See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/344417743

Journal of electrical engineering and electronics technology Analysis of

Electrical Power Disturbances in Distribution and Industrial Systems

Article · September 2020

DOI: 10.37532/jeeet.2020.9(2)e.176

CITATION READS

1 4,076

3 authors, including:

Abraham Dandoussou Martin Kamta

University of Buea, HTTTC Kumba University of Ngaoundere
14 PUBLICATIONS   39 CITATIONS    37 PUBLICATIONS   160 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Voltage control strategy in a photovoltaic system View project

Physics of Solar Cells and Systems View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Abraham Dandoussou on 29 September 2020.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Abraham Dandoussou et al., J Electr Eng Electron Technol 2020, 9:4
DOI: 10.37532/jeeet.2020.9(2)e.176 Journal of electrical
engineering and
electronics technology
Research Article a SciTechnol journal

on the electric lines [1]. The increased concern analysis of

Analysis of Electrical Power power disturbance has resulted in significant advances in
qualifying the distribution networks. Harmonics are one of the
Disturbances in Distribution and major types of disturbances to the ideal waveforms covered by

Industrial Systems the broader term of power quality disturbances [2]. Moreover
in industries common disturbances occur and disturb switching
Abraham Dandoussou1, Martin Kamta2, Frank Parfait control devices that are fired respect to voltage magnitude and
Tchoundou1 angle. When the disturbance inrushes, it leads to the change
of these parameters. Degradation in quality of power is mainly
caused by disturbances such as voltage swell, voltage sag,
notch, transients, and harmonic distortions and so on [3].
Abstract
Table 1 shows some power disturbances according to IEEE.
The objective of this study is to clearly analyse by identifying and There are some period where distribution network encounter
providing specifications on each disturbance. The main targets
different sort of disturbance. Generally in Cameroon, from
are the study of faults that suddenly happen on wires which
supply loads, and the survey of detrimental effect coming from
November to December, distribution network is overloaded with
the load especially common loads used in industries. Simulation utilities apparatus and transformers are that saturated [3]. High
results were presented to illustrate analysis of these disturbances harmonic distortion can negatively impact a facility’s electric
on a Distribution Line network. For signle-phase earthing fault distribution system, and lead to excessive heat in transformers,
model, the results show the duration of the voltage sag of 90 ms causing early failures. Heat also builds up in wire insulation
with the magnitudes of 0 kV, 30.97 kV and 30.98 kV respectively causing breakdown and failure. Load harmonics can cause the
for Va, Vb and Vc. For phase to phase fault model, the duration overheating of the magnetic cores of transformer and motors
is around 85 ms with Va = 21.3 kV and Vb=Vc= 0kV. When using
hence, produce skin effect. Increased operating temperatures
non-linear loads, the obtained THD varies from 32.10 % to 44.32
% and the total demand distortion (TDD) from 91.42% to 95.21
can affect other equipment as well, resulting in malfunctions
%. and early failure. This is load that disturbs the source. Switching
ON/OFF of electronics devices which transform the current or
Keywords: Power Systems, Power Disturbances, Industrial voltage waveforms. Such happen to adjustable speed driver
Systems, Total harmonic distortion
and causes huge financial losses, with the consequent loss of
productivity and competitiveness. It is the source that disturbs
Introduction the load. More over natural threat as storm even raining or wind
could break down one, two or the three phases to ground such
Electrical equipment is more sensitive to disturbances a way that a pylon fell down or shutdown, as well as create a
that arise both on the supply power system and within the large current unbalance that could blow fuses or trip breakers
customers’ apparatus. Furthermore, this equipment is more and completely destroyed the network system even customer’s
interconnected in networks and industrial process so that the apparatus. These faults might cause voltage dips in one or
impacts of a problem with any piece of apparatus are much more of the phases involved and may even indirectly cause
more severe. Nowadays, buses have been commonly used over-voltages on the other phases. The system behaviour is
in industrial plants in order to change the mode of operating then unbalanced by definition, but such phenomena are usually
machines through the modification either of the supply voltage classified under voltage disturbances. Abnormal system
waveform, current waveform, frequency power system, or the conditions also cause disturbance either from the load or from
direct and alternating currents. The use of static inverters in the supplier [3].
electrical energy distribution networks, considerably improve
the system performances and effectiveness. Unfortunately, Distribution line system often operated only at the primary
the inverters in general contribute to the degradation of the substation that caused limitation of information. Distribution
quality of the currents and voltages in the distribution networks. network also perplex due to various factors such as non-
Indeed, the common occurrences of electric disturbances are uniformity of line, uncertainty on fault resistance value,
due to the growing number of non-linear loads imposed on the lateral branches, distribution loads and loading diversify. All
electric lines, as the loads have the tendency to absorb non- this factors limited the use of some disturbances analysis
sinusoidal currents and thereby introduce harmonic distortions techniques. Analysis of these disturbances is moving through

