FORAM A.

DESAI
B.S. PATEL PRIMARY
SCHOOL 12 SCIENCE
TH

2019-20
BIOLOGY PR
 I have taken efforts in this project.
However it would not be possible without
the kind support and help of many
individuals. I would like to express my
special thanks of gratitude to our biology
madam, Mrs. Hina Patel and our principle
Mrs. Roshni Gajera who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic: Drug addiction which
also helped me in doing a lot of research
and I came to know about so many things.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my
parents and friends for their co-operation
and encouragement which helped me in
the completion of this project.
S.N CONTENT PAG
E
O NO.
1. Aim/Objective 4

2. Introduction to Drug addiction 5

3. Classification of drugs 6

4. Combination of drugs and

alcohol 7
5. How does drug addiction begin? 8

6. Social Disease- Smoking,

drinking and drugs 9

7. Health and smoking 11

8. Alcohol 13
9. Tobacco 16

10. Case study on Drug addiction 20

11. Conclusion 31

12. Bibliography 32

13. End of the project 33

 AIM OF THE PROJECT
#To study about the drugs,
their classification, addictive
nature and prevention from
addiction!!
 INTRODUCTION OF "DRUG ADDICTION"
Drug Addiction word
is make by two words :
(I) Drug
(II) Addiction.

What is meant by
Druq:
Any substance, other than food, used in the
prevention, diagnosis, all aviation or treatment of
a disease is called a drug. A drug may also be
defined as a chemical which, when taken in
some way after the body function. Drug is also
known as a medicine. Generally, the term drugs
applied to any stimulating or depressing
substance that can be habituating or

Meaning of Addiction:
Addiction is the habitual, psychologi
physiological dependence on a
substance or
practice. Which is beyond voluntary
control. A person who is habituated to a
substance or a practice, especially a harmful one,
is called an

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Combinations of Drugs and Alcohol

There are a large number of drugs on

which people become dependent. These
are classifies into four major groups :
sedatives and tranquillizers, opiate
narcotics, stimulants and hallucinogens.
Types of drugs Examples Effects
Effects
1. Sedatives and Barbiturates, Depress CNS
Tranquillizers Benzodiazepines activity, gives a
feeling of
calmness and
drowsiness.
2. Opiate Opium, Suppress brain
Narcotics Morphine, activity relaxed
Codeine and pain
Heroin
3. Stimulants Amphetamines, Make a person
Caffeine, more wakeful
Cocaine and alert.
4. Hallucinogens Increases Alter
LSC, Mescalin, chances of
thoughts
damage toand
Ganja, Charas, gastric
feelings.
mucosa
etc
Some addicts use mixtures of drugs to
have immediate ‘kid’ or ‘charge’. ,
Simultaneous use of drug and alcohol may
produce dangerous effects, including
death.. A mixture of cocaine and heroin
called speed ball, gives spontaneous kick
of cocaine and prolonged pleasure of
heroin,
Effect
1. Alcohol + Markedly increase
Barbiturates the depressant effect.
2. Alcohol + Marked drowsiness
Antihistamines
3. Alcohol + Valium Increases sedative
effect
4. Alcohol + Decreases
Marijuana coordination
5. Alcohol + Aspirin

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Combinations of Drugs and Alcohol
How drug addiction Begins ?
There are many factors that lead people to drug
addiction.
1. Curiosity : Frequent references to drugs by
public media create curiosity for having a personal
experience of the drugs.
2. Friend’s pressure : Frequent appreciation of
drug experience by friends allures others to start
the use of drugs.
3. Frustration and Depression : Some people start
taking drugs to get relief from frustration and
depression.
4. Desire for More Work : Students sometimes
take drugs to keep awake the whole night to
prepare for examination. It is not desirable as it
may cause mental breakdown.
5. Looking for a Different World : A wrong notion
that the drugs open up a new world tempts some
youngsters to start taking-drugs. JI
Increases chances of
6. Relief from Pain : A prolonged use of pain-
damage to gastric
mucosa
relieving drugs with physician’s advise at times
leads to addiction.

