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ICASSCT 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1921 (2021) 012023 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1921/1/012023

Design of microstrip patch antenna at 2.4 GHz for Wi-Fi and

Bluetooth applications

Ayush Arora1,2, Arpit Rana1,3 Abhimanyu Yadav1,4 and R.L.Yadava1,5

1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, India
2
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
5
[email protected]

Abstract. In this paper, the Rectangular Patch Antennas are designed and their performance
parameters such as return loss, voltage standing wave ratio, gain, and radiation pattern have been
calculated and compared. Design frequency is 2.4 GHz, the copper-coated substrate material is
FR-4 Epoxy having dielectric constant ε=4.4 and thickness is 1.5 mm. The feeding technique,
used in MSA is Microstrip 50 Ω feed line. Using a parametric study found that the proposed
antenna design will be useful for ISM band applications like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth.
Keywords. Rectangular Patch, Return Loss, copper-coated Substrate, Microstrip, ISM Band.

1. Introduction
Microstrip Patch Antenna (MSA) is one of the most favoured antenna structures because of its ease of
fabrication and have many applications in wireless communication. They are very useful nowadays
because they are directly printed onto the circuit boards. In this paper, FR- 4 Epoxy material is used as
a substrate. The MSA (Microstrip Patch Antenna) is widely used nowadays because of its various
advantage but it also has some disadvantages but due to its various advantages, it surpasses its
disadvantages. These are some advantages of MSA: -
a) Light Weight
b) Low Profile
c) Capable of dual and triple frequency operation.
It also has some drawbacks like low gain, low bandwidth. To overcome this type of disadvantage, in
this paper authors made plenty of types of Microstrip antennas. Accordingly, in present paper, first a
MSA is designed with a single layer of a substrate, then calculated its parameter like return loss, voltage
standing wave ratio, gain, and directivity. Secondly, another MSA with two layers of a substrate is
designed in which the second layer was stacked over the first substrate of the same material. Thirdly,
the diagonal slots are cut on the MSA, and in final attempt slots are also cut at all the corners on the
MSA, and then comparison has been made between performance parameters of the antennas. The motive
of paper is to meet increasing demands of wireless communication in various applications. The main
objective behind this research work is to: -

A. Increase the bandwidth of an antenna

The bandwidth of the antenna can be improved by increases the height of the antenna, by lowering the
dielectric constant.

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of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
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ICASSCT 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1921 (2021) 012023 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1921/1/012023

B. Increase the gain of an antenna

A gain can be improved by changing the shapes of a patch, in this paper, a rectangular patch is used
because this configuration reduces patch area by around 65-70% and also enhances the gain.

2. Antenna Design and its Dimensions

The proposed antenna geometry containing of a dielectric substrate, patch along with microstrip feed
line, is shown in Fig 1. The rectangular patch is separated from the ground plane with FR-4 Epoxy
Dielectric substrate with the above-shown dimensions. [1]

Table 1. Proposed Antenna Dimensions [1]

Parameters Values (in mm)

Length (Substrate) 47.04

Width (Substrate) 38.48
Height (Substrate) 1.5
Length (Patch) 38.04
Width (Patch) 29.48
Length (Feedline) 5.2
Width (Feedline) 1.0

All the dimension of designed parameters of MSA is shown above in Table 1. The figure beneath shows
a structure of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna. It consists of a dielectric substrate (FR-4), patch,
and ground plane.[1]

Figure 1. Structure of a Microstrip Patch Antenna [2]

In this paper, the ground is located at the co-ordinate on (22.04, -18.7, -1.5), and the substrate is located
over a ground plane having a co-ordinate on (-25,19.78,0). Now, a patch is positioned at the co-ordinate
on (-19.02, -14.74,0). However, the proposed antennas are fed with the microstrip line feeding
technique, which one of the convenient feeding approaches of MSA. The co-ordinate of the feed point
of the antenna is given as (-0.49, -13.5,0). The feed point must be located on a patch. The solution
frequency or resonant frequency is 2.4GHz, and operating frequency is chosen to in range of 1.5-5.0
GHz.

