat gain through the roof, walls
and windows of the building.
b) Internal cooling load to compensate for the heat generated within the
conditioned space by occupants, lights and equipment.
c) Ventilation and infiltration cooling load due to the heat gain from
outside air which enters the building.
The use of Cooling and Heating Load Estimate Sheet (SEC Form
No.16305/07) is described as follows:

a. Design Conditions
1) Outdoor design conditions shall be obtained from Section 2.0

of this standard.
2) Indoor design conditions shall be obtained from Section 3.0 of

this standard.
3) Latitude of specific projects shall be obtained from the

geographic map of Arabian Peninsula.
4) Design month shall be August and design hour shall be 4:00

PM (1600 Hr).
5) Daily Range shall be obtained from Section 2.0 of this

standard. Daily Range equals maximum outdoor temperature
minus minimum outdoor temperature.
b. External Cooling Load (Heat Flow from Outside)
1. Conduction
a) Item Nos. 1 to 7 (Roof, Wall, Glass)
(i) Use SEC Form No.16307/07 to calculate

CORRECTED COOLING LOAD TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCE (CLTD CORR.)
(ii) Use SEC Form No. 16308/07 to calculate "U" value.
(iii) Area shall be obtained from Architectural Plans.
b) Item Nos. 8 to 11 (Partition Wall, Ceiling, Floor)
(i) Use SEC Form No.16309/07 to calculate "U" value.
(ii) Area shall be obtained from Architectural Plans.
(iii) ∆t = Air temperature difference between the adjacent

space and conditioned space.
2. Solar Radiation
a) Item Nos. 12 to 15
(i) Identify the direction of glass from building

orientation. See Architectural Plans.

(ii) Shade Coefficient (SC). See Tables 3.17 to 3.22,

ASHRAE GRP 158 or Tables 28, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38 and 39 Chapter 27 ASHRAE Fundamentals.
(iii) Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGF) for the month, latitude
and orientation.
No External Shading - See Table 3.25 ASHRAE GRP

158.
External Shading - See Table 3.26 ASHRAE GRP

158.
(iv) Net area of glass shall be obtained from Architectural

Plans.
(v) Cooling Load Factor (CLF) for glass:
No Interior Shading - See Table 3.27 ASHRAE GRP

158 or Table 13 Chapter 26 ASHRAE Fundamentals.
Interior Shading - See Table 3.28 ASHRAE GRP 158

or Table 14 Chapter 26 ASHRAE Fundamentals.
c. Internal Cooling Load
1. Lights (Item Nos. 16 & 17)
a) Identify total wattage from Electrical Plans.
b) Usage (%) = Wattage in use x 100

Total Installed Wattage
c) Ballast Factor for Fluorescent Lights. See Table 4.1

ASHRAE GRP 158. Ballast Factor for incandescent
light is one (1).
d) Cooling Load Factors (CLF). See Tables 4.4A, 4.4B,

4.4C, 4.4D, 4.4E and to be used in conjunction with
Tables 4.2"a" and 4.3"b" ASHRAE GRP 158, or
Tables 17A, 17B, 17C, 17D, 17E and Tables 15 and 16
in Chapter 26 ASHRAE Fundamentals.

2. People (Item Nos. 18 & 19)
a) The number of people in the space shall be obtained

from survey or Table 5.3 ASHRAE GRP 158.
b) Sensible Heat Gain (qs) per person. See Table 4.5 of

ASHRAE GRP 158 or Table 18 Chapter 26 ASHRAE
Fundamentals.
c) Sensible Heat Cooling Load Factors (CLF) for People,

See Table 4.6 ASHRAE GRP 158 or Table 19
ASHRAE Fundamentals.
3. Appliances (Item Nos. 20 to 24)
a) Sensible Heat Gain from Appliances and Laboratory

Equipment (qs). See Tables 4.8 and 4.9 ASHRAE
GRP 158 or Tables 20 and 21 Chapter 26 ASHRAE
Fundamentals.
b) Sensible Heat Cooling Load Factor (CLF). See Tables

4.10 and 4.11 ASHRAE GRP 158 or Tables 22 and 23
Chapter 26 ASHRAE Fundamentals.
4. Equipment (Item Nos. 25 and 26)
Calculate additional heat gains due to heat emitting equipment

using applicable equations or vendor's data.
d. Room Sensible Subtotal (Item No. 27)
Sum of Item Nos. 1 to 26.
e. Factor of Safety (Item No. 28)
A 5% safety factor added to the room sensible heat subtotal is

considered strictly as a factor or probable error in the survey or
estimate.
f. Room Sensible (Item No. 29)
Sum of Item Nos. 27 and 28.

g. Ventilation Load Due to Fresh Outdoor Air Make-Up (Item No. 30)
1. Buildings for habitation are usually pressurized by mechanical

ventilation by providing substantially more outdoor air than
exhaust. Introduction of outdoor air for ventilation of
conditioned spaces is necessary to dilute the odors given off
by people, smoking and other internal air contaminants.
2. Ventilation Standards are available from any of the following:
a) Table 5.3 ASHRAE GRP 158
b) Table 45 Chapter 6 p. 1-97 CARRIER
c) Table 6 Chapter 22 ASHRAE Fundamentals
3. Sensible Heat Gained, qs = 1.1 x CFMoa x (toa - trm), Btu/hr
where: CFMoa - outdoor air flow

toa - outdoor air dry bulb temperature, °F
trm - room dry bulb temperature, °F
h. Latent Load
1. People (Item No. 31)
a) The Latent Heat Gains (ql) shall be obtained from

Table 4.5 of ASHRAE GRP 158 or Table 18 Chapter
26 ASHRAE Fundamentals.
b) The number of people in space shall be obtained from

survey or Table 5.3 of ASHRAE GRP 158.
2. Equipment (Item Nos. 32 & 33)
a) The number and type of equipment shall be obtained

from survey or Architectural Plans.
b) The latent heat load (ql) shall be obtained from Table

4.8 ASHRAE GRP 158.
3. Room Latent (Item 34)
Sum of Items 31, 32 and 33.
4. Ventilation Load (Item 35)

Latent Heat Gain, ql (Item No. 35) = 0.7 x CFMoa x (Woa -

Wrm), Btu/hr
Where,
Humidity Ratio Difference between outdoor air (Woa) and
room air (Wrm) in Grains Moisture per lb. Dry Air that are
obtainable from Psychrometric Chart.
i. Cooling Load Summary
• Room Sensible (Item No. 36) = Item No. 29
• Ventilation Air Sensible (Item No. 37) = Item No. 30
• Fan Motor Heat Gain (Item No. 38): See Table 4.12 of
ASHRAE GRP 158.
• Grand Sensible (Item No.39) = Item Nos. (36 +37 +38)
• Room Latent (Item No. 40) = Item No. 34
• Ventilation Air Latent (Item No. 41) = Item No. 35
• Grand Latent (Item No. 42) = Item Nos. (40 + 41)
j. Total Equipment Load
(Item 44) = Sum of Items (39 + 42)
k. Tonnage Equivalent of Equipment Load = Item No. 44

12000
l. Room Sensible Heat Factor (RSHF) = Item No. 36

Item No.36 + Item No.40
Grand Sensible Heat Factor (GSHF) = Item No. 39

Item No.39 + Item No.42

m. CFM Supply Air (Item No.47) is the air quantity required to satisfy
the room load.
CFMsa = Room Sensible Heat (Item No. 36)

1.10 (trm - tsa)
where: CFMsa - supply air flow
tsa - supply air dry bulb temperature, °F
trm - room dry bulb temperature, °F
In determining the required air quantity, when neglecting the

supplementary loads (Fan Heat Gain, Duct Heat Gain, Duct Leakage
Losses), the supply air temperature to the air conditioned space is
assumed to equal the condition of the air leaving the apparatus.
The supply air temperature (tsa) can be obtained as follows:
1. Graphical Method (Use of Psychrometric Chart)
a) Plot indoor design conditions (db°F & %rh), outdoor

design conditions (db°F & wb°F) and connect the two
points by straightedge. The line drawn between the
two points is proportional to the Mixed Air entering
the apparatus.
b) Assume the following percent Outdoor Air to Total

Supply Air.
% Outdoor
Air to Total
Supply Air Facility
8 to 10 Offices
15 Prayer Halls, Restaurants
10 to 15 Substation Control Room
c) The line between the indoor design conditions and

mixture conditions is proportional to the % Outdoor
Air to the Mixed Air. If 10% outdoor air is used, the
mixture point is located by measuring one tenth of the
line (connecting the indoor and outdoor conditions)
from the indoor design conditions.
d) Connect Alignment Circle and RSHF line in the Chart.
e) Draw the actual RSHF line through the room design

conditions parallel to the line obtained in Step (d).

f) Connect Alignment Circle and GSHF Line in the

Chart.
g) Draw the GSHF line through the mixture condition up

to saturation parallel to the line obtained in Step (f).
The intersection of the GSHF line and the saturation is

the apparatus dew point.
The intersection of the GSHF line and the RSHF line

is the temperature of the supply air to the space and
also the temperature of the air leaving the apparatus.
Use this temperature and calculate for the tentative air

quantity required to satisfy the room sensible load
using the following equation.
CFMsa = Room Sensible Heat (Item 36)

1.1 (trm - tsa )
where: CFMsa - supply air design flow

trm - room air dry bulb temperature, °F
tsa - supply air dry bulb temperature, °F
Solve also for the CFMsa required to satisfy the Grand

Total Heat (Total Equipment Load) by the following
equation:
CFMsa = Grand Total Heat (Item 44)
4.5 (hm - hla )
Where: hm - mixture of outdoor and return air

Enthalpy or apparatus entering air
enthalpy, Btu/lb
hla - apparatus leaving air enthalpy, Btu/lb
The values of CFM's obtained in the above two

equations shall be verified balance. If not, assume
another percentage of outdoor air and repeat the same
process until the CFM's are balanced.

HVAC LOAD CALCULATION SUMMARY
Room Floor Room Number Vent. Heating Suppl Cooling load, kW

No. Area Vol. of Air Load y
Air
(m²) (m³) Occupants (lps) (kW) (lps) Sens. Lat. Total
4.2.2 Heating Load
The purpose of heating load calculations is to estimate the heat loss of the
conditioned space at the winter outside and inside design conditions.
Heat loss can be classified into two groups; external heat loss through the
building envelope, and the heat required to raise the temperature of
infiltration and ventilation air up to the level of conditioned space
temperature.
The heat load calculations are described in Cooling and Heating Load
Estimate Sheet SEC Form No. 16305/07.

5.0 SYSTEM SELECTION
5.1 General
The evaluation and selection of an air conditioning system to meet a specific need is
a difficult and essential task that must be performed by the Designer. On this
decision tests the satisfaction of the owner and occupant and the system fitness to the
building it serves. Many factors must be analyzed, judged, screened and
coordinated. The foremost considerations are the desires of the occupant and the
economic aspects.
5.2 Data Collection
In preparation for the collaborative evaluation, the Designer must list objective,
historic and subjective concerns.
5.2.1 Objective
First Cost
Capacity
Space Requirement
Occupancy
Annual Energy Use
5.2.2 Historic
The accumulation of data of this type is often difficult to extrapolate, because

each system installation (as opposed to equipment installation) may differ
from one to the other.
Maintenance expense
Component Life
Expected Downtime
5.2.3 Subjective
Appearance
Maintainability
System Reliability
Flexibility
Total Comfort Results

5.3 HVAC System Evaluation
In the HVAC System Evaluation Table (Table 3.0) the parameters to be considered
in the evaluation of possible system alternatives are listed. These parameters include
dissimilar items, such as costs and operating characteristics, therefore, these
parameters are not readily measurable on a common scale. However, if each of the
cost items is assigned a Performance Factor (PF) to establish the Relative
Performance Points (RPP) of the item, the alternative systems with their various
parameters can be evaluated objectively.
Within such a performance factoring system 100 Relative Performance Points (RPP)
might be assigned to each parameter initially, then the assigned points can be
decreased according to the relative performance level of the particular parameter as
compared to the performance of that parameter in other systems being considered.
In addition to bringing the parameters to a common scale the relative importance of
each parameter also has to be considered.
Establishing the Relative Importance Factors (RIF) could be the most critical phase
of the evaluation process, therefore, it requires proper consideration and close
coordination with the owner/operator of the system.
The total annual cost in Table 3.0 has to be calculated according to the Present
Worth economic comparison method. This method compares the annual cost of the
different options, expressed as cash requirement in terms of today's money value.
To calculate the present worth of annual costs, the cost has to be multiplied by the
Present Worth Factor (PWF). PWF’s are available from amortization tables or they
can be calculated according to the following equation:
[(1 + 1) / (1 + j) ] − 1
n
PWF =
1 − [(1 + i) / (1 + j ) ]
Where: j = annual escalation rate of cost item, decimal
i = annual interest rate on owner's alternative investment,

decimal
n = expected useful life of system, usually 20 years.
When the interest rate and escalation rate of the cost are equal, the PWF equals the
expected useful life period (n).

5.4 Types of Cooling Systems
The air conditioning systems commonly used by SEC are:
5.4.1 Direct Expansion System
a) Multiple Packaged
b) Outdoor Unitary Equipment (Roof-Top)
c) Indoor Unitary Equipment
d) Split Type
e) Window Air Conditioner
f) Through-the-Wall Air Conditioner
5.4.2 Chilled Water System
The selection of a cooling source requires an analysis of the various

alternatives. If chilled water from an existing central plant is available in
sufficient quantities and in close proximity, it shall be considered the first
choice for a cooling source. The second choice shall be dedicated
refrigeration equipment.
Design parameters for central chilled water supply are as follows:
1. ∆t = 10°F where entering water temperature (EWT) at 12.22°C (54°F)

and leaving water temperature (LWT) at 6.67°C (44°F)
2. Maximum pressure drop through system 138.6 kPa (20 psi)
3. Water flow rate at 0.043 lps/kW (0.151 lps/ton) (2.4 gpm/ton)
If the above design parameters are not suitable for a specific application, the
responsible utility organization should be contacted for more detailed
information on a specific location.
Dedicated refrigeration equipment shall use air cooled condensers, except

where an analysis of a project specific conditions, or site utilities, or cooling
load characteristics justify condensing water (sea water or cooling towers).
Use of water cooled condensers requires an evaluation of the fouling
characteristics of the available water.
In remote locations, the use of water chillers is restricted to locations where

adequate water supply for system make-up is available.

