Munich Personal RePEc Archive

Security of payment in Malaysian

construction industry: issues on
sub-contract’s direct payment

Supardi, Azizan and Adnan, Hamimah

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

26 August 2011

Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/34023/
MPRA Paper No. 34023, posted 10 Oct 2011 10:50 UTC
 SECURITY OF PAYMENT IN MALAYSIAN CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY: ISSUES ON SUB-CONTRACT’S DIRECT PAYMENT

AZIZAN SUPARDI HAMIMAH ADNAN

Universiti Teknologi MARA Universiti Teknologi MARA

ABSTRACT
In Malaysia, sub-contractors have to bear with the current structure of payment
mechanisms in the standard forms of contract, which are payment upon
certification, direct payment from the employer, and contingent or conditional
payment. However, „direct payment‟ provision is applied for in most of the
nominated sub-contracts and not to the domestic sub-contractors; thus the
Construction Industry Payment and Adjudication (CIPA) Act is proposed. This
paper, though, is to disclose the findings on legal cases and sub-contractors‟
perspective on direct payment, by preliminary analyzing the quantitative
questionnaire survey to the first 81 from the identified 1,500 sub-contractors
throughout the country. Before that, from 186 cases, only 5 selected cases are
analysed that thoroughly addressed the judgment of direct payment. It is found
out that the particularly small sized subcontractors are definitely need to enhance
their knowledge of the so-called the „Security of Payment‟ Regime to benefits
from the proposed Act.
KEY WORDS
Malaysia, Legal readiness, Sub-contractors, Security of payment, Construction
industry

1 INTRODUCTION
In a typical engineering and construction contract, it is apparent that the
contractor‟s consideration vis-à-vis the contract entered into by the parties is the
carrying out of the works under the contract, e.g. construction, installation,
material supply, etc. This represents his part of the bargain or the promise made.
In reciprocation, the employer must keep his side of the bargain by furnishing
the necessary consideration which in most cases comes in a monetary form [8].
Payment has been said to be the life-blood of the construction industry. Yet
the industry knows payment default, specially delayed and non-payment, remain
a major problem [2]. The success of a construction project requires the timely
flow of money from the owner to the contractor down to the subcontractors, sub-
subcontractors, suppliers, and vendors [5].
Contractors often attempt to shift the risk of the owner‟s non-payment to
subcontractors by including contingent payment provisions – such as pay-when-
paid or pay-if-paid clauses – in the subcontract [5].

