Determination of Solids in Water

Exp No:
Date: xx/xx/2015
DETERMINATION OF SOLIDS IN WATER
Aim:
To determine the concentration of suspended solids, dissolved solids and total solids in a given water sample.
Apparatus required:
Porcelain dish, measuring cylinder, weighing balance, beaker, filter paper, funnel.
Reagents:
Sodium chloride, Calcium chloride
Theory:
It is needless to emphasize the importance of water in our life. We need water for different purposes
such as drinking, for industries, for irrigation etc. thus water has different purposes has its own requirements for
the composition and purity and each body of water has to be analysed on a regular basis to confirm to
suitability.
The total amount of solids present in water includes suspended solids and dissolved solids. Total
solids in water sample can be determined by evaporating the sample and weighing the residue left behind. The
suspended solids can be determined by filtering the sample with filter paper and measuring the weight of
residue left in filter paper after drying. The difference between total solids and suspended solids will represent
the dissolved solid content.
paper and measuring the weight of residue left in filter paper after drying. The difference between total solids
and suspended solids will represent the dissolved solid content.
Observations & Calculations:
Sample: 400 ml of water + 4 g of CaCO3 + 1 g of NaCl
W1 = weight of dish = g
W2 = weight of dish + dry residue = g
W3 = weight of filter paper = g
W4 = weight of filter paper + dry residue = g
Total solids in 20ml sample = (W2-W1) g = g
Concentration of total solids, x = mg/ml
Suspended solids in 20ml sample = (W4-W3) gm
Concentration of suspended solids, y = mg/ml
Concentration of dissolved solids = (x-y) mg/ml

Formula:
Total solids in 20ml sample = (W2-W1) g
Concentration of total solids, x = mg/ml
Suspended solids in 20ml sample = (W4-W3) g
Concentration of suspended solids, y = mg/ml
Concentration of dissolved solids = (x-y) mg/ml

where,
W1 = weight of dish (g)
W2 = weight of dish + dry residue (g)
W3 = weight of filter paper (g)
W4 = weight of filter paper + dry residue (g)
Procedure:
The empty dish was weighed and noted as W1 gm provided clean & dry. 20 ml of given water sample
was taken in the dish and evaporated. The dish was then again weighed with the residue left & noted as W2 gm.
Now, the given filter paper was weighed as W3 gm. 20 ml of given water sample was filtered through
filter paper. This filter paper containing the residue is then dried and weighed as W4 gm.
Result:
i) Concentration of total solids in the sample = mg/ml

ii) Concentration of suspended solids in the sample = mg/ml
iii) Concentration of dissolved solids in the sample = mg/ml
Exp.No:
Date: xx/xx/2015
DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS OF WATER

Aim:
To determine the hardness of the given sample of water.
Apparatus:
Burette and burette stand, porcelain tile, wash bottle, 250 ml graduated cylinder, conical flask.
Chemicals Required:
HCl, (N/50) Na2CO3, EDTA, Methyl orange indicator, Phenolphthalein indicator, Erichrome Black-T
indicator, MgSO4, Buffer solution.
Theory:
The hardness of water is due to the presence of water soluble bicarbonates, sulphates and chlorides and of
calcium and magnesium. Hardness is of two types, namely, temporary and permanent hardness. The hardness
which can be removed on heating is termed temporary. Temporary hardness is due to the presence of
bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium, which get easily decomposed on heating to form carbonates.
Permanent hardness is due to presence of sulphates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium.
To determine the total hardness of water, the EDTA method is used. The disodium salt of ethylene
diamine tetra acetic acid forms stable metal complexes with calcium and magnesium ions at pH 10. For the
titration, Erichrome Black T is used as an indicator. At the pH range (7–11) it has a blue colour. When the
indicator is added to the hard water sample containing both Ca 2+ and Mg2+, the magnesium ions form a stable
Mg-EBT complex with the indicator, which is wine red in colour.
Observations:
Determination of Temporary Hardness:
Burette Reading (ml)
S.No Vol. of water Initial Final Volume of HCl
sample(ml) (ml)
V1 V2 V1 V2 V1 V2
1 100 0
2 100 0
Determination of Total Hardness:
Vol. of water Burette Reading (ml) Volume of EDTA
S.No sample (ml), V3