TABLE 3.0 - HVAC SYSTEM EVALUATION
RI SR PF RP RIFxRP SR PF RP RIFxRP
Initial Cost
P.W. of Annual Cost
Operating Feature #1 X X X X
TOTAL 100 X X X X X X
RANKING OF
6.0 EQUIPMENT SELECTION
6.1 This section prescribes guidelines in the selection of HVAC equipment and other
system components.
6.2 Direct Expansion (DX) and Chilled Water Coil
6.2.1 DX coil (Evaporator) distributor nozzle, expansion valve and chilled water
coil selection procedures to be used shall be per manufacturer's methods.
6.2.2 The cooling coil shall be selected to produce a desired effect on the air
passed through it, in accordance with the sensible, latent and total cooling
loads calculated for the space and with the condition of the air entering the
coil. However, the final selection defines also the required chilled water
flow, the pressure drop at that flow and the required entering water
temperature; or in the case of direct expansion coil, the refrigerant
temperature. Air side and refrigerant side or chilled water performance side
should be considered separately and then matched to produce the final
economically optimum coil selection.
6.2.3 Fin spacing shall not be closer than 5.51fins/cm. (14 fins/ inch) for
evaporator coil and 6.3 fins/cm (16 fins/inch) for condenser coil.

6.2.4 Evaporator and condenser coils shall be copper tubes with aluminum fins
except at offshore and nearshore locations. Copper fins on copper tubes shall
be used for evaporator coils within one km. of sea and for all condenser coils
within 1/2 km of sea.
6.2.5 Coil return bends shall have flux removed and be protected from corrosion.
6.2.6 The evaporator or cooling coil capacity shall not be oversized unnecessarily.
6.2.7 Packaged central-station air handling units shall be factory-encased

assembly. It shall consist of filters, cooling/dehumidifying coil, fan and the
following as required:
a) mixing box
b) Humidifier
c) Electric heater
d) Face damper
e) By-pass damper
6.2.8 The velocity of liquid in water coils shall be between 0.7 and 2 mps (2.29
and 6.56 fps). Water pressure drop through coils, water chillers or
condensers shall not exceed 100 kPa (35 ft. wg. 14.5 psi). This value applies
to chillers, condensers, and cooling coils at their rated fouling factor, unless a
lower pressure drop is specified in the design documents. Turbulators shall
not be used due to cleaning requirements.
6.2.9 The air velocity through coils shall not exceed 2.54 m/s (500 fpm), or a wet
coil pressure drop greater than 38 Pa (0.15 in. wg.) per row of coil. Dry coil
pressure drop shall not exceed 25 Pa (0.10 in. wg.) per row of coil.
6.3 Mechanical Refrigeration
6.3.1 General
a. Mechanical Refrigeration equipment shall conform to the

requirements of Uniform Mechanical Code Chapter 15 latest issue.
b. Refrigeration applications up to 60 tons generally utilize either

reciprocating or scroll compressors. Above 60 tons to 200 tons either
reciprocating compressors or other types such as rotary helical/screw
or centrifugal water chiller machines are used. Above 200 tons rotary
helical/screw, centrifugal water chillers or absorption machines are
normally used.
c. The main refrigerants to be used in air conditioning compressors are

refrigerants R-22 and the newly developed R-134a.

d. The classification of an air conditioning refrigeration machine are:
1. A compressor unit consisting of a compressor, motor, and

safety controls mounted as a unit.
2. A condensing unit consisting of a compressor unit plus an

interconnected water cooled or air cooled condenser mounted
as a unit.
3. A water chilling unit consisting of either a compressor unit or

a condensing unit, plus an interconnected water chiller and
operating controls mounted as a unit.
e. The three major types of refrigeration compressors used in large

systems are:
1. Reciprocating / Scroll, 1/16 to 150 Hp
2. Rotary Helical/ Screw, 471 to 3537 Hp (100 to 750 tons)
3. Centrifugal, 471 to 47170 Hp (100 to 10,000 tons)
6.3.2 Reciprocating Compressor
Most reciprocating compressors are single acting, using trunk type pistons
driven directly through a pin and connecting rod from the crankshaft. The
types of reciprocating compressors are:
a. Open Type - are those in which the shaft extends through a seal in the
crankcase for an external drive.
b. Hermetic - are those in which the motor and compressor are

contained within the same pressure vessel, with the motor shaft
integral with the compressor crankshaft and the motor in contact with
the refrigerant.
c. Semi-Hermetic - are those of bolted construction (bolted, accessible,

amenable to field repair or serviceable).
d. Welded Shell (Sealed) - are those in which the motor compressor is

mounted inside a steel shell which in turn is sealed by welding.
Hermetic and semi-hermetic compressors are often preferred.

6.3.3 Helical Rotary/Screw Compressor:
a. Screw compressor shall be semi-hermetic, direct drive, positive

displacement compressor.
b. The machine shall consist of two mating helically grooved rotors, a

male (lobes) and female (gullies), in a stationary housing with
suitable inlet and outlet gas ports.
c. Compression is obtained by direct volume reduction with pure rotary

motion.
d. Compressor motor shall be constant speed, 3600 RPM, hermetically

sealed, suction gas cooled with solid state sensor and electronic
winding overheating protection.
e. Compressor shall have automatic capacity reduction equipment

consisting of capacity control slide valve gas discharge pressure and
solenoid valve. Capacity modulation shall be continuous from 100%
to less than 10%. Compressor shall start unloaded.
f. The oil separator is mounted integral with the motor housing and act
as the final stage oil separator.
6.3.4. The factors affecting the compressor unit selection are:
- Capacity
- Evaporator Temperature
- Condensing Temperature
- Refrigerants (R-22 and R-134a)
- Sub cooling of the Condensed Refrigerant
- Superheating of the Suction Gas
- Refrigerant Line Pressure Drops
- Operating Limits
- Heat Rejection
6.3.5 Air- Cooled Condensing Unit
a. Manufacturer's catalogues selection procedure and performance data

shall be consulted in the selection of the unit.
b. The maximum allowable saturated suction temperature of R-22 shall

be 7.22°C (45°F) at summer outdoor air design dry bulb temperature.
Use 4.44°C (40°F) saturated suction temperature in the initial
selection.

c. The unit must be located so that the flow of air to and from the
condenser coil is not impeded. There must be enough space
surrounding the unit to prevent recirculation of air.
d. When selecting condensing units, consideration should be given to

the variation in the load and the types and steps of capacity control
available on the unit.
e. The condenser shall be selected to match the cooling coil or

evaporator. The condenser capacity shall never be less than the
cooling coil or evaporator capacity.
f. The balance capacity of condenser and evaporator shall match or

exceed the space cooling load or requirements.
g. Air Cooled Condensing Unit is preferred over Water Cooled

Condensing Unit.
h. Packaged, air cooled, reciprocating condensing units shall require

only refrigerant piping and electrical connections in order to be
placed in operation.
i. Each condensing unit shall be complete with all operational

equipment, including solenoid valve, sight glass, and cartridge type
filter on liquid lines. It shall be mounted on a base frame.
6.3.6 Water Chilling Unit
a. The factors influencing the selection of a water chilling unit are;

Capacity, Chilled Water Quantity, Temperature Difference.
(i) Capacity in kW = 4.19 x lps x ∆t (Btu/Hr=500 x gpm x ∆t)
Tons of Refrigerant = Capacity in kW (Capacity in Btu/hr)

3.516 12000
Where: ∆t - Temperature Difference between the water

temperature entering and leaving the chiller, °C (or °F)
lps - design water flow, liter per second
gpm - design water flow in gallon per minute
(ii) Water Temperature Difference
(iii) Fouling Factor: Shall be no less than 0.000088 m2-°C/watt

(0.00050 ft2-hr-°F/Btu) in the cooler with air entering
condenser at ambient temperature of the locality. Note that as

fouling factor is increased, both chiller capacity and

compressor power decrease.
b. Manufacturer's catalogues selection procedure and performance data

shall be consulted in the selection of chilling units.
6.4 Fans (Air Handling Units)
6.4.1 Types
a. Centrifugal - used for most comfort air conditioning applications

because of its wide range of quiet, efficient operation at
comparatively high pressures.
- Forward Curved Blade

- Backward Curved Blade (Airfoil and Backward Inclined)
- Radial (straight)
b. Axial - used for large air volume applications where higher noise
levels are of secondary concern. Often used for industrial air
conditioning and ventilation.
- Propeller (Disc)
- Tube axial
- Vane axial
c. The airfoil blade fan is a high efficiency fan because its

aerodynamically shaped blades permit smoother flow through the
wheel. It is normally used for high capacity, high pressure
applications where power savings may outweigh its higher first cost.
6.4.2 Classes of Construction (Centrifugal Fans)
Table 4.0
FAN CLASS MAXIMUM STATIC PRESSURE
A 0 - 750 Pa (0 - 3 in. wg.)
B 750 - 1375 Pa (3 in. wg. - 5.5 in. wg.)
C Above 1375 Pa (Above 5.5 in. wg.)

6.4.3 Selection
a. The selection of a fan for a particular air distribution system requires

the fan pressure characteristics to fit the system pressure
characteristics.
b. After a decision has been made on the proper type of fan for a given
application, the best size selection of that fan must be based on
efficiency since the most efficient operating range for a specific line
of fans will normally be the quietest. Low outlet velocity does not
necessarily assure quiet operation.
c. Fans with steep pressure-volume characteristic shall be selected for

constant air volume distribution system or system that requires an air
volume relatively independent of changes in system resistance.
d. Fans with comparatively flat pressure-volume characteristics are

appropriate for variable air volume (VAV) distribution system.
e. Fan manufacturer's catalogues, performance data in either the graphic

curves form or the tabular form shall be consulted in the sizing and
selection of fans.
f. In VAV system, inlet vane damper shall be provided at the fan inlet,
or variable speed motor shall be used.
g. Variable pitch (adjustable) sheaves shall be specified for fan motors

for fan speed adjustments to meet actual project conditions.
h. A minimum of 10% additional air capacity above the total design

quantity of air supplied by diffusers and registers in the conditioned
spaces shall be allowed for air losses through ductwork, equipment
housings, connections, etc.
i. Access holes for tachometer readings shall be provided in all belt

guards. Taking tachometer readings shall be made possible without
removal of the belt guard.

7.0 AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
The first item a Design Engineer of an air distribution system has to consider is the type of
system most suitable for the particular application at hand. Another item to be covered at
the early stage of the system's design is the air diffusion system of the conditioned space
including selection of air outlet types, locating and specifying them. Only after the above
items have been finalized can the designer proceed with the detailed design of the air
distribution system. A proper selection process consists of a carefully prepared and well-
presented evaluation of the different options available
7.1 System Configuration
Selecting type of air distribution system for a specific project may be one of the most
difficult tasks of the HVAC Design Engineer. A proper selection process consists of
a carefully prepared and well presented evaluation of the different options available.
In this evaluation the economic considerations such as first cost and annual
operating cost are the most important aspects, although advantages of certain
operating characteristics such as better temperature or humidity control may
outweigh the economic disadvantages of a particular system. This is why weighing
the operating characteristics of different systems according to the user’s preference
is so important.
7.2 Air Distribution Systems
7.2.1 Constant Volume, Single Stream Systems
In its simplest and most common form the constant volume, single stream
system supplies a constant volume of air to a single zone of conditioned
space. Capacity control of this type of system is achieved by varying the
amount of heat removal from (or addition to) the air stream.
7.2.2 Dual Stream Systems
To cater for the varying needs of the different zones in large buildings the
dual stream systems are frequently used. Two variations of this type of
system are the multizone and double duct systems.
7.2.3 Variable Air Volume Systems
As opposed to the dual stream systems, the variable air- volume systems
operate on the principal of constant supply air temperature at varying supply
air flow rate. This concept may be put into practice by varying the individual
supply air streams to the different zones, by changing the total supply air
flow rate to the whole system or a combination of the two methods.

The main problem associated with these systems is the difficulty of providing
acceptable air diffusion patterns in the conditioned space with the varying air
supply. Other deficiencies of these systems include the inability of providing
simultaneous cooling and heating to the different zones of the conditioned
space and the lack of close dehumidification control.
7.2.4 Hybrid System
Most of the modern, more sophisticated air conditioning systems combine a

form of the variable air volume concept with one or more features of the
other system types.
One of these is the variable air-volume reheat system. In this system the total
supply air rate is calculated on the basis of maximum instantaneous peak load
of the total system rather than the sum of each zone peak loads. Temperature
control is achieved in two steps; supply air volume reduction as a first step
followed by reheat after the minimum supply air rate is reached.
7.3 Space Air Diffusion
Proper diffusion of air in the conditioned space is an essential feature of a well-

designed HVAC system. Conditioned air arrives to the air outlets at a higher
velocity and at a higher or lower temperature than it is acceptable in the occupied
areas of the space.
7.3.1 Air Outlet Types
Air outlets are most often classified according to their construction features
as grilles, slot diffusers, ceiling diffusers and perforated ceiling panels.
These four types of outlets widely vary in their primary air diffusion and
secondary air induction characteristics.
7.3.2 Location of Air Outlets
According to their location, air outlets are classified into three general
categories; sidewall, ceiling and floor mounted outlets. During a
performance test described in Chapter 32 of ASHRAE Fundamentals, air
outlets were divided into five groups according to their location and
discharge patterns.
a. Group A outlets include high sidewall grilles, sidewall diffusers and

ceiling diffusers with horizontal air discharge. This group of air
outlets is recommended for cooling and light heating application only.
They are particularly suitable for high airflow rates and large
temperature differentials.

b. Group B outlets are mounted in or near the floor with vertical, non-
spreading discharge jet. When the mixture of primary and room air
strikes the ceiling, it spreads under the ceiling in all directions before
dropping down into the occupied zone.
c. Group C outlets are also mounted in or near the floor similarly to

group B outlets, but they have wide spreading jets and good diffusion
capabilities. These outlets basically behave similarly to group B
outlets with the difference of larger stagnant air region during
cooling, but a better temperature equalization during heating. These
outlets are the most suitable for moderate cooling and severe heating
application.
d. Group D outlets include floor or low sidewall mounted air outlets

with horizontal air discharge. These types of outlets are mostly used
for process installation and they are not recommended for comfort
application.
e. Group E outlets are ceiling diffusers and high sidewall mounted

outlets with vertical downward air discharge.
7.3.3 Design of Air Diffusion System
The recommended procedure of an air diffusion system design consists of the

following:
a. Determination of room dimensions and supply air volume from

architectural drawings and cooling load calculations.
b. Selection of the tentative air outlet type and location in the room
according to the desired architectural appeal and location requirement
of the particular application.
c. Determination of the room's characteristics length (L). The rooms'

characteristic length is the length of the room in the direction of the
airflow or the distance to mid plane between outlets, or a variation of
the above, depending on the type and location of outlets.
Characteristic room lengths for several diffuser types are listed in
Table 1 of ASHRAE Fundamentals, Chapter 32.