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 Social Disease - Smoking, Drinking and Use of Drugs

Smoking and drinking and use of drugs

frequently or regularly are social diseases. They
adversely affect the health of the addicts and the
society. Young people take to these habits for fun,
show off or curiosity, as an adventure or feeling of
freedom, or as a gesture of defiance against the
elders who themselves indulge in these activities
but check the youngsters. Temporary escape from
the life problems and mental relaxation felt on
taking the drugs in the beginning increase persons
interest in them. Soon they become habitual and
find in difficult to leave. The daily dose to get the
desired effect increases with time. As in other
countries, the menace of drug addiction is
spreading in India also. A large number of our
young men and women have taken to intoxicants.
About 87.6 per cent drug addicts are between the
ages of 14
Ik.. years.

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 Heattk and smoking!!
Cigarette smoking harms nearly every
organ of the body, causes many diseases
and reduces the lifespan of the smoker in
general. Quitting smoking lowers your risk
for smoking related diseases and can add
years to your life.
Cigarette smoking causes more than
4,80,000 deaths each year in the United
states. Smoking can make it harder for a
woman to become pregnant. It can also
affect her baby’s health before and after
birth. Smoking increases risks for:
Preterm (early) delivery, Stillbirth (death of
the baby before birth),Low birth weight,

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Sudden infant death synd
Following are the diseases caused by
smoking:
1. Lung Cancer
2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease
3. Heart Disease
4.Stroke
5.Aortic Aneurysm
6.Oropharyngeal
7. Esophageal
Cancer
8. Cataracts
9. Weaker bones
10. Cervical Cancer....and many more

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harmful disease
 Alcohol
Sources
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colored
liquid having a penetrating odour and burning
taste. It is one of the products of the distillation of
fermented grains, fruit juices and starches with
the help of yeast enzymes. It is the principal
constituent and the in toxicating principle of
wines.
Modes of Use :
Alcohol is taken in low concentration, as the
beer, toddy and wine and in relatively high
concentration as arrack, brandy, whisky, rum, gin,
vodka etc.
Addition
Addition to alcohol is called alcoholism.
Alcoholics are found in all society section of
society. Alcohol causes intoxication and thus,
acts as a poison. They drinkers begin with small
doses, but may of them soon start consuming
large doses and become addicts. By the time
they realize that drinking in adversely affecting
. them, it is too late to give it up.
 The drinkers offer one or more of the following

hy People Take to Drinking :

reasons for starting drinking.
(i) Social pressure (ii) desire for excitement (iii)
feeling of independence (iv) Liking of taste (v)
desire to escape from such realities of life as
disappointments and failures.
What Happens when Alcohol is consumed:
Alcohol is quickly absorbed in the stomach and
upper part of small intestine and reaches all the
tissues in minutes. Its oxidation starts at once
and a large amount of heat in produced. Since
heat is not needed in the body, it is taken up by
the blood and carried to the skin for dissipation.
The blood supply of internal organs is greatly
reduced resulting in fall of temperature in them.
Energy released by alcohol is not used in any life
process. Rather the energy derived from food is
used up in ridding the body of excess heat.

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Actually alcohol is a depressant, a
substance which dulls the senses. It
reduces the efficiency of every tissue the
body. Any feeling of lift a person may claim
to feel is a mistaken impression or an
attempt to justify the act in his own
 Tobacco
Sources :
It is a native of South Africa, where the Red
Indian first started smoking. Now the tobacco
plant has spread the world over. It has large,
quote to lanceloate leaves and terminal clusters
of tubular, white or pink flowers.
Modes of Use
Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and
snuffing. Its main stimulating component is
poisonous volatile alkaid nicotine, which causes
addiction. Nicotine synthesis occurs in the roots
of the plant but it is stored in the leaves. The
leaves contain 2 to 8% nicotine. Inhaling tobacco
smoke from cigars, cigarettes, biddies, pipes and
hubble-bubble is called smoking. Cigar is a roll of
tobacco leaf. Cigarette is cut tobacco wrapped in
paper. Bidi is tobacco wrapped. In a piece of leaf.
The quantity of nicotine contained in one cigar
may prove fatal if injected intravenously into a
person.
Effect of Nicotine: Nicotine
is a
(i) Stimulates conduction of nerve
impulses.
(ii) Relaxes the muscles.
(iii) Releases adrenaline, increasing heart
beat rate and pressure. 1
(iv) Increased blood pressure due to
smoking chances the risk of heart
diseases.
(v) Retards foetal growth in expecting
mothers and
(vi) High concentration of nicotine
paralyses nerve cells.
Other Harmful components of Tobacco
Smoke :
Besides the poisonous nicotine, the
tobacco smoke contains carbonmonoxide,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tar.

