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    Water Technology1

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    Tejas Yadav
    Water is the most abundant compound on Earth, making up about 80% of the planet's surface. It exists in various forms such as rain, rivers, lakes, wells, springs, and seas. Water is a universal solvent that can dissolve many substances due to its polar nature and ability to form hydrogen bonds. Hard water does not lather easily with soap while soft water does. Hardness is caused by dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium which can be temporary (removed by boiling) or permanent (removed by chemical processes). Using hard water for washing, industry, and other purposes can cause issues like soap waste, staining, and reactions with chemicals.

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    Water Technology1

    Uploaded by

    Tejas Yadav
    28 views4 pages
    Water is the most abundant compound on Earth, making up about 80% of the planet's surface. It exists in various forms such as rain, rivers, lakes, wells, springs, and seas. Water is a universal solvent that can dissolve many substances due to its polar nature and ability to form hydrogen bonds. Hard water does not lather easily with soap while soft water does. Hardness is caused by dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium which can be temporary (removed by boiling) or permanent (removed by chemical processes). Using hard water for washing, industry, and other purposes can cause issues like soap waste, staining, and reactions with chemicals.

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    Water is the most abundant compound on Earth, making up about 80% of the planet's surface. It exists in various forms such as rain, rivers, lakes, wells, springs, and seas. Water is a universal solvent that can dissolve many substances due to its polar nature and ability to form hydrogen bonds. Hard water does not lather easily with soap while soft water does. Hardness is caused by dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium which can be temporary (removed by boiling) or permanent (removed by chemical processes). Using hard water for washing, industry, and other purposes can cause issues like soap waste, staining, and reactions with chemicals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    28 views4 pages

    Water Technology1

    Uploaded by

    Tejas Yadav
    Water is the most abundant compound on Earth, making up about 80% of the planet's surface. It exists in various forms such as rain, rivers, lakes, wells, springs, and seas. Water is a universal solvent that can dissolve many substances due to its polar nature and ability to form hydrogen bonds. Hard water does not lather easily with soap while soft water does. Hardness is caused by dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium which can be temporary (removed by boiling) or permanent (removed by chemical processes). Using hard water for washing, industry, and other purposes can cause issues like soap waste, staining, and reactions with chemicals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    UNIT-1

    WATER TECHNOLOGY

    Water is the most important compound for the existence of human beings, animals
    and plants. About 80% of the earth’s surface is occupied by water. The main sources of water
    are

    (i) Rain

    (ii) Rivers and lakes

    (iii) Wells and springs.

    (iv) Sea water.

    1.1 Characteristics of water:

    Water is regarded as a universal solvent.

    Water is regarded as a universal solvent because

    (1) It is polar in nature.

    (2)It can dissolve almost all substances without chemical actions.

    (3)It has a dipole moment.

    (4)It has a high dielectric constant.

    (5)It has hydrogen bonding.

    1.2 Hard water and Soft water

    Water which does not produce lather with soap solution but forms a white precipitate
    is called hard water. Water which lathers easily with soap solution is called soft water.

    1.2.1 Hardness of water

    Hardness is the property of water which does not produce lather with soap.

    It is due to the dissolution of salts of certain metals.


    1.2.2. Types of hardness

    Depending upon the types of dissolved salts present in water hardness of water can be
    classified into two types.

    1. Temporary hardness

    2. Permanent hardness.

    1. Temporary hardness or Carbonate hardness or Alkaline hardness:

    This is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium .Temporary hardness
    can be removed by

    a) Boiling the water


    Ca(HCO3)2 → CaCO3 + H2O +CO2

    b) Adding lime to the water.


    Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Ca(OH)2 → Mg(OH)2 + 2CaCO3+ 2H2O

    2. Permanent hardness or non carbonate hardness or non alkaline hardness::

    This is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. Permanent
    hardness can be removed by

    a) Lime – soda process


    CaCl2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2NaCl

    b) Zeolite process.
    CaSO4 + Na2Ze → CaZe + Na2SO4

    1.2.3. Units used for expressing hardness of water

    Parts per million, milligrams per litre, clarkes degree, French degree

    ppm

    It is defined as the number of parts of Calcium carbonate equivalent hardness per


    million (106) parts of water.

    Clarke’s degree:
    It is defined as the number of parts of Calcium carbonate equivalent hardness per 70,000
    parts of water.
    Milligrams/litre(mg/l)
    It is defined as the number of milligram of calcium carbonate equivalent hardness present
    in the 1litre of water.
    French Degree:(Fr0)
    It is defined as the number of calcium carbonate equivalent hardness per 105 parts of water.
    1.2.4.Expression of hardness in terms of Calcium carbonate equivalent

    The concentration of hardness producing salts are usually expressed in terms of an


    equivalent amount of CaCO3 . CaCO3 is chosen as a standard because.

    Molecular weight of CaCO3 is 100, equivalent weight of CaCO3 is 50. Both are whole
    numbers., So it is easy for calculation.

    1) CaCO3 is highly insoluble in water. So it is easy for precipitation.

    1.3 Disadvantages of using hard water in washing and industrial purposes

    Washing:

    Hard water when used for washing purposes does not lather freely with soap; it
    produces sticky precipitates of calcium and magnesium soaps. The formation of such
    insoluble, sticky precipitates continues, till all calcium and magnesium salts present in water
    are precipitated. After that the soap gives lather with water. This causes wastage of lot of
    soap. Moreover the sticky precipitate adheres to the fabric giving spots and streaks. Also
    presence of iron salts may cause staining of cloth.

    Industrial uses

    (i) Textile industry

    Hard water causes much of the soap to go as waste, because hard water cannot
    produce good quality of lather. Moreover the sticky precipitate adheres on the fabric giving
    spots and streaks. Also presence of iron salts may cause staining of cloth.

    (ii) Sugar industry

    Water containing sulphates , nitrates, alkali carbonates etc if used in sugar refining
    causes difficulties in the crystallization of sugar. The sugar so produced may be deliquescent.
    (iii) Dyeing industry

    The dissolved calcium, iron and magnesium salts in hard water may react with costly
    dyes, forming undesirable precipitates, which yield impure shades and give spots on the
    fabrics being dyed.

    (iv) Paper industry

    Calcium and magnesium salts tend to react with chemicals and other materials
    employed to provide a smooth and glossy finish to paper. Moreover iron salts may even
    affect the colour of the paper being produced.

    (v) Laundry

    Hard water, if used in laundry causes much of the soap used in washing to go as waste
    .Iron salts may even cause coloration of the Clothes.

     (vi) Concrete making

    Water containing chlorides and sulphates, if used for concrete making affects the
    hydration of cement and the final strength of the hardened concrete.

    (vii) Pharmaceutical Industry

    Hard water, if used for preparing pharmaceutical products may produce certain
    undesirable products in them.

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