(ml)
Initial Final
1 100 0
2 100 0
As EDTA is added to the hard water sample Ca-EDTA complex is first formed. When all Ca 2+ ions are used
up, EDTA snatches the Mg ++ ions from Mg-EBT complex to form Mg- EDTA complex leaving the indicator
free and turning the solution blue. This is the endpoint of the titration and the volume of EDTA consumed
corresponds to the EDTA required for complexion with the calcium and magnesium ions present in the water
sample.
Procedure:
Temporary Hardness:
Take 100 ml of water under test into a clean conical flask after rinsing the flask with the same water. Add one
or two drops of phenolphthalein indicator and titrate against approximately 0.01 N HCl. When the colour just
disappears, note the titre value (V1, ml). Add methyl orange indicator and titration is continued till golden
yellow just turns to orange red (V2, ml).
Total Hardness:
Measure out 100ml water under test into a conical flask. Add 3ml of buffer solution followed by 4 to 5 drops of
Erichrome Black-T indicator. Mix thoroughly. The solution will become wine red in colour. It is then titrated
against approximately 0.01 N EDTA. Contents of the flask are kept stirred throughout the titration. End point is
the change of purple to blue colour persistent for about 15 seconds. Titre value is noted as V3 ml.
Standardization of HCl:
Na2CO3 can be used to standardize HCl. Prepare an approximately equal normal solution of Na 2CO3 and titrate
against HCl using methyl orange indicator.
Burette Reading (ml) Volume of HCl Standardization

Vol. of
of HCl:
S.No Initial Final (ml), V4
sample (ml)
1 10
2 10
Calculations:
Standardisation of HCl:
Normality of Na2C03 ×Volume of Na2CO3 = Normality of HCl × Volume of HCl

NHCl = N
Temporary hardness of water sample = ppm
= ppm
Total hardness of water sample = = = ppm
Permanent hardness of water sample = Total hardness – Temporary hardness

=
= ppm
Equations:
The equations for calculating hardness are:

Temporary hardness of water sample = ppm
Where, N2 = Normality of HCl
V1 = Vol. of HCl required for disappearance of pink color.
V2 = Vol. of HCl required for changing yellow to orange red.
Total hardness of water sample = ppm
Where, N4 = Normality of EDTA
V3 = Volume of EDTA
Permanent hardness of water sample = Total hardness – Temporary hardness
Results:
The temporary hardness of given sample of water is ppm
The total hardness of sample is ppm
Therefore the permanent hardness of sample is ppm
Inference:
The water sample which we use every day has some amount of hardness associated with it. This is the main
cause of scum formation etc. The ions like chlorides and sulphates are its basic reason. Using EDTA and some
indicators we can experimentally determine its hardness.

Determination of Solids in Water

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Exp No:

DETERMINATION OF SOLIDS IN WATER

Sodium chloride, Calcium chloride

Sample: 400 ml of water + 4 g of CaCO3 + 1 g of NaCl

Total solids in 20ml sample = (W2-W1) g = g

Concentration of total solids, x = mg/ml

Suspended solids in 20ml sample = (W4-W3) gm

Concentration of suspended solids, y = mg/ml

Concentration of dissolved solids = (x-y) mg/ml

Total solids in 20ml sample = (W2-W1) g

Concentration of total solids, x = mg/ml

Suspended solids in 20ml sample = (W4-W3) g

Concentration of suspended solids, y = mg/ml

Concentration of dissolved solids = (x-y) mg/ml

i) Concentration of total solids in the sample = mg/ml

DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS OF WATER

To determine the hardness of the given sample of water.

Burette Reading (ml)

S.No Vol. of water Initial Final Volume of HCl

Determination of Total Hardness:

Vol. of water Burette Reading (ml) Volume of EDTA

S.No sample (ml), V3

Burette Reading (ml) Volume of HCl Standardization

Normality of Na2C03 ×Volume of Na2CO3 = Normality of HCl × Volume of HCl

Temporary hardness of water sample = ppm

Total hardness of water sample = = = ppm

Permanent hardness of water sample = Total hardness – Temporary hardness

The equations for calculating hardness are:

Where, N2 = Normality of HCl

V1 = Vol. of HCl required for disappearance of pink color.

V2 = Vol. of HCl required for changing yellow to orange red.

Total hardness of water sample = ppm

Where, N4 = Normality of EDTA

Permanent hardness of water sample = Total hardness – Temporary hardness

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