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OtAer Effects:
(i) Smoking effects economy :
A smoker not only waste money, but also
runs risk of burns and fires.
(ii) Smoking mars personality
Teeth may become stained. Lips may get
discolored and breath becomes foul. A
person with a cigarette hanging from the
mouth look odd.
(iii) Smoking is annoying to others
Cigarette smoke is quite annoying to non-
smokers. It may prove even more harmful
to them. A smoker makes the person
nearby persons passive smokers through
inhaling smoke released by him.

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19
The victim of this case is a young man named
Jack. Though he is 24 years of age, he looks like a
man of 40 years. Firstly, his friends introduced him
to drugs as a means of enjoyment. Gradually he
became addicted. He started with ‘ganja’. He
sometimes changes his drugs to meet his
satisfaction level. He changes drugs one after
another from ‘ganja’, ‘wine’ to ‘phensedyl’. Now he
is fully addicted to ‘phensedyl’ for 4.5 years, and
has to take it four times in a day. Without having it
he can’t do anything. He spends ?300-500
everyday for drug purposes. For the excess
money, sometimes he takes loan from friends or
steals his own household materials. He collects
drugs from the local spots or a particular person.
On physical examination he was uncleanness,
anxious looking and irritated.
Speech was slowed. Physique was lean and
emaciated. Mild anaemia and jaundice was
present. Nothing abnormality was detected in
heart, lungs and kidneys
A
Drug use is one of the nation's most
expensive health problems, costing $109.8
billion in 1995 alone (Harwood, Fountain, and
Livermore, 1998). In addition to the financial costs,
drug use also exacts a human cost with thousands
of lives being damaged and forever changed by
drug use and addiction. Prevention and treatment
research, as well as clinical experience, have
shown that it is often possible to intervene
successfully in addiction. However, such
interventions must be grounded solidly in research
and must also provide long-term behavioral and
sometimes pharmacological support to ultimately
achieve abstinence. As part of these research-
based interventions, the National Institute on Drug
Abuse (NIDA) is funding the development of new
classes of medications to treat drug addiction.
These medications include immunotherapies and
sustained-release formulations. A
Immunotherapies involve products that are
introduced into the body to stimulate an immune
response either through active immunization
■ Ml^aGcines) or oassive immunization / I
_______I______：__\
Feelings and reactions of drug: The body
relaxes and the mind feels fresh after taking
drugs. If he cannot take it, peevish
temperament occurs and he doesn’t wish to
work or even talk. He feels anorexia, fever,
headache, itches in his body and sometimes
vomiting also occurs. Phensedyl:
Pharmacologically act as a antitussive and
expectorants. Composition Each 5 mL
contains the following: Promethazine
Hydrochloride- 3.6 mg, Codeine-9.0 mg and
Ephedrine Hydrochloride-7.2 mg3 . A
 TKEAWENT FOR THE PATIENT:
There are many options that have been
successful in treating the drug addicted
patient including:
1. behavioral counseling
2. medication
3. medical devices and applications used to
treat withdrawal symptoms or deliver skills
training
4. evaluation and treatment for cooccurring
mental health issues such as depression
and anxiety
5. long-term follow-up to prevent relapse A
range of care with a tailored treatment
program and follow-up options can be crucial
to success. Treatment should include both
medical and mental health services as
needed. Follow-up care may include
community- or family-based recovery
support systems.
Drug stages oj amgs aaatction abuse may exist
with or without dependence and dependence
may occur without abuse. Improper or excessive
use of therapeutic drugs may be termed as abuse
even in the absence of addiction. Addiction is
defined as a chronic disorder characterized by
compulsive use of drugs resulting in physical,
psychological and social harm, and continued
use despite evidence of that harm. Addiction
evolves through the followings stages:
Habituation, Dependence, Tolerance. Drug
habituation is a condition resulting from the
repeated consumption of a drug in which there is
a psychological or emotional dependency on the
drug. Physical dependencies defined as an
alteration in neural systems which are manifested
by tolerance and appearance of withdrawal
phenomena when a chronically administered
drug is discontinued or displaced from its
receptor. Withdraws illness occurs after abrupt
discontinuation of the drug.
Tolerance is an interesting phenomenon
characterized by the need of increasing amount
of a drug to obtain the same therapeutic effect.
ft I t <4 /-J r-v
So that they may increase his drug dosage
Several fieldwork studies found that many
people, especially the youths are eager to get rid
of drugs. But unfortunately they can hardly find
any way out. The departments of narcotics
control, police, BDR etc. either do not work
or/and even some how are related to business.
According to the discussion with the concerned
people such as drug abusers, guardians,
teachers, policemen, it is clear that behavior
modification of the abusers is not enough to
check the spread of drug taking and drug
trafficking. The concerned people gave the
following suggestions in order to control of drug
addiction:・ Concerned administration should be
reshuffled. Culprits, those who are hidden in the
police, BDR and narcotics control department,
must be punished. At the same time, rewards
may be declared for good performance.・
Leaders of social institutions like schools,
colleges, clubs etc. should come forward to build
resistance against drugs.・ The NGOs can play
a great role, especially in the awareness and
rehabilitation processes. • Rapid diagnosis and
treatment. • Mass education. • Stop drug selling
 Discussion
Drug abuse is a major medical problem with
extensive legal, social and even political
problems. A person made tolerant to a large
dose of one narcotic is also cross-tolerant to
many of the effects of another narcotic.
Indiscriminate use of any of these drugs
becomes dangerous and produces a
gradual mental, physical and moral
deterioration of the individual and
sometimes also sexual perversions or crime.
To obtain the money for the drug the addict
often turns to prostitution or crime. The
majority of drug victims are neurotic
individuals who are mentally unbalanced. A
normal person has no tendency to become a
drug addict and is most unlikely to become
one, even when all the facilities are
available. Hereditary factors, abnormal
mental conditions, frustrations in life, j
anxiety, chronic tensions, physical inability
to do a job, curiosity, etc are some of th^gjd
f'oi
IQOQrvf Hri in oHHinfirvn
Addicts fan m iwC\jiuupbri nose who are
originally used the drug for some disease
and thus have acquired the habit and (II)
those who use the drug for its narcotic effect
alone. The first groups are more easily
cured than the second. The inability to
discontinue the use of drug may be due to
either to a desire for satisfaction or an
anxiety to avoid the discomfort of withdrawal
symptoms or both.

