PROJECT PHASE-I

A SMART HELMET FOR THE INCREASING THE SAFETY IN

MINING
A project phase-I report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of a degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BY

P. KALYAN (19501A0276)

K. NEERAJ AKHIL (20505A0208)

T. SUPRAJA (19501A0295)

S. CHAITRA CHARANI (19501A0292)

Under the guidance of

V.SAI GEETHA LAKSHMI
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

PRASAD V. POTLURI SIDDHARTHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Autonomous & Permanent Affiliation to JNTUK, Kakinada.
AICTE Approved, NBA & NAAC accredited, and ISO 9001-2015 Certified Institution
KANURU, VIJAYAWADA - 520007
November – 2022

1
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRASAD V. POTLURI SIDDHARTHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Autonomous & Permanent Affiliation to JNTUK, Kakinada.
AICTE Approved, NBA & NAAC accredited, and ISO 9001-2015 Certified Institution
KANURU, VIJAYAWADA - 520007
November – 2022

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project phase-I report entitled “A SMART HELMET FOR
IMPROVING THE SAFETY IN MINING INDUSTRY” is submitted by P. KALYAN
(19501A0276), K. NEERAJ AKHIL (20505A0208), T. SUPRAJA (19501A0293) in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, at PRASAD V. POTLURI
SIDDHARTHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Vijayawada, to the Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University (JNTUK), Kakinada. This is a record of their bonafide work under
our guidance and supervision. This report has not been submitted to any other University or
Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Supervisor Head of the Department

V. SAI GEETHA LAKSHMI Dr. CH. PADMANABHA RAJU

Assistance Professor Professor & HoD

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we would like to thank the almighty who had given us the
strength in guiding our project.

We wish to record our deep sense of gratitude and profound thanks to our
supervisor Dr. Ch Padmanabha Raju, Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, PVPSIT for his keen interest, inspiring guidance, and constant
encouragement to our work during all stages, for bringing this report into fruition.

We are highly grateful and obliged for the most cooperative attitude of Dr. Ch
Padmanabha Raju, Head of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Departmentfor guiding our project. We are thankful to our beloved Principal Dr.
K. SIVAJIBABU for his encouragement and the facilities provided to us.

Finally, we express our thanks to the members who directly and indirectly helped
us for guiding our Project.

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 ABSTRACT

Underground mining hazards include suffocation, gas poisoning, object fall,

roof collapse, and gas explosion. Along with air quality monitoring is also a different
and important factor in the mining industry. This system provides a wireless sensor
network for monitoring the real-time situation of underground mines from the base
situation. It provides the real monitoring of harmful gases like Co, CH4 & LPG, and
the temperature. The workers in the mines use some precautions like collision
detectors, helmets, removers, and masks. Here, we organize smart helmets to provide
security to them. the helmet is equipped with different detection sensors for gas,
smoke, and temperature that transfers the data to the base camp using the latest
communication technologies.

As a result, it gives the fastest reaction by the external field department and
rescues human life. And the helmet sends out the alert through the buzzer and the
display attached to the helmet. And the data is transmitted and received by using the
NRF modules with the extension of the antenna.

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 INDEX

PAGE.NO

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION………………………… 06

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY…………………. 09

CHAPTER 3: WORK PLAN……………………………... 18

CHAPTER 4: REFERENCES……………………………. 19

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 INTRODUCTION

Mining is a multifaceted industry that includes complicated operations carried out within the
tunnels, underground, etc. This involves various risk factors which affect the health of miners.
The materials recovered by mining include aluminum, copper, lead, Zink, gold, silver,
diamond, metal, coal, etc. A large amount of coal is required for electricity generation.
Globally, coal resources have been estimated at over 861 billion tons. While India accounts
for 286 billion tons of coal resources (as on 31 March 2011), other countries with a major
chunk of resources are the USA, China, Australia, Indonesia, South Africa, and Mozambique

