Recent trends in

Outline
Cognitive Psychology
• 4.1. Recent Trends in : (i) Sensation, (ii) Perception, (iii) Attention-
:Biological Bases of Attention,
• 4.2. Recent Trends in: (iv) Creativity, (v) Thinking, (vi) Problem Solving
• 4.3. Recent Trends in: (i) Learning, (ii) Memory, (iii) Pattern Recognition
• 4.4. Recent Trends in: (i) Language, (ii) Artificial Intelligence, (iii)
Decision Making
• 4.5. Application: Develop creative thinking, decision making skills

Asst. Prof. Tanmay L. Joshi

• Recent trends in
1. Sensation
2. Perception
3. Attention: Biological bases of Attention
4. Creativity
5. Thinking
6. Problems Solving
7. Learning
8. Memory
9. Pattern recognition
10. Language
11. Artificial Intelligence
12. Decision Making
• Application: Develop Creative thinking, decision making skills
 Sensation
• Food and Beverages Should Appeal to All the Senses
• Consumers are looking for extraordinary sensory experiences, but perceptual
differences present formulation challenges.
• By Carolyn Schierhorn, Contributing Editor
• Sep 04, 2019
• Eye appeal
• Sound effects
• Textural intrepidity
• Mouth behavioral differences
• Genetics and other factors
 Perception
• Expectations play a strong role in determining the way we perceive the
world.
• Prior expectations can originate from multiple sources of information,
and correspondingly have different neural sources, depending on where
in the brain the relevant prior knowledge is stored.
• Perception and perceptual decision-making are strongly facilitated by
prior knowledge about the probabilistic structure of the world.
• While the computational benefits of using prior expectation in
perception are clear, there are myriad ways in which this computation
can be realized.
• Recent findings from both human neuroimaging and animal
electrophysiology have revealed that prior expectations can modulate
sensory processing at both early and late stages, and both before and
after stimulus onset.
• The response modulation can take the form of either dampening the
sensory representation or enhancing it via a process of sharpening.
• Theoretical computational frameworks of neural sensory processing aim
to explain how the probabilistic integration of prior expectations and
sensory inputs results in perception.
 Creativity & Artificial Intelligence
• Advertising
• Digital Marketing
• Web designing
– Software making
– Face book
– Twitter
– What’s app
– Google talk/ Duo
• App making
 Decision Making
1. Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning Will Become a Must in Every IT
Strategy
2. New Insights Must Be Proactive and Intelligent
3. Everything Must be Global
4. New Technology Needs to Be Consumed in Weeks, Not Years
5. Every Solution Should Be a Cloud Solution
https://www.netsuiteblogs.com/6-key-trends-for-business-and-technology-
decision-makers-in-2018
• Book published in 2011 by Nobel Memorial
Prize in Economic Sciences laureate Daniel
Kahneman.
• It was the 2012 winner of the National
Academies Communication Award for best
creative work that helps the public
understanding of topics in behavioral
science, engineering and medicine.
 Biological basis of Attention
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2681259/#R14
• The human brain contains more than 10 billion neurons and more than 10
trillion synapses, making up networks and sub-networks of unimaginable
complexity.
• Selective attention is an unsurpassed example of contextual neural
modulation.
• Selective modulation of neural activity is made necessary by the
hierarchical organization of the primate visual system. Neurons in the
primary visual cortex (area V1) have small receptive fields (that is, they
monitor a small patch of the retinal image) and are tuned to relatively
simple visual features (e.g., edge orientation).
• Neurons at later levels (e.g., area V4) have larger receptive
fields that are tuned to relatively more complex features (e.g.,
combinations of shape and color).
• The representation of an object is distributed over this
network: Local metric details are represented in early areas,
global properties in later areas.
• Reynolds, Chelazzi, and Desimone (1999) found that, in the absence of
focused attention, neurons in V4 containing both effective and ineffective
stimuli within their receptive fields produce responses that are roughly
the average of the responses they would produce to either stimulus
alone.