*Corresponding author: Abraham Dandoussou; 1Department of Electrical and Power

Engineering, Higher Technical Teachers’ Training School, Kumba, University of Buea,
Cameroon.

Received: 07 Aug, 2020 Accepted: 24 Aug, 2020 Published: 10 September, 2020

All articles published in Journal of Industrial Electronics and Applications are the property of SciTechnol and is
International Publisher of Science,
Technology and Medicine
protected by copyright laws. Copyright © 2019, SciTechnol, All Rights Reserved
Citation: Abraham Dandoussou et al. (2020) Analysis of Electrical Power Disturbances in Distribution and Industrial Systems. J Electr Eng Electron Technol

electrical parameters. Measurement and evaluation are geared The purposes of understanding, the following terms and
throughout the distribution and the industries. Determining the definitions apply. The IEEE Standards Dictionary Online should
start and end of the disturbance event is very important for be consulted for terms not defined in this clause. Harmonic is
analysis. Some suitable techniques for distribution network with a component of order greater than one of the Fourier series
limited data were proposed in [4]. These techniques compile of a periodic quantity. For example, in a 60 Hz system, the
iterative calculation to locate fault disturbance detection harmonic order 3, also known as the “third harmonic,” is 180
applying power quality information [5] [6]. The brightness Hz. Interharmonic is a frequency component of a periodic
principal is based on the fact that disturbance at distinct quantity that is not an integer multiple of the frequency at
detections presents distinct waveform on characteristics. By which the supply systems operating (50 Hz or 60 Hz). The total
identifying the patterns at different detection, the detection of demand distortion (TDD) is the ratio of the root mean square
fault can be determined. A recent method of fault detection of the harmonic content, considering harmonic components
using some disturbances was proposed in [7]. In this technique, up to the 50th order and specifically excluding interharmonics,
an algorithm was introduced to identify the possible faulty expressed as a percentage of the maximum demand current.
section by matching the measured one with the disturbance Harmonic components of order greater than 50 may be included
wave shape in the database. The weakness of this method is when necessary. The total harmonic distortion (THD) is the ratio
the difficulty to clearly locate faulty section on the distribution of the root mean square of the harmonic content, considering
network. There are several detection methods that are usually harmonic components up to the 50th order and specifically
expressed in the terms of Hysteresis Voltage Technique, RMS excluding interharmonics, expressed as a percentage of the
Value Evaluation Method, Peak Value Evaluation Method, fundamental. Harmonic components of order greater than 50
Novel technique and Missing Voltage Technique which are may be included when necessary. A great quantity of work
used to detect and analyse detrimental effects such as fault has been focused in the estimation of amplitude and phase of
that happen or moved along the grid. Nonlinear loads are the fundamental frequency as well as its related harmonics. A
mostly the cause of harmonics, Fourier series analysis method primary tool for estimation of fundamental amplitude of a signal
that can be used to detect, analyse waveform phenomenon. is the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) or its computationally
The ability to express a non-sinusoidal waveform as a sum efficient implementation called fast Fourier transform
of sinusoidal waves can use the more common mathematical (FFT). With this tool is possible to have an estimation of the
expressions and formulas to solve power distribution system fundamental amplitude and its harmonics with a reasonable
problems [8]. approximation. FFT performs well for estimation of periodic
signals in stationary state; however, it doesn’t perform well for
This paper deals with the detailed study of power disturbances detection of suddenly or fast changes in waveform transients or
that occur firstly on distribution system network and secondly voltages dips. Using it as analysing take into account distorted
on industries. Clearly identify and provide specifications on waveform, effective value, THD, effect of harmonic for power
each disturbance. Our main targets are the study of faults that and power factor are analysed and presented using Fourier
sudden happen on wires whose supply loads, also survey of series [9][10].
detrimental effect coming from the load especially common
loads used in industries. Furthermore quantify through The amount of distortion in the voltage or current waveform
measured and evaluation in term of RMS (Vrms phase-phase, is quantified by means of an index called the total harmonic
Vrms phase-ground) Time offset Period, discrete time power distortion (THD). According to IEEE 519-2014, it is defined
analysis in terms of THD and harmonics contents and on FFT as a ratio of the root-mean-square of the harmonic content to
of detrimental effects that move along the supplier up to loads the root-mean-square value of the fundamental quantity and
common used in factories. expressed as a percentage of the fundamental [2][9] [10] [11].