Coal meets around 30.3% of the global primary energy needs and generates 42% of the
world’s electricity [1]. India is the third largest coal-producing country after China and USA.
Coal is a prime source of energy in India. Coal is the key contributor to the Indian energy
scenario 51% of the current total commercial energy needs are made by coal. There are mainly
two methods for extracting coal from the earth- surface mining and underground mines. Most
surface mines are open pit or open cast mines. The surface mine is entirely open and operated
from the surface of the earth. The advantages of surface mines are high productivity, low
operating cost, and good safe condition. Most of the coal is extracted using the surface
method. In case coal is very deep from the surface underground method is used. The
underground mines are supported or unsupported mines. Underground coal mining

involves a higher risk than surface mining due to the problems of ventilation and
the potential for collapse. The maximum accident occurs in underground mines.
In the mining industry worker safety is a very important issue. Every year,
thousands of miners die in accidents, and many more get injured, especially in
the processes of coal mining and hard rock mining.

From the Survey, various information is gathered One death every third day in India’s most
dangerous job is Mining. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), while
mining employs around 1% of the global labor force, it generates 8% of the fatal accidents
China has the largest mining industry producing up to three billion tons of coal each year.

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Though China accounts for 40% of global coal output, it is responsible for 80% of mining
deaths around the world each year. This survey clearly shows that the requirement for safety
measures must be extended to save the life of miners. This survey motivated us for initializing
this project.
The main reasons for accidents are gas or dust explosions, gas intoxications, improper use of
explosives, electrical burns, fires, collapsing of mine structures, rock falls from roofs and side
walls, flooding, workers stumbling/slipping/falling, or errors from malfunctioning or improperly
used mining equipment. In coal mine use of personal protective equipment like helmet, shoes, etc.
are not proper and proper arrangements were not there to check if the person is wearing personal
protective equipment or not [2]. The proper supervision for workers wearing protective equipment
is a very important factor for consideration. Underground mines are very dark so any miners fall
unconscious because of suffocation or falling off the structure, the supervisor doesn’t know about
her health condition and proper treatment is not provided to her in time. The main reason for miner
death is harmful gas explosions. In coal mines, carbon monoxide, methane, and LPG gases are
existing and they are very harmful to the human body.

CASE STUDY. Paper58152

The Chasnala mining disaster that took place near Dhanbad in the Indian state of Jharkhand
almost killed 372 miners. This was considered one of the worst disasters in the mining
industry. Miners may not be aware of external conditions such as the rise or fall of
temperature, pressure, etc. Sometimes Miners collide with heavy objects like mining objects,
and hard rock which risks their life. Another factor that affects the miners is the inhalation of
hazardous gases that provokes them in danger. In this situation, miners are not able to
communicate with the outside world. In this case, the smart helmet system becomes an
essential and helpful measure to protect the miners from various accidents.

Proper supervision and proper communication are very important requirements of the
mining industry.

7
This system provides a wireless sensor network for monitoring the real-time situation of
underground mines from the base situation. It provides the real monitoring of harmful gases like
Co, CH4 & LPG, and the temperature. The worker employed to work in the mines use some
precautions like collision detectors, helmets, removers, and mask. In this, here we organize the
smart helmet to provide security to them. the helmet is equipped with different detection sensors
for gas and smoke, and temperature that transfers the data to the base camp using the latest
communication technologies. As a result, it gives the fastest reaction by the external field
department and rescues human life. And the helmet sends out the alert through the buzzer and the
display attached to the helmet. And the data is transmitted and received by using the NRF modules
with the extension of the antenna.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

