Republic of the Philippines

COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION

Higher Education Regional Office VI (HERO VI)
City Government of Bago
BAGO CITY COLLEGE
Rafael Salas Drive, Brgy. Balingasag, Bago City, Negros Occidental 6101
Tel. [034] 4611-363 | Fax: [034] 4610-546 | E-mail: [email protected]

World History 2 (Modern and Contemporary Era)

MODULE
2

NAME:
 Estabillo, Reziel G.
 Fernandez, Donna Jean T.
 Fernandez, Donnabelle T.
 Jurilla, Emilio P.
 Relatos, Jerryco A.
COURSE & SECTION:
 BSED Social Studies 3-A
INSTRUCTOR:
 Mr. Harley B. Tuando
CONTACT NO. :
 09123096265
 Republic of the Philippines
Commission on Higher Education
Higher Education Regional Office VI (HERO VI)
City Government of Bago
BAGO CITY COLLEGE
Rafael Salas Drive, Brgy Balingasag, Bago City, Negros Occidental 6101

Modules in World History 2 (Modern and Contemporary Era)

BSED-Social Studies III
Social Studies 18

Module #2: Reformation and Counter-Reformation

Activities: A. Answer these questions truthfully as you can.

1. Can you tell us about your religion?

All of us were born on as Roman Catholic. Our religion is amongst the biggest
and the oldest institution in the world. Its history can be trace back almost 2000 years
ago. As of today, there are billions of Catholics around the world that is spread across
all five (5) continents with particular concentrations in Southern Europe, United States,
Philippines, and the countries of Central and South America. What binds as all as
Roman Catholics is our faith in Jesus Christ in our obedience to the papacy. We believe
that the Pope, based on Rome, is the successor to St. Peter whom Christ appointed as
the first head of church. He therefore stands in what Catholicism calls the apostolic
succession. An unbroken lines back to Peter and has supreme authority. Catholic
doctrines are based on the scriptures and church’s own traditions. Furthermore, as
Roman Catholic we believe that our church is the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic
church, possessing all the properties of the one, true church of Christ. The center of
Roman Catholic worship is the celebration of the mass, the Eucharist, which the
commemoration of Christ sacrificial death and resurrection.

2. Do you like the things happening in your church? How are your beliefs and
practices? Describe them?
Yes, despite the fact that there is still an ongoing pandemic; our church always
makes sure to reach out by conducting online masses. In this way, we are able to further
strengthen our faith as Roman Catholic. Despite the issues arises concerning our
church, we Catholics believe that it is home of our father Jesus Christ, a sacred and
holy place where the Lord lives. Our beliefs as a Roman Catholic includes the divinity
of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, made man who came to earth to redeem humanities
sins through his death and resurrection. We follow His teachings as set out in the New
Testament and we place our lives in God’s promise of internal life with Him. As
Roman Catholic, we also believe that the bible is the inspired word of God. We believe
in one God, the Father almighty, maker of heaven and earth and of all things visible and
invisible. Our religion believes in only one Supreme Being. The Supreme Being is the
creator, called God or God the Father, who resides in heaven and watches us over. We
also believe in the holy trinity, in which it is made up of Father (God), who has no
origin and holds the sole power of creation, the Son (Jesus Christ) of God, who shares
the wisdom of the Father and the Holy Spirit which is the personification of goodness
and sanctity arising from both the Father and Son. As Roman Catholic, we also affirm
the belief of life after death. We believe that Jesus is our Saviour who washes away our
sins. Furthermore, as Roman Catholics we believe in the sacredness of life. For this
reason, we opposed abortion, euthanasia, death penalty, and violence and war. Lastly,
we believe in loving all people as children of God, we follow ten (10) commandments
and other teachings of Jesus Christ that is to love God and our neighbour.
A. Interview your parish priest or pastor or any priest or pastor or minister and ask
him the following Questions:
Please inform your interviewee that whatever their answers are, they shall be treated
with utmost confidentiality. Don’t make any comment to the ideas of your
interviewee. Just let your interviewee answer the questions