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Principles Methods of Paying Sub-contractor: Supardi, Adnan and
Mohammad [10] conclude that in the standard forms of construction contracts,
currently, the payment structure to the sub-contractors are divided into three:
407
payment upon certification, direct payment from the employer, and contingent
payment or conditional payment.
Payment upon Certification: The conditions precedent for the sub-
contractor's entitlement to payment is the receipt of the interim payment
certificate by the main contractor and the lapse of the defined 'window-period'
for payment thereafter. It is immaterial that the main contractor not having
received the said amount from the employer or his honouring period being
longer than the grace period being given to him to reimburse the sub-contractor.
Once he receives the relevant certificate, the clock starts ticking against him in
regard to his obligation to pay [7].
Direct Payment from the Employer: Under this payment regime, although
the payments due to the sub-contractor are included in the Interim and/or Final
Certificates to the main contractor, such payments are not paid, as in the
traditional method, through the latter but directly to the sub-contractor
concerned by the employer. Only the relevant profit and attendance for the said
sub-contractor is disbursed to the main contractor [7].
Contingent Payment or Conditional Payment: A third common scheme for
paying sub-contractors is the method going under the umbrella description of
„contingent payment‟. In actual fact, this regime encompasses a number of labels
including, inter alia, the following, i.e. „pay if paid‟ clauses. „pay when paid‟
clauses, and „back-to-back‟ clauses [7].
Avenues to Improve Payment Problem: There are various avenues that
are available to improve the payment problem in the construction industry and
some of these options have been incorporated in the construction contract or
statutes in the other developed countries. We should choose and adopt the best
solutions which best suits and serves the Malaysian construction industry [6]. In
summary, these avenues include:
Suspension of work or going slow: Clause 30.7 of the Agreement and
Conditions of PAM Contract 2006 (With Quantities) and Clause 42.10 of the
CIDB Standard Form of Contract for Building Works 2000 Edition provide for
suspension of work. There are no general common law right of suspension of
work [2][3][4] for non-payment.
Eradication of “pay when paid”: The standard forms of construction
contract do not provide for such a remedy other than the CIDB Standard Form
of Contract for Building Works 2000 Edition under Option Module C Clause
C3.(c). The right of suspension is quite useless if the sub contract is subjected to
a “”pay when paid” condition which is rather common unless of course the
contractor has absconded with money paid by the employer [4].
Adjudication: Adjudication is provided in the Agreement and Conditions of
PAM Contract 2006 (With Quantities) under Clause 34.0. The adjudication
process in the United Kingdom does not also make the claimant a secured
creditor after a decision is obtained. The successful claimant must still apply to
the court for summary judgment and thereafter execute the judgment in the usual
ways [4].
Liens: No construction contract elsewhere provide clause on lien, but the
United States of America and Canada addressed it by way of mechanic lien
statutes that is absent in Malaysia. Any attempt to provide security for payment
to a contractor, subcontractor or supplier through a lien [4] or charging order
scheme might not be in the best public interest and of many of the parties –
particularly the purchasers [2].
408
 Trust: The trust concept is not alien in Malaysia in respect of retention of
monies. It is provided in Clause 30(6)(a) of the Agreement and Conditions of
PAM Contract 2006 (With Quantities) and Clause 42.3(c)(i) of the CIDB
Standard Form of Contract for Building Works 2000 Edition. The trust is
however a conditional one in that it permits the employer or the contractor to set
off permissible deductions there from [4].
Payment bonds: Clause 42.1(e) of the CIDB Standard Form of Contract for
Building Works 2000 Edition provide for payment bond. It is undisputable that
the payment bond is one of the best remedies available to contractors. However,
the contractors have to provide payment bonds to their subcontractors and
suppliers in addition to the performance bond to the developer. This double bond
provision will inevitably reduce the contractor‟s financial liquidity and result in
the much needed cash flow for the project channeled to the bank for securing the
bonds [3]. Supardi, Yaakob & Adnan [12] states that after discussing on the
interpretation on application of injunction relief in performance bond, as in
payment bonds, it is noticed that very careful choice of words should be adopted
by the constructor of a performance bond so that a clear understanding of its
conditionality can be achieved and undisputable. Therefore, Supardi, Adnan, &
Yaakob [11] further stated that to be an undisputed meaning of the words in the
performance bond, as in payment bonds, the performance bond itself should be
either purely conditional or purely unconditional 'on-demand' bond.
Direct payment from principal: Direct Payment is provided in the P.W.D.
Form 203A (Rev. 2007) Standard Form of Contract to be Used Where Bills of
Quantities Form Part of the Contract under Clause 60.1. All subcontractors and
suppliers will have similar access to direct payments, which is discretionary and
not statutory [3].
Contractor’s project account: There have also been other „creative‟
suggestions e.g. REHDA on the possibility of creating a „contractor‟s project
account‟. But this has yet to be explored in detail [2].