8
 LITERATURE SURVEY

1]To evaluate the performance of the developed smart helmet-based personal PWS, a field
experiment was conducted at the Sungshin Minefield underground limestone mine (37°17′12″
N, 128°43′53″ E) located in Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea. A Bluetooth module capable
of receiving BLE signals is placed at the back of the helmet to recognize the proximity of
equipment outside the worker’s view. If the workload is not properly adjusted when designing
the system, overload can occur, and work efficiency can be reduced. The NASA-TLX is a
multidimensional grading procedure that estimates the overall workload score based on a
weighted average of six factors they are mental, physical, temporal, overall performance, effort,
and frustration. Physical demand: how much physical ability do you need to perform this task?
In another case, the test subject examined the transport route’s maintenance status (worker’s
position), and the operation was stopped when the device sensed that a vehicle was approaching.
[2]A brilliant helmet has been created that can distinguish dangerous occasions in the mines. I.
INTRODUCTION Air pollution and gas explosions are increasing day by day and become the
foremost crisis in the coal mines and other industries. Mining is required to obtain any material
that cannot be grown through agricultural processes or created artificially in a laboratory or
factory. The data processing unit is the Arduino Uno microcontroller. It is used to get all the data
from the above sensors and conclude whether it needs any intimation to the wireless unit or the
user wearing it. FUTURE SCOPE The framework can be enhanced by adding more estimating
gadgets to check the excavator's circulatory strain and heart rate. [3] In recent days coal mining
has been a very dangerous activity that can result in several adverse effects on the environment
for example during mining operations methane, a known greenhouse gas, may be released into
the air. Underground mining hazards include suffocation, gas poisoning, roof collapse, and gas
explosions. The improved safety features in our system will dramatically increase the life
expectancy of the coal miners by alerting them about the hazards. To avoid damage to electronic
parts, a heatsink is usually required for headlamps that use LEDs that dissipate more than 1W.
DC-DC converters are often used in 1W+ lights to regulate power fed to the LEDs, sometimes
controlled by microprocessors. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting
the sketch and the main program loop, which is compiled and linked with a program stub main()
into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE

9
distribution. Methods of user-centered design are used to ensure that the visual language
introduced in the design is well-tailored to the tasks. [4] The underground mining production
process is vulnerable and highly dynamic in nature. Among the various causes of accidents in
underground mines, the major one is the presence of flammable and noxious gases. Wireless data
and communication network is also not successful because wireless communication in an
underground mine is significantly more challenging than through air. The proposed work has a
unique feature that it will make the personnel aware of the situation of the gases present and
surrounding by automatically generating different alarms and different light indicators. This
work is focused on the design of such a prototype model for the underground mines with the
aforementioned specification. [5] IoT has recently expanded across different applications which
brought huge attention to its construction. The power of the designed helmet system circuit was
evaluated concerning previous work. Praveen Kulkarni & Sangam (2017) proposed a new
method of monitoring the environment surrounded by a smart helmet, which can achieve a
variety of safety factors (temperature, gas, collision) gases that are poisoned to be around the
minor. consists of 4 sensors (Temperature and humidity, IR, Pressure, and Gas sensors) that will
be collecting data from the surrounding environment of the helmet and will transfer each data to
Arduino Mega which is considered connected to 1 channel Relay circuit that is used as a switch
to turn on or off the power supplied to Solenoid Valve. The helmet is sending all the information
from the sensors used into the X-Bee receiver which is connected to a Wi-Fi module in this case
(Raspberry Pi). Moreover, the signal can even be transmitted for a higher range of up to 200
where 250 the signal failed with RSSI of -88 in the Transmitter and -89 in the Receiver.[6]
JSPM’s BSIOTR, Wagholi, Pune, Maharashtra, India JSPM’s BSIOTR, Wagholi, Pune,
Maharashtra, India Date Written: April 2, 2020, Abstract From the start of the human need for
energy coal mining has gained enormous importance and also hatred for the less protection for
the miners. Explosions in mines are generally because of the availability of gases like Methane.
Underground mining perils incorporate suffocation, gas harm, rooftop breakdown, and gas
blasts. In our system, the helmet has a circuit with four sensors i.e. Temperature, humidity, gas,
and oxygen level to watch the conditions in the coal pit. 2nd International Conference on
Communication & Information Processing (ICCIP) 2020, Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3645335. or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3645335. [7] In recent