Table I. SOME EXAMPLES OF POWER DISTURBANCES Equation (1)

ACCORDING TO IEEE
Table I. SOME EXAMPLES OF POWER DISTURBANCES ACCORDING TO IEEE
SI No Disturbance Short definition

A Interruption Voltage magnitude is zero

Under voltage Voltage magnitude is below its nominal value

Over voltage Voltage magnitude is above its nominal value

B Voltage sag A reduction in RMS voltage over a range of 0.1 – 0.9 pu for a duration greater than 10 ms but less than 1s
According to IEEE 519-2014, the total effect of distortion in
An increase in RMS voltage over a range of 1.1 – 1.8 pu for a duration greater than 10 ms but less than 1s
the current waveform at the PCC is measured by the index
C Voltage swell

D Flicker A visual effect of frequency variation of voltage in a system

E Voltage/Current unbalance Deviation in magnitude of voltage/current of any one or two of the three phases called the total demand distortion (TDD), as a percentage of
F Ringing waves A transient condition which decays gradually the maximum demand current at the PCC. In other words, it
G Outage Power interruption for not exceeding 60 s duration due to fault or maltripping of switchgear/system
is defined as a ratio of the root mean square of the harmonic
content, (considering harmonic components typically up to the
H Transients Sudden rise of signal

I Harmonics Non sinusoidal waveforms

50th order) to the root-mean-square of the maximum demand
load current at the PCC and expressed as a percentage of
I. Power Disturbances Analysis Tools
maximum demand load current [2][9] [10] [11].
A. Fourier Analysis

• Page 2 of 8 •
Citation: Abraham Dandoussou et al. (2020) Analysis of Electrical Power Disturbances in Distribution and Industrial Systems. J Electr Eng Electron Technol

Equation (2)