d. Selection of Tv/L ratio. Tv is the throw distance of an air jet at "v"

velocity. For describing comfort criteria of an occupied space the Air
Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI) has been developed. ADPI
indicates the percentage of locations in the occupied zone where the
effective draft temperature and air velocity values are at an optimum.
The effective draft temperature is a combination of local temperature
differences from the room average temperature and found to be an
optimum between -1.7°C (-3°F) and +1°C (+2°F). The accompanied
optimum air velocity is below 21 mps (70 fps).
Table 2 of ASHRAE Fundamentals, Chapter 32 summarizes the

recommended Tv/L values at 15 mps (50 fps) air velocity and at
maximum and above minimum ADPI values for various air outlet
devices.
e. Calculation of throw distance (Tv). Tv can be calculated by

multiplying the recommended Tv/L ratio and the room's characteristic
length (L).
f. Selection of the air outlet size from manufacturer's catalog for the
above calculated Tv. Other performance criteria, such as noise and
pressure drop shall also be satisfied by the selected air outlet device.
AIR DIFFUSION SYSTEM DESIGN DATA
ROOM NUMBER
Room Length x width, m

Room Area, m2
Char. Length (L), m
Supply Air To Room, lps.
Number of outlets
Supply Air To Outlet, lps
Outlet Size
Room Cooling Load, kW/m2
Tv / L
Calculated Tv
Actual Tv
Sound Level, dB
Pressure Drop, Pa

7.4 Duct Design
7.4.1 Design Methods
The three duct design methods commonly used for comfort air conditioning
systems are the equal friction loss, static regain and velocity reduction
methods. The fourth, constant velocity duct design method is used for
particulate exhaust systems, and it is not discussed here.
With the equal friction loss method, ducts of the air distribution systems are
sized for a uniform pressure drop per unit length of duct. The choice of
friction constant depends on the size of air distribution system and noise
considerations. Suggested velocity and friction rate design limits are given on
Figure 9 of Chapter 33 in ASHRAE Fundamentals. This system is most
applicable where the lengths of branch runs are symmetrical with nearly
uniform lengths. In systems with unequal branches, headers and branches of
equal lengths maybe sized with the equal friction loss methods and the
branches with unequal lengths can be sized according to the available
pressure at take-offs.
The static regain method is based on maintaining a more or less constant

static pressure throughout the air distribution system. At each take-off the
increase in static pressure (static regain) is calculated to offset all or part of
the pressure drops in succeeding sections. The principal advantage of this
method is the relatively constant static pressure at each air outlet in the
system, therefore the same outlet devices can be used for equal air outlet
rates. The static regain method is more time consuming than the equal
friction loss method, but in larger systems the benefit of increased
effectiveness outweighs this disadvantage.
When the velocity reduction method is used, the fan discharge duct is sized
with the highest system velocity and the successive duct sections are sized
with progressively lower velocities. This method should only be used for
establishing preliminary duct sizes, and the detailed design of ducting should
be performed by the equal friction or static regain method.
7.4.2 Fan Selection
The operating point of the air distribution system’s fan is established by

superimposing the system curve on fan performance curve.
However, it should be recognized that the actual operating point seldom will
coincide with the theoretical intersection point of system curve and fan
curve. The discrepancy in terms of airflow may be caused by errors in
pressure drop calculation or improper fan inlet/outlet connections.

In addition, the published fan performance curves may not always accurately
coincide with the actual fan performance because the fan will not be running
in the same system configuration in which it was tested in a controlled
condition.
The foregoing defect of the installed system can be rectified with the
following steps:
a. The actual total air flow of the system has to be measured and the
actual system curve has to be calculated on the basis of actual
operating point established by plotting the air flow measurement on
the fan curve.
b. The fan speed has to be modified for establishing the required

operating point at the intersection of the desired air flow and the
actual system curve. This can be accomplished by the application of
fan laws mentioned below.
The new operating point of the system is established at the intersection of the
new fan curve and revised system curve.
7.4.3 Fan Performance
Fan performance at various speed and when handling air can be predicted
when the performance is known at a specific condition. The different
conditions can be calculated by using the Fan Laws.
a. Fan Law #1 - Airflow varies in direct proportion to the fan speed i.e.
when you increase the speed of a fan by 10%, the airflow also
increased by 10%.
Q2/Q1 = N2/N1
where: Q2 - new or required airflow, lps (or CFM)

Q1 - actual or existing airflow, lps (or CFM)
N2 - new or required fan speed, Rad/sec (or RPM)
N1 - actual or existing fan speed, Rad/sec (or RPM)
b. Fan Law #2 - Static pressure varies by the square of the fan speed i.e.
when you decrease the speed of a fan by 10%, the static pressure will
decrease by the square of 10%.
SP2 / SP1 = (N 2 / N 1)2
Where: SP2 - new or required static pressure, Pa (or in. wg.)

SP1 -actual or existing static pressure, Pa (or in. wg.)

c. Fan Law #3 - Brake power varies by the cube of the speed.
BP2 / BP1 = (N2 / N1)3
where: BP2 - new or required brake power, kW (or Bhp)

BP1 - actual or existing brake power, kW (or Bhp)
N2 - new or required fan speed, Rad/sec (or RPM)
N1 - actual or existing fan speed, Rad/sec (or RPM)
d. Fan Law #4 - Fan volume will not change with a change in density.
A fan is a constant volume machine and will handle the same airflow
regardless of the system fluid or density. The brake power and static
pressure will vary in direct proportion to the density. Handling
denser or heavier air will produce more pressure and require more
power. Fan performance data is based on standard air which has a
density of 1.2 kg/m3 (0.075 lbs. /ft3).
SP2/SP1 = d2 / d1
BP2/BP1 = d2 / d1
Where: d2 - new or required density

d1 - actual or existing density
7.4.4 Fan/System Curve Relationship
In a given duct system with a known airflow rate when the position of all
dampers are stable, a specific, measurable static pressure resistance to the
airflow can be determined or measured.
But if the flow rate is increased, the duct system resistance is increased i.e. if
the cfm increases the system static pressure increases. The system resistance
is the sum of all pressure losses through filters, coils, dampers and ductwork.
The system resistance curve or system curve is a plot of the pressure that is
required to move air through the system. For fixed system i.e. no changes in
damper setting, etc., system resistance varies as the square of the airflow and
be calculated as follows:
P2/P1 = (QT2 /QT1)2
Where: P2 -new or required System Static Pressure, Pa (or in. wg.)

P1 - actual or existing System Static Press., Pa (or in. wg.)
QT2 - new or required System Airflow, lps (or CFM)
QT1 - actual or existing System Airflow, lps (or CFM)

7.4.5 Duct Design Considerations
a. Splitter type dampers offer little or no control of air volume in ducts.

They should be regarded as air diverters only, with maximum
effectiveness when present on duct systems exhibiting low resistance
to air flow. Valid application of splitter dampers generally occurs at
the ends of branch ducts where need to reduce or restrict air flow is
not required.
b. The application of single blade quadrant volume dampers

immediately behind diffusers and grilles may tend to throw air to one
side of the outlet, preventing uniform air flow across the outlet face or
cones.
c. Manually operated opposed blade or quadrant type volume dampers

shall be installed in each branch duct takeoff after leaving the main
duct to control the amount of air into these branch ducts.
d. Turning vanes shall be installed perpendicular to the entering and

leaving to minimize air flow turbulence.
e. Manual volume dampers shall be provided in the duct drop or

takeoffs to diffusers and registers to limit the total air to the face
damper of the register or neck damper of the diffuser. Sidewall and
diffuser dampers cannot be used for reducing high air volumes
without inducing objectionable air noise levels.
f. Outside air louvers can create objectionable air noise on large

systems. Louver blades shall be widely spaced with all edges
rounded (or double folded) to prevent generation of high pitched air
noises. Intake screens should have openings of at least 13 mm (1/2
in.) squares to prevent clogging while offering ample protection
against large entering objects.
g. Manual dampers shall be located downstream of hot and cold zone

dampers on each zone of a double duct system.
h. Double thickness or extended edge turning vanes shall be utilized in

all rectangular elbows of return as well as supply ducting.
i. Furnish extractors where the main air stream in the main duct is a
distance away from the branch duct take-off (when located on the
inside radius duct wall following an elbow, etc.). Do not specify
extractor at branch or main duct takeoffs to provide volume control.
Extractors are principally used to divert air to branch duct.

j. Manual balancing dampers shall be located at each branch duct inlet

of vertical duct chases or main return ducts.
k. Extension ceiling mounted damper hardware shall be provided

wherever possible.
l. Adequate size access doors shall be installed within working distance

for volume dampers, pressure reducing valves, reheat coils, mixing
boxes, blenders, constant volume regulators, etc., to permit required
adjustments.
m. Avoid placing a return air opening directly in or adjacent to the return

air plenum. Sound lining of the duct opening and plenum will not
reduce the transmitted noise to acceptable levels.
n. A slight space or opening between blades of an opposed blade

volume damper will generate a relatively high noise level as the air
passes through the openings under system pressure. Damper blades
shall be sealed with foam rubber or felt to form an effective seal with
the blades in the closed position.
o. Duct leakage may vary from 15 to 45% depending upon

workmanship, type of duct construction and fittings, system design,
etc. To minimize duct leakage, all duct seams, casing and plenum
connections, etc., shall be sealed or taped, thus generally assuring a
maximum of 5% duct seam leakage factor.
p. Avoid the use of masonry or composition wall vertical air shafts for
exhaust systems on multi-story buildings.
q. Indicate volume damper locations at accessible points and wherever

possible, a distance from a duct transition or fitting. Care shall be
taken during installation to make certain that sheet metal fasteners
(screws) do not protrude into the duct and interfere with damper
operation.
r. Do not use air extractors at branch or main duct take-offs to provide

volume control. Extractors are principally effective in diverting air to
ducts experiencing air shortages, provided these shortages are not due
to a considerably higher branch duct resistance to air flow than the
other branch ducts on the system. With the condition of higher
branch static, the extractor when positioned in the main duct air
stream cannot produce sufficient velocity pressure diverted air to
overcome the branch duct resistance. When severe dampering is
required to build pressure, etc., the high bypass and leakage factors of
the extractor nullify its effectiveness.

s. Proportion the sizes of the duct split fitting or branches based on the
air flow requirements of each resulting duct. If higher or lower duct
pressure requirements in the branches and outlets are present,
adjustment of the proportion of the split shall be made.
t. To minimize generated duct noise at volume dampers, indicate

damper locations at least two diameters from a fitting and as far as
possible from an outlet.
7.4.6 Terminal Devices
a. Avoid locating diffusers or grilles directly into the bottom or side of

main air duct. No amount of adjustment will decrease the noise level
generated.
b. Do not design light troffers on the same duct run or zone with
standard diffusers or registers due to the greater pressure
requirements of troffers which will necessitate excessive throttling at
the standard outlets and generate objectionable noise levels.
c. Restrict use of high induction type diffusers to those applications

requiring high air motion.
d. Avoid long duct runs with large volume diffusers off the main and
branch ducts terminating in small diffusers or registers.
e. Avoid mixing supply registers and diffusers on the same duct section.
The greater pressure requirement of the diffusers will necessitate
extensive throttling at the registers and generate air noise.
f. Avoid placing diffusers or registers too close the ceiling or in a

manner that air patterns will be discharged into ceiling mounted light
fixtures.
g. If possible, provide adjustable extractors at each duct takeoff to a

register.
h. Return air registers shall be located on or near exterior walls,

preferably at or near floor level.
i. Do not use an outlet with low induction characteristics where the air
volume being distributed is high and the distance of throw is short.
j. Return air grilles shall be selected for operation at low face velocities
(0.50 to 3.05 mps or 100 to 600 FPM) to minimize noise levels.

k. When designing duct drops to diffusers, provide a minimum length of

2 times the duct diameter (or square dimension) in length to assure
even distribution from the outlet.
l. Return air grilles and duct connections which open into common
return plenum without air fans shall be oversized when possible.
m. Avoid the passage of return air from one space or zone through that
of another to reach a return air grille.
n. Avoid the use of built-in door louvers for passage of return air when
the supply air system operates at low pressure (ceiling plenum supply,
etc.).
o. Avoid the use of combination supply-return outlets. Air quantities

handled by supply and return section of outlet can be accurately
measured and adjusted by means of specific balancing procedures.
However, percent of short circuiting of supply air to return cannot be
determined.
7.5 General Duct Design Procedures
7.5.1 Study the plans of the building and arrange the supply/ return outlets to
provide proper distribution of air within each space.
7.5.2 Determine the cooling or heating load to be supplied by each outlet. Adjust
calculated actual air quantities for duct heat gains or losses and duct leakage.
Also, adjust the supply, return, and/or exhaust air quantities to meet space
pressurization requirements.
Supply Outlet Flow Rate = Outlet Heat Gain x Total System Flow Rate
Total Heat Gain
7.5.3 Select outlet sizes from manufacturer's data
7.5.4 Determine ductwork location.
7.5.5 Determine cooling or heating unit location.
7.5.6 Sketch the duct system, connecting the supply outlets and return intakes with
the central station apparatus, taking cognizance of the building construction,
and avoiding all structural obstructions and equipment. The space allocated
for the supply and return ducts often dictates the system.