10
days coal mining has been a very dangerous activity that can result in several adverse effects on
the environment for example during mining operations methane, a known greenhouse gas, may
be released into the air. Underground mining hazards include suffocation, gas poisoning, roof
collapse, and gas explosions. The improved safety features in our system will dramatically
increase the life expectancy of the coal miners by alerting them about the hazards. To avoid
damage to electronic parts, a heatsink is usually required for headlamps that use LEDs that
dissipate more than 1W. DC-DC converters are often used in 1W+ lights to regulate power fed
to the LEDs, sometimes controlled by microprocessors. User-written code only requires two
basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, which is compiled and linked
with a program stub main into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain,
also included with the IDE distribution. Methods of user-centered design are used to ensure that
the visual language introduced in the design is well-tailored to the tasks. [8] In today's life safety
is a major challenge for all mining workers. These sensor values are sent to the Arduino for
further processing and if the values exceed the threshold level an alert message is sent to the
mining control room. All the sensed values are printed on the Thing Speak website which gives
the Application Programming Interface (API) key to interface the system and Thing Speak.
CHALLENGES IN MINING SECTOR Mining is known as the killer industry due to it is
dangerous for the health of miners who often have to work in unsafe conditions in underground
mines. The safety system consists of THD11 (Temperature and Humidity sensor), MQ11(Flame
sensor), Gas sensor, and LDR sensor to monitor the physical parameters of the mining unit which
is difficult to predict for human beings. During this time, the alarm can be canceled by moving
the arm. [9] The security of underground mines should be expanded because disasters in
underground mines are a serious issue these days. The created model is profoundly used to keep
miners from unsafe circumstances. In this manner, the inspiration for the undertaking is to work
in the Journal of Engineering Sciences at www.jespublication.com. Page No:103 ongoing
defensive helmet for diggers needs to make the framework fully security mode and progressed
innovatively by including sensors and microcontrollers. The operation of the system is based on
this smart controller which collects all the real-time sensor data automatically and performs
operations to give the required output.

11
In coal mineshaft utilization of individual defensive gear like helmets, shoes, and so on are not
legitimate and appropriate plans were not there to check to assume that the individual is wearing
individual defensive hardware or not. The sensors utilized are Gas Sensors, Temperature sensors,
Humidity Sensors, LDR for light force, and sensors to identify regardless of whether the excavator
wearing a helmet. [10] Pakistan is endowed with vast coal reserves, primarily in Sindh, totaling
184.623 billion tons. This prototype is made in a way that senses many things, such as the
occurrence of dangerous gases, the heartbeat of a worker in coal, and underground environmental
conditions, and pinpoints the location of the miner through GPS. 7] suggested a wireless
communication system for coal miners that works on the IoT; it senses humidity, CH4 (Methane),
and temperature levels for coal miners. Pranjal Hazarika and colleagues [8] Designed for coal
workers, this helmet is very suitable for underground coal exploration where there is a risk of
dangerous gases such as methane and carbon, etc. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The proposed
study consists of an IoT-based smart helmet, which helps underground workers in many ways.
When an infrared sensor transmits a continuous signal from one end to the other, the sign is blocked,
indicating that the miner is wearing a helmet.[11]. At the current stage of coal industry development
in the Russian Federation, we need to focus on human actions in the industrial environment. The
main functions of this specialist include the communication of information on workplace conditions
and industrial safety status to company employees in a convenient form. The following information
can be recorded, changes in the dielectric permanent environment in the safety helmet space when
the said object is present, interruption of a light beam by an object geometry, changes in the
characteristics of an ultrasonic transmitter caused by the impact of mechanical properties and
substances in the object; and so on. The questions, which scored most of all possible 102 points (all
34 respondents answered negatively -3 points): "What will be your attitude to an audio/video device
attached to your helmet or coat?": "Is it necessary to improve communication quality (suppress
noise) between the employees in a team in the work process?" (Almost 47% of employees
commented that they needed additional PPE to carry out specific work. [12] In this work, a safe
Coal Mine Monitoring system which replaces the traditional coal mine monitoring systems which
tend to be wired network systems. This plays an important role in coal mine safe production. With
the continuous enlarging of exploiting areas and extension of depth in the coal mine, many laneways
become monitoring blind areas, there are lots of hidden dangers. Moreover, it is inconvenient to