Here N is the number of samples per cycle, is the instantaneous

Distortion factor expressed in terms of THD is given by sampled voltage and K is the instant when the RMS voltage is
estimated. Here RMS voltage is post estimated; RMS voltage is
Equation (3) calculated with the previous N instantaneous voltage samples.
Moreover, this algorithm is called one-cycle window, meaning
that RMS values are estimated with one cycle of instantaneous
values. Alternatively it is possible to estimate the RMS value
using only half a cycle of instantaneous values. This algorithm
is called half-cycle window [12][13] [14].
B. RMS value algorithm
Equation (7)
The basic idea is to follow the voltage magnitude changes
as close as possible during the disturbing event. The more
RMS values are calculated, the closer the disturbing event is
represented, especially the non-rectangular variations. The
RMS method represents one cycle historical average value,
The half cycle algorithm is more sensitive to changes in the
not instantaneous value which may lead to long detection time
voltage and has a faster response to detect an event. However,
when event has occurred. The RMS voltage, related to power
the half-cycle algorithm shows oscillations when there is a
calculation, make it more suitable for the characterization of the
second harmonic component in the voltage signal. Figure 1
magnitude of voltage or current disturbances. It consists of the
shows the RMS voltage estimation using one-cycle algorithm
voltage or current calculation, is integrated voltage or current
and half -cycle algorithms. It also shows that the half-cycle
waveform decomposition. Distribution network is modelled
algorithm is faster to detect the starting and ending of the events.
and many research are analysing them with RMS is based
Nevertheless, the event duration does not change considerably,
on the aver-aging of previously sampled data for one cycle.
both algorithms provide similar results. Furthermore, it can be
Therefore, it represents one cycle historical average value, not
verified that duration differences are rather small, and do not
the momentary or instantaneous reading. Each of the sampled
affect the estimation of sag indices.
components of one cycle of the waveform is squared individually
and then summed together. Then the square root of this sum is Although root mean square (RMS) is not an inherent signal
calculated and this single value is plotted [12][13] [14]. processing technique, is the most used tool. RMS gives a
good approximation of the fundamental frequency amplitude
Equation (4) profile of a waveform. A great advantage of this algorithm is
its simplicity, speed of calculation and less requirement of
memory, because RMS can be stored periodically instead of
per sample [15]. However, its dependency of window length is
considered as a disadvantage. One cycle window length will
give better results in terms of profile than a half cycle window.
Where T is the period of the signal. According to the definition Moreover, RMS algorithm does not distinguish fundamental
of root mean value, the RMS voltage over one data window frequency, harmonics or noise components. On the other hand,
typically one cycle is done by using the following discrete RMS voltage profiles are used for event analysis and automatic
integral equation [12][13] [14]. classification as proposed in [16].
Equation (5) C. Peak value evaluation method
Assume that the input voltage Vi(t) is given
Equation (8).

In practical application, the data window is sliding along the

time sequence in specific sample interval. In order to distinguish Where VP is the peak value of the input voltage. If Vi(t) to a
each result, time instant stamps labelled K are added to RMS 90degrees phase shit circuit, then vi’(t) is obtained as shown
voltage as independent variable [12][13] [14]. in
Equation (6) Equation (9).

• Page 3 of 8 •
Citation: Abraham Dandoussou et al. (2020) Analysis of Electrical Power Disturbances in Distribution and Industrial Systems. J Electr Eng Electron Technol

Equation (13)
The two signals, Vi(t) and vi’(t) are a pair of orthogonal function. with m(t) gives the instantaneous deviation of equation (15).
If they are sent to two separate multipliers and squared,
equations (10) can be derived.
Equation (10) Equation (14)
And