2
ICASSCT 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1921 (2021) 012023 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1921/1/012023

3. Antenna Designed in HFSS

Figure 2. Rectangular MSA (Single Layer). Figure 3. Rectangular MSA (Double Layer).

Figure 4. Diagonal Slotted Rectangular MSA. Figure 5. Slotted Rectangular MSA.

Fig. 2 represents a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (MSA) having a single layer of a substrate.
Fig. 3 shows a rectangular MSA having a double layer of a substrate. In the double-layer Rectangular
Patch Antenna design, another layer of the substrate was stacked over the first substrate having the same
thickness of 1.5 mm and having the same material (FR-4 Epoxy). Fig. 4 represents a diagonal slotted
MSA. In a diagonal slotted rectangular patch antenna, the slots were created diagonally in the patch to
analyse the effects of performance parameters (increases or decreases) on introducing the slots. The
dimension of the slot is 2.01 mm and 4.64 mm and the co-ordinate of the first slot is (-19.02,14.74,0)
and the co-ordinate of the second slot is (19.02, -14.74,0). Fig. 5 represents a Slotted Rectangular MSA.
In a slotted (all corners) rectangular patch antenna, the slots were introduced in a patch at all the corners
to analyse the effects of performance parameters (increases or decreases). The dimension of slots is 2.01
mm and 4.64 mm and the co-ordinate of slots are (-19.02 ,14.74 ,0), (19.02 ,14.74 ,0), (19.02, -14.74
,0), (-19.02, -14.74 ,0).

4. Result and discussion

After accomplishment of the design of the proposed antennas, the simulation was done using HFSS for
antenna parameters such as return loss (S11 parameter), VSWR, 2D radiation pattern, Gain, and
Directivity, characteristics have been shown in Fig 6-9. Fig. 6 reveals that the designed antenna (Single

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ICASSCT 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1921 (2021) 012023 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1921/1/012023

layer Rectangular MSA) provides -29.601 dB return loss at the resonant frequency of 2.37 GHz ≅ 2.4
GHz, while Fig. 7 shows that the designed antenna (Double layer Rectangular MSA) is providing -33.26
dB return loss at the frequency of 2.33 GHz. Fig. 8 displays the variation of return loss with frequency
and indicates that the designed antenna (diagonal Slotted Rectangular MSA) offers -41.65 dB return loss
at the frequency of 2.35 GHz, however, however, Fig. 9 indicates that Slotted Rectangular MSA is
providing -32.09 dB return loss at the frequency of 2.37 GHz. The variation of frequency is taken from
1.50 -5.50 GHz.
Name X Y S11 Parameter HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT Name X Y S11 Parameter HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT

m10.00 2.3700 -29.6087 Curve Info m10.00 2.3200 -33.2669 Curve Info
dB(S(1,1)) dB(S(1,1))
Setup1 : Sweep Setup1 : Sweep

-5.00
-5.00

-10.00
-10.00

-15.00
dB(S(1,1))

dB(S(1,1))
-15.00

-20.00

-20.00
-25.00

-25.00
-30.00
m1
m1

-30.00 -35.00
2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50
Freq [GHz] Freq [GHz]

Figure 6. Return Loss vs Frequency for single Figure 7. Return Loss vs Frequency for double
layer Rectangular MSA. layer Rectangular MSA.

Name X Y S11 Parameter HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT Name X Y S11 Parameter HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT

m10.00 2.3500 -41.6507 Curve Info m10.00 2.3800 -32.0907 Curve Info
dB(S(1,1)) dB(S(1,1))
Setup1 : Sweep Setup1 : Sweep
-5.00
-5.00

-10.00

-10.00
-15.00

-15.00
dB(S(1,1))

dB(S(1,1))

-20.00

-25.00
-20.00

-30.00
-25.00

-35.00

-30.00
m1 m1
-40.00

-45.00 -35.00
1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50
Freq [GHz] Freq [GHz]

Figure 8. Return Loss vs Frequency for diagonal Figure 9. Return Loss vs Frequency for slotted
slotted Rectangular MSA. Rectangular MSA.