1. Do you know Martin Luther? Who was he as religious reformist

Martin Luther was a German monk who began the  Protestant Reformation in the
16th century, becoming one of the most influential and controversial figures in the
history of Christianity. Luther called into question some of the basic tenets of Roman
Catholicism, and his followers soon split from the Roman Catholic Church to begin
the Protestant tradition. Luther’s desire for people to feel closer to God led him to
translate the Bible into the language of the people, radically changing the relationship
between church leaders and their follower. Martin Luther, often called the father of
Protestantism, fundamentally changed the Christian world through his force of will
and new ideas. He tried passionately to reform the Catholic Church. His desire was to
return Christianity to its roots, putting more focus on the reading of scripture and less
focus on Catholic dominance. His personal theology inclined him to write works
including The Sermon on Good Works and the 95 Theses. Once these works were
distributed, the Roman Emperor placed him under an imperial ban. Martin Luther
escaped and hid in a castle to avoid imprisonment and/or death. During his hiding, he
began developing a new church, independent from the Catholics.

2. How was the Protestant religion established and spread all over Europe?
Martin Luther was a German monk who believed each person should have
authority over his or her own religion. He became angry that Church officials handed
out indulgences (which were an official forgiveness of sins) for money without
ensuring the purchaser was sincerely repentant. He became so angry he wrote 95
theses concerning this practice and nailed them to the church door of the Castle
Church in Wittenberg. The Reformation was a huge movement leading to the
popularization of Protestant Christianity. It spread to Christians across Europe.
The Protestant Reformation was a rebellion against Catholic beliefs by Christians in
the 16th century. At the time, the Catholic Church held a heavy authority over its
laypeople. Authority rested in the Pope and the Church officials. Luther believed the
Church should hold no authority over its laypeople, and each person was capable and
responsible for determining his or her religious strength. He also believed nuns and
monks shouldn't be held to their vows, nor should the clergy be celibate. Luther’s
beliefs became known as Lutheranism. This revolution sparked a growing interest in
individual thought and reasoning. This type of thinking became very popular in
Germany and across the countries of Europe.
3. Has the present generation benefitted from the Reformation and Counter-
Reformation period of our World History? How and Why? Can you name some
legacies?
Yes, the present generation has benefitted a lot from both Reformation and
Counter-Reformation. First, the Protestant Reformation led to modern democracy,
scepticism, capitalism, individualism, civil rights, and many of the modern values we
cherish today. In addition to this, The Protestant Reformation impacted nearly every
academic discipline, notably the social sciences like economics, philosophy, and
history. Martin Luther has also translated the Bible into German, the  vernacular, or the
language of the common people. As to counter- reformation, it has also contributed
benefits, during this period, the Church adopted the use of the printing press and began
reaching out to both priests and educated laypeople, often in the vernacular languages
rather than Latin. Many orders also have started opening hospitals and orphanages in
the cities that provided care for both the sick and the poor and indigent. The early
decades of the Counter-Reformation thus saw an "opening up" of the Church to its
followers and a greater emphasis on the duties of the Church to laypeople. All in all,
one social phenomenon that definitely benefited from both the Protestant and Catholic
Reformations was literacy. More schools and universities – both church-supported and
private – continued to come into being throughout the sixteenth century.
Analysis: Organize the answers you gathered from the interview into an advance graphic
organizer following the model below.