12
lay cables which are expensive and consume time. To solve the problems, we designed a coal mine
safety monitoring system based on a wireless sensor network, which can improve the level of
monitoring production safety and reduce accidents in the coal mine. [13]. From the start of the
human need for energy coal mining has gained enormous importance and also hatred for the less
protection for the miners. Explosions in mines are generally because of the availability of gases like
Methane. Underground mining perils incorporate suffocation, gas harm, rooftop breakdown, and
gas blasts. The improved safety features in our system dramatically increased the anticipation of the
coal miners by alerting them about the hazards. In our system, the helmet has a circuit with four
sensors i.e. Temperature, humidity, gas, and oxygen level to watch the conditions in a coal pit. [14].
Air Quality becomes an important factor in mining areas where the health condition of the workers
is prominently considered. The composition of many toxic gases under the mining area causes many
fatalities that keep on increasing day by day. The unstable levels of these TVOCs cause many health
issues like nausea, emesis, fatigue, epitasis, and dyspnea. In this proposed work, Smart Helmet has
been developed for mining workers using LoRaWAN to overcome the above-mentioned problems.
This device helps to alert the user to the air quality. [15]. The safety of coal mine is an important
link in coal mine production, gas disaster is the most harmful to the safety of coal mine production.
During the process of mine development, it is very important to measure the gas concentration in
mines. For the present, the situation of gas concentration monitoring systems, this paper proposes
a Bluetooth-based coal mine gas concentration monitoring system design and describes the ideas
and specific methods of software and hardware design. This paper describes the development
background, technical features, and structure of the protocol stack of Bluetooth technology, and
proposed the solutions of the Bluetooth host controller interface (HCI) wireless communication for
the complexity of its development. Meanwhile, this paper describes the hardware and software
design of CAN nodes. [16] Coal is a major element for development and an important energy source
for power generation, and it is an essential part of the manufacturing of alumina, iron, steel, cement,
and other resource products necessary for modern living. The extraction of coal from the field is
known as coal mining. Even they take certain precautions to avoid accidents in the underground
mines. Temperature, gas, fire, and water are the key elements involved in many accidents. The
communication network must not be interrupted at any time or under any circumstances.

13
Using IoT and Buzzers, this system alerts the admin as well as the workers when any abnormalities
are found inside the coal mine.[17]. A surveillance facility as we know is the backbone of any safety
and security system. This concept is very much applicable to the mining industry as well. It
facilitates wireless communication between the workstation and the server. We have achieved this
using concept of Electronics, IoT, and wireless communication. The idea directly targets improving
the holes present in the current surveillance in the mining systems. [18]. Industrial safety is one of
the main aspects of the industry, especially the coal mine industry. Underground mining hazards
include suffocation, gas poisoning, object fall, roof collapse, and gas explosion. This system
provides a wireless sensor network for monitoring the real-time situation of underground mines
from the base station. The main reason for the death of miners is that due to any reason miners fall
and lose consciousness also proper treatment is not provided to them at that time. A Limit switch
was then used to successfully determine whether a miner has removed his helmet or not. [19].
Mining, being a dynamic and intricate operation, needs a multifaceted continuous stream of
information from surface to underground and vice versa. Although the technology involved in
removing material from below the earth’s surface has a long history, communication systems in
underground workings are rather new to the industry. Coal mines often rely on several independent
communication systems to support different areas of their activity. The search for effective and
reliable techniques and technologies to overcome the operational problems of underground mine
communications started in the 20th century because of repeated underground accidents (Brown,
1984; Chao and Chung, 1994; Chung, 1994; Deshpande et al., From a coal miner survivability
standpoint, it only makes sense to enable all of the voice communication devices to interact with all
other voice systems. The options for communication signaling in underground mines include
through-the-wire (TTW), through-the-earth (TTE), and through-the-air (TTA). [20]. Coal is one of
the non-renewable sources of energy that can’t be reproduced once used. There are different types
of mining techniques. coal miners are those who bring the coal onto the ground .so underground
there are many toxic gases are present, and temperature and humidity values are different which
causes suffocation for an underground person. so in this project, we are going to make that helmet
into a smart helmet. The main part of this system is Arduino which senses the input and gives the
output according to the input. In this way, the coal miners get protected.