Equation (11)
This method seems to be shown to be superior to the RMS
Where K is the multiplication factor of the multipliers. Due to the
method for sag analysis where phase angle jumps occur. It
characteristic of orthogonal function it v01(t) and v02(t) is easy
relies on the assumption that the system frequency is constant
to obtain the square of the input voltage peak value by adding
during the sag. Since the technique requires the RMS method
equations (9) and (10).
to determine the amplitude of the pre-sag and sag voltages
and, respectively. This method is suitable for sag analysis
rather than detection but since its style need RMS it shows that
the method is too long and fastidious [19] [20].
Equation (12)
II. Simulation Models
In order to measure the peak value, the signal v0a(t) is fed to a
square root circuit. Then the output of the square root circuit is For simulation purpose, electrical power distribution model
given by equation (12). is designed and the single-line diagram of the distribution
model is shown in Figure 1. Using SimPowerSystem library of
Simulink®, this model is simulated by applying various type of
loads commonly seen in industries and faults like short circuit
Where K1 is the multiplication factor of the square root circuit. fault, heavy load, normal load, non-linear load (Power converter,
when the multiplication factors of the multiplier and the square efficient bulb lighting, etc.), and capacitor bank. The electrical
root circuit are selected properly, the value of constant K1 power distribution model consists of a 25-kV voltage source
can be set as 1. The output voltage of the detector is equal to and 50 Hz fundamental frequency. Each power quality events
the peak value of the input voltage. Because the detector is simulate for 10 cycles and a sampling frequency of 10 kHz.
based on the concept of an orthogonal function pair, it is called When single-line to ground fault is applied to bus 1 then, voltage
orthogonal detector [17] [18]. sag and interruption are caused on faulty phase and voltage
D. Missing voltage evaluation method swell is caused on healthy phase. It is known that voltage sag,
swell and interruption are also caused by switching on a heavy
The Missing Voltage can be used to see the real time variation load but for simulation purpose we will target on faulty. Table 2
of the waveform from the ideal and the actual severity of the shows the specifications of the power distribution system used
event. It is also capable to give more accurate indication of in the simulation. The performance study of sample system is
the duration of voltage sag/swell/interruption as well as the carried out for detection and characterization of voltage due to
start and the end of event. The Missing Voltage Technique is power system faults. It is assumed that a fault has occurred at
defined as the difference between the desired instantaneous position short circuit fault, on the primary side of distribution
voltage and the actual instantaneous value. The desired transformer T2, and the fault lasted for 4 cycles from t = 0:045
voltage can be easily obtained by taking the pre-event voltage to 0:125 seconds.
and extrapolating this out during the event which is similar to
the way a phase-locked loop (PLL) operates. A PLL is a control
loop incorporating a voltage control oscillator and phase
sensitive detector in order to lock a given signal to stable
reference frequency. Therefore, the desired voltage waveform
will be known as PLL waveform (VPLL(t)) and it will be locked
in magnitude, frequency, and phase angle to the pre-event
voltage waveform [19] [20].

Figure 1. Single-Line diagram of the power distribution system

Table II. SPECIFICATION OF THE POWER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM

• Page 4 of 8 •
Citation: Abraham Dandoussou et al. (2020) Analysis of Electrical Power Disturbances in Distribution and Industrial Systems. J Electr Eng Electron Technol

Component Details Figure 3. Waveforms of the supply voltages when applying a

Source 100 MVA ; 25 kV ; 50 Hz ; X/R = 10 single-phase earthing fault
Transformer N°1 50 MVA ; 25/11 kV ; Z = 7.15 Ω ; X/R = 10

Transformer N°2 50 MVA ; 11/0.22 kV ; Z = 7.15 Ω ; X/R = 10 Ω

Line 2 10 + j6 Ω ; 20 km

Loads 190 kW ; 130 kVAR

The Simulink® model of the system is given in figure 2.

Figure 4. The RMS value of phase A voltage Va

Figure 2. Simulink® model of the power distribution system

III. Results and Discussion
A. Single-phase earthing fault model
Figure 3 shows the waveforms of the supply voltages Va, Vb
and Vc. The single-phase earthing fault (phase A) has been
introduced at time t = 0.08 s. It can be observed that voltage
Va that is affected by the earthing fault becomes zero, while Vb Figure 5. The RMS values of phases B and C voltages Vb and
and Vc have increased in magnitude. After the perturbation, the Vc
three voltages become normal. B. Phase to phase fault model
Figures 4 and 5 show the RMS values of voltages Va, Vb and The voltage sag starts when the RMS voltage URMS (1/2),
Vc respectively. During the earthing fault period, it is clear that: drops below the threshold in at least one of the channels, and
Voltage Va drops to zero, with a duration of 91 ms. After the ends when the RMS voltage recovers above the threshold
perturbation, it goes back to its normal value (42.66 kV) in all channels. The retained voltage for a multi-channel
and stays there. measurement is the lowest RMS voltage in any of the channels.
During this fault, voltage of phase B, C drops with shake when
Voltages Vb and Vc increase from the normal value (42.66 phase to phase fault happens from 0.08s, voltage of phase B
kV) to 73.62 kV, with a duration of 89 ms. The perturbation and C drop while voltage phase A rise and stop at 0.16 s. When
leads to a voltage swell of 30.97 kV. the fault is cut off, voltages of phase B, C drop to normal.
It is good to note that the choice of threshold may also affect A voltage sag and swell due to a two-phase-fault between
the measurement of the duration for voltage drips with a phases B, C are presented figure 6. From these results, it is
slow recovery. These events occur during motor starting, clear that there is a sudden reduction of the voltage sag at a
transformer energizing, post-fault motor recovery and point in the electrical system, followed by voltage recovery after
post-fault transformer saturation. a short period of time, from a cycle. Voltages are unbalance
in phase-to-phase fault. The scheme shows that voltage sags
are effectively characterised by the magnitude of the voltage,
the duration and the depth. The Duration is the length of time
for which the voltage remains below a threshold. In Figure 7,
it is clear that the magnitude of phase A voltage grows with a
magnitude of 21.34 kV for a duration of voltage swell equal to
85 ms. Figure 8, phases B and C lead to an urge voltage drop.
The two voltages drop to a magnitude V b = V c = 0V when their
duration of voltage sag is 81 ms.