3. METHODOLOGY AND DATA ANALYSIS

Law Case Analysis on ‘Payment Upon Certification’: Supardi, Adnan
and Mohammad [9] summarise that the analysis of law cases set up the issues
and judgment on related matters on payment mechanism to sub-contract works.
The issues are Agreement on the terms of payment; Counter claim; Delay;
Direct payment; Final payment and certification; Injunction; Insolvency or
winding up; „Pay-when-paid' clause; Performance bond; and Progressive
payments and certification.
The first methodology for this paper, though, is the content analysis on
Malaysian law case held in Malaysian court to date published in the Malayan
Law Journal. However, there are not many cases in the Malaysian Construction
Industry deals with „direct payment‟ specifically. From 186 cases deals with
payment to sub-contractor, only 5 selected cases are analysed that thoroughly
addressed the issue of „direct payment‟ in their judgment.
Case 1 - Perwik Sdn Bhd v Lee Yen Kee (M) Sdn Bhd [1996] 1 MLJ 857:
“It was held in allowing the plaintiff's appeal and dismissing the defendant's
appeal that it is not legitimate to use as an aid in the construction of a contract
anything which the parties said or did after it was made. Thus, the defendant
should not be allowed on subsequent meeting to vary the terms of the original
409
agreement and schedule conditions of the building contract. Under the terms of
the contract, all payments were to be made to the plaintiff. Accordingly, by
paying the sub-contractors direct, the defendant had done so at its own peril.
Under the contract, the defendant was still liable to the plaintiff.”
Case 2 - Lightcraft (KL) Sdn Bhd v Fortune Valley Sdn Bhd [2007] 7
MLJ 574: “It was held in entering judgment for the plaintiff for RM314,805.50
with interest and costs that the court found that the letter dated 2 July 1997 is
very clear in its terms ie after the termination of the contract with Seloga Jaya,
the plaintiff requested the defendant as the employer to make direct payments to
the plaintiff for the works that had been carried out but which had not been paid
by Seloga Jaya and that the obligation to indemnify the defendant would arise
when the monies paid by the defendant is ultimately shown to be not
legitimately due to the plaintiff. Therefore the argument of the learned counsel
for the defendant that the payment of the RM365,000 was an advance from the
defendant and that the plaintiff should refund the defendant that amount is
unmeritorious given the clear meaning of the letter.”
Case 3 - Syarikat Mohd Noor Yusof Sdn Bhd v Polibina Engineering
Enterprise Sdn Bhd (in liquidation) [2006] 1 MLJ 446: “It was held in
allowing the appeal with costs that this was not a proper case to grant an order of
winding up. One of the issues which need to be determined was whether it was
the respondent and not other sub-contractors which completed the works and
consequently whether the appellant paid directly to the respondent or to the sub-
contractors for work done. The respondent had not exhausted all remedies
available to them as provided under the said contracts. The dispute should be
referred to the superintending officer or to arbitration as the case may be as
provided for under the said contracts. There was nothing to prevent the
respondent from filing a writ against the appellant if everything else fails. A
winding up petition is not a legitimate means of seeking to enforce payment of a
debt which is disputed.”
Case 4 - JKP Sdn Bhd v PPH Development (M) Sdn Bhd and another
appeal [2007] 6 MLJ 239: “It was held in dismissing the appeal and allowing
the cross appeal in part that the other document which carried more weight was
the supplementary agreement. Again this document should not be taken in
isolation. Since the respondent was not a party in this agreement, the respondent
was not privy to the terms and conditions therein. But this was not the issue. The
focus on this document was that it contained provisions to pay the debts of the
first defendant direct to the respondent. This was exactly what the respondent
claimed that the appellant represented to them. When there existed such similar
undertakings, especially made in a self declaratory statement in a formal
document to a party who was very much involved in the matter, then it strongly
implied that the representation was made.”
Case 5 - Tang Eng Iron Works Co Ltd v Ting Ling Kiew & Anor [1990] 2
MLJ 440: “It was held in dismissing the defendants' appeal that the onus was on
the plaintiffs to show that the defendants had been guilty of dishonest fraud. The
plaintiffs had succeeded in showing that the defendants had intended to defraud
the plaintiffs: (a) the use of the loan moneys for a purpose other than what they
were meant for constituted dishonest fraud; (b) the loans to the directors were in
breach of s 133 of the Companies Act 1965, and the defendants had tried to pull
wool over the eyes of the plaintiffs by that fact in the accounts; and (c) the speed
410
of disposal and registration of the property and the direct payment to PFB in
settlement of HLE's debt showed a scheme to defraud the plaintiffs.”
Perspective Analysis of Sub-contractors on ‘Payment Upon
Certification’: The second methodology for this paper is the questionnaires
survey that was sent to 1,500 sub-contractors throughout Malaysia. However,
this preliminary survey analysis was done only the first 81 respondents due to
the timeline of the survey is still on-going. Agreement to statements are asked
whether there are problems in regard to the existing „direct payment‟ and the use
of „direct payment‟ provisions as payment remedies for sub-contractors. The 5-
level likert scale was used including prevailing the respondent‟s lack of
knowledge on the payment methods that is either they are not sure, do not
understand or filling blanks.
Table 1 shows the level of agreement on the two questions that are thrown
to the sub-contractors to benefit from, under „direct payment‟ provision.
Twenty-six percent (26%) respondents agreed that there are problems in regards
to the existing „direct payment‟ in sub-contract. Added to that, twenty-one
percent (21%) respondents strongly agreed with the problems. However, sixteen
percent (16%) and ten percent (10%) respondents respectively were not sure and
did not fill the required questions whether the use of ‟direct payment‟ provisions
are adequate enough to add to the problems, whereas sixteen percent (16%) and
eleven percent (11%) respondents were respectively disagreed and strongly
disagreed.
Tab.1 perspective of sub-contractors on direct payment
Did Not Strongly Not Strongly
Issues Disagreed Agreed
Fill Disagreed Sure Agreed
Existing problems 10% 11% 16% 16% 26% 21%
Usage as remedies 10% 1% 0% 16% 43% 30%
In contrast with the provision of existing problems with „direct payment‟ as
stated above, forty-three percent (43%) and thirty percent (30%) respondents
still respectively agreed and strongly agreed that the use of „direct payment‟
provision will solve problems in sub-contractor‟s payment. Sixteen percent
(16%) and ten percent (10%) respondents were respectively not sure or did not
fill the required questions, whereas only one percent (1%) respondents strongly
disagreed with the use of „direct payment‟ provision.