What is reformation and Who were the Describe the roles Legacy that they
the reason of the people behind the they play. have left the world
occurrence of it? spread Reformation today
movement?
The Reformation was a  Martin Luther  Martin Luther  Martin Luther
series of events that (1483–1546) sought to reform beliefs helped
happened in the 16th the Roman birth the
century in Catholic Church Reformation—
the Catholic Church. which he felt which would
Because of corruption in had been give rise to
the Catholic Church, some corrupted and Protestantism as
people saw that the way it lost its original the third major
worked needed to change. focus. As a key force within
In the 16th century, many figure in the Christendom,
events led to the Protestant Protestant alongside
reformation. Here are Reformation, it Roman
some of the reason of the is generally Catholicism and
rise of reformation: believed to have Eastern
 The Bible was only begun when Orthodoxy.
printed in Latin, and Martin Luther Martin Luther
not in the local pinned his 95 was the author
language. And printing theses to a of substantial
was controlled by the church door in body of written
church by a system Wittenberg in works at the
of censorship. 1517. service of the
 The church sold Reformation.
tickets All his life
of indulgences (forgiv Luther
eness) published
from sins for money. theological
This suggested that writings. His
the rich could buy commitment
their way also induced
into heaven while the him to write
poor could not - quite political and
the opposite of what polemical text.
the Bible says. Some of his
  Religious posts were notable works
often sold to whoever are“Ninety-five
was willing to pay the Theses”,
most money for them. Schmalkaldic
This meant Articles,
many priest did not Articles of
 John Calvin
know enough about Schwabach.
(1509–1564)
Christianity. So they  John Calvin
told the people many was a French
 John Calvin is
different things. Protestant
known for his
 Some of the things had reformer. Calvin
influential
little to do with what broke from the
Institutes of the
was written in Roman Catholic
Christian
the Bible. Church in 1530.
Religion (1536),
 Clergy abuse caused He wrote
which was the
people to begin influential
first systematic
criticizing the Catholic Christian works,
theological
Church. which supported
treatise of the
 The greed the Protestant
reform
and scandalous lives Reformation. He
movement. He
of the clergy had also introduced a
stressed the
created a split between new liturgy and
 them and the peasants. form of church doctrine of
 The clergy did not government. His predestination,
respond to the theological and his
population's needs, teachings interpretations
often because they did formed the basis of Christian
not speak the local of the Reformed, teachings,
language, or live in Congregational known as
their own diocese. In and Presbyterian Calvinism.
this, the papacy lost its churches Calvin remains
prestige. widely credited
as the most
 Jan Hus important figure
(1369–1415) in the second
generation of
the Protestant
 Jan Hus was a
Reformation.
Czech
theologian who  Jan Hus was a
propagated the religious
radical reforms reformer and
of Wycliffe and scholar of
was a key figure Bohemia who
in the later led one of the
Protestant first movements
Reformation. for
Hus criticised independence
many aspects of from the
Church established
teachings and he Christian
was burnt at the church. He
stake for heresy. wrote several of
However, his his most
teachings and influential work
martyrdom s, including his
spread through opus De ecclesia
Czech lands (On the church).
creating a strong Jan Hus is the
reformation most famous
movement. leader of the
Czech
Reformation of
the 15th century
and one of the
most prominent
figures executed
as a religious
dissident in the
early modern
period. Hus was
more than a
philosopher and
theologian; he
was the leader
of a popular
revolt against
certain aspects
of feudal
culture. Some of
the most useful
studies of Hus
and the Czech
Reformation in
 Huldrych the late 20th
Zwingli century have
(1484–1531) been part of
larger studies of
late medieval
 Huldrych and early
Zwingli  is a modern
principal figure religious and
in the social dissent.
Reformation in
Switzerland and  Huldrych
Europe. Zwingli Zwingli  laid
proposed many influential stress
reforms to the on the
Catholic church, divine sovereign
based on the ty, though this
primacy of the was tempered
Bible and by a milder
influenced by his view of original
Renaissance sin and a wide
learning and the hope
works of of salvation. His
Erasmus rejection of the
sacraments as
means of
obtaining grace
and as forms of
intervention
between the soul
and God
underlay the
deepened conce
ption of other
Reformation
leaders such
as Bullinger, Pie
tro Martire
Vermigli,
and John
Calvin. Obvious
defects of
disjointedness
and
intellectualism
mark his
writings. Behind
them, however,
lay an open,
warm, and
 William friendly disposit
Tyndale (1494– ion, and they
1536) embody a boldly
striking attempt
to rethink all
Christian
 William doctrine in
Tyndale  was consistently
one of the first biblical term
people to print
the Bible in
English. He
worked on
 translating the  William
Bible into Tyndale who
English even first translated
when it was the Bible into
deemed to be an English from the
illegal act. He original Greek
was executed for and Hebrew
blasphemy after text, is one such
years of forgotten
avoiding pioneer.
capture. His Tyndale’s
English Bible literary skill in
was ironically translation gave
then taken up by rise to early
Henry VIII after modern He is
he broke from memorialized
the Roman in Foxe’s Book
Catholic church of Martyrs as
the man “who,
for his notable
pains and
travail, may be
worthily called
an apostle of
England.”
Included in
these volumes
are Tyndale’s
other influential
works, such
as The
Obedience of a
Christian Man,
which was
instrumental in
King Henry
VIII’s decision
to separate the
Church of
England from
Rome.
Tyndale’s works
is a pleasant and
readable format.
It explore more
deeply than ever
the significance
of this Christian
pioneer through
his theological,
exegetical, and
expositional
writings.