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 Precautions
When a disease breaks out like en epidemic
in all segments of the society, it indicates a
social change. It is not only the youth, drug
addiction has also grabbed the social
leaders. Even the teachers and physicians
who are supposed to guide the society are
more or less getting addicted. Law enforcing
agencies and other concerned authorities
are in most cases either refraining from their
job or associated with the drug business.
Undoubtedly it is an awesome situation.
Every disease has a cure. We must come
out of this monopolistic deadly game. A
more intensive research, action program,
and social movement are neededl . It is also
needed to strengthen family and social
values and religious ethics in order to
maintain a stable and drug-free society.
When a disease breaks out like en
epidemic in all segments of the society, it
indicates a social change. It is not only the
youth, drug addiction has also grabbed the
social leaders. Even the teachers and
physicians who are supposed to guide the
society are more or less getting addicted.
Law enforcing agencies and other
concerned authorities are in most cases
either refraining from their job or I
associated with the drug business.
Undoubtedly it is an awesome situation.
Every disease has a cure. We must come
out of this monopolistic deadly game. A
more intensive research, action program,
and social movement are neededl . It is
also needed to strengthen family and social
values and religious ethics in order to
maintain a stable and drug-free societ
30
Drug addiction and its increase
usage causes a lot of diseases and
disability in the world. Recent
advances in neuroscience may help
to improve policies to reduce the
harm of tobacco, alcohol and other
psychoactive drugs impose on the
society...!!!
 1. NCERT Class 12 Lab Manual
2. https://en.wikipedia.orq
3. https://www.qoqqle.co.in
4. https://www.slideshare.com
5.Reference articles from various
blogs

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