Introduction to Oil

and Gas Industry

Upstream Midstream
Downstream
 Oil & Gas in Our Life
• Transportation Fuel (gasoline, diesel fuel, jet/aviation fuel,
marine fuel oil, compressed natural gas/CNG)
• Power Plant Fuel (natural gas, diesel fuel)
• Household Fuel (heating oil, liquefied petroleum gas/LPG,
kerosene)
• Petrochemical Products (plastic, fertilizer, synthetic fiber,
synthetic rubber, insecticides, pharmaceuticals, detergent,
paints, creams, solvent, industrial chemical, industrial gas, etc)
• Asphalt
HEATIN
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GASOLI
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SYNTHET PESTICID
IC PLASTICS ES
LUBRICAN RUBBE
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 Oil & Gas Formation
• It is formed from the
accumulation of decomposition
of plants and marine animals
which died million years ago and
trapped beneath the ground
under high pressure and
temperatures.
Dead organism • Oil & gas compound consist of
get trapped Carbon & Hydrogen Atom, that’s
underground why it is called HYDROCARBON.
• Crude Oil is liquid while Natural
High Temperature & Pressure Gas is gaseous hydrocarbon at
transform buried dead room temperature.
organism into oil & gas

Oil & gas is also called PETROLEUM

which means “Rock Oil” in Latin word
Oil & Gas Early History
• Oil & gas had been used for centuries like
ancient peoples worshipped sacred fires
(eternal flame) fuelled by natural gas
seeping to the surface through pores and
cracks.
• About 6000 BC, thick gummy asphalt was
used to waterproof boats and heat homes.
• About 3000 BC, the Egyptians used asphalt
in the construction of the pyramids, to
grease axles of the Pharaoh’s chariots, and
as an embalming agent for mummies &
medicines.
Eternal flame at
• When whale oil (extracted from whale fat),
Ategash Fire Temple,
the main source of lamp fuel in early 1980,
became scarce, a new source is introduced
Baku Azerbaijan
by distilling natural petroleum seeps and
coal into lamp oil / kerosene.
Birth of Modern Oil & Gas Industry
• First refinery begun in 1846 when Abraham Gessner
of Nova Scotia, Canada, invented a process to
produce kerosene for lamp from coal.
• In 1858, James Miller Williams , a 39 year old
carriage maker from Ontario, Canada, made the first
major commercial oil discovery in North America at
Oil Springs, Ontario, Canada.
• He struck oil at a depth of only 18 m by drilling in
"gum beds" in Lambton County, 25 km southeast of
Sarnia. Williams refined the oil he produced and
sold the product as lamp oil.
• In 1859, Colonel Edwin L. Drake discovered oil in
Titusville, Pennsylvania by drilling to 21 m. This
discovery marked the birth of the modern
petroleum industry in the United States.
• The invention of the gasoline engine (1885) and
diesel engine (1892) boosted the refineries industry
to produce gasoline and diesel fuel.
Drake Well
Oil & Gas Industry Characteristics
• Large investment, can reach billion of US$.
• High Risk in all aspects (people safety,
environment, investment, reputation).
• Many uncertainties, especially upstream
industry.
• Long term business from initial investment
until revenue generated, even longer until
break even point.
• Complex operation, involves multi
discipline experts from both technical and
non-technical.
• High reward.
• Strategic value (economic & politic).
• Global impact.
 Oil & Gas Industry Sector
Upstream
Midstream
Finding, lifting, and
processing oil & gas from Downstream
subsurface into surface and Transportation and
ready for transportation. storage of crude oil and
natural gas from E&P Further processing of crude
Also known as Exploration oil and natural gas into
and Production (E&P). plant for further
processing by pipeline, useful final product or raw
railway, road, or tanker. material for other industry.
UPSTREAM
Upstream Oil & Gas Life Cycle
• Activities to search for oil & gas deposits on
Exploration the reservoir beneath the earth’s surface