• When the task requires that one of the stimuli guide behavior, then the
neuron's response more closely matches the response it would produce if
that stimulus were present in isolation.
• In effect, when one of several competing stimuli is attended,
the brain reconfigures itself in a way that modifies the
response of the neuron (perhaps by changing synaptic efficacy)
so that the attended, task-relevant object now determines the
response of that neuron.
• The same selection occurs in a coordinated fashion throughout
the visual hierarchy so that a coherent, distributed
representation of the attended object is maintained.
 Attention
• Virtual Learning: given an experience of ‘participatory
experience in learning’.
– Ex: Student in Nasik can have an interaction or guidance from various
Professors around the world setting in a single room
• 1st Virtual University in India- Tamil Nadu.
 Language: Multilingualism
• Bilingualism: 2 or more languages that differ in speech sounds,
vocabulary & syntax.
• Bilingualism = Multilingualism (Taylor & Taylor, 1990- pg, 320,
Matlin)
• Osama bin-Laden’s P.A.!! (17-18 language, including Marathi)
 Advantages to Multilingual speakers
✓Fluency
✓Experts in their mother-tongue.
✓Aware about the arbitrary concepts.
✓Sensitive to more pragmatic aspects of language. ( pronunciation..)
✓Cognitive flexibility on performance test - creativity
• Disadvantage ???
1. Tend to alter their pronunciation of some speech sounds
in both languages.
2. Slightly slow in decision-making(language aspect)
3. Language processing speed.
• Code switching: Multilingual speakers prefer to discuss
embarrassing topics in their 2nd language.
• Age-at-arrival effect:
• People who acquire a 2nd language at an early age are better at
phonology & naming objects
• Mastery of various forms of Grammar.
 Applied Psychology:
Writing About Emotional Problems
✓ Writing process can be useful in clinical psychology
(Pennebaker & Graybeal, 2001; Pennebaker et al., 2003).
✓ when people write about a personally upsetting experience,
their mental and physical health often improves.
✓ In a series of studies, these researchers invited people to come
to their laboratory and write for 15 to 20 minutes a day, on
three to four consecutive days.
✓ The participants in the experimental group were instructed to
write about a previous traumatic experience.
✓ The participants in the control group simply wrote about trivial
topics for the same amount of time.
• Pennebaker and his coauthors (2003) discovered that students
in the experimental condition
– began to earn better grades.
– Unemployed adults in the experimental condition were more likely
to find employment.
– More likely to show improvements in their immune function,
measures of stress, and other indexes of good physical health.
• than those in the control condition.
 Language
• In general, its harder to lie than to tell the truth because lying is
more cognitively demanding and so it takes people slightly longer
to come up with a lie.
• But when speaking in a non-native language, the difference in
difficulty between the two is much smaller, making it harder to use
reaction time to distinguish truth from lie.
• (Journal of experimental psychology- DOI:10.1037/xge0000437)
 ❖Elizabeth Loftus
➢American Cognitive Psychologist &
➢Expert on human memory.
 Best known for her ground-breaking work on
misinformation effect and eye-witness testimony.
 “Just because someone thinks they remember
something in detail, with confidence and with emotion,
does not mean that it actually happened, false
memories have these characteristics too.”
 “In real life as well as in experiments, people can come
to believe things that never really happened”.
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https://www.chaitanyapsychology.com
• 1995 – Distinguished Contribution Award from the American
❖Elizabeth Loftus:
Academy of Forensic Psychology
✓ Born: October 16, 1944, LA,
• 2003 – APA Distinguished Scientific Award for Applications of
California.
Psychology
✓ 1966: Graduation with a bachelor's
• 2005 – Grawemeyer Prize in Psychology degree in mathematics and
• 2009 – Distinguished Contributions to Psychology and Law Award psychology.
from the American Psychology-Law Society ✓ 1967: Stanford University, MA.
• 2010 – Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Award from ✓ 1970: Ph.D. in 1970, both in
the American Association for the Advancement of Science mathematical psychology.