• Page 5 of 8 •
Citation: Abraham Dandoussou et al. (2020) Analysis of Electrical Power Disturbances in Distribution and Industrial Systems. J Electr Eng Electron Technol

Figure 6. Waveforms of voltages Va, Vb and Vc for phase to

phase fault Figure 9. Waveforms of voltages Va, Vb and Vc for transient
perturbations
D. Non-linear load for harmonics
A load is considered non-linear if its impedance changes with
the applied voltage. Due to this changing impedance, the
current drawn by the non-linear load is also non-linear. The
non-linear load is the source of harmonics. From the obtained
results shown in figure 10 and in table 3, it should be noted
that three-phase electrical power system distribution has high
capacity non-linear load such as converter for electric motor
control use to power drive in industries. The non-linear load
of the power system is based on a three-phase bridge diode
Figure 7. RMS value of voltage Va for phase to phase fault rectifier, also known as the six-pulse bridge because it is six
pulses per cycle on the DC output. For the universal bridge
made up of diode switched converters, the switching times are
calculated relative to the zero crossings of line-to-line voltages
at the terminal of the converter. To appreciate the impact of this
phenomenon, there are two important concepts that should be
kept in mind with regard to power system harmonics. The first
is the nature of harmonic-current produced by loads (non-linear
loads) and the second is the way in which harmonic currents
flow and how the resulting harmonic voltages are developed at
the end of the system.
The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) tool in MATLAB®/Simulink®
allows the computation of the fundamental component of
voltage or current when simulation is running. This FFT tool
of Powergui display the frequency spectrum of voltage Va
Figure 8. RMS values of voltages Vb and Vc for phase to phase waveform. This tool is very efficient because it computes the
fault fundamental component and total harmonic distortion (THD)
of the voltage Va. These efficient elements are displayed
C. Bank capacitor for transients
with an example of the spectrum window shown in figure 10.
Supply voltage due to the operation of a capacitor bank Harmonics are displayed in percentage of the fundamental
produces transient. The capacitor bank creates transients type component and they are given in table 3.
which is a disturbance. In fact the capacitor bank is energized
The obtained figure illustrates how the actual waveform can be
when circuit breaker CB1 in Simulink model is switched on.
approximated by summing. Comparing the waveforms results
As shown in figure 9, a transient is produced in supply voltage
with those of literature, it can be observed that it is similar to
due to operation of a capacitor bank. The transient frequency
other research works that are being carried out [21][22][23][24]
depends upon the size of the capacitor bank. For the simulation,
[25]. But since the simulations presented in these models differ
Q = 0.8 MVAR
from others, from the source to the loads, therefore voltage
magnitude differ also. From the harmonics table, it is clear
that harmonics computed on the distribution line show that the
fundamental current angle, which is always lagging, is adjusted
to yield the desired displacement of power factor. Harmonics
phase angles are adjusted according to the time shift principle