7.5.7 Make a single line diagram of the supply and return duct systems. Label all
fittings and transitions to show equivalent lengths on the single line drawing.
Show measured lengths of ductwork on the single line drawing. Determine
the total effective length of each branch supply. (Begin at the air handler and
add all equivalent lengths and measured lengths to each outlet: Effective
Length = Equivalent length + Measured Length).
7.5.8 Label the supply outlet flow rate requirement on the single line drawing for
each outlet.
7.5.9 Determine the sizes of all main and branch ducts by the selected design
method.
7.5.10 Calculate the total pressure requirements of all duct sections, both supply and
return, and then plot the total pressure grade line. The total pressure shall
include losses through air handling apparatus, filters, duct heaters, etc.
7.5.11 Layout the system in detail. If significant duct routing and fitting variations
have occurred from the original design, recalculate the pressure loss.
7.5.12 Analyze the design for objectionable noise levels and specify sound
attenuators as necessary.
7.5.13 Select the fan.
7.6 Velocity and Friction Rate Design Limits
7.6.1 See Fig. 9 Chapter 33 of ASHRAE Fundamentals.
7.6.2 The following may be used also as a preliminary guide:

Table - 5.0
RECOMMENDED DUCT VELOCITIES FOR LOW VELOCITY SYSTEMS, mps (FPM)
APPLICATION MAIN DUCTS BRANCH DUCTS

SUPPLY RETURN SUPPLY RETURN
Residences 3.56 - 4.57 3 3 3
(700 - 900) (600) (600) (600)
Apartments, 7.62 6.6 6.1 5
Hospital (1500) (1300) (1200) (1000)
Bedrooms
Private Offices, 6.1 - 8.1 4.57 - 6.1 4 - 6.6 3 - 4.57
Director’s Room, (1200 - 1600) (900 - 1200) (800 - 1300) (600 - 900)
Libraries
Theaters, 5 - 6.6 4.57 - 6.1 3 - 4.57 2.54 - 3.56
Auditoriums (100 - 1300) (900 - 1200) (600 - 900) (500 - 700)
Dining Halls, 10 7.62 8.13 6.1
Cafeterias (2000) (1500) (1600) (1200)
Industrial 6.1 - 9.1 4.57 - 7.1 4-5 3-4
Buildings (1200 - 1800) (900 - 1400) (800 - 1000) (600 - 800)
7.7 Typical Design Velocities for Duct Components (See to Table 4 Chap. 33 of
ASHRAE Fundamentals)
DUCT ELEMENT ACTUAL FACE VELOCITY mps (FPM)
LOUVERS
A. Intake:
1. 3.31 m3/s (7000 CFM) and greater 2.03 (400)
2. Less than 3.31 m3/s (7000 CFM) See Fig. 10 Chapter 33

ASHRAE Fundamentals
B. Exhaust:
1. 2.36 m3/s (5000 CFM) and greater 2.54 (500)

2. Less than 2.36 m3/s (5000 CFM) See Fig. 10 Chapter 33
ASHRAE Fundamentals

FILTERS
A. Panel Filters:
1. Viscous Impingement 1.02 - 4.06 (200 - 800)

2. Dry-Type, Extended Surface
a. Flat (Low Efficiency) Duct Velocity up to 3.81 (750)
b. Pleated Media (Intermediate Efficiency) -do-
c. HEPA 1.27 (250)
B. Renewable Media Filters:
1. Moving-Curtain Viscous Impingement 2.54 (500)

2. Moving-Curtain Dry-Media 1.02 (200)
C. Electronic Air Cleaners:
1. Ionizing Plate-Type 1.52 - 2.54 (300 - 500)

2. Charged-Media Non-ionizing 1.27 (250)
3. Charged-Media Ionizing -
HEATING COILS
A. Steam and Hot Water 2.54 - 3.05 (500 - 600)

1.02 (200) Min./7.61 (1500)
Max.
B. Electric
1. Open Wire Refer to Mfg. Data

2. Finned Tubular Refer to Mfg. Data
DEHUMIDIFYING COILS
A. Without Eliminators 2.54 - 3.05 (500 - 600)

B. With Eliminators 3.55(700) and greater
AIR WASHERS
A. Spray-Type 1.52 - 3.05 (300 - 600)

B. Cell-Type Refer to Mfg. Data
C. High Velocity, Spray-Type 6.09 - 9.14 (1200 - 1800)

7.8 The following is the recommended Outlet (Terminal) Velocity which can be used as
a guide in selection of terminal devices.
Table 6.0 - Recommended Outlet Velocity
Application Terminal Velocity, mps (FPM)

Residences 2.54 - 3.81 (500 - 750)
Apartments 2.54 - 3.81 (500 - 750)
Mosques 2.54 - 3.81 (500 - 750)
Private Offices, Acoustically Treated 2.54 - 3.81 (500 - 750)
Private Offices, Not Treated 2.54 - 4.07 (500 - 800)
Theaters, Auditoriums 5.08 (1000)
General Offices 5.08 - 6.35 (1000 - 1250)

8.0 DUCTWORK
8.1 General Requirements
8.1.1 Ductwork shall be designed, fabricated and installed in accordance with

latest accepted good practices for sheet metal work and in accordance with
SMACNA, NFPA 90A, Specifications and the Drawings.
8.1.2 Unless otherwise specified, duct material shall be coated galvanized steel of
lock-forming grade conforming to ASTM A-653.
8.2 Duct Pressure Classification
8.2.1 Unless specified or allowed, the minimum thickness for rectangular and
round ductwork shall be constructed in accordance with Tables 1-1 through
1-19 and Table 3-2 and 3.3 respectively, SMACNA HVAC Duct
Construction Standard for Metal and Flexible. Duct pressures are classified
as follows:
Table 7.0 - Duct Pressure Classification Table
Static Pressure Velocity

Duct Class Rating, Pa (in. mps (FPM) PRESSURE
wg.)
High Pressure 2500 (10) 10 (2000) Up Positive
High Medium 1500 (6) 10 (2000) Up Positive
Pressure Pressure
Duct Medium 1000 (4) 10 (2000) Up Positive
Pressure
Medium 750 (3) 20 (4000) Positive or
Pressure Down Negative
Low Pressure 500 (2) 12.5 (2500) Positive or
Low Down Negative
Pressure Low Pressure 250 (1) 12.5 (2500) Positive or
Duct Down Negative
Low Pressure 125 (0.5) 10 (2000) Positive or
Down Negative

8.2.2 Ductwork layout shall be neat and orderly. If ductworks are exposed maximize head
room as much as possible.
8.2.3 Turning vanes in all rectilinear elbows shall be single vane construction as
recommended by SMACNA. Angle of turning vanes shall correspond to
angle of elbow.
8.2.4 Volume dampers shall be provided wherever necessary for complete control
of air flow in all supply and return branches, divisions in main supply and
return ducts including each individual air supply outlet and outside air ducts.
Multi-blade volume dampers in all zone ducts shall be provided at multizone
air handling units. Where access to dampers through a suspended ceiling is
necessary, the proper location of the access doors shall be coordinated.
a. Dampers used to isolate areas protected by Halon Systems or Clean

Agent Fire Extinguisher System (including but not limited to raised-
floor dampers, return air duct dampers, supply air dampers,
pressurization control dampers) shall comply with UL-555S, Leakage
Class I requirements. When damper is in close position it shall not
leak more than 20.23 lps per m2 (4 CFM per ft2) at 25 mm (1 in.) wg,
nor more than 40.48 lps per m2 (8 CFM per ft2) at 100 mm (4 in.) wg.
b. Air extractor shall be provided for branch takeoff (rectangular branch

or sidewall grille) not controlled by splitter damper.
c. Bell mouth connector with volume damper shall be provided in round

duct branch takeoffs not controlled by splitter damper.
8.2.6 Rectangular ducts which terminate with an open end shall have the framed
with galvanized steel angles, with 13 mm (1/2 in.) mesh galvanized
hardware cloth cover.
8.3 Flexible Connections
8.3.1 Provide flexible fabric connections between each piece of air moving
equipment and ductwork. At least 25 mm (1 in.) slack shall be allowed in
these connections to insure that no vibration is transmitted from fan to
ductwork.
8.3.2 The fabric shall either be folded in with the metal or attached with the metal
collar frames at each end to prevent air leakage.
8.3.3 The flexible material for indoor installation shall be neoprene coated glass
fabric, and shall be UL listed per UL Standard No. 214, non-combustible, fire
retardant, waterproof, airtight, resistant to abrasion and damage from flexing.

8.3.4 For outdoor installation, the same material specification as in par. 8.3.3 shall
be used with two coatings of hypalon.
8.3.5 Materials shall have a flame spread and smoke developed rating of 25/50 or
less as per NFPA 255.
8.4 Acoustical Liner
8.4.1 Provide acoustical liner in low pressure duct for building offices as follows:
a. 25 mm (1 inch) thick in all supply ducts in Mechanical Room in

which unit is located, and in all supply ducts within 9.15 meters (30
feet) of unit (whichever requirement is greater shall govern).
b. 25 mm (1 inch) thick in all return ducts within 6.10 meters (20 ft.) of
unit.
C. 25 mm (1 inch) thick in all rigid ductwork on the discharge side of

Variable Air Volume Boxes.
8.4.2 Acoustical Material: Density 48 kg per m3 (3 lbs/ft3 ), "K" value not more
than 0.036 w/m-°C or 0.25 Btu-in/hr-ft2-°F at 24°C (75°F) mean temperature
difference, neoprene faced. Maximum friction rate shall be not more than
1.3 multiplier for ASHRAE values.
8.4.3 Sheet metal must be 50 mm (2 in.) larger in both directions where liner is
installed in ductworks.
8.5 Screen
All fresh air intake openings shall be provided with removable screens fabricated of
gauge 16 galvanized steel, 13 mm (1/2 in.) wire mesh with a galvanized steel
framing.
8.6 Connections to Louvers
Connections to louvers shall be made watertight. A minimum of 90 cm (3 ft)

ductwork behind louver shall have watertight soldered joints and shall be sloped to
weep holes in bottom of louver. Where possible, lap duct shall be over bottom louver
blade to drain any water that may enter.

8.7 Plenums
Plenums shall be made of galvanized steel framing members and galvanized steel
sheets, cross-broken and rigidly braced with galvanized angles. Gauges and bracing
shall conform to SMACNA recommendations for ductwork of like size. Opening for
fans, access doors, etc., shall be framed with galvanized steel angles. Access doors
shall be provided with locking latch.
8.8 Smoke/Fire Dampers
8.8.1 Fire dampers shall be provided in ducts penetrating fire rated walls
and shall conform to the requirements of NFPA 90A and SMACNA with
recommended steel sleeves, fusible links, spring catches and non-corrosive
bearings. Dampers shall be UL listed and shall be installed in a manner
which will conform to the conditions of UL listing.
8.8.2 In substations, motorized combination of smoke and fire dampers shall be

installed in supply and return duct penetrations or openings on the fire rated
walls of the mechanical room. In other areas, fusible link operated fire
dampers or other approved automatic dampers shall be provided on duct
penetrations or openings on fire rated walls.
8.9 Access Door to Smoke/Fire Dampers
Access doors to fire dampers in paragraphs 8.8.1 and 8.8.2 above shall be provided
in the duct for inspection and service to smoke/fire damper and fusible link. Access
doors shall be airtight and conform to the recommendations of NFPA and
SMACNA.
8.10 Penetration Closures
8.10.1 Closures or airtight seals shall be provided for all openings in floors or
walls where ducts penetrate. Provide a minimum of 88 mm (3-1/2 in.) high
watertight concrete curbs around all duct openings in concrete floors or
roofs.

8.10.2 The materials of seals shall be as follows:
a. 18 gauge galvanized sheet metal where no fire rating is required, and

where no fire dampers are installed.
b. 10 gauge galvanized steel where fire rating is required or where fire

damper is installed.
c. For non-fire rated walls, where openings are constricted in a way that
will render the use of metal closures impractical, lead wool packing
shall be used to seal openings in a manner to be permanently air tight
and sound attenuating.
8.11 Flexible Ducts
8.11.1 Flexible ducts shall be insulated type, with two ply; woven fiberglass inner
lining on vinyl coated spring steel wire helix, fiberglass insulation
minimum 25 mm (1 in.) thick, and with outer vapor barrier jacket.
8.11.2 Flexible duct shall not exceed 1.83 meters (6 ft.) in length, and shall be
installed in as straight line as possible. Bends shall not exceed 90 degrees
total, with a minimum radius of 2 times inside diameter. Do not allow any
kinks in duct. Maximum friction rate shall be 7.5 mm (0.3 in.) wg. per
30.5 m (100 ft.) duct. Duct shall have UL-181 air duct listing. The total
pressure drop for any 1.83 m (6 ft.) section installed shall not exceed 2.54
mm (0.1 in.) wg.

9.0 CONTROL AND ZONING
9.1 Controls
9.1.1 HVAC systems shall be designed and installed using commercially

available equipment and techniques to provide Automatic Temperature
Controls (ATC), and when required, humidity, pressure and air quality.
Safety and limit automatic controls such as freeze stats, fire stats, flow
switches, smoke detectors, refrigeration low-high pressure cutouts, etc.
shall be provided for safe operation of the entire HVAC system. The
control system shall be powered by electric, electronic, pneumatic and self-
contained controls. All thermostats (humidistat, etc.) shall be manually
adjustable over the operating range.
One of the most important components in ATC system operation are the
control valves (i.e. the solenoid valves and 2-way or 3-way control valves
for DX and hydronic systems respectively) that provide accurate control
over the fluid flow through the cooling coil. Since solenoid valves formed
integral part of the commercially available A/C unit in the DX system,
further discussion on valve sizing is no longer practical.
In hydronic system, the properly sized valve to provide good fluid flow
control will be one-half the diameter of the surrounding pipe. A correctly
sized valve must provide a significant head loss that can be calculated by
the following formula:
Cv = Q / (∆P)1/2
Where:Cv - flow coefficient or valve constant (normally

provided by Control Valve Manufacturer
Q - flow rate of the fluid, gpm
∆P - pressure drop through a wide open valve, psi
Some typical guidelines used to calculate the desired pressure drop are:
1. The pressure drop through the valve should be equal to the pressure
loss through the coil;
2. The pressure drop through the valve should be equal to one-half
the total pressure drop between the supply header and the return
header; or
3. The pressure drop through the valve should be equal to one-third the
total system pressure loss.

9.1.2 The performance of HVAC system shall be controlled by a thermostat

located in the supply air stream at coil discharge or in the return air stream
within the conditioned space. Water flow control shall be by throttling
valve in the discharge of water coil.
9.1.3 Controls for heating shall be interconnected with air conditioning system
with a minimum of 3.3°C (6°F) deadband between heating cut off and
cooling start temperatures for all applications where more precise
temperature control is not required.
9.1.4 Air conditioning units shall automatically shut down when fire alarm
system is activated in accordance with NFPA 90A and NFPA 101.
9.2 Zoning
9.2.1 Buildings over 9.8 m (32 ft.) wide and buildings with perimeter offices
shall be divided into interior and exterior zones.
9.2.2 In dividing an area into zones, similarities of exposures, internal loads and
occupancy must be considered. The grouping of spaces into zones should
be determined by physical size, arrangement of constituent spaces, and
uniformity of control requirements. The character of occupancy, whether
executive, supervisory or general, may also govern the zoning.
9.2.3 For a successful zone control, the requirement of cooling and heating, both
hourly and seasonally, must be consistent throughout the spaces
constituting a zone.
9.3 HVAC Control System (For Substation Building)
9.3.1 The Direct Digital Control (D.D.C.) system shall be compact module type,
24V DC shall contain digital and analogue for input and output points as
specified below:
1. All alarms and indications (such as pre-filter, bag filter, exhaust fans,
etc.) shall be considered as input points in D.D.C. system.
2. Compact module D.D.C. shall be at least 16 points input and 16

points output.
3. D.D.C. shall be ready to communicate with computer system to

building. B.M.S. in the future.