• 2012 – William T. Rossiter Award from the Forensic Mental Health

Association of California
• 2013 – Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Science of
Psychology from the American Psychological Foundation
• 2018:Western Psychological Association Lifetime Achievement
Award[ https://www.chaitanyapsychology.com
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 ➢ At a family gathering for her 44th birthday,
Loftus's uncle told her that she had been the
one to find her mother's body floating in the
pool after a drowning accident.
✓ Before that, she had remembered very little
about the incident, but after her uncle's
comment, the details suddenly began to
➢ A few days later, she discovered that her
come back.
uncle had been mistaken and that it was
actually her aunt who discovered her
mother after the drowning.
✓ All it took to trigger false memories was a
simple comment from a family member,
illustrating how easily human memory can
be influenced by suggestion. https://www.chaitanyapsychology.com
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• In 1973- Assistant professorship at the University of Washington.
• A new line of research into how memory works in real-world settings,
beginning the empirical study of eyewitness testimony.
• To investigate whether eyewitness memory can be altered by information
supplied to them after an event—for example, through the use of leading
questions.
➢Findings: The way in which questions were worded altered the
memories subjects reported.
• Loftus' next step was to investigate whether asking leading questions, or
providing misleading information in other forms, might also affect
people's memory for the original event.

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https://www.chaitanyapsychology.com
➢ The misinformation effect paradigm: The memories
of eyewitnesses are altered after being exposed to
incorrect information about an event –
1. Through leading questions or
2. Other forms of post-event information; and
3. That memory is highly malleable & open to
suggestion.
➢ The misinformation effect explore
the cognitive mechanisms underlying the effect.

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https://www.chaitanyapsychology.com
• Expert testimony: Application of Psychology to the legal system.
➢1974: Loftus published an article about the relationship between findings from
psychological science and the witness testimony in a murder trial she had
observed, in which conflicting witness memory played a key role in the evidence.
➢Lawyers who read the article began to contact Loftus to consult her about their
cases, and judges requested educational seminars about eyewitness evidence,
so she began her work as an educator of legal practitioners.
Loftus has testified and advised courts about the nature of eyewitness memory
in various cases.
1975: Loftus set a legal precedent when she provided Washington State's first
expert testimony about eyewitness memory (specifically, on the topic of
eyewitness identification).
https://www.chaitanyapsychology.com 27
 Application of Psychology to
Court/Law Mcmartin preschool trial, O.J. Simpson

Notable cases she has

been involved in due The trials of mass murderers ted bundy, willie mak,
and angelo buono jr.
to her expertise
250+ Cases The abscam cases

Key terms of eye-witness testimony

1. Source monitoring error The trial of oliver north
2. Suggestibility
3. Illusion of Out group homogeneity
The trial of the officers accused in the rodney king beating

The oklahoma city bombing case, and litigation

involving Michael jackson, Martha stewart, Lewis
"scooter" libby and the duke university lacrosse team

https://www.chaitanyapsychology.com
 Helping Old age people to remember
✓ Create a Memory Bag
✓ Look Through Photo Albums
✓ Read Out Loud
✓ Listen to a Playlist of Favorite Music
✓ Sing Old Songs
✓ Watch Old Movies and TV Shows
✓ Go on a Nature Walk
✓ Look Through Old Cookbooks
✓ Enjoy Favorite Treats
✓ Visit and Connect with Animals
✓ Reminisce Over Childhood Toys
✓ Bring Back Old Skills
 Pattern recognition

• Although humans are great at recognizing faces

under normal viewing angles, upside-down faces
are tremendously difficult to recognize. This
demonstrates not only the challenges of facial
recognition but also how humans have specialized
procedures and capacities for recognizing faces
under normal upright viewing conditions.
• Recognizing faces is one of the most common forms of pattern recognition.
Humans are incredibly effective at remembering faces, but this ease and
automaticity belies a very challenging problem.
• All faces are physically similar. Faces have two eyes, one mouth, and one
nose all in predictable locations, yet humans can recognize a face from
several different angles and in various lighting conditions.
• Neuroscientists posit that recognizing faces takes place in three phases.
The first phase starts with visually focusing on of the physical features. The
facial recognition system then needs to reconstruct the identity of the
person from previous experiences.
• This provides us with the signal that this might be a person we know. The
final phase of recognition completes when the face elicits the name of the
person.
• https://www.foodprocessing.com/articles/2019/food-and-
beverages-should-appeal-to-all-the-senses/
 MAILING ADDRESS
[email protected]

Thank you! Psychology: Applied Perspective

https://www.chaitanyapsychology.com/

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