NAME: NURUL NAJWA NABILA BINTI AHMAD SHAHIR

STUDENT ID: 2022608166

GROUP: AS222

TITLE: CHM 420 LAB REPORT 2022 EXPERIMENT 4 (STOICHIOMETRY AND

THEORETICAL YIELD)

TYPE OF FILE: PDF

1
TABLE OF CONTENT

NO PAGES DESCRIPTION

2 Table of content

3 Objective

3 Introduction

3 Chemical and Apparatus

4 Procedure

5–6 Data, Results and Calculations

6 Discussions

6 Conclusions

7 Questions

7 Reference

2
OBJECTIVE
To identify the limiting reactant, excess reactant and to determine the per cent yield.

INTRODUCTION
Stoichiometry is the science of measuring the quantitative proportions or mass ratios which
chemical elements stand to one another. Given enough information, one can use
stoichiometry to calculate masses, moles, and per cents within a chemical equation. A
chemical equation is an expression of a chemical process. The equation shows that the
reactants react through some process to form the products. Sometimes when reactions
occur between two or more substances, one reactant runs out before the other. The
reactant that is completely consumed is called limiting reactant, whereas unreacted
reactants are called excess reactants. Often, it is necessary to identify the limiting reactant
in a problem.

Amounts of substances produced are called yields. The amounts calculated according to
stoichiometry are called theoretical yields whereas the experimental amounts are called
actual yields. The limiting reactant is the limiting factor for the theoretical yields of all
products. The actual yields are often expressed in percentage and are called per cent yields.
However, the actual yield is always less because of incomplete reactions or loss. After the
laboratory reaction is complete, you will isolate and measure the amount of product, then
compare the actual yield to the theoretical yield to determine the per cent yield:

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)

Percentage yield = x 100%
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)

Steps to calculate theoretical yield:

1. Balance the reaction and determine the ratios of reactants to products.

2. Calculate the number of moles of each reactant used.
3. Determine which reactant is limiting.
4. Calculate the moles of product expected if the yield were 100% based on the limiting
reactant.
5. Calculate the mass of product corresponding to the number of moles expected
(theoretical yield).

CHEMICAL AND APPARATUS

- 0.50 M CaCl2
- 1.50 M Na2CO3
- Burette
- Erlenmeyer/conical flask
- Watch glass
- Oven
- Analytical balance
- Gravity filter set: filter paper and funnel
- Suction Filtration Set: Unfolded filter paper and Buchner funnel and Adapter and
Vacuum filter flask

3
PROCEDURE

1. Required volume of 0.5 M CaCI2 and 1.5 M Na2CO3 were dispensed (as stated in
Table 4.1 below) from the burette on the side bench (prepared by laboratory
assistant) into a clean conical flask. All volumes were recorded to two decimal places
since we used a burette.

Table 4.1 Volume of Reactant Required

Reaction 0.50 M CaCI2 1.50 M Na2CO3

1 20.00 mL 10.00 mL

2 20.00 mL 5.00 mL

2. Initially, we did not observe a precipitate. The flask was swirled and was left aside for
five minutes to allow precipitate to completely form.
3. The product was suction filtered using a Buchner funnel or gravity filter.
4. This sides of the conical were washed with a small amount of distilled water and it
was added to the filter paper.
5. The filter paper was carefully removed because it was still moist and then it was
placed on a pre-weighed watch glass. This product was dried in the oven for half an
hour.
6. The product (CaCO3) was scraped from the filter paper onto the watch glass. Without
tearing or scraping off some of the filter paper, we tried to get as much as we can off
the filter paper.
7. The filter paper was discarded and the watch glass returned to the oven for a further
ten minutes.
8. The mass of product was determined. The mass of our product was reheated and
redetermined at least three times to complete dryness and we get two weighing that
are within 0.2 g of one another.
9. The amount of CaCO3 obtained was compared with that expected. The limiting
reactant and the excess reactant were identified, and the percent yield was
calculated.