• Activities to define the oil & gas volume and

Appraisal characteristic more precisely after discovery

• Activities to build the subsurface & surface

Development facilities to produce oil & gas safely and efficiently

• Activities to extract, process, and export oil & gas

Production as per contract agreement

• Activities to plug wells permanently, remove surface

Abandonment facilities, and restore the field as per initial state
Exploration & Appraisal
Exploration Appraisal
• Activities to find oil & gas prospect • It is required to determine the
beneath the earth surface by reservoir size which define the
means of gravity survey, magnetic volume & to get better
survey, and seismic reflection characteristic of oil & gas.
survey. • Volume will be measured in
million barrels (MMbbls) oil and
• Once prospect is likely to be found, billion cubic feet (Bcf) gas, both
exploration (wildcat) drilling will be original in place volume (Oil
conducted to determine the Initial In Place / OIIP and Gas
presence of oil & gas reserve. Initial In Place / GIIP) &
• Most wildcat drilling fail to find oil recoverable volume.
& gas (dry hole), only few (less • Important characteristic includes
than 25%) hits oil & gas layer pressure, temperature, oil
(discovery). viscosity, hydrocarbon
composition,
• After discovery, more drilling is compartmentalization, and
required to “appraise” the contaminants.
reservoir.
Seismic & Drilling
1. Seismic

2.Seismic
2D imaging

3.Further
modelling

4. Drilling
 Reserve Type
• Once appraisal conducted, it will determine the quantity of petroleum which can be
recovered / produced. Typically, only 30% of oil and 70% of gas can be recovered,
can be more if advance technique applied like water injection & submersible pump.
• Proved (1P) : Quantities of oil and gas, which, by analysis of geoscience and
engineering data, can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be economically
producible–from a given date forward, from known reservoirs, and under existing
economic conditions, operating methods, and government regulations. At least 90%
probability (P90) that the quantities actually recovered will be equal or exceed the
estimate.
• Unproved : Reserves are based on technical data similar to that used in estimates of
proved reserves; but technical, contractual, economic, or regulatory uncertainties
preclude such reserves being classified as proved. Unproved reserves may be further
classified as probable reserves and possible reserves.
– Possible (2P) : Unproved reserves which analysis of technical data suggests are
more likely than not to be recoverable. At least a 50% probability (P50) that the
quantities actually recovered will equal or exceed the sum of estimated proved
plus probable reserves.
– Probable (3P) : Unproved reserve which analysis of technical data suggests are
less likely to be recoverable than probable reserves. At least a 10% probability
(P10) that the quantities actually recovered will equal or exceed the sum of
estimated proved plus probable plus possible reserves.
 Field Development Plan (FDP)
• Once the estimated recoverable value is determined, the Company will prepare a plan
to monetize the reserve, called Field Development Plan / Plan of Development (PoD).
• FDP shall contain at least :
➢ Subsurface characteristic (OIIP, GIIP, contaminants, etc)
➢ Recoverable reserve in P90-P50-P10
➢ Production Rate & Field Life
➢ Production Facilities (number & type of wells, surface facilities type)
➢ Project Plan (including Cost, Schedule, Quality)
➢ Project Economics
➢ Other aspects like Risk, Health Safety Environment (HSE)
• FDP shall be approved by the host authority. Once approved, the Company will
conduct a tender for facilities development.
• In the same time, Company will secure the hydrocarbon sales, especially gas, known
as Gas Sales Agreement (GSA). While for oil, it will be absorbed by the market as per
oil price trend.
• Once the GSA secured and cost of development known from proposed tender price,
the Company will further calculate the project economic. If it meet the criteria, the
Company will sanction (commit to invest money) the project, known as Final
Investment Decision (FID)
 Production Facilities
• A set of equipment to
extract (lift) oil & gas
from subsurface to
surface, process, &
export it to customer
as per requirement
specified in the
Offshore contract.
Oil tanker Surface • Based on the location,
FPSO it consists of
Facilities
subsurface (wells) &
surface facilities.
Wells
• Optimum facilities size
will depend on
reservoir size &
contract duration
which will define the
Reservoir optimum production
rate
Drilling & Completion (Wells)
• A well is created by drilling a hole into the earth by
using a drilling rig that rotates a drill bit.
• Once drilled, a steel pipe called casing is placed in the
hole & secured with cement. This process is
continued by using smaller drill bit & casing until
reach the reservoir target.
• After reaching the target, well must be “completed”.
The process to prepare the well to produce oil & gas
is called “completion”.
• Completion is designed to allow oil & gas to flow but
to block unwanted material like sand.
Surface Production Facilities
• Surface Facilities consist of wellhead,
processing, and exporting facilities.
• Wellhead is the top part of the wells which is
used to control the flow, protect from excessive
pressure, and interface between surface and
reservoir.
• Main processing function is to separate the
mixture of oil, gas, water, and other
contaminants (i.e. CO2, H2S) and to condition
the crude oil and natural gas as per required
sales specification.
• Once crude oil processed, it will be exported
through pipeline, oil tanker, truck, or railway.
• For natural gas, it can only be exported by
pipeline. If the volume is too big or the distance
is too far, gas has to be liquefied and exported
in liquid phase by LNG tanker.
• Based on the location, it can be placed on land
(onshore) or sea (offshore).
 Offshore Facilities
• Based on the
substructure (the
structure which
supports the
equipment above
called topside),
offshore facilities is
divided into :
➢Bottom Supported
& Vertically
Moored
➢Floating & Subsea
Oil & Gas Processing Facilities
• Oil-gas-water
mixture is
separated in
separator.
• Oil will be
stabilized by
removing more
gas, then pumped
to pipeline or
FPSO.
• Gas will be treated
to remove more
liquid, then
compressed to
pipeline.
• Water will be
treated before
disposed
overboard / re-
injected into
reservoir.
 Production Period