4. D.D.C. compact module shall be at least 20% free points spare.
5. D.D.C. test set shall be provided by the CONTRACTOR for

maintenance purposes.
9.3.2 Provide duct smoke detectors complete with response indicator and shall be
connected to the fire alarm control panel under separate zone.
9.3.3 Control System shall also include all the necessary pressure and
temperature control protective devices as well as control relays, consisting
of, but not be limited to the requirements defined in 73-TMSS-1, and in
TES-P-119.19.
10.0 VENTILATION AND EXHAUST SYSTEMS
10.1 Generally, the introduction of outside (make-up) air into a building serves several
purposes:
a. To force exhaled air out of the building, to remove moisture from indoor air,
to dilute carbon dioxide concentration and to remove body generated odors
from the conditioned space.
b. In addition to the above, for most buildings located in Saudi Arabia it is

necessary to provide a slight positive internal pressure for keeping the
airborne dust out. In substations, control rooms and other dust sensitive
facility, it is mandatory to provide 10% of supply air for fresh air make-up.
10.2 Make up air shall replenish all exhaust fan losses, air lost through doors and leakage
through openings, and shall provide adequate fresh air for the occupants. Make up
air shall be filtered and conditioned. The minimum amount of outside air shall equal
the greater of 5 percent of supply in excess of all exhaust air or 3.8 L/s (8 CFM) per
occupant.
10.3 Ventilation requirements for occupants in various conditioned buildings or facilities

shall be referred to ASHRAE Fundamentals.
10.4 In residential buildings the ventilation requirement is satisfied by infiltration and no

separate outside air make-up is required. The minimum rate of infiltration to be used
for heating/cooling load calculations shall be 0.5 air change per hour.
10.5 Toilet rooms shall be provided with a mechanically operated exhaust system capable
of providing a complete change of air every 6 minutes. System shall exhaust
directly to the outside, and the point of discharge shall be at least 1.52 m (5 ft.) from
any openable window or door, and 1 m (3 ft.) above and 3.05 m (10 ft.) away from
any air intake.

10.6 Occupied non-air conditioned enclosed storehouses shall have mechanical forced
ventilation. Inlet air intakes shall be designed to minimize sand and dust intrusion.
The building design shall have roof insulation and as required on the exterior walls.
Maximum "U" Value
0.34 watt/ m2 -°K (0.06 Btu/hr-ft2-°F)

0.56 watt/ m2 -°K (0.10 Btu/hr-ft2-°F)
10.7 All buildings or portions thereof where flammable or toxic materials are used, shall
be analyzed by Industrial Hygienist and by the Loss Prevention Division for the
required ventilation rate.
10.8 Hospital ventilation and exhaust system shall be designed in accordance with
Accreditation Manual for Hospitals or National Board of Fire Underwriters'
Pamphlet No. 46.
10.9 Ventilation of Battery Rooms
a. Conventional Vented Lead-Acid Type Battery
1. The minimum rate of ventilation shall be designed at 12 air change

per hour in accordance with TES-P-119.19.
b. Maintenance Free Sealed Lead-Acid Type Battery
1. For safety requirement, the ventilation air flow rate shall be designed
at least 8 air change per hour as per TES-P-119.21.
c. Return air shall not be re-circulated to the air conditioning equipment but
shall be exhausted to the outside of the building. Return air ducts or grilles
shall not be provided in the battery room.
d. Ductwork shall be provided at points at or near the floor level (for gases and
vapor heavier than air) and at points above the battery (for gases and vapor
lighter than air). The ductwork shall be made of corrosion resistant
materials.
e. Exhaust fan/motor assembly shall be corrosion proof and explosion proof

ideal for 24 hours continuous operation. Motor shall be NEMA design Class
B insulation.
10.10 Conditioned air supplied to toilets shall be exhausted to the outside of building and
shall not be re-circulated to the air handling units.
10.11 The table shown below can be used as a guide in determining the recommended air
changes for a particular space or room.

Table 8.0 - Recommended Air Change Rates
TYPE OF AIR CHANGE TYPE OF AIR CHANGE

SPACE PER HOUR * SPACE PER HOUR*
Assembly Hall 10 - 15 Laundry 15 - 25
Auditorium 4 - 15 Library 3
Battery Room 12 Locker Room 6
Boiler Room 10 - 15 Machine Shop 6
Mosque 10 - 15 Offices 8 - 30
Classroom 10 - 12 Pump Room 8 - 10
Corridor 3 - 12 Recreation Room 8 - 30
Developer 10 - 60 Restaurant 6 - 12
Dining Room 4-6 Shop General 6 - 20
Engine Room 4-6 Substation 5-8
Garage 10 - 15 Toilet 6 - 10
Generating Room 12 - 30 Transformer 12
Heat Treating 60 - 99 Turbine Room 10 - 30
Kitchen 10 - 20 Warehouse 2 - 10
NOTE: *The air change rates must conform to the Local Health Department code
covering the type of installation

11.0 SOUND AND VIBRATION CONTROL
11.1 Sound Control for Outdoor Equipment Installations
The following factors shall be considered to assure quiet installations of outdoor

equipment:
11.1.1 The equipment shall be located as far as practical from points of possible
complaints. Installation in confined or restricted locations, such as
courtyards and alley- ways, shall be avoided.
11.1.2 The equipment shall be oriented so that maximum sound radiation patterns
are directed away from points of possible complaint. (Maximum sound
radiation usually occurs in the direction that air enters and leaves the
equipment).
11.1.3 Natural and, where necessary, artificial barriers may be used to reduce the
sound that reaches points of possible complaints. To be effective, barriers
must be of solid, heavy construction and large enough so that flanking effects
do not minimize their benefits.
11.1.4 Silencers may be used to provide desired sound reduction if the equipment is
capable of handling their air flow resistance. It is advisable to obtain the
equipment manufacturer's recommendations on their use. The resulting
sound levels will be the equipment levels at the new operating conditions
minus the net insertion loss provided by silencers.
11.1.5 The equipment shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's

instructions and checked for proper acoustical, as well as mechanical,
operation. For continued acceptability, regular maintenance procedures shall
cover items that could produce unnecessary sound, such as the tightening of
loose parts and the replacement of worn or damaged components.
11.2 Sound Control for Indoor Air Conditioning Systems
The following are recommended procedures for sound control calculations:
11.2.1 Choose the appropriate design noise level for each room, or class of rooms,
dependent on use and construction.
11.2.2 Select equipment radiating into the room that will meet this design level.
11.2.3 Calculate the required duct attenuation to reduce central system noise to
design levels.

11.2.4 Design or select sound attenuating duct elements to meet requirements

established in step 3.
11.2.5 Repeat steps 2, 3 and 4 for the return side.
11.2.6 Design mechanical room, or rooms, to properly attenuate the generated noise
from the equipment contained.
11.2.7 Prevent the transmission of annoying vibration through the structure to

occupied spaces.
11.2.8 Design areaways and fresh air intakes to meet outdoor criteria. Also check
outside to inside path from this source.
11.3 Mechanical Equipment Room Noise Isolation
11.3.1 Locate mechanical room remote from all acoustically critical surfaces.
Buffer zones (storage rooms, corridors or less noise-sensitive spaces) may be
placed between all mechanical equipment rooms and rooms requiring quiet
environment.
11.3.2 Construction enclosing the mechanical equipment room shall be poured or

masonry units of sufficient surface weight to provide adequate sound
transmission loss capability. Walls must be airtight and caulked at the edges
to prevent sound leaks.
11.3.3 Wherever ducts, pipes, conduits, etc., penetrate the walls, floor, or ceiling of
a mechanical room, it is necessary to acoustically treat the openings for
adequate noise control. A 12 to 16 mm clear space should be left all around
the penetrating element and this space should be filled with fibrous material
for the full depth of the penetration. Both sides of the penetration should be
sealed airtight with a non-hardening resilient sealant.
11.3.4 Doors into mechanical equipment rooms are frequently the weak link in the
enclosure. Where noise control is important, they shall be as heavy as
possible, gasketed around the perimeter, without grilles or openings and be
self-closing.

11.4 Recommended Indoor Design Goals for Air Conditioning System Sound Control*
(Note: These are for unoccupied spaces, with all systems operating.)
Recommended
RC OR NC
Type of Area Criteria Range
1. Offices
a. Board room 20 to 25
b. Executive 25 to 30
c. Conference rooms 25 to 30
d. Private offices, reception rooms 30 to 35

e. General open offices, Drafting rooms 35 to 40
f. Computer/business machine areas 40 to 45
g. Halls and corridors 35 to 45
2. Hospitals and Clinics
a. Private rooms 25 to 30
b. Wards 30 to 35
c. Operating rooms 25 to 30
Recommended
RC OR NC
Type of Area Criteria Range
d. Laboratories 30 to 35
e. Corridors, halls, lobbies, waiting rooms 30 to 35
f. Washrooms and toilets 35 to 40
3. Mosques 25 to 30**
4. Schools
a. Lecture and classrooms 25 to 30

b. Open-plan classrooms 30 to 35**
5. Libraries 30 to 35
* Design goals can be increased by 5 dB when dictated by budget constraints

or when noise intrusion from other sources represents a limiting condition.
** An acoustical expert shall be consulted for guidance on these critical spaces.

RC: Room Criterion (Sound Pressure level, dB recommended 20 MicroPascals)
NC: Noise Criterion (Sound Pressure level, dB recommended 20 MicroPascals)
11.5 Vibration Isolation and Control
The following general procedure shall be followed to avoid problems of vibration

and structure-borne noise transmission:
11.5.1 Evaluate the inherent quietness of the various types of equipment and select
the types with the lowest sound and vibration levels, consistent with
engineering and cost considerations.
11.5.2 Locate equipment rooms so they are not directly adjacent to, above, or below
areas which are critical from a noise and vibration standpoint. Equipment
with inherently large unbalance or vibratory forces shall be installed at grade
or remote basement locations whenever possible.
11.5.3 Locate pipe and duct shafts in utility or service cores near non-critical areas
such as elevator shafts, stair- wells, and toilets, rather than adjoining critical
areas such as bedrooms or private offices.
11.5.4 Design supporting structures to be as stiff as possible. Although most

equipment room floors are usually 10 or more times stiffer than equipment
isolators, they are capable of deflections resulting in floor natural frequencies
in the operating speed range of most HVAC equipment. To avoid problems
when large equipment or equipment capable of generating substantial
vibratory forces is to be located near noise-sensitive areas, either perform a
dynamic analysis or retain the services of an acoustical consultant.
11.5.5 Specify maximum allowable equipment vibration levels.
11.5.6 Provide appropriate vibration isolation for equipment.
11.6 Selection of Vibration Isolators
See Table 27 Chapter 35, ASHRAE Systems & Equipment

12.0 AIR FILTERS
12.1 Air handling unit filter shall be high efficiency bag filter or washable material with a
minimum Dust Spot Efficiency of 25%, and 90% weight arrestance rating
(ASHRAE 52-76).
12.2 Make-up (Outdoor) Intake System shall consist of:
Sand trap louver, prefilter (inertial filter), or viscous oil filter, or media-filter capable
of 25% min. Dust Spot Efficiency and 90% weight arrestance (ASHRAE 52-76).
12.3 The air velocity through prefilters shall not exceed 3.05 mps (600 FPM) and dirty
prefilter pressure drop shall not be greater than 125 Pa (0.50 in. wg.).
12.4 The air velocity through high efficiency filter shall not exceed 1.3 m/s (255 fpm) and
dirty filter pressure drop shall not be greater than 250 Pa (1.00 in. wg.).
12.5 Selection
12.5.1 Have air flow as uniform across the filter face as possible.
12.5.2 Consider the use of prefilter with high-efficiency units for longer service life.
12.5.3 Provide weather louvers with trash screens on intakes.
12.5.4 Use a draft gauge on constant volume systems to determine when a filter
should be serviced.
12.5.5 Provide sufficient access for cost-effective servicing.
12.5.6 Select filters carefully when variable air volumes are involved. (Volume less
than 20% or more than 30% of normal rating maybe encountered which
require careful selection for optimum performance.)
12.5.7 Insist on support data for efficiency and life estimates.
12.5.8 Do not over rate air filter beyond manufacturer's recommendations.
12.5.9 Do not exceed manufacturer's recommended final resistance values for any
given filter.
12.5.10 Do not forget lint in atmospheric dust is difficult to remove from viscous
impingement filters and can cause electrical short circuit in electrostatic air
cleaners.
12.5.11 Do not forget horsepower cost requirements for high- resistance filters.

12.5.12 Do not consider only "first-cost" when selecting an air filter.
12.5.13 Do not install HEPA filters without adequate prefilters.
13.0 INSULATIONS
13.1 Ducts
13.1.1 All conditioned air supply and return ducts, regardless of length shall be
insulated. Supply and return air ducts, exposed to unconditioned space, shall
also be insulated. Insulation shall be in accordance with Uniform
Mechanical Code (UMC). All insulation materials shall have a mold,
humidity and erosion resistant face that meet the requirements of UMC
Standard No. 10.1. Materials shall have a flame spread rating of not greater
than 25 and a smoke developed rating of not greater than 50 in accordance
with NFPA 255. Supply and return air ducts, not acoustically lined, shall be
insulated externally.
13.1.2 Ducts (Not Acoustically Lined)
Fiberglass; minimum density 24 kg/m3 (1.5 lbs/ft3 ); thermal conductivity

"K" value not more than 0.036 w/m-°K (0.25 Btu-in/hr-ft2-°F) at 24°C
(75°F) mean temperature difference; with factory adhered reinforced foil
faced flame resistant Kraft paper vapor barrier.
13.1.3 Ducts (Acoustically Lined)
Density: 48 kg/m3 (3 lbs/ft3); "K" value not more than 0.036 w/m-°K (0.25
Btu-in/hr-ft2-°F) at 24°C (75°F) mean temperature difference, neoprene
faced; maximum friction rate shall not be more than 1.3 multiplier for
ASHRAE values.
13.1.4 Flexible Ducts
Two ply; woven fiberglass inner lining on vinyl-coated spring steel wire
helix; fiberglass insulation 25 mm (1 inch) minimum thick, with non-
combustible polyethylene water vapor barrier jacket.
13.1.5 Ducts (Outdoor)
a. Inside of duct shall be lined with insulation as per par. 13.1.3. (This is
applicable only on areas where critical sound attenuation is required).
b. Outside of duct shall be wrapped with 50 mm (2 in.) thick fiberglass

insulation 16 kg/m3 density covered with water resistant canvass and
coated with three coats of weatherproof material.

