Physics

Sri Chaitanya College
Physics Project
Session: 2022-23
Topic: to study and perform transistor as a

switch and amplifier
Submitted by: Nirmitha S

Class – XII
Under the guidance of

Mrs. Kavya
Table of content
1. Acknowledgement
2. Introduction
3. Aim
4. Materials required
5. Theory
6. Observation
7. Conclusion
8. Bibliography
Acknowledgement
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to
the Principal, Modugula Subbareddy, Sri chaitanya
school, for his encouragement and for all the facilities that
she provided for this project work. I sincerely appreciate
this magnanimity by taking me into her fold for which I
shall remain indebted to her. I extend my hearty thanks to
Mrs. Kavya, physics teacher, who guided me to the
successful completion of this project. I take this
opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for his
invaluable guidance, constant encouragement,
constructive comments, sympathetic attitude and immense
motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all stages of
this project work. I can't forget to offer my sincere thanks
to my classmates who helped me to carry out this project
work successfully & for their valuable advice & support,
which I received from them time to time.
Introduction
Logic Gates: A gate is a digital circuit that follows curtain
logical relationship between the input and output voltages.
Therefore, they are generally known as logic gates —
gates because they control the flow of information. The
five common logic gates used are NOT, AND, OR,
NAND, NOR. Each logic gate is indicated by a symbol
and its function is defined by a truth table that shows all
the possible input logic level combinations with their
respective output logic levels. Truth tables help
understand the behavior of logic gates. (i) NOT gate
(Inverter) This is the most basic gate, with one input and
one output. Produces a ‘1’ output if the input is ‘0’ and
vice-versa. That is, it produces an inverted version of the
input at its output.
(ii) OR Gate An OR gate has two or more inputs with one

output. The output Y is 1 when either input A or input B
or both are 1s, that is, if any of the input is high, the
output is high.
(iii) AND Gate An AND gate has two or more inputs and
one output. The output Y of AND gate is 1 ,only when
input A and input B are both 1. It kind of looks for the
minimum of the two signals.
Some Basix Logic Gates and their truth table

Aim:
To design and simulate
basic logic gates and to
design an appropriate logic
gate combination for a given
truth table.
Materials Required:
1. A project boards
2. Two N4007 diodes
3. Two LED
4. A 9v battery with a connector
5. Two BPJ-BC547 transistors
6. Two 100, three 560 resistors
7. Connecting wires
THEORY
The three basic logic gates and their combinations are the
building blocks of the digital circuit.
1. OR gate:
The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high
output (1) if one or more of its inputs are high. A plus (+)
is used to show the OR operation.
2. AND Gate:
The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives high
output only if all inputs are high.
3. NOT Gate
The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an
inverted version of the input at its output. It is also known
as an inverter.
Procedure:
 Design of basic logic gates.
DESIGN OF AND GATE
COMPONENTS: Two p-n junction diode, A LED, A 100
resistors
CONSTRUCTION: An AND gate can be realized by
connecting the diodes as shown in the figure. A resistance
of 100 is connected in series with the LED to prevent its
malfunction.
DESIGN OF OR GATE
COMPONENTS: Two p-n junction diode, A LED, A 100
resistors
CONSTRUCTION: An OR gate can be realized by
connecting the diodes as shown in the figure. Here also
there is a need for a 100 resistor in series with LED
DESIGN OF NOT GATE
COMPONENTS: A transistor, two LEDs, three 560
resistors.
CONSTRUCTION: not gate circuit can be realized by
connecting an NPN transistor as shown in the figure. The
base of the transistor is connected to the input through
resistance of 560 and emitter is connected to the negative
terminal. The collector is connected to the positive
terminal and the output voltage at collector is with respect
to negative.
Logic gate combination for given truth table
1. Write product term for each input (minterm),
Combination where Boolean function has output
2. While writing minterms, complement the variable
whose value is 0 otherwise write it in the direct form
(without complement).
3. Add all the minterms to obtain the Boolean function. 4.
Draw the circuit using basic LOGIC Gates.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
OBSERVATIONS
1. Stimulation of AND gate The following conclusions
can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit:
a) If both switches are open (A=0, B=0) then LED will
not glow, hence Y=0.
b) If Switch one switch is open and the other is closed
(A=1, B=0 or A=0, B=1) then LED will not glow, hence
Y=0.
c) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then LED wi
ll glow, Hence Y=1.
2. Stimulation of OR gate The following conclusions can

be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit:
a) If both switches are open (A=0, B=0) then LED will

not glow, hence Y=0.
b) If Switch one switch is open and the other is closed
(A=1, B=0 or A=0, B=1) then LED will glow, hence Y=0.
c) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then LED wi
ll glow, Hence Y=1
3. Stimulation of NOT gate
a) If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the LED will glow,
hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the LED will not glow,
hence Y=0.
4. Stimulation of NAND gate

a) If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then LED will glow,
hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) LED will
glow, hence Y=1.
c) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) LED will
glow, hence Y=1.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) LED will
not glow, hence Y=0
Conclusion
Basic logic gates were designed and
simulated and logic circuit was prepared
for the given truth table
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
1. Wikipedia
2. Electronic devices and circuits by J B
Gupta
3. Conceptual physics by G C Agarwal
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Sri Chaitanya College

Topic: to study and perform transistor as a

Submitted by: Nirmitha S

Under the guidance of

(ii) OR Gate An OR gate has two or more inputs with one

Some Basix Logic Gates and their truth table

2. Stimulation of OR gate The following conclusions can

a) If both switches are open (A=0, B=0) then LED will

4. Stimulation of NAND gate

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