14
[21]. A portion of the significant mishaps like discharging of toxic gases, fire, and mischances
impact the mining business bringing about loss of human life or causing dangerous sicknesses.
These issues can be lessened when the parameters were under legitimate observation. A
financially savvy ZigBee-based remote mine regulating framework is introduced in this article.
This plan utilized savvy caps as ultra-low-control hubs of the remote sensor arrangement. Such
a system can without much of a stretch gather information recognized by the sensor and transmit
them by radio recurrence. It helps bring together administration to assemble ongoing observation
on condition parameters, so potential well-being issues can be recognized rapidly by early-
cautioning insight. [22]. The mining industry is pivotal to the world’s economy. This wireless
sensor network (WSN) can be used to monitor the well-being of all the miners who are at work.
The protocol is proactive to minimize delays. The miners in the neighboring rooms are also
informed so that they can help voluntarily. The functioning of the project was successfully tested.
[23]. improve the reliability of gas monitoring in the al mine, we design a wireless sensor network
with piezoelectric gas sensors, The wireless sensor networks are discreditable for gas monitoring
in the severe environment of the coal al mine. The networks’ topology is sub-cluster type, and
the cluster head node is selected in the computer-sensitive method. Data fusion and routing of
the cluster nodes are controlled by the cluster head node. To reduce information redundancy and
energy consumption, we use coverage configuration protocol (CCP) to control nodes’ strode to
switch between three states of working, listening, and, thus maximizing sleeping nodes. We use
a new type of thin film piezoelectric acoustic sensor (TFPAS) as the sensor node, this kind of
sensor is of low power consumption, and high sensitivity, which is suitable for wireless sensor
networks.[24]. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are very important for monitoring
underground mine safety. Aimed at the characteristics of the structure of the tunnel in an
underground mine, the tunnel wireless sensor network (TWSN) is presented to monitor the
tunnel's environment. Sensor placement scheme in TWSN has a considerable impact on the
network lifetime. In this paper, based on analysis of the energy consumption of nodes in TWSN,
we developed an energy-efficient sensor placement (EESP) strategy for TWSN, which can
minimize the average energy consumption of nodes and prolong the network lifetime. Simulation
results show that the EESP strategy for TWSN effectively decreases the average energy
consumption of nodes and achieves an obvious improvement in the network lifetime compared