13.2 Refrigerant Lines
13.2.1 Suction Lines
Suction lines shall be insulated to avoid dripping due to high ambient

temperatures and simultaneous high relative humidity. However, it is
generally desirable to have the suction line capable of absorbing some heat to
evaporate any liquid which may have entered the suction line from the
evaporator.
13.2.2 Liquid Lines
Liquid lines shall not be insulated if the ambient temperature is lower than or
equal to the temperature of the liquid. Insulation is recommended only when
the liquid line can pick up a considerable amount of heat.
13.2.3 Hot Gas Lines
Hot gas lines shall not be insulated. Any heat lost by these lines reduces the
work to be done by the condenser.
13.2.4 Insulation shall be non-combustible closed cell tube; thermal conductivity

"K" not higher than 0.037 w/m-°K (0.26 Btu-in/hr-ft2-°F) at 24°C (75°F)
mean temperature difference. Apply weatherproof treatment and provide
jacket or cladding for outdoor installation.
13.2.5 Painting and Color Coding
Refrigerant pipes shall be color coded as per SES-H-001.01.
13.3 Chilled Water Piping
All insulated piping, fittings, valves, special fittings and other piping components
shall be provided with outer casing (PVC, galvanized sheet) or aluminum jacket.
13.3.1 Pre-insulated Chilled Water Pipe (Underground)
Polyurethane Foam; "K" factor 0.0187 w/m-°K (0.13 Btu-in/hr-ft2-°F) at

24°C (75°F);
Over-all density 32 kg/m3 (2.0 lbs/ft3).

13.3.2 Pre-insulated Chilled Water Pipe (Above ground)
Polyurethane Foam; "K" factor 0.0187 w/m-°K (0.13 Btu- in/hr-ft2-°F) at

24°C (75°F);
Over-all density 32 kg/m3 (2.0 lbs/ft3).
13.3.3 Valves, Strainers and Special Fittings (Not Pre-insulated)
Factory molded fiberglass; density not less than 48 kg/m3 (3 lbs/ft3);

conductivity "K" not higher than 0.036 w/m-K (0.25 Btu-in/hr-ft2-°F) at
37.8°C (100°F) mean temperature difference; with factory attached white
vapor barrier jacket.
13.4 Buildings
13.4.1 General
Roofs of air conditioned or mechanically-ventilated buildings shall be

insulated.
Floors shall be thermally insulated when the air conditioned space is above a
non-conditioned space or ambient air (as in a building elevated above grade).
Insulation thickness shall be determined based on optimum heat transfer
coefficients.
Partitions shall be thermally insulated if the air conditioned space is adjacent

to a large non-conditioned space or to an area of high heat output. Insulation
thickness shall be determined based on overall coefficients of heat transfer.
13.4.2 Materials
The insulation material shall not increase the overall fire hazard classification
of the assembly being insulated.
The insulation material shall be rot and rodent resistant and must not be
affected by temperatures of 65°C (150°F) or by short period exposure to
direct sunlight, causing thermal decomposition not related to combustion.
Insulation materials, including insulating cement and insulation covering,

shall not contain asbestos fibers.
The material must be easily handled without deteriorating and without

harmful effects to personnel handling it.
Where insulation is provided in a "sandwich" panel construction, thermal

short-circuits (metal-to-metal contacts) shall be minimized to retain an
effective insulator.

All insulation materials other than foam plastic shall have a flame-spread
rating not to exceed 25 and a smoke density not to exceed 450 in accordance
with UBC Standard No. 42-1.
Foam plastic insulation shall conform to requirements stated in UBC Section

1712.
Following are some of the acceptable insulation materials used for buildings
as per its applications provided the advantages and disadvantages are
observed accordingly.
- Non-flammable extruded polystyrene.

- Resin bonded fiberglass boards.
- Polyurethane sprayed.
- Rigid polyurethane
- Foam cement
- Non-flammable cast expanded polystyrene
To the greatest extent possible, it is necessary to take into account the

following characteristics as regards to the insulation materials to be used in
the exterior walls and roofs:
- Closely - celled and homogeneous in composition.
- Non-absorbent to humidity.
- High insulation capacity on the long run.
- High mechanical capability.
- Should not get hard by the time, shall be corrosion resistant to

environmental circumstances prevailing in the GCC States.
- Invariable dimensions with minimal expansion or contraction.
- Highly resistant to periodical temperature fluctuation.
- Made of non-flammable material (especially where this material

become easily exposed to fire.).
- Resistant to precipitation.
- Immune to fungi and non-susceptible to the growth of bacteria and

microscopic organism.
- Resistant to reaction and chemical changes.

13.4.3 Design
On major projects a least cost analysis for air-conditioning requirements

versus the maximum overall heat transfer coefficient [U-factor w/m2-°K
(Btu/ft2-hr-°F)] for various building types (conventional, Prefab) and
building elements (stud wall, masonry concrete, wood etc.) shall be made.
However, when projects are not large enough to justify detailed analysis,
insulation shall be provided as necessary to achieve U-factors, no higher than
those listed herein.
U-Factors, w/m² - ºK (Btu/hr-ft²-ºF).

Air Conditioned Prefab Portable Mechanically-Vented
Component
Building Buildings Buildings
Roofs 0.34 (0.06) 0.34 (0.06) 0.8 (0.14)

Walls 0.56 (0.10) 0.56 (0.10) -
Floors - 0.60 (0.106) -
The design of insulated roofs and walls shall meet the criteria of ASTM C-
755 for the control of water vapor flow and for the selection of vapor
barriers. Vapor barriers shall be designed to be installed on the warm- side
(outside) of the stud or joist. Design shall include provision for the
ventilation of the insulated area to remove any accumulated vapor.
It is a must to use double layer or reflective glass in all windows of

multistory buildings consisting of more than four floors (or containing more
than 16 units, apartments and offices). As regards other buildings, a double
layer or reflective glass shall be used where large areas of walls exceeding
10% of the total area require installation of glass.

14.0 REFRIGERANTS
Due to the confirmed reports of environmental phenomenon of Ozone Depletion and Global
Warming, it has been decided to control the production and use of Chlorofluorocarbon
(CFC) based refrigerants. A CFC phase-out schedule was agreed upon by the International
Agencies to eliminate the use of refrigerants in order of their damage potential.
Although refrigerants R-11, R-12 and R-500 are suitable for high condensing temperature
chillers, heat-pump chillers or heat recovery chillers, their use is being curtailed because of
the CFC controversy. Therefore, these refrigerants have already been scheduled to be
phased-out soon and have been replaced by the newly developed refrigerants known as R-
123 and R-134a.
The other most popular and widely used refrigerant for reciprocating liquid chillers, R-22
having smaller ozone depletion potential (ODP) value of 0.05 has been permitted to be in
use for some more years, until a better alternative is available.
In view of this situation, the users of higher capacity air-conditioning units have the
following three options:
a) To keep operating the equipment by managing the shortage of refrigerant by

methods of storage and re-cycling.
b) To retrofit the system with a new substitute refrigerant.
c) To dispose off the old unit and install a new model with environmentally safe
refrigerant.
The decision will be based on the life of the equipment and the economics and efficiency of
the system.

15.0 PIPING SYSTEMS
15.1 Hydronic Piping
Hydronic systems, used in HVAC applications, convey heat to or from a conditioned

space with water as the heat transfer medium through heat transfer equipment such
as heating/cooling coils, chillers, boilers, etc. These water systems can be classified
according to their temperature, pressure, generation of flow, piping and pumping
arrangement and can have as varied configuration as the imagination of the designer
permits it. The operating success of a hydronic system is greatly affected by the
many complex relationships between the various components of the system.
However, regardless of system's configuration the piping circuitry shall be properly
sized and combined with the pump operation to provide an efficient heat transfer
system to or from the conditioned space.
15.1.1 Water Flow Rate
One of the first tasks of the HVAC Design Engineer is the determination of
water flow rates in the different sections of the piping system.
These flow rates depend on the quantity of heat to be added to, or removed
from the water, and the temperature difference between the entering and
leaving water, in accordance with the equation of:
q = Cp x M x ∆t
Where: q - heat transfer rate, kJ/s

Cp - specific heat of water, kJ/kg °C
M - mass water flow rate, kg/s
∆t -Temp. difference between entering and leaving water, °C
At 20°C water temperature, C = 4.19, the volumetric water flow rate can be
established using the following convenient formula:
V = q / (4.19 x ∆t)
Where: V - volumetric water flow rate, lps

q - heat transfer rate, kW
It shall be recognized by the system designer that in large systems the rate of
flow in any particular pipe header will rarely equal the sum of flow rates of
all interconnected branches. In a building the individual cooling units are
controlled to vary the water quantity according to the cooling load
requirement of the particular area served by that unit.

Economics and good engineering practice dictates that the water piping
system be designed to less than the sum of peak flow rates in each branch
circuit.
In any hydronic system the water requirement and pump head pressure vary
according to the changes in water demand at the individual terminals of the
system.
In systems where diversity is not considered, these changes are more

pronounced and may lead to excessive noise of control valves and oversized
pumps, in addition to larger than required pipe header diameters.
However, excessive use of diversity may result in an undersized piping

system, therefore, the use of diversity factors shall be carefully evaluated at
an early stage of system design.
15.1.2 Velocity
After establishing the flow rates in the different sections of the piping system
the design engineer should consider the velocity limits for pipe sizing.
Generally, designers determine preliminary pipe sizes based on velocity

limitations without detailed pressure drop calculations. In hydronic systems,
the following velocity limits are established on the basis of acceptable sound
levels of moving water and entrained air, and on the basis of erosion
limitations.
Velocity Range
Service mps (fps)
Chilled water, make-up water, etc. 1.22 - 3.05 (4 - 10)

Pump Discharge 2.44 - 3.66 (8 - 12)
Pump Suction 1.22 - 2.13 (4 - 7)
Drain Lines 1.22 - 22.13 (4 -7)
These velocity limits should be used as a guide only and it shall be

recognized that the final pipe sizes have to be established by detailed
pressure drop calculations.
15.1.3 Pressure Drop
The general range of pipe friction loss for design of hydronic systems occurs
between 1 and 4 m. head of water/100 m. length (1 and 4 ft. head of
water/100 ft. length). A value of 2.5 m. head of water/100 m. length (2.5 ft.
head of water/100 ft. length) represents the mean to which most systems are
designed.

To determine the friction drop in a water piping system, the engineer must
calculate the straight lengths of pipe sections and add the equivalent lengths
of pipe due to fittings, valves and other elements in the piping system.
Various tables and charts have been developed in the industry for calculating
pipe friction losses and equivalent pipe lengths of fittings/valves.
When calculating system or sub-circuit pressure drops, the Designer must

keep in mind that the pipe sizes have a great influence on system's first cost,
operating cost and overall performance. It is, therefore, of prime importance
that head loss calculations be carried out in detail and the values arrived at
shall not be inflated by the application of various safety factors.
15.1.4 System Characteristics Curve
On any hydronic system the head loss varies at the square of the flow as
expressed by the following equation:
H2 / H1 = (Q2 / Q1)2
Where: H1 = Head Loss at initial condition, kPa (or ft. wg.)

H2 = Head Loss at final condition, kPa (or ft. wg.)
Q1 = Flow Rate at initial condition, lps (or gpm)
Q2 = Flow Rate at final condition, lps (or gpm)
From this relationship the system characteristics curve, indicating system

head requirements at various flow rates, can be plotted.
The application of this head/flow relationship is basic to piping system

design, pump selection, balancing and trouble shooting.
15.1.5 Pump Selection
Pump selection for hydronic systems must be accomplished through careful

matching of the pump operating characteristics to the system's operating
requirements.
Performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps are indicated by pump

curves that plot flow rate against pump Total Dynamic Head (TDH) along
with other information such as efficiency, brake horsepower and Net Positive
Suction Head (NPSH) requirement.
Centrifugal pumps are designed around their Best Efficiency Points (BEP)
where they have the best operating condition at the most economical energy
input level.

While the hydraulic losses are at their minimum at the BEP, the least
efficient regions of operation are around zero flow and at the end of the curve
in the maximum flow area.
Although the preferred range for centrifugal pump selection is around the
BEP, pump performance shall be considered across the entire characteristics
curve.
Centrifugal pumps are available with steep performance curves with large
difference in TDH between zero flow and maximum flow conditions, and
with flat curves that show only a minimum TDH difference between shut-off
and maximum flow conditions.
For a hydronic system with constant flow rate and relatively high pressure
drop across branch circuits the use of a steep pump curve is preferable. In
case the actual system curve is different from the calculated curve, the steep
pump curve will intersect the system curve closer to the designed operating
point.
For a system with variable flow rate at the terminal units, however, a pump
with flat performance curve is preferred. In such systems a change in flow
rate at any terminal unit produces only a minimum change in pump head
requirement and does not disturb the balance of the whole system.
The required electric motor sizes are indicated on the pump performance
charts, but the true power requirement can be checked at any point on a pump
performance curve as follows:
Water power in kW = 0.0098 x Q x TDH x SG (Hp = Q x TDH x SG)

3960
= Q x TDH (kPa) x SG
1002
Brake power in kW = Water Power/Pump Efficiency
Where: TDH = Total Dynamic Head, m. (or ft.) wg.