Answer the following questions:

 1. What is your analysis of the motives of Martin Luther and its effects on the Roman
Catholic Church? Explain.
Luther's main concern was the selling of indulgences, where people would pay
money for their sins to be forgiven by the clergy, enabling them to go to heaven. His
ideas quickly spread, inspiring more dissenting voices and, in time, the rise of
Lutheranism, Calvinism and the Church of England. But the Protestant Reformation
caused more than a religious rift: through the world's first "viral" media campaign, it also
transformed architecture, sparked the notion of secular democracy, and began to
empower women in the church.  Luther despised the Catholic Church’s selling of
indulgences and unquestioning acceptance of the pope’s testimony, dissatisfaction with
the status quo, or the way that the Catholic Church was being run. He was unhappy with
the amount of power that the Catholic Church had over everyone’s affairs. Also, they he
found himself in a struggle against church policy started purely from a personal reason.
This ignited a desire for a change in him.

2. Can you now trace the spread of Protestantism in different parts of Europe?
Identify where?
The reform movement spreads into Eastern Europe. Poland, though remaining
predominantly Roman Catholic, acquired a large Protestant minority in the late 16th
century, when the Danzig area and its German Lutheran population came under Polish
control, and when a large contingent of the Bohemian Brethren migrated to Poland after
the Habsburg ruler attempted their extermination. Even before this date Lutheran ideas
had made slight inroads in the German and Magyar sections of Hungary.
Although Roman Catholicism would predominate among the Hungarian population,
Calvinism made gains, and the anti-Trinitarians found a permanent home in
Transylvania. The weakness of the government and the diversity of religion in this
whole area made for a large degree of toleration. On the other hand,
the Reformation gained no lasting hold in Spain or Italy. By the middle of the 16th
century, protestanism had spread into the various principalities and kingdoms
of northern Europe. the 16th century, Protestanism spreads from Germany into
Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Estonia and Iceland. Reformed
churches spread in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and
France by Protestant Reformers such as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and John Knox.

3. Do you appreciate the legacy handed down to us today by the Reformation and
Counter-Reformation movements?
Yes, we appreciate the handed down legacy brought by the reformation and
counter-reformation. The legacy of the Reformation is profound and has resulted in over
a billion new Christians around the world. The Reformation was among many things
which created thousands of new faith communities encircling the globe. Throughout
history, a repeated theme is that when the church goes through a crisis, it often spawns
fresh re-discovery of the gospel message which, in turn, unleashes bold new evangelism
and church planting. All in all, The two legacies of the reformation and the counter-
reformation is that the Roman catholic church became more unified, Protestants gave
more emphasis to the role of education in promoting their beliefs, and individual
monarchs and states gained power, which led to the development to modern nation-
states.