Fig 10, shows the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of the single-layer Rectangular MSA, and the
value of VSWR is 1.58 at 2.4 GHz. However, after forming another layer of a substrate over the previous
one, VSWR decreases to 1.19 and the corresponding frequency is 2.33 GHz as shown in Fig 11. If
diagonal slots are created in the double layer substrate MSA, the value of VSWR is further reduces to
1.01 at the operating frequency of 2.35 GHz (Fig 12). The final design in which slots are created at the
four corners of the double layer slotted antenna, obtained values of VSWR is plotted in Fig. 13. It is
observed that the value of VSWR is found to be 1.09 at the operating frequency of 2.4 GHz.

4
ICASSCT 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1921 (2021) 012023 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1921/1/012023

Name X Y VSWR HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT Name X Y VSWR HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT

70.00
m1 2.4000 1.5800 75.00
m1 2.3300 1.1933
Curve Info Curve Info
VSWR(1) VSWR(1)
Setup1 : Sweep Setup1 : Sweep

60.00
62.50

50.00
50.00

40.00

VSWR(1)
VSWR(1)

37.50

30.00

25.00

20.00

12.50
10.00

m1 m1

0.00
0.00
1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50
2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 Freq [GHz]
Freq [GHz]

Figure 10. VSWR vs Frequency for single layer Figure 11. VSWR vs Frequency for double layer
Rectangular MSA. Rectangular MSA.

Name X Y VSWR HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT Name X Y VSWR HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT

75.00
m1 2.3500 1.0167 80.00
m1 2.3900 1.0990
Curve Info Curve Info
VSWR(1) VSWR(1)
Setup1 : Sweep Setup1 : Sweep
70.00
62.50

60.00

50.00
50.00
VSWR(1)

VSWR(1)

37.50 40.00

30.00
25.00

20.00

12.50
10.00

m1 m1
0.00 0.00
1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50
Freq [GHz] Freq [GHz]

Figure 12. VSWR vs Frequency for diagonal Figure 13. VSWR vs Frequency for slotted
Rectangular slotted MSA. Rectangular MSA.

Radiation pattern shown in Figs. 14-17, indicates that antennas are highly directive in the directions
angle ‘0’ degree, with a very small amount of radiation in the direction of angle ‘90’ degree. That is the
ratio of forward to backward power radiation (FBR) is finite. Directivity of antennas increases as one
moves from a single-layer antenna to derivatives of the antennas.

5
ICASSCT 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1921 (2021) 012023 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1921/1/012023

Radiation Pattern 2 HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT Radiation Pattern 1 HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT

0 Curve Info 0 Curve Info

dB(GainTotal) dB(GainTotal)
-30 30 Setup1 : LastAdaptive -30 30 Setup1 : Sw eep
Freq='2.4GHz' Phi='90deg' Freq='2.4GHz' Phi='90deg'
-0.40 -0.40

-2.80 -2.80

-60 60 -60 60

-5.20
-5.20

-7.60
-7.60

-90 90
-90 90

-120 120
-120 120

-150 150
-150 150
-180
-180

Figure 14. 2D Radiation Pattern for single layer Figure 15. 2D Radiation Pattern for double layer
Rectangular MSA. Rectangular MSA.
Radiation Pattern HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT Radiation Pattern HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT

0 Curve Info 0 Curve Info

dB(GainTotal) dB(GainTotal)
-30 30 Setup1 : Sw eep -30 30 Setup1 : Sweep
Freq='2.4GHz' Phi='90deg' Freq='2.4GHz' Phi='90deg'
-0.40 -0.40

-2.80 -2.80
-60 60 -60 60
-5.20 -5.20

-7.60 -7.60

-90 90 -90 90

-120 120
-120 120

-150 150
-150 150
-180
-180

Figure 16. 2D Radiation Pattern for diagonal Figure 17. 2D Radiation Pattern for slotted
slotted Rectangular MSA. Rectangular MSA.