• Page 6 of 8 •
Citation: Abraham Dandoussou et al. (2020) Analysis of Electrical Power Disturbances in Distribution and Industrial Systems. J Electr Eng Electron Technol

to preserve wave shape appearance. detectives that help to sense some disturbances. FFT is also
applied to measure harmonics generated by non-linear load.
Table III. HARMONICS DETECTION ON PHASES A, B AND C
Although, there are many different theoretical approaches that
THD Phase A Phase B Phase C are used to measure diversification. In perspective, we would
think of further analysis by focusing on sag/swell disturbances,
THD (%) 44.32 32.10 36.44 their severity of individual events (single-event characteristics),
by quantifying the performance at a specific location (single-
TDD (%) 91.42 95.21 93.95 site indices), and by quantifying the performance of the whole
system (system indices) with respect to IEEE standard 1564-
2014.
Selected signal: 10 cycles. FFT window (in red): 1 cycles

200
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
0 This research was carried out during the end of cycle project at
-200 the University of Buea, Cameroon.
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Time (s)
0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
REFERENCES
Fundamental (50Hz) = 252.9 , THD= 36.44% [1] Akagi H. (1994), Trends in active power line. IEEE
30
Transactions on Power Electronics, volume 9(number
25
3):pp 263–268.
M ag (% of Fundam ental)

20
[2] Math H Bollen and Irene Gu. (2006) Signal processing of
15
power quality disturbances. John Wiley And Sons, 30.
10
[3] SHARMISTHA SARKAR. (2014), Power quality
disturbance detection and classification using signal
5

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 processing and soft computing techniques. Master’s
thesis, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Rourkela,
Frequency (Hz)
 

Roll No- 212EE5442, June.

Figure 10. Total harmonics distortion
[4] Jun Zhu; D.L Lubkeman ; A.A Girgis (1997), Automated
Conclusion fault location and diagnosis on electric power distribution
The power system which generates electricity, transports it feeders. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,
and distributes it to consumers. When fault occurs, it causes 12(number 2) pp 801–808, April.
disturbance to the power supply and disturbances to the power [5] A.Abur Z. Galijasevic. (2002), Fault location using voltage
system mainly visible on distribution line. Such disturbance measurement. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,
often leads to losses to the utilities, and customers mainly 17:pp 441–445, April.
as industries. In order to minimize the losses and provide
high quality of services, it is crucial for utilities to analyse [6] M. Kezunovic J.R.S. Mantovani R.A.F Pereira, L.G.W.
disturbances as quickly as possible. The scope of this work is da Silva (2009), Improved fault location on distribution
focused exclusively on the analysis of power disturbances in feeders based on matching during-fault voltage sags.
distribution and industrial systems. The indigence of examine IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 24 pp 441–445,
leads to proposal of various automated analyse technics of April.
this disturbance. In this research paper, many tools have been
[7] H.Y.Li A.R Khalid H.Mokhlis (2010), The application
presented but one of them which is more accurate fault gives
of vaoltage sags pattern to lo-cate a faulted section in
details on disturbance. Knowing how disturbances behave in
distribution network. International Review of Electrical
the electrical network, it creates power fluctuations between
Engineering (IREE), 5(number 7):pp 173–179, Febuary.
the generating units and the electrical network. Results show
that not all disturbances that occur are only caused by variety [8] John Cherney, (2003), harmonics analysising distribution.
of conditions such as adverse weather conditions, animal IEEE,.
contacts, equipment failure and accident leading to short
[9] M A S Masoum, E F Fuchs (2008), Power quality in power
circuit fault but are mainly caused by loads, with some which
system and electrical machines. 2nd Edition: Academic
generate event inrushes on conductor. These perturbations
Press.
affect sensitive load such that it can interrupt the whole
production, and can break down the distribution grid. The [10] Suresh Kamble and Dr. Chandrashekhar Thorat, (2012),
performance of the technic is presented by testing it using an Characteristics analysis of voltage sag in distribution
actual underground distribution network. The simulation results system using rms voltage method. ACEEE Int. J.,
indicate the efficiency and accuracy, therefore a critical analysis 03(01):55–61, Febuary
is done to identify each of these disturbances. However, among
[11] N.R Watson J. Arrillaga, (2003), Power system harmonics.
several tools of analysis, the RMS method is one of the most
John Wiley And Sons.