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DATA

Reaction

1 2

Mass of the product, g 0.888 g 0.562 g

(1st heat)
Mass of the product, g 0.887 g 0.560 g
(after reheating)

Mass of the product, g 0.887 g 0.558 g

(after reheating)
Mass of the product, g 0.887 g 0.560 g

RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

REACTION 1 REACTION 2
BALANCED CaCI2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3 + 2 NaCI
CHEMICAL
EQUATION
NO OF MOLES MV
FOR CaCI2 [0.5] [0.02]
1.0 x 10-2 mol
NO OF MOLES n = MV n = MV
FOR Na2CO3 [1.5] [0.01] [1.5] [0.005]
-2
1.5 x 10 mol 7.5 x 10-3 mol
STOICHIOMETRY 1 mol CaCI2 – 1 mol CaCO3 1 mol CaCI2 – 1 mol CaCO3
-2 -2
1.0 x 10 mol CaCI2 – 1.0 x 10 mol 1.0 x 10-2 mol CaCI2 – 1.0 x 10-2 mol
CaCO3 CaCO3

1 mol Na2CO3– 1 mol CaCO3 1 mol Na2CO3– 1 mol CaCO3

1.5 x 10-2 mol Na2CO3 – 1.5 x 10-2 mol 7.5 x 10-3 mol Na2CO3 – 7.5 x 10-3
CaCO3 mol CaCO3

LIMITING CaCI2 Na2CO3

REACTANTS It is produced a smaller number of It is produced a smaller number of
moles CaCO3 compared to Na2CO3 moles CaCO3 compared to CaCI2

EXCESS REACTANTS Na2CO3 CaCI2

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 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)
Percentage yield = x 100%
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)

Reaction 1

Molar mass of CaCO3 = 40.08 + 12.01 +(16.00 x 3) = 100.09 g mol-1

Mass of CaCO3 = (1.0 x 10-2) x 100.09 g = 1.009 g
0.887𝑔
Percentage yield of CaCO3 = x 100% = 87.90%
1.009 𝑔

Reaction 2

Molar mass of CaCO3 = 40.08 + 12.01 +(16.00 x 3) = 100.09 g mol-1

Mass of CaCO3 = (7.5 x 10-2) x 100.09 g = 0.750 g
0.560 𝑔
Percentage yield of CaCO3 = x 100% = 74.67%
0.750 𝑔

DISCUSSIONS
For both reactions, the reactants used were the same which were 0.5 M calcium chloride,
CaCI2 and 1.5 M sodium carbonate, Na2CO3. Thus, the chemical equations for both reactions
were the same: CaCI2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3 + 2 NaCI. The difference was only the volume of
Na2CO3 use, that were 10mL in reaction 1 and 5mL in reaction 2. Therefore, once the yield
product produced was calculated, each reaction had different amount of product. The
product formed was white solid called calcium carbonate, CaCO3. Next, the limiting reactant
for each reaction was determined according to stoichiometry. In reaction 1, the limiting
reactant was CaCI2 and the excess reactant was Na2CO3, while in reaction, Na2CO3 was the
liming reactant and the excess reactant was CaCI2.

The limiting reactant is the reactant that is completely used up in a reaction, and thus
determines when the reaction stop. From the reaction stoichiometry, the exact amount of
reactant needed to react with another element can be calculated. If the reactants are not
mixed in the correct stoichiometric proportions (as indicated by the balanced chemical
equation), the one of the reactants will be entirely consumed while another will be left over.
The limiting reactant is the one that is totally consumed; it limits the reaction from
continuing because there is none left to react with the in-excess reactant.

CONCLUSIONS
The limiting reactants and the excess reactants for both reactions were identified. The
percent yields of CaCO3 in reaction 1 and reaction 2 determined were 87.90% and 74.67%
respectively. The percent yields is more than 20%, so the experiment was excepted.

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QUESTIONS
1. For each of the two reactions
(a) Write balanced chemical equation.
CaCI2 + Na2CO3 = CaCO3 + 2 NaCI

(b) Determine the limiting reactant.

Reaction 1: Calcium chloride, CaCI2
Reaction 2: Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3

(c) Determine the theoretical yield.

1.0009 g

(d) Determine the percent yield of the product.

Reaction 1: 87.90%
Reaction 2: 74.67%

2. Was the yield you obtained satisfactory? Justify your answer.

Yes, percentage yields in this experiment is obtained will be less than 100% as there
always some small loss. In reaction 1, the loss amount is 12.10% while in reaction 2,
the loss amount is 25.33%.

REFERENCE
 MINDAPPZ, Exploring Chemistry Laboratory Experiments for General Chemistry
Second Edition.
 https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modul
es_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Limiting_Reagents
 https://sites.google.com/site/stoichiometry1/limiting-and-excess-reactants