The plot of antenna gain shows the strength of a signal that an antenna can send/receive in a particular
direction, and the variation of gain of an antenna with frequency is revealed in Figs 18-21. Fig. 18,
shows that the designed antenna (Single layer MSA) has got a maximum gain of 0.25 at the frequency
of 2.5 GHz. However, the maximum gain of double layer and diagonal coupled Microstrip Antennas
was found to be 1.48 at the same frequency, as shown in Fig 19 and 20. The maximum gain of Slotted
MSA is 1.75 at frequency 2.65 GHz. Obtain results for all the antenna designs reveals that maximum
gain lies between 0.25 dB -1.75 dB in the operating frequency range 2.5-2.65 GHz. MSA Parameters at
First Resonance and Second Resonance are given in Table 2 and Table 3 respectively.
Name X Y Gain HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT Name X Y Gain HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT

m12.50 2.5000 0.2549 m12.00 2.5000 1.4814 m2 m1

Curve Info Curve Info
m2 3.6900 -18.2015 dB(GainTotal) m2 2.4000 1.3772 dB(GainTotal)
m3 m1
m3 2.4000 0.1634 Setup1 : Sw eep Setup1 : Sw eep
0.00 Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg' Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg'
0.00

-2.50
-2.00

-5.00
-4.00
dB(GainTotal)

dB(GainTotal)

-7.50
-6.00
-10.00

-8.00
-12.50

-10.00
-15.00

m2 -12.00
-17.50

-20.00 -14.00
2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50
Freq [GHz] Freq [GHz]

Figure 18. Gain vs Frequency for single layer Figure 19. Gain vs Frequency for double layer
Rectangular MSA. Rectangular MSA.

6
ICASSCT 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1921 (2021) 012023 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1921/1/012023

Name X Y Gain HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT Name X Y m1 gain HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT

m14.00 2.4000 1.2989 m12.00 2.6500 1.7579 m2

Curve Info Curve Info
dB(GainTotal) m2 2.4000 1.3892 dB(GainTotal)
Setup1 : Sweep Setup1 : Sweep
2.00 m1 Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg' Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg'
0.00

-0.00
-2.00

-2.00
-4.00

dB(GainTotal)
dB(GainTotal)

-4.00
-6.00

-6.00

-8.00
-8.00

-10.00
-10.00

-12.00
-12.00

-14.00 -14.00
1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50
Freq [GHz] Freq [GHz]

Figure 20. Gain vs Frequency for diagonal Figure 21. Gain vs Frequency for slotted
slotted Rectangular MSA. Rectangular MSA.

The directivity graph (Figs. 22-25) shows the strength of a signal that an antenna can send/receive in a
particular direction is maximum at a resonance frequency of the antennas, and its values between 3.95
dB-4.14 dB.
Name X Y Directivity HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT Name X Y directivity HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT

m15.00 2.5000 4.3741 m2 m1 m15.00 3.5600 -10.2068

Curve Info m3 m2 Curve Info
m2 2.4000 4.1472 dB(DirTotal) m2 2.5000 4.2292 dB(DirTotal)
Setup1 : Sweep Setup1 : Sweep
m3 2.4000 4.0322
Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg' Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg'
2.50
2.50

0.00
-0.00

-2.50
dB(DirTotal)

-2.50
dB(DirTotal)

-5.00

-5.00
-7.50

-10.00 -7.50

-12.50 m1
-10.00

-15.00
2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 -12.50
Freq [GHz]
1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50
Freq [GHz]

Figure 22. Directivity vs Frequency for single Figure 23. Directivity vs Frequency for double
layer Rectangular MSA. layer Rectangular MSA.

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ICASSCT 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1921 (2021) 012023 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1921/1/012023

Name X Y Directicity HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT Name X Y Directivity HFSSDesign1 ANSOFT

m15.00 2.4000 3.9514 m1 Curve Info m15.00 2.4000 3.9849 Curve Info
m1
dB(DirTotal) dB(DirTotal)
Setup1 : Sweep Setup1 : Sweep
Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg' Phi='0deg' Theta='0deg'
2.50
2.50

-0.00
0.00

-2.50
dB(DirTotal)

dB(DirTotal)
-2.50

-5.00

-5.00
-7.50

-10.00 -7.50

-12.50
-10.00
1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50
Freq [GHz] 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50
Freq [GHz]

Figure 24. Directivity vs Frequency for Figure 25. Directivity vs Frequency for slotted
diagonal slotted Rectangular MSA. Rectangular MSA.