Plateau phase Plateau

Primary
recovery
Tertiary recovery
Secondary
recovery
Time
• Typical production phase start with ramp up period (increase production rate up
to peak, normally less than a year), then plateau (maintain peak for several years,
for oil production normally less than 5 years while for gas production between 5
to 10 years), then declining until reach economic limit (timing when operating
cost is higher than production revenue) or end of contractual period.
• Plateau & decline phase can be extended by applying secondary recovery (i.e. gas
injection & water injection) and tertiary recovery (i.e. chemical injection & steam
injection), however cost to benefit ratio must be carefully calculated since
secondary/tertiary recovery is more expensive than primary recovery.
Abandonment
• The last phase in upstream
life cycle is abandonment.
• The activities comprises well
plug & abandonment (P&A)
and surface facilities
removal.
• Well must be permanently
closed and sealed, so no
more hydrocarbon can
escape to the surface.
• Surface facilities must be
removed until few meter
below seabed, or left on the
seabed as an artificial reef
after free hydrocarbon
Special vessel to remove offshore platform condition reached.
• Site must be restore to as
close as its original
condition.
MIDSTREAM
Oil Transportation - Onshore
• Since most of the oil & gas field is located far
from the civilization, it is crucial to deliver the
crude oil & natural gas to increase its value.
• Initially, produced oil is stored inside wooden
barrel which then delivered by using horse
carriage. It is the beginning of using “barrel”
as oil volume measurement unit.
• 1 barrel = 42 US gallon = 159 liter.
• After invention of gasoline & diesel engine,
horse carriage is replaced by truck & train.
• Once the volume getting bigger and the
distance getting further, barrel method
become uneconomic and pipeline was
introduced.
• Pipeline is a long connected pipe to transfer
liquid/gas. Pipeline characteristic is mainly
defined by diameter, length, material, and
thickness.
 Oil Transportation - Offshore
• Normally, offshore pipeline laid on the seabed used to convey oil from
offshore platform to onshore facility.
• However, if the distance is too far or the volume is too low, transporting
liquid via pipeline can be technically and economically challenging.
• In this case, oil will be stored offshore (by using FPSO, FSO, or subsea
storage) and then transported by using oil tanker.

Floating Production Storage Offloading

Oil Tanker

Subsea Storage
 Gas Transportation
• Initially, gas is considered by-product which is only disposed
by burning or commonly known as flaring.
• Only after gas can be monetized / sold (petrochemical plant,
power plant), gas transportation is required.
• Since natural gas cannot be stored easily like liquid, produced
gas has to be delivered soon after processed by using pipeline,
either onshore or offshore.
• However, if the distance is too far and the volume is too big,
pipeline become un-economical.
• In this case, gas has to be transformed into liquid phase by
condensing it up to -162o C in atmospheric temperature to
reduce its volume by 600 times, which is known as Liquefied
Natural Gas (LNG).
• LNG can be transported in a specially designed cryogenic (very
cool) tank attached to vessel (known as LNG tanker) or truck.
LNG process

• First LNG plant was built in Ohio, US, on 1940.

• LNG plant is very large and complex, hence initially it has
to be built onshore.
• First, gas has to be purified to contain only methane
(CH4) & ethane (C2H6) since other material will freeze &
block liquefaction process.
• Then, gas is cooled down by using cooler liquid known
as refrigerant. To achieve very low temperature, cooling
is done in several stage until gas liquefied.
• LNG is stored in a tank and ready for transportation.
• After delivered to receiving facility, LNG is transformed
into gas again, known as regasification process.
Floating LNG (FLNG)
• If large gas field is located very far from shore, transporting large quantity of
gas via pipeline is technically & economically challenging.
• Small & medium size gas field located far from shore sometimes cannot
justify the large investment to built LNG plant onshore.
• Another problem with onshore LNG is land acquisition.
• Long research had been conducted to bring LNG process and export facility
into a floating platform.
• First Floating LNG project sanctioned is Shell Prelude on May 2015. It is
located on Browse Basin, 475 km from Broome, Western Australia.

