Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 19 views

    COXIELLA

    Uploaded by

    Fatima Abasova
    - Coxiella burnetii is a gram-negative intracellular bacterium that causes Q fever. It infects animals like goats, sheep and cattle. People can become infected through inhalation of aerosols from infected animal birth products and waste. - It multiplies within alveolar macrophages and is resistant to the acidic and enzymatic environment of the phagolysosome. It can form spore-like structures that allow it to survive in the environment. - Infection typically causes pneumonia but can also result in endocarditis or hepatitis. Diagnosis involves serologic testing for antibodies against C. burnetii. Doxycycline treatment shortens fever duration and vaccines are available.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    COXIELLA

    Uploaded by

    Fatima Abasova
    19 views6 pages
    - Coxiella burnetii is a gram-negative intracellular bacterium that causes Q fever. It infects animals like goats, sheep and cattle. People can become infected through inhalation of aerosols from infected animal birth products and waste. - It multiplies within alveolar macrophages and is resistant to the acidic and enzymatic environment of the phagolysosome. It can form spore-like structures that allow it to survive in the environment. - Infection typically causes pneumonia but can also result in endocarditis or hepatitis. Diagnosis involves serologic testing for antibodies against C. burnetii. Doxycycline treatment shortens fever duration and vaccines are available.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    - Coxiella burnetii is a gram-negative intracellular bacterium that causes Q fever. It infects animals like goats, sheep and cattle. People can become infected through inhalation of aerosols from infected animal birth products and waste. - It multiplies within alveolar macrophages and is resistant to the acidic and enzymatic environment of the phagolysosome. It can form spore-like structures that allow it to survive in the environment. - Infection typically causes pneumonia but can also result in endocarditis or hepatitis. Diagnosis involves serologic testing for antibodies against C. burnetii. Doxycycline treatment shortens fever duration and vaccines are available.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    19 views6 pages

    COXIELLA

    Uploaded by

    Fatima Abasova
    - Coxiella burnetii is a gram-negative intracellular bacterium that causes Q fever. It infects animals like goats, sheep and cattle. People can become infected through inhalation of aerosols from infected animal birth products and waste. - It multiplies within alveolar macrophages and is resistant to the acidic and enzymatic environment of the phagolysosome. It can form spore-like structures that allow it to survive in the environment. - Infection typically causes pneumonia but can also result in endocarditis or hepatitis. Diagnosis involves serologic testing for antibodies against C. burnetii. Doxycycline treatment shortens fever duration and vaccines are available.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    COXIELLA

     Gram(-) coccobacilli
     Agent of Q fever
     When inhaled from environmental sources = cause pneumonia
     Have tropism for liver – reside in macrophages and cause granulomatous hepatitis
     Less common: infective endocarditis = not detected by culturing blood

    COXIELLA BURNETTII

    BACTERIOLOGY:

     Small, gram(-) bacillus


     Too small that it can pass through filters
     Causes Q fever
     Grows intracellularly
     Initially identified as new type of Rickettsia, isolated from ticks which was able to pass through
    filters = Rcikettsia Burnettii
     Most closely related to Legionella
     Previously thought to be obligate intracellular parasite, but can grow in cell-free environment
    unlike rickettsia

    ORDER = legionellales

    FAMILY= coxiellacea

    GENUS= coxiella

    SPECIES= C.Burnetti

     Primary growth niche = alveolar macrophage where it uses type 4 secretion system like
    L.Pneumophilia
     Continues to multiply even after phagosome-lysosome fusion
     Adapted to grow at low PH, thus resits lysosomal enzymes
     In its grows cycle, coxiella has a form which is resistant to drying and other environmental
    conditions like bacterial spore
    These spores don’t have the same chemical composition of Bacillus or Clostridum spores but
    survives in prolonged periods in environment – accounts for ability of C.Burnetti to produce
    infection by aerosol inhalation from a considerable distance from the source
     Highly resistant to environmental stress such as high tempreatures, osmotic pressure, UV light
     Can survive standard disinfectants
     Dormant small-cell variant (SCV) is resistant to extracellular stresses
     The more metabolically active large-cell variant (LCV) is sensitive to environmental stresses
    Q FEVER:

     Caused by Coxiella burnettii


     Infects some animals such as goats, sheep, cattle
     C.Burnetti is found in their birth products (placenta, amniotic fluid), urine, feces, and milk of
    infected animals
     People can get infected by breathing in dust that has been contaminated by infected animal
    feces, urine, milk, birth products
     Some people never get sick
     Primarily a zoonosis
     transmitted from animals to humans by inhalation rather than by arthropod bite
     its distribution is worldwide among wide range of animals = cattle sheep, goats, most associated
    with transmission to humans
     C.Burnetti grows well in placental tissue and at the time of parturition it contaminates the soil
    and fomites = lives there for years
     Q fever occurs in people who are exposed to infected animals or their products
     Farmers, veterinarians etc are highly exposed
     Infection results from inhalation (may occur from a distance from the site of generation of
    infectious aerosols)
     Infection results from ingestion of animal products such as unpasteurized milk
     HIGH FEVER

    CLINICAL ASPECTS OF Q FEVER:

     Affinity for reticuloendothelial system


     Occurs 20 days after inhalation
     No rash
     Hepatosplenomegaly and abnormal liver is common
     Chronic infection may result in endocarditis = antigenic subgroup of C.burnetti
     People with acute Q fever infection recover completely
     Pregnant women who are infected even without clinical illness = at risk for miscarriage, stillbirth,
    etc

    DIAGNOSIS:

    1. Serology = high titers of antibody to Q fever antigen by complement fixation, IFA, enzyme
    immunoassay procedures
    2. Nucleic acid assays = PCR

    TREATMENT:

    - Infections resolve spontaneously


    - Doxycycline therapy shortens duration of fever
    - Vaccines may stimulate antibodies

    SUMMARY:
     Multiplies in alveolar macrophage
     Resists acid and enzymes of phagolysosome
     Spore-like forms survive in environment
     Transmission= inhalation mostly; occasionally by ingestion
     Occupational exposure in abattoirs and research facilities
     Systemic infections without rash
     Pneumonia and endocarditis also occur
     Diagnosis is serologic

    ERYSIPELOTHRIX:

     Genus Erysipelothrix is a member of class Erysipelothrichia


     Phylum= firmicutes
     3 main species:
    E.Rhusiopathiae
    E.Tonsillarium
    E.Inopinata

    E.RHUSIOPATHIAE:

     Gram(+) bacilli
     Pleomorphic, non-motile, non-sporulating,
     Facultative intracellular pathogen
     Causes swine erysipelas
    Erysipeloid= Rosenbach’s disease= pseudoerysipelas = bacterial infection of disease caused by
    traumatic penetration of E.Rhusiopathiae

    EPIDEMIOLOGY:

     Ubiquitous in nature
     Found in nitrogenous substance decomposition sites
     Domestic swine is the most important reservoir
     Organism I shed by infected animals in feces, urine, saliva, nasal secretions
     Killed by moist heat at 55 degrees for 15 mins
     Infection to humans= occupational exposure

    3 major forms of disease:

    1. Localized cutaneous infection = erysipeloid is most common form of human infection


    2. Diffuse cutaneous infection= blood cultures are negative
    3. Systemic infection = patients with fever, bacteremia, endocarditis

    PATHOGENESIS:
     Exopolysaccharide capsule can protect bacteria from host defences such as:
    Opsonophagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes
    Intracellular killing by macrophages
     Reduced stimulation of oxidative respiratory burst = intracellular survival of bacteria in
    macrophages
     Neuraminidase – releases terminal sialic acid residues from glycoproteins, glycolipid and
    oligosaccharides expressed on host cells
     Hyaluronidase – facilitates dissemination of pathogens into tissues
     Adhesive surface proteins= SpaA and P64

    DIAGNOSIS:

     Isolation of organism from skin biopsy


     Grows in routine lab culture in 7 days
     Difficult to isolate = small colony size and slow growth rates
     Catalase(-)
     Oxidase(-)
     Methyl red(-)
     Indole(-)
     Esculin(-)
     Nitrate reduction(-)
     Voges proskauer(-)
     Liquefaction of gelatin(-)

    = due to these reactions, rapid identification can be achieved with API coryne system = commercial strip
    system based on biochemical reactions

    **PCR can also be used

    TREATMENT: susceptible to penicillin but resistant to vancomycin

    Resistance to vancomycin is of clinical significance, since vancomycin is often used as empiric treatment
    for gram-positive infections.

    You might also like