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the analysis on law cases and feedback of the survey, it is found
that the small number of cases published in the Malaysian courts in the issue of
„direct payment‟ because of the total amount that the parties have to bear.
Because most of the sub-contractors are small in capital, adjudication provision
in so-called „Security of Payment‟ regime applied in other developed country
could be the solution in Malaysia. The sub-contractor, though, have to have the
knowledge of adjudication in order to benefit from it. However, at the current
state, it is not legitimate to use as an aid in the construction of a contract
anything which the parties said or did after it was made; it is to understand the
clear meaning of the terms; a winding up petition is not a legitimate means of
seeking to enforce payment of a debt; when there existed a self declaratory
411
statement in a formal document, it strongly implied that the representation was
made; and the onus was on the plaintiffs to show that the defendants had been
guilty of dishonest fraud.
There are contrasting agreement in the application of „direct payment‟
provision. In one hand, most of the respondents agree on the current problems in
regards to „direct payment‟ for the sub-contractors, but on the other hand, most
of the respondents agree on the usage of the „direct payment‟ in the construction
industry. That some respondents are said to be so used to the current state of
payment mechanism that they are not willing to change the nature. Or the small-
sized sub-contractors does not have the knowledge of other form of security of
payment that resulted in such agreement.
Thus, by referring to the quite an amount of percentages of respondents who
are not sure or did not fill in Table 1 above, the adequacy of security of payment
framework to the particularly small sized sub-contractors needs to be produced.
The accepted security of payment framework, though, needs to be of easy to
read and understand for its effectiveness in delivering the knowledge.

REFERENCES
[1] ABDULLAH, F. Construction industry and economic development: The Malaysian scene [B],
2004, Johor: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
[2] AMEER-ALI, N. A. N. (2006). A “Construction Industry Payment and Adjudication Act”:
Reducing payment-default and increasing dispute resolution efficiency in construction. Masters
Builders [J], 2006.3, PP:4-14.
[3] ANONYMOUS. A contractor‟s point of view on security of payment. Masters Builders [J],
2006.3, PP:16-17.
[4] FONG, L. C. The Malaysian construction industry – The present dilemmas of unpaid
contractors. Masters Builders [J], 2005.4, PP:80-82.
[5] MAY, A.L.; SIDDIQI, K. Contingent-payment provision puzzle – Safeguarding against and
unintended outcome. Journal of Architectural Engineering [J], 2006.12, PP:158-162.
[6] SIN, T. A. S. Payment issues – The present dilemmas of Malaysian construction industry.
Masters dissertation [D], 2006, Retrieved from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Institutional
Repository.
[7] SINGH, H. Construction of contingent payment clauses: Is there light at the end of the tunnel?.
Malayan Law Journal Articles [J], 2006.3.
[8] SINGH, H. Engineering and construction contracts management – Post-commencement
practice [B], 2003, Kuala Lumpur: LexisNexis.
[9] SUPARDI, A.; ADNAN, H.; MOHAMMAD, M.F. Security of Payment Regime in
Construction Industry: Are Malaysian Sub-Contractors Ready?. The Built & Human
Environment Review [J], 2011. 4 (1), PP:122-137.
[10] SUPARDI, A.; ADNAN, H.; MOHAMMAD, M.F. Sub-Contractors‟ Readiness on the
Malaysian Security of Payment Legislation in Construction Industry. International Conference
on Construction and Project Management [C], 2010, Chengdu: IEEE, PP:248-252.
[11] SUPARDI, A.; ADNAN, H.; YAAKOB, J. Legal Analysis on Malaysian Construction
Contract: Conditional versus Unconditional Performance Bond. Journal of Politics and Law [J],
2009.2(3), PP:25-34.
[12] SUPARDI, A.; YAAKOB, J.; ADNAN, H. (2009). Performance Bond: Conditional or
Unconditional. 2nd Construction Industry Research Achievement International Conference [C],
2009, Kuala Lumpur: CREAM.

412