Table 2. MSA Parameter at First Resonance

Antenna Return VSWR Fr1 Changes
(MSA) Loss(dB) in Return
(GHz)
Loss(dB)
Single -29.601 1.58 2.4 ___
Layer
Double -33.26 1.19 2.33 3.26
Layer
Diagonally -41.65 1.01 2.35 8.39
slotted
Slotted -32.09 1.09 2.4 -9.56

Table 3. MSA Parameter at Second Resonance

Antenna Return VSWR Fr2 Changes
(MSA) Loss(dB) (GHz) in Return
Loss(dB)
Single -21.96 1.09 4.66 ____
Layer
Double -24.52 1.67 4.54 2.56
Layer
Diagonally -28.32 1.004 4.59 3.80
slotted
Slotted -26.38 1.07 4.70 -1.94

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ICASSCT 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1921 (2021) 012023 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1921/1/012023

Table 4. Variation of Gain, Directivity, and BW Resonances at 2.4 GHz.

Antenna Gain Directivity BW1 BW2
(MSA) (dB) (MHz) (MHz)
(dB)
Single 0.16 4.14 80 100
Layer
Double 1.37 4.03 90 110
Layer
Diagonally 1.29 3.95 100 200
slotted
Slotted 1.38 3.98 110 90

5. Conclusion
This paper presents the design and simulation of the double layer and slotted coupled microstrip patch
antennas to be operated at a frequency 2.4 GHz. The performance parameters such as VSWR, return
loss, gain and directivity are obtained using HFSS 13, and reveals that diagonally coupled MSA provides
a minimum reflection of power compared to single-layer MSA. The gain of the antennas (single layer,
double layer, diagonally slotted, and corner slotted antennas) lies between 0.16-1.38 dB However,
corresponding directivity lies between 4.14-3.98 dB, the significant improvement is observed in the case
of diagonally coupled slot antenna where return loss value is improved by 8.39 dB (Table 4). The 10 dB
operating bandwidth of the antennas is in the range of 80-200 MHz, hence will be useful for Wi-Fi and
Bluetooth services.

6. References
[1] Shera Prabjyot Singh, Ashish Singh, Deepak Upadhyay, Sunilkumar Pal, Mahesh Munde;”
Design and Fabrication of Microstrip Patch Antenna at 2.4 GHz for WLAN Application using
HFSS”, IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE) Special
issue AETM’16 Volume No. 1.
[2] B.Sai Sandeep; S.Sreenath Kashyap;” Design And Simulation Of Microstrip Patch Arrayantenna
For Wireless Communication at 2.4 GHz”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research, Volume 3, Issue 11, November-2012.
[3] Tanish Narang; Shubhangi Jain; “Microstrip Patch Antenna- A Historical Perceptive of the
development”, Conference on Advances in Communication and Control Systems
2013(CAC2S 2013).
[4] Liton Chandra Paul, Nahid Sultan, “Design, simulation and Performance Analysis of a line feed
rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna” IJESET, Feb 2013.

[5] S. L Latif, L. Shafai, and S.K.Sharma, Bandwidth Enhancement and Size Reduction of Microstrip
Slot Antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, USA, Vol.53, No.3, pp.994-
1003, March-2005.
[6] Md. Maruf Ahamed, Kishore Bhowmik, Abdulla Al Suman “Analysis and design of rectangular
microstrip patch antenna on different resonant frequencies for pervasive wireless
communication” International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research Volume 1, Issue
5, JUNE 2012.
[7] Aiza Mahyuni Mozi, Dayang Suhaida Awang Damit, Zafirah Faiza, “Rectangular Spiral
Microstrip Antenna for WLAN Application”, IEEE Control and System Graduate Research
Colloquium (ICSGRC 2012), 2013.

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ICASSCT 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1921 (2021) 012023 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1921/1/012023

[8] M Ammanagi, Rahul Khadilkar, Akash Harwani, Disha Budhlani, Disha Dembla; “Comparison
of the performance of Microstrip Antenna at 2.4GHz Using Different Substrate Materials”,
International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958,
Volume-3, Issue-4, April 2014.
[9] Stutzman. and Thiele, G.A., Antenna Theory and Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1998.

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