Abstraction:
What you need to know:
 This Reformation happened in the 16th century and resulted into the split of
Catholicism and the establishment of a separate branch of Christianity, the Protestant Church.
Many of the reformists were declared heretics for their views contradict or oppose the doctrines
and teachings of the existing church. In the beginning, there was a strong criticism and
widespread disenchantment with the practices and traditions of the church. Among the practices
that received widespread opposition was the fact that bishop’s purchased their church positions,
their attachments to worldly things, immorality and selfishness of the priests. The beginning can
be traced back to a German Augustinian monk named Martin Luther who earned a doctorate
degree in theology and eventually became a professor at the University of Wittenburg. In his
criticisms of the church practice of selling indulgencies he posted his “Ninety-Five Theses” at the
door of the church of Wittenburg. This earned him popularity and support from the political world
such as Frederick, the Elector of Saxony. The German nobles and the German farmers too, in the
mid-16th century, a treaty was signed between the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Charles the
V and the forces of Schmalkaldic League called the Treaty of Augsburg. This contained the
recognition of the dictum “cuius region,eius religio” meaning whoever rules, his religion. As a
consequence, the Holy Roman Empire accommodated the Lutherans, followers of Luther. So the
Northern Germany became Protestants and the Southern Germany became loyal to the Roman
Catholic Church.

The other prominent reformist were Ulrich Zwingle and John Calvin, who though
followers of Martin Luther, yet they differ in certain respects. Just like Luther, the three of them
be that only those that are written in the Bible shall be practice and only the Bible must be read by
the people and no other. However, between Luther and Zwingle they differ in their interpretation
of the bread and wine in the Eucharist wherein the former believed in the transformation of the
bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ while the latter simply looked at it as a
symbolism of the body and blood of Christ.

The others were Hugenuots, who followed Calvin not in Geneva but in France.
The John Knox who preaches the ideas of Calvin in Scotland that became the basis of
Presbyterian Church and thus it spreads to Holland, Scotland, Hungary and Bohemia.

In response to the growing attack of Protestants the Roman Catholic Church

launch the Counter-Reformation. With this came the establishment of the Society of Jesus, a
monastic order started by Ignatius de Loyola. Its goal was to re-establish strict compliance to the
power and hierarchy of the church. The teachings centered on self-sacrifice for the laws of the
church and self- mastery. The members of the Society of Jesus are known as the Jesuits. As part
of Counter-Reformation they taught at Universities and other schools that they established in
Europe. They also spread the baroque style in the design of the church so that it may give out
grandeur and emotions as its characteristics. Thus, the technique aimed to touch people’s
emotions and at the same time influence their mind through the sermons of the priest. Among the
Catholics, a system of Inquisition was implemented to punish those heretics.

At the very end, the Reformation and Counter-Reformation during this period has
laid the following legacies such as: the transformation of ideas that were more similar to the ideas
espoused in the modern period such as the use of reason. Reformation also strengthened the
power of the state even at the expense of religion. The clearest among them was the end of the
religious unity that they once prevailed in the Southern and Middle Europe. So Christians were
divided between Catholics and Protestant. The Protestants were further divided into different
sects. People were encouraged to read the bible and not to depend upon the church for their
interpretation. The Jesuits increased the number of universities and schools as part of Counter
Reformation.

Application: If you would be given the chance in the future to plan a reform in your
chosen church what would that be? Explain why?
 If we will be given a chance we want to change the policies of the church about the same-
sex marriage. As two of our group members are proud member of the LGBTQ community, we
believe that in love all should be equal. Through legalizing same-sex marriage it can bring more
accepting society. We believe that everybody benefits from a society that is more accepting and
less discriminating. In affirming the rights of social minority such as the LGBTQ+ community,
we are also opening the way for other cultural, political, and any other minority group for that
matter. Just as racial equality brought the rise of women’s liberation, genuine gay liberation can
intern spawn liberation trends that can make our society a more stable one. If we are given the
chance we would like to change the policies of prohibiting same-sex marriage. We believe that
LGBTQ are humans like us and they want to be accepted for who they are and who they love.
Let’s us all remember that we all share the same planet, stand the same ground, ad breath the
same air. Thus, we all have the same rights.