Q = Flow Rate, lps (or gpm)
SG = specific gravity of water = 1
From a known operating condition pump performance can be calculated for a

new condition according to the relationship of affinity laws or pump laws:
• Flow (capacity) varies directly as the speed or impeller diameter

• Head varies as the square of the speed or impeller diameter
• Brake power varies as the cube of the speed or impeller diameter.
Based on affinity laws, pump equation can be derived as follows:

a. With impeller diameter, D, held constant:
1. Q2/Q1 = N2/N1
2. H2/H1 = (N2/N1)2
3. BP2/BP1 = (N2/N1)3
b. With speed, N, held constant:
1. Q2/Q1 = D2/D1
2. H2/H1 = (D2/D1)2
3. BP2/BP1 = (D2/D1)3
Where: Q2 - new or required water flow, lps (or gpm)

Q1 - actual or existing water flow, lps (or gpm)
H2 - new or required head, kPa (or ft. wg.)
H1 - actual or existing head, kPa (or ft. wg.)
BP2 - new or required brake power, kW (or Bhp)
BP1 - actual or existing brake power, kW (or Bhp)
D2 - new or required impeller diameter, mm. (or in.)
D1 - actual or existing impeller diameter, mm. (or in.)
N2 - new or required pump speed, Rad/sec (or RPM)
N1 - actual or existing pump speed, Rad/sec (or RPM)
Particular attention must be given to the pump suction pressure requirement,

especially when handling hot liquid. If the pump suction pressure
approaches the vapor pressure of the liquid, vapor pockets will form in the
impeller passages. The collapse of the vapor pockets (cavitations) will cause
excessive noise, reduced performance and premature pump failure.
The required pump suction pressure to prevent cavitation is expressed in

terms of Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH), and the available NPSH can be
calculated as follows:
Available NPSH = Ha + Hz - Hf - Hvp
Where: NPSH = Net Positive Suction Head, Pa (or ft. wg.)
Ha = Absolute pressure on liquid surface where pump takes suction, Pa (or

ft. wg.)
Hz = Elevation head (static head) above or below the pump center line. If
above, positive static head. If below, negative static head sometimes
referred to as suction lift, Pa (or ft. wg.)

Hf = Friction head on the suction side of the system including piping,

fittings, valves, heat exchanges at the design velocity within suction
system, Pa (or ft wg.)
Hvp = Absolute vapor pressure at pumping temperature, Pa (or ft. wg.)
For a trouble-free operation, the available NPSH always has to be larger than
the required NPSH.
HYDRONIC PIPING DESIGN DATA
NODE FLOW PIPE VELOCITY FITTING PIPE FITTING TOTAL FRICTION FRICTION
NO. RATE SIZE TYPE LENGTH EQV. EQV. LOSS HEAD
AND LENGTH LENGTH Pa (head)/
(From/To) (lps) (mm) (mps) NUMBER (m) (m) (m) m. (length) (Pa)
15.2 Refrigerant Piping
The design of refrigerant piping systems requires some special considerations in

addition to the general principles involved in the design of other fluid flow systems.
These special considerations include the following:
1) Proper refrigerant feed to the evaporator must be assured by designing the

system so that the liquid refrigerant entering the metering device has
adequate pressure and is free of gas.
2) Prevention of trapping lubricating oil in the system by maintaining the

required minimum oil-carrying velocities even at partial load conditions.
Refrigerant flow rates required for different system capacities are indicated in
Figures 15 through 18 in ASHRAE Fundamentals, Chapter 34 and practical
refrigerant gas line velocities for the different type of refrigerants are given in Table
22 of the same chapter.
To eliminate problems from liquid hammering due to operation of solenoid valves,

liquid line velocity shall be sized at or under 1.52 mps (300 FPM).

For most efficient compressor capacity and low equipment operating costs, suction
line velocity shall be designed at 4.57 - 20.32 mps (900 - 4000 FPM).
However, maximum system pressure drop and minimum line velocity requirements
for oil return may override these velocity recommendations.
Pressure drop limitations for liquid, suction and discharge (hot gas) lines are
described in Sections 6.2.1, 6.2.2 and 6.2.3. The limitations for good oil return are
discussed in Chapter 24 of ASHRAE Systems and Equipment.
The following is a recommended procedure for sizing refrigerant piping:
a) Measure the total length of straight pipes.
b) Add 50% to obtain preliminary total equivalent length
c) Read pipe size from refrigerant pipe sizing charts ASHRAE RP185.
d) Calculate equivalent length of valves and fittings and add it to pipe length to
find total equivalent length.
e) Check pipe sizes against total equivalent length in refrigerant pipe sizing
charts.
f) Repeat steps d) and e) if necessary.
If the actual pressure drop has to be found in the refrigerant lines, the line
sizing procedure shall be continued as follows:
g) Find the volumetric flow rates in the lines using density values from
refrigerant tables.
h) Calculate friction losses in pipes.
i) Determine pressure drop through valves and accessories from vendors'

catalogs.
j) Calculate static head requirements
k) Summarize the results of steps (h), (i) and (j).
l) If the total pressure drop from step (k) is too high, change pipe size and
repeat steps (h) through (l).

15.2.1 Liquid Lines
Liquid line pressure drop shall not be excessive to avoid gas formation or
insufficient pressure at the liquid feed device. Liquid lines are normally
sized for a maximum friction loss that corresponds to about 0.6 - 1.2°C (1 -
2°F) change in saturation temperature.
Liquid pressure losses for a change of 0.6°C (1°F) saturation at 55°C (100°F)
condensing pressure are approximately:
Refrigerant Change, kPa (psi)
R-22 20.0 (2.9)

R-134a 14.5 (2.1)
Oil return in liquid lines usually does not present a problem, since the
refrigerant oil is adequately miscible with halocarbons in the liquid form.
However, it is important that the liquid refrigerant entering the liquid

metering device is sub-cooled and gas-free.
15.2.2 Suction Lines
Suction line pressure drop decreases system capacity by lowering compressor

suction pressure.
Normally, suction lines are sized for a maximum friction loss of 1.2°C (2°F)
change in saturation temperature.
At 4.4°C (40°F) saturated temperature at the compressor suction the

following are the maximum recommended suction line friction losses:
Refrigerant Change, kPa (psi)
R-22 20.07 (2.91)

R-134a 13.31 (1.93)
Below 4.4°C (40°F) compressor suction pressure, the pressure drop

equivalent of any temperature change decreases. For this reason, in very low
temperature applications liquid lines have to be sized for lower pressure
drops than the above table indicates. However, the suction line risers must
maintain the minimum required velocity for effective oil return to the
compressor.

If the diameter of suction riser has to be reduced for the sake of effective oil
return, the additional friction loss of the riser has to be compensated by
oversized horizontal and down coming pipe sections.
15.2.3 Discharge Lines
Pressure drop in discharge lines decreases compressor capacity and shall be

kept to a minimum, but the line velocity shall be adequately high for carrying
the entrained oil. For most applications both of the above criteria can be
satisfied with a single hot gas (discharge) riser. However, in some cases of
multiple compressor installation the hot gas riser sized to entrain oil at
minimum load has an excessive pressure drop at maximum load. In such a
case double risers can be used or an oil separator has to be installed in the
discharge line just ahead of the single riser.
REFRIGERANT PIPING DESIGN DATA
LIQUID SUCTION DISCHARG

E
System Capacity, kW
Flow Rate, kg/min.
Condensing Temperature, °C
Saturated Suction Temperature, °C
Density, kg/m3
Volumetric Flow, m3/min.
Line Velocity, m/min.
Pipe Length, m
Valves and Fittings Equivalent Length,

m
Total Equivalent Length, m
Pipe Diameter, mm
Friction Loss, m. head/100 m length
Head Loss, m

15.3 Material Selection
15.3.1 Pre-insulated Chilled Water (Underground):
- Carrier Pipe: Steel Sch. 40 or 80; ASTM A120, ASTM A53, ASTM
A333, API 5L; Seamless
- Insulation : Polyurethane Foam, "K" factor 0.0187 w/m-°K (0.13 Btu-

in/hr-ft2-°F) at 24°C (75°F), overall density 32 kg/m3 (2.0 lbs/ft3 )
- Casing: PVC Type I Grade I, ASTM D1784
15.3.2 Chilled Water (Above Ground):
- Carrier Pipe: Steel Sch. 40 or 80; ASTM A120, ASTM A53, ASTM
A333, API 5L; Seamless
- Insulation : Polyurethane Foam, "K" factor 0.0187 w/m-°K (0.13 Btu-

in/hr-ft2-°F) at 24°C (75°F), overall density 32 kg/m3 (2.0 lbs/ft3 )
- Casing: Spirally locked seamed galvanized sheet metal having a

minimum wall thickness of 0.55 mm.
15.3.3 Refrigeration Piping:
- Pipe: Nitrogenized ACR Type Hard Drawn Copper Tube (ASTM B-

280)
- Fittings: Wrought Copper (ANSI B16.22)
- Solder: Silver solder alloy; on valves, use solder as recommended by

the manufacturer.

16.0 FRESH AIR MAKE-UP AND MECHANICAL ROOM
16.1 Fresh Outdoor Air Intake
- Fresh air intakes shall be constructed and located to minimize dust intrusion.
The openings shall be provided with removable screens fabricated of gauge
16 galvanized steel, 13mm (1/2 in.) wire mesh with a galvanized steel
framing.
- The fresh outdoor air make-up system shall consist of weatherproof louver,
insect/bird screen, sand trap, volume damper, final filter and ductwork.
- The fresh air intake system may also consist of weatherproof louver,
insect/bird screen, volume damper, prefilter (in lieu of sand trap), final filter
and ductwork.
- Pre-filter and final filter dust spot efficiency and weight arrestance rating
shall be in accordance with Section 12.
- Intake louver sizing shall be per ASHRAE Fundamental Handbook.
16.2 Mechanical Room
The mechanical room shall be sized to provide 900 mm (3 ft.) minimum clearance as
on each side of equipment with operable panels or controls, unless a greater
clearance is required by equipment manufacturer. Adequate space shall be provided
for coil removal. (Normally, access for coil removal should be sized 1.20 times the
width of AHU).

17.0 SUPERVISORY CONTROL SYSTEM
17.1 Introduction
The increasing size of modern buildings and building complexes, and the difficulty
of obtaining competent operating personnel have led to an increasing use of a
computer-based central supervisory control system. These systems allow one
person, at a central location, to monitor and control the operation of up to several
thousand elements of the HVAC & R systems in the facility. The addition of alarm
circuits and audio-visual communications improves security as well as simplifying
and improving the degree of control which can be maintained. The additional cost
of such a system can be amortized in a few years by more efficient operation and
maintenance. Where numerous tenants are involved, the increased tenant
satisfaction may be sufficient justification for the added cost.
17.2 Computer-Based Systems for Monitoring and Control
The term “computer-based” refers to a control system which utilizes some type of
programmable digital computer. These computer-based systems are called by
various names: MCS (Monitoring and Control System), BMS (Building
Management System), BAS (Building Automation System), EMCS (Energy
Management and Control System), EMS (Energy Management System) and others.
Functionally, they are all equivalent.
The primary function of a computer-based system is to provide monitoring,

intervention control and direct control of local loop elements (usually called Direct
Digital Control). It can also provide historical data summaries, data analysis and
maintenance scheduling.
Security and fire reporting functions are fundamentally the same monitor-control-
alarm functions used in HVAC supervision. The systems which are used for HVAC
control can therefore easily be adapted to these additional functions.
17.3 Industry Specifications and Systems Advantages
ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1b-1990 specify that Supervisory Control Systems

should be considered for buildings or building complexes larger than (3716 m2)
40,000 ft2 gross area.
The advantages of having supervisory control systems are programmability, energy

conservation by precise control of temperature and equipment scheduling, remote
accessibility, prevention of unauthorized tampering and centralization.

18.0 ENERGY CONSERVATION
18.1 General
The air conditioning and ventilation equipment consumes a major portion of the
electricity generated in the Kingdom. Therefore, the emphasis should be to design a
system for new or retrofit projects that will have the lowest energy consumption over
the operating life of the facility while meeting the user’s need. It is based on the
following factors:
a) HVAC Design: Attention should be given to U-values for walls, floors, roofs,
glass and the zoning of spaces. Also, ventilation air requirement should be
carefully selected without compromising on the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) to
avoid Sick Building Syndrome (SBS).
b) HVAC Equipment Selection: It should be proper, with products having

higher Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) and advanced features of
microprocessor technology to control and monitor the various design
parameters in an efficient manner.
c) HVAC Testing, Adjusting and Balancing: It should be properly performed

by a firm who specialize in this field.
d) O & M: Proper operation scheduling to meet load requirement and good

equipment maintenance.
19.0 DESIGN DOCUMENTATION
19.1 Specifications
Design Execution Specifications and Design Drawings shall be prepared for each
project. These Specifications shall include all mechanical design requirements for
air-conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC). All applicable SEC Engineering
Standard requirements shall be covered in the design documentation.
Specifications shall be complete and include work description, references to

drawings and standards, and description of construction materials.