3D image of Shell
Prelude FLNG with LNG
tanker along side. The
FLNG size is
approximately 4 times
football field, make it
the largest vessel ever
built so far.
DOWNSTREAM
 Downstream Industry
• A portion of the industry that is responsible for
the refining, distributing, and retail of
petroleum products, sometimes also called
Refining & Marketing (R&M).
• Refining means process the raw materials
(crude oil & natural gas) into higher value
product, either final product (ready to consume
like LPG for home cooking) or intermediate
product (raw material for further processing
like ammonia for fertilizer).
• Downstream plants include oil refineries and
petrochemical plants.
 Oil Refinery
• Crude oils are not uniform, but rather are mixtures of thousands of
different compounds called hydrocarbons. Each component of each
compound has its own size, weight and boiling temperature.
• Crude oils have low value if not processed/refined.
• Petroleum refining is a physical and chemical process to transform
crude oils into useful products.
• First, crude oils are washed in a desalter and then heated.
• Next, they enter the crude fractioner (tall vertical column) which
separate the oil components based on each component’s boiling point
without chemical reaction.
• From crude fractioner, crude components are further processed,
sometimes involving chemical reaction, to create higher value products.
Simplified Oil Refinery Diagram
Refinery Products :
• Light distillates :
➢ Liquid Petroleum Gas
(LPG)
➢ Gasoline (Petrol)
➢ Naphtha (flammable
liquid hydrocarbon
mixtures)
• Middle distillates :
➢ Kerosene
➢ Diesel Fuel
➢ Heating Oil
➢ Light Fuel Oil
• Heavy distillates :
➢ Heavy Fuel Oil
➢ Bunker Fuel Oil
➢ Asphalt
More Complex Oil Refinery Diagram
 Petrochemical
ethylene propylene butadiene
• It is a chemical product derived from petroleum.
• Primary petrochemical are divided into 3 groups based on their chemical structures:
➢ Olefins includes ethylene (C2H4), propylene (C3H6), and butadiene (C4H6).
Ethylene and propylene are important sources of industry chemicals and
plastic products. Butadiene is used in making synthetic rubber. Olefin is
produced by fluid catalytic cracking of petroleum fraction or steam cracking
of natural gas liquid.
➢ Aromatics includes benzene (C6H6), toluene (C7H8), and xylenes (C8H10) or
BTX. Benzene is a raw material for dyes and synthetic detergents. Benzene
and toluene is used in making polyurethanes. Xylenes is used to produce
plastics and synthetic fibers. Aromatics are produced by catalytic reforming
of naphtha.
➢ Synthesis gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) used
to make ammonia and methanol. Ammonia is used to make the fertilizer
urea and methanol is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.
•

or

benzene toluene xylene ammonia methanol

Petrochemical Simplified Diagram
Fluid Catalytic Cracking
is a chemical process
using liquid catalyst to
create new, smaller
molecules from larger
molecules (cracking) to
make gasoline and
distillate fuels.

Steam Cracking is a
chemical process using
steam to thermally
cracked the feedstock
into lighter
hydrocarbon.
 Marketing
• Downstream consumers includes commercial and retail consumers.
• Commercial consumers includes petrochemical & industrial
manufacturers, utilities (especially power plant), transportation
fleets (airlines, trucks, vessels), and municipalities.
• Downstream industry may also only involve in distribution and sales
of petroleum product, either to commercial or retail consumer,
without having any plant.
• Downstream product pricing, especially mass product like gasoline,
highly depends on oil price. However, specialized product like racing
lubricant is less sensitive to oil price.
 Oil & Gas Industry Sector Boundary
• Actually, the boundary between upstream, midstream,
and downstream is sometimes not clear / gray area.
• Pipeline from upstream industry to downstream industry
may be owned by upstream company or independent
midstream company.
• LNG industry is normally considered midstream or
downstream industry, however with FLNG revolution, it is
now part of upstream sector.
• Due to large investment & complex requirement,
normally a company only involve in one sector only,
however some very large companies involve in upstream-
midstream-downstream sector, known as integrated oil &
gas companies, i.e. Shell, ExxonMobil, and Petronas.
Thank You