Assessment: Complete the chart with the information needed following the rubric below:

Reformists Motives Legacy Counter- Motives Legacy

Reformists
Martin Luther Martin Luther Pope Paul III Pope Paul III is
1. Martin despised the beliefs helped 1. Pope openly considered to be
Luther Catholic birth the Paul III pushed for the first pope of
Church’s selling Reformation— reform within the Counter-
of indulgences which would the papacy Reformation. It
and give rise to and took steps was he who in
unquestioning Protestantism as like making 1545 convened
acceptance of the the third major advocates the Council of
pope’s force within Cardinals and Trent. The
testimony, Christendom, bringing in a council, which
dissatisfaction alongside reform met intermittently
with the status Roman commission until 1563,
quo, or the way Catholicism and to study the responded
that the Catholic Eastern church. The emphatically to
Church was Orthodoxy. commission the issues at hand.
being run. He Martin Luther said that the The Council of
was unhappy was the author church's Trent (called for
with the amount of substantial issues came in 1542 by Pope
of power that the body of written from the Paul III) convened
Catholic Church works at the corrupt in 1545 and was a
had over service of the cardinals and general council of
everyone’s Reformation. popes. Pope Christendom
affairs. Also, he All his life Paul III also which gathered to
found himself in Luther summoned resolve the
a struggle published the council of religious
against church theological Trent and differences
policy started writings. His accepted the created by the
purely from a commitment Jesuits as part Protestant revolt.
personal reason. also induced of the
This ignited a him to write religion.
desire for a political and
change in him. polemical text.

Jan Hus Jan Hus is the 2. Pope Pope Sixtus Pope Sixtus V
2. Jan Hus criticised many most famous Sixtus V V established some
aspects of leader of the main goals w form of financial
Church teachings Czech ere to get order by selling
and he was burnt Reformation of church disputations and
at the stake for the 15th century members to privileges. He
heresy. and one of the remain loyal also introduced
 However, his most prominent by increasing new taxes and
teachings and figures executed their faith, to modernised Papal
martyrdom as a religious eliminate administration. He
spread through dissident in the some of the limited the
Czech lands early modern abuses the number of
creating a strong period. Hus was protestants cardinals to 70
reformation more than a criticised and and in 1587 he
movement. Hus philosopher and to reaffirm divided them into
called for a theologian; he principles that 15 congregations
higher level of was the leader the (departments)
morality among of a popular protestants each of which
the priesthood. revolt against were against, dealt with
Financial abuses, certain aspects such as the different things
sexual of feudal pope's such as the
immorality, and culture. Some authority and government of
drunkenness of the most veneration of Rome, the
were common useful studies of the saints. appointment of
among the Hus and the bishops, the
priests of Czech supervision of
Europe. Hus Reformation in religious orders
called for the late 20th etc. He created an
preaching and century have effective central
Bible reading in been part of government
the common larger studies of which was
language, and for late medieval essentially a form
all Christians to and early of civil service.
receive full modern “They provided
communion. At religious and the direction and
the time, social dissent. co-ordination that
laypersons had so often been
received only the lacking”
bread during (Lockyer). Sixtus
communion, and also modernised
only priests were Rome by building
allowed to new roads, water
receive the wine. supplies, the
Hus opposed the Lateran Palace
sale of and the Vatican
indulgences. Library. “Under
These were Sixtus V the
documents of reformed Papacy
personal was at the height
forgiveness from of its prestige.”  R
the Pope which Lockyer
were sold for
sometimes
exorbitant prices
to raise funds for
Crusades.

RUBRICS:

Dimensions 5 4 3 2 1
Enumerated Reformists/Counter-Reformists
Motives presented
Legacy Cited
Total