• Page 7 of 8 •
Citation: Abraham Dandoussou et al. (2020) Analysis of Electrical Power Disturbances in Distribution and Industrial Systems. J Electr Eng Electron Technol

[12] Raj Naidoo and Pragasen Pillay, (2007), A new method of

voltage sag and swell detection. IEEE TRANSACTIONS
ON POWER DELIVERY, 22(2):1057– 1063, April.
[13] A. S. Mokhtar NAM Ismail S. Khokhar, A. A. Mohd Zin,
(2014), Matlab/Simulink based modelling and simulation
of power quality disturbances. IEEE, (2):4799–4848.
[14] Z.Zou Y.Yang, F.Blaabjerg, (2012), Bench marking of grid
fault modes in single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic
systems. page 437, September.
[15] Damir Novosel Steven Kunsman Carl LaPlace David
Hart, David Uy and Marco Tellarini, (2000), Improving
power quality. ABB Review, page 4.
[16] Math Bollen Emmanouil Styvaktakis and Irene Gu, (2012),
Automatic classification of power system events using
rms voltage measurements. Submitted for publication in
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.
[17] O. C. MONTRO-HERN’ ANDEZ and P. N. ENJETI,
(2005), A fast detection algorithm suitable for mitigation of
numerous power quality disturbances. IEEE Transactions
on Industry Applications, 41(6).
[18] Yongheng Yang and Frede Blaabjerg, (2012), Low-
Voltage Ride-Through Capability of a Single-Stage
Single-Phase Photovoltaic System Connected to the
Low-Voltage Grid. PhD thesis, Aalborg University, http://
dx.doi.org 10.1155/2013/257487, December ID 257487.
[19] Jr. P.R.Chaney N.S. Tuna boylu, E.R, (1998), Collins.
Voltage disturbance evaluation using the missing voltage
technique. In International Conference on Harmonics
and Quality of Power, volume 1, pages 577–582.
[20] X. D. Xue et al D. Kai, K. W. E. Cheng, (2006 ), A novel
detection method for voltage sags. pages 250–255.
[21] Abdelhay A.Sallam Abdelazeem A.Abdelsalam, Azza
A.Eldesouky, (2012), Characterization of power quality
disturbances using hybrid technique of linear kalman
filter and fuzzy expert system. ELSEVIER Electric power
system Reaserch, 83:41–50.
[22] T. Larsson A. Sannino, J. Swensson, (2003), Power-
electronic solutions to power quality problems. Electric
Power Systems Research, pages 66:71–82. Author Affiliation Top
[23] J. J. Burke and D. J. Lawrence, (1983), Characteristics of 1
Department of Electrical and Power Engineering, Higher Technical Teachers’
fault currents on distribution systems. IEEE Transactions Training School, Kumba, University of Buea, Cameroon.
on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-103(1):1–6, Department of Electrical Engineering, Energetic and Automation, National
2

January 1984 1984. EPRI 1209-1. School of Agro-Industrial Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

[24] M.H.J. Bollen, (2000), Understanding power quality Submit your next manuscript and get advantages of SciTechnol
problems:voltage sags and interrup-tions. New York,
submissions
IEEE Press.
™™ 80 Journals
[25] M. Bollen, (2001), Voltage sags in three-phase systems. ™™
™™
21 Day rapid review process
3000 Editorial team
IEEE Power Eng, 12(number 2):pp. 8–15 Review. ™™ 5 Million readers
™™ More than 5000
™™ Quality and quick review processing through Editorial Manager System

Submit your next manuscript at ● www.scitechnol.com/submission

• Page 8 of 8 •

View publication stats