19.2 Drawings
HVAC drawings shall be provided with sufficient details to permit the construction
of a complete facility. Drawings shall include a list of drafting
symbols/abbreviations used, and equipment schedules. All construction drawings
shall be prepared per TSSD Procedure No. DR-3 Project Drawings, Revisions and
Cancellations.
The HVAC system design criteria shall be indicated on the design drawings and
shall include, but not limited to, the following data:
a) Outside air conditions used for load calculations;
b) Indoor design conditions;
c) Total sensible cooling load with a breakdown to its components, i.e. external
heat gain, heat from lights, people, etc.
d) Total latent cooling load with a breakdown;
e) Grand total cooling load;
f) Heating load;
g) Outside air intake;
h) Chilled water (if any) flow rate, temperature rise and pressure drop;
i) Entering and leaving air conditions at cooling coil; and
j) Total pressure drop of air handling system with a breakdown to components,

i.e. pressure drop through supply/return ducting, coils, filters, etc.
19.3 Equipment Schedules
Equipment schedules shall be included on the drawings with information necessary

for bidding, purchasing, and installation of all equipment. Schedules shall contain
minimum required data as shown on the attached forms for the following:
a) Air Handling Unit (Direct Expansion Type)
b) Air Handling Unit (Chilled Water Type)
c) Air-Cooled Condensing Unit
d) Air Filter

e) Packaged Chiller
f) Pump
g) Fan
h) Electric Duct Heater
I) Air terminal
20.0 ATTACHMENTS
Title SEC
Form
No.
Cooling and Heating Load Estimate Sheet 16305
Psychometric Chart 16306
Cooling Load Temperature Difference (Corrected) 16307
"U" Value - Overall Coefficient of Heat Transfer (Roof and Wall) 16308
"U" Value - Overall Coefficient of Heat Transfer (Partition Wall, 16309
Ceiling and Floor)
Air Handling Unit Schedule (DX Type) -
Air Handling Unit Schedule (Chilled Water Type) -
Air-Cooled Condensing Unit Schedule -
Air Filter Schedule -
Packaged Chiller Schedule -
Pump Schedule -
Fan Schedule -
Electric Duct Heater Schedule -
Air Terminal Schedule -

CLTD CORR – COOLING LOAD TEMPERATURE DIFFRENCE (CORRECTED)
SEC FORM NO. 16307 (07/10) ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥

CORR. CORR.
CLTD FROM JUST FOR COLOR
ITEM INDOOR OUTDOOR CLTD
ITEM DIRECTION TABLE LATITUDE CORR.
NO. TEMP TEMP CORR.
16 HOURS & MONTH “K”
(78-Trm) (Avg. Toa-85)
1 ROOF
2 WALL
3 WALL
4 WALL
5 WALL
6 GLASS
7 SKYLIGHT
① From Architectural Plans
② For Roofs: See Table 3.8 ASHRAE GRP 158 or Table 5 Chapter 26 ASHRAE
Fundamentals.
For Walls: See Table 3.10 ASHRAE GRP 158 or Table 7 Chapter 26 ASHRAE
Fundamentals.
For Glass: See Table 3.23 ASHRAE GRP 158 or Table 10 Chapter 26 ASHRAE
Fundamentals
③ For Roofs: See Table 3.12 ASHRAE GRP 158 – for horizontal surface
For Walls: See Table 3.12 ASHRAE GRP 158
④ “K” is a color correction to be applied after the month latitude adjustment.
Roofs: K = 1.0 Dark color Walls: k = 1.0 Dark color

K = 0.5 Light color k = 0.83 Medium colors
K = 0.75 Light colors
⑤ (78 – Trm) = Room air design temperature correction

Trm = Room air design temperature ℉
⑥ (Ave. Toa – 85) = Outdoor air design temperature correction

Ave. Toa = Average outside air temperature on design day, ℉
Ave. Toa = Toa – 0.5 daily range

ROOM COOLING LOAD

CALCULATION
ROOM NO. _____________ AREA U BASE CORR. HEAT GAIN, Btu/hr

2
ft FACTOR CLTD CLTD SC SHFG CLF SENS. LAT.
ROOF
N - - - -
NE - - - -
E - - - -
EXTERIOR WALLS SE - - - -
AND DOORS S - - - -
SW - - - -
W - - - -
NW - - - -
COND -- -
EX
S N - - - -
TE NNE / NNW - - - -
RI
OR O NE / NW - - - -
GL ENE / WNW - - - -
AS
S L E/W - - - -
ESE / WSW - - - -
A SE / SW - - - -
SSE / SSW - - - -
R S - - - -
HORIZ. - - - -
PARTITION/CEILING/FLOOR Delta t = ______ F - -
TOTAL EXTERNAL HEAT GAIN -
LIGHTS INPUT RATING x CLF -
PEOPLE SENSIBLE NO. OF PEOPLE x SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN x CLF -
LATENT NO. OF PEOPLE x LATENT HEAT GAIN -
APPLIANCES SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN x CLF -
LATENT HEAT GAIN -
POWER HEAT GAIN x CLF -
VENTILATION & SENSIBLE 1.10 x CFM oa x ( t oa - t rm) -
INFILTRATION LATENT 0.70 x CFM oa x ( W oa - W rm ) -
TOTAL ROOM HEAT GAIN
TOTAL ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN

SUPPLY AIR REQUIRED = = _____________ CFM
1.10 x ( t -t
rm )sa
rclc.xls

SEC Form No. 16305(07/10) COOLING & HEATING LOAD ESTIMATE SHEET
D SUMMER OUTDOOR ROOM DELTA T LATITUDE PROJECT SHEET NO. OF
ES
A DRY BULB F F F DESIGN MONTH LOCATION DATE
IG
N B WET BULB F F DESIGN HOUR BLDG/RM. NO. CONTRACT NO.
C
O C HUMIDITY RATIO (W)* Woa Wrm DAILY RANGE F LENGTH WIDTH B.I. NO.
N WI NTE R OUTDOOR ROOM DELTA T HEIGHT VOLUME J.O. NO.

DI
TI D DRY BULB F F F ESTIMATED BY
O
E HUMIDITY RATIO, W** Woa Wrm *GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER LB. DRY AIR (Woa - Wrm) CHECKED BY
**GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER LB. DRY AIR (Wrm - Woa)

COOLING H EAT I NG
ITEM
DIREC- U AREA q SENSIBLE U AREA q SENSIBLE
ITEM CLTD CORR. x x
NO TION VALUE SQ. FT. Btu/hr VALUE SQ.FT. BTUH
1 ROOF
2 WALL
3 WALL
C
O 4 WALL
N 5 WALL
D
E U 6 GLASS
X C
7 SKYLIGHT
T TI
E O ITEM
R N ITE M
U
x
AREA
x DELTA T
NO FACTOR SQ. FT.
N
A
8 PARTITION WALL
L
C 9 CEILING
O
10 FLOOR
O
LI 11
N
G ITEM
SHADE AREA
L ITE M DIRECTION x SHCF x x CLF SUB TOTAL
NO COEFF (SC) SQ. FT.
O
A
UNSHADED VENTILATION AIR
D 12 GLASS
S SHADED 1.1 x DELTA T x CFM
O
UNSHADED
L 13 GLASS
A SHADED
R
UNSHADED
14 GLASS TOTAL
SHADED
PICK-UP TOTAL
UNSHADED
15 SKYLIGHT
SHADED GRAND TOTAL
ITEM
TOTAL WATTS USAGE BALLAST
LI TYPE TOTAL WATTS x x x x CLF HUMIDIFICATION
NO HOURS ON TO Btu/hr % FACTOR
G
HT
16 FLUORESCENT 3.41 0.7 x DELTA W** x CFM
S
17 INCANDESCENT 3.41
ITEM * * GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER LB OF DRY

IN PE x
q S PER
x
NO. OF PEOPLE CLF AIR, (Wrm- Woa)
T O NO PERSON
E PL
R E 18
N 19
A
L ITEM
HOODED Btu/hr SENS.
C x CLF
NO YES - NO qS
O A
O PP
20
LI LI
N A 21
G N
C 22
L
O ES 23
A
D 24
E ITEM
A DD ITIONA L HEAT GAINS
Q NO
UI
PT 25
26
27 ROOM SENSIBLE SUBTOTAL
28 SAFETY FACTOR 5% x ITEM 27
29 ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT (ITEMS 27 + 28)
VENTILATION CFM x 1.10 x DELTA T (db)

30
LOAD
ITE M q L A TE N T x NUMBER q LATENT, Btu/hr

L
31 PEOPLE
A
T 32 EQUIPMENT
E
N 33 EQUIPMENT
T
L 34 ROOM LATENT
O
A VENTILATION CFM x 0.70 x (Woa - Wrm)
D 35
LOAD
COOLING LOAD SUMMARY

SENSIBLE HEAT LAT ENT HEAT
36 ROOM SENSIBLE (ITEM 29) 40 ROOM LATENT (ITEM 34)
37 VENTILATION AIR SENSIBLE (ITEM 30) 41 VENTILATION AIR LATENT (ITEM 35)
38 FAN MOTOR HEAT GAIN
39 GRAND SENSIBLE HEAT (ITEMS 36 + 37 + 38) 42 GRAND LATENT ITEMS (ITEM 40 + 41)
ITEM 36
44 TOTAL EQUIPMENT LOAD (ITEMS 39 + 42) 46 ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR
ITEMS 36 + 40
ITEM 44 ITEM 36
45 TONNAGE EQUIVALENT OF EQUIPMENT LOAD 47 CFM SUPPLY AIR
12000 1.1 x (Trm - Tsa)
ITEM 39
48 GRAND SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR
ITEMS 39 + 42)



(A) AIR HANDLING UNIT SCHEDULE (DX TYPE) *

FAN SECTION
SERVICE /
DESIGNATION TYPE SUPPLY AIR OUTSIDE AIR
LOCATION TSP, Pa ESP, Pa FAN RPM
MOTOR
V / PH / HZ
kW
VOL., CMH VOL., CMH
COOLING COIL SECTION
COOLING CAPACITY FACE VEL. ROWS / AIR PRESS. ENTERING AIR TEMP., C LEAVING AIR TEMP., C
TOTAL, kW SENSIBLE, kW mps FINS PER CM. DROP, Pa db wb db wb
HEATING COIL SECTION
HEATING NO. OF REMARK

VOLT/PH/HZ AMPS
CAP., kW STAGES S
* APPLICABLE FORM ALSO FOR PACKAGE/ROOF TOP

UNIT

(B) AIR HANDLING UNIT SCHEDULE (CHILLED WATER TYPE)

FAN SECTION
SERVICE /
TYPE
DESIGNATION LOCATION SUPPLY AIR OUTSIDE AIR MOTOR
TSP, Pa ESP. Pa FAN RPM V / PH / HZ
kW
VOL., CMH VOL., CMH
C O O L I N G C O I L S E C T I O N . . . . cont'd.
COOLING CAPACITY FACE VEL. ROWS / AIR PRESS. ENTERING AIR TEMP., C LEAVING AIR TEMP., C
TOTAL, kW SENSIBLE, kW mps FINS PER CM. DROP, Pa

db wb db wb
cont'n . . . . COOLING COIL SECTION
WATER FLOW WATER VEL. WATER ENT. WATER LVG. WATER REMARK
RATE, lps mps PD, kPa TEMP., C TEMP., C S

(C) AIR-COOLED CONDENSING UNIT SCHEDULE

SERVICE / COOLING UNIT NO. OF REF. NO. OF CAP. CONTROL
DESIGNATION
LOCATION CAP., kW INPUT, kW CIRCUITS COMP. STEPS
AMBIENT SAT. SUCTION SAT. COND. POWER SUPPLY

REMARKS
TEMP., C TEMP., C TEMP., C V / PH / HZ
(D) AIR FILTER SCHEDULE

PRESSURE DROP, Pa
SERVICE / NUMBER
DESIGNATION TYPE REMARKS
LOCATION / SIZE
CLEAN DIRTY

(E) PACKAGED CHILLER

DESIG- SERVICE / COOLING UNIT INPUT EVAPORATOR COND. AMBIENT
TYPE REMARKS
NATION LOCATION CAP., kW kW TEMP., C
WATER lps PD, kPa EWT, C LWT, C FOULING
O FACTOR
(F) PUMP
DESIG- SERVICE / WATER TDH REQ. NPSH PUMP MOTOR
TYPE REMARKS
NATION LOCATION FLOW, lps kPa kPa RPM kW (Hp) V / PH / HZ
(G) FAN SCHEDULE

DESIG- SERVICE / TYPE / FAN MOTOR
LOCATION REMARKS
NATION CLASS CAP., CMH TSP, Pa DRIVE RPM kW (HP) V / PH / HZ
(H) ELECTRIC DUCT HEATER SCHEDULE

DESIG- SERVICE / HEATER NO. OF VOLT / AIR FLOW FACE AREA MIN. AIR
REMARKS
NATION LOCATION CAP., kW SQ.M.
STAGES PH/HZ CMH VEL., mps

(I) AIR TERMINAL SCHEDULE
SUPPLY AIR OUTLET
DESIG- OVER-ALL AIR VOL. NC RATING
ROOM SERVED TYPE QTY. REMARKS
NATION SIZE, mm. CMH MAX.
RETURN AIR INLET
TRANSFER AIR OPENING
TESK10001R0/AJJ PAGE NO. 89 OF 89

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TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION TES-K-100.01, Rev.

2.0 OUTDOOR AMBIENT CONDITIONS

3.0 INDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS

4.0 COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS

5.0 SYSTEM SELECTION

6.0 EQUIPMENT SELECTION

7.0 AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

9.0 CONTROL AND ZONING

10.0 VENTILATION AND EXHAUST SYSTEMS

11.0 SOUND AND VIBRATION CONTROL

12.0 AIR FILTERS

15.0 PIPING SYSTEMS

16.0 FRESH OUTDOOR AIR MAKE-UP SYSTEM AND MECHANICAL ROOM

17.0 SUPERVISORY CONTROL SYSTEM

18.0 ENERGY CONSERVATION

19.0 DESIGN DOCUMENTATION

TESK10001R0/AJJ Date of Approval: August 20, 2006 PAGE NO. 2 OF 89

1.6 Industry Standards

AABC National Standards for Field Measurements and

AMCA 210 Test Code for Air Moving Devices

ANSI B31.5 Refrigerant Piping

ANSI B31.9 Building Services Piping

ARI-460 Remote Mechanical-Draft Air-Cooled Refrigerant Condensers

ARI-410 Forced-Circulation Air-Cooling and Air- Heating Coils

ARI-430 Standard for Central-Station Air-Handling Units

ARI-520 Positive Displacement Refrigerant Compressors and

ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals

TESK10001R0/AJJ Date of Approval: August 20, 2006 PAGE NO. 3 OF 89

ASHRAE Handbook Systems and Equipment

ASHRAE Handbook Applications

ASHRAE Handbook Refrigeration

ASHRAE STD 62 Ventilation for Indoor Air Quality

ASHRAE RP 185 Refrigerant Line Sizing

ASHRAE GRP 158 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

General Specifications for Building Construction in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia-

NEBB Procedural Standards for Testing, Adjusting and Balancing of

NFPA 90A Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems

NFPA 101 Safety to Life from Fire in Buildings and Structures

NFPA 255 Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building

SMACNA Duct Liner Application Standard

SMACNA Architectural Sheet Metal Manual

SMACNA HVAC Systems Duct Design

SMACNA HVAC Duct Construction Standard

SMACNA Industrial Ventilation Manual of Recommended Practice

UL 465 Central Cooling Air Conditioners

UL 555 Standards for Fire Damper

UL 555S Standard for Leakage Rated Dampers for Use in Smoke

UL/ANSI 984 Hermetic Refrigerant Motor-Compressor

TESK10001R0/AJJ Date of Approval: August 20, 2006 PAGE NO. 4 OF 89

AABC Associated Air Balance Council

TESK10001R0/AJJ Date of Approval: August 20, 2006 PAGE NO. 5 OF 89

2.0 OUTDOOR AMBIENT CONDITIONS

Table 1.0 - Outdoor Ambient Design Conditions*

Summer Winter Wind

TESK10001R0/AJJ Date of Approval: August 20, 2006 PAGE NO. 6 OF 89

2.3 Ambient Air Quality

HVAC Systems shall be designed for air-borne dust concentration of 1 mg/cubic

95% less than 20 micrometers (0.0008 in.)