15
with a uniform sensor placement scheme. [25]. This work introduces the concept o a Wireless
Underground Sensor Network (WUSN). Each device contains all necessary sensors, memory, a
processor, a radio, an antenna, and a power source. This makes their deployment much simpler
than existing underground sensing solutions. This factor, combined with the necessity to
conserve energy due to the difficulty of unearthing and recharging WUSN devices, requires that
communication protocols be signed to be as efficient as possible. 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved. [26]. this paper describes the work carried out on the design and construction of a mine
safety system prototype using a wireless sensor network to build a safety system to monitor the
ambient characteristics of the mining environment. The subsystems of the prototype system are
then simulated. A graphical user interface is also implemented. Several qualification tests are
carried out. The temperature, humidity, airflow, and noise sensor measurements have an
accuracy of 89.01%, 98.55%, 90.5%, 89.53% and a resolution of 0.105°C, 0.12% RH, 0.05m/s
and 0.23 dB SPL respectively.[27]. Wireless sensor nodes have the advantages of low cost, easy
deployment, and mobility. If they are deployed in underground mines, with the existing
underground cable transmission systems, wireless sensor networks can improve the mine
information greatly. The paper is to find the relationship between signal quality/packet loss rate
and distance by the test in the coal mine. The result can be a reference for the deployment of
Wireless sensor networks in coal mines. The result can be a reference for the deployment of
Wireless sensor networks in coal mines.[28]. A smart helmet has been developed that scantest
of hazardous events in the mines industry. The third hazardous event is defined as an event where
miners are struck by an object against the head with a force exceeding a value of 1000 on the
HIC (Head Injury Criteria). An accelerometer was used to measure the acceleration of the head
and the HIC was calculated in software. The layout of the visualization software was completed,
however, the implementation was unsuccessful. PCBs that were designed and made included a
breakout board and a prototype board. This paper presents the undertaken design detailing
solutions to issues raised in previous research.[29]. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) explores
the use of the latest WSN technology in coal mine safety intelligent wireless monitoring,
especially the three key technologies that need to solve the WSN wireless communication,
transmission routing protocol, and positioning algorithm for underground safety monitoring.

16
The application of a wireless sensor network in a coal mine safety intelligent monitoring system is
proposed, this paper discusses the principle and advantages of a wireless sensor network and the
design basis of wireless sensor networks in the intelligent monitoring systems of coal mine safety.
Based on the current situation and existing problems of the low level of intelligence of coal mine
safety monitoring system, the design scheme and monitoring mechanism of coal mine safety
intelligent monitoring system are proposed, and the feasibility of a wireless sensor network in the
application of coal mine safety intelligent monitoring system is discussed. Finally, the gateway
proposed in this research was tested by laboratory simulation, and the results showed that the
gateway was designed in this research. [30]. This paper discusses and outlines applications of
wireless sensing technology in the mining and minerals industry to provide enhanced assistance to
mining machines. Three major applications can be performed by radar systems, such as surface
profiling, positioning, and collision avoidance. The information received from the sensors can be
used to increase the automation level and to advance the safety in the mine plus furthermore increase
the turnover of mining companies. Underground communication systems and machine diagnostics
are also discussed in this paper. Several applications were determined as highly feasible and are now
completed respectively in the implementation stage.

17
 WORK PLAN

 Done up to

1. Literature Survey

2. Analyzing the distance covered by the different modules and their practical ranges.

3. Different communication modules are available and which modules do suits for modules?
And their testing.

4. Purchasing of components.

5. Model block diagram designing.

 Plan to do

1. Practical connection has to be made.

2. Program has to be developed for the modules.

3. Pre-testing will be done.

4. Final output.

18
 REFERENCES:

[1]. Kim, Y.; Baek, J.; Choi, Y. Smart Helmet-Based Personnel Proximity Warning System for
Improving Underground Mine Safety. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 4342.
[2]. Roja, P., and D. Srihari. "It-based smart helmet for air quality used for the mining
industry." Int. J. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol 4 (2018): 514-521.
[3]. Sanjay, B. S., Dilip, K. A., Balasaheb, T. A., KinnuKumar, S., Chandrabhushan, P., & Saware,
N. P. (2019). Smart helmet using zigbee. Int. J. Innov. Res. Technol, 6, 144-148.
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Helmet for Coal Mine Safety." In 2nd International Conference on Communication & Information
Processing (ICCIP). 2020.
[7]. Shabina, S. (2014, March). Smart helmet using RF and WSN technology for underground
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