MAKALAH

PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGI

CONSONANT

Arranged by Team 5:

Aliviah Nabila Putri (105351102121)

A. Putri Nurfadhila (105351101721)

Syahrul Nurjam(105351102021)

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY MAKASSAR

2022

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 PREFACE

Thank God, we always pray to the presence of Allah SWT who has bestowed His
grace and gifts, so that we can complete this paper in order to fulfill the group assignment for
the Phonetic and phonology course with the title: "Consonant".

We realize that the writing of this paper cannot be separated from the help of many
people who sincerely provide suggestions and criticisms, so that this paper can be completed.

We are also fully aware that this paper is far from perfect due to the limitations of our
experience and knowledge. Therefore, we expect all forms of suggestions, input and criticism
from various parties. Finally, we hope that this paper can provide benefits for the
development of the world of education.

Makassar, 13 October 2022

Team 5

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE OF PAGE..........................................................................................................................i
PREFACE.....................................................................................................................................ii

TABLE OF CONTENT................................................................................................................iii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1

A.Background of The Study .............................................................................................1

B.Problem Formulation.....................................................................................................1
C.Purpose..........................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER II CONTENT.............................................................................................................2

1.Definition Of Consonants...............................................................................................2

2.Kinds Of Consonants.....................................................................................................2

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................10

Conclusion.........................................................................................................................10

BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................................................11

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 CHAPTER I

IINTRODUCTION

A. Background of The Study

In Indonesia English is a foreign language. It is normally not spoken on daily
basis, except in limited circles, such as foreign institutions (foreign companies and
agencies),English educational institutions, and some bilingual schools. It is very
seldom used in personal domains, such family life or friendship. However, for long
English has been adoptedas the most important foreign language because of its
strategic functions in the international communication. But, the teaching of English in
Indonesia has been characterized with massive failure. Many factors can be attributed
for the fact, such as poor learning facilities, poor English syllabi, and incompetent
teachers. It is not surprising that the English spoken by Indonesian speakers is
characterized with deviation in all linguistic levels, including phonology.
Accordingly, the English spoken by Indonesians can cause understanding problems in
the following areas: (1) fortis /lenis distinction for final obstruents, (2) lax and tense
distinction for vowels, (3) replacements of palate - alveolar fricatives // and // and also
the voiced ʃ ʒ alveolar fricative /z/ with /s/, (4) consonant cluster re-arrangement or
simplification, and (5)different stress assignment. Their accent will be distinctively
recognized because they produce a different pronunciation. The differences will be
seen clearly through features of vowels, consonants, and diphthongs. I would like to
discuss about consonant cluster which is part of segmental phonemes. It should be
noticed that, like in English, certain sequences of double consonants are acceptable in
Indonesia. Words like try and sleep are observed in Indonesian languages. But, there
are not all sequences double consonants are observed in Indonesian languages.

B. Problem Formulation
1. Definition about consonants
2. Kinds of consonants
C. Purpose
1. To know the meaning of consonant
2. To find out the class of consonants

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 CHAPTER II

CONTENT

A. CONSONANTS
1. Definition of Consonants
Consonant is 1) a speech sound made by completely or partly stopping the
flow of air being breath out through the mouth; 2) a letter of the alphabet that
represents a consonant sound, for example ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘f’, etc. – compare vowel. The
word consonant is come from Latin, means “agree” and “sound”.

A consonant is a speech sound that's not a vowel. The sound of a consonant is

produced by a partial or complete obstruction of the air stream by a constriction of the speech
organs.In writing, a consonant is any letter of the alphabet except a, e, i, o, u, and
sometimes y. When two or more consonant sounds are pronounced in succession without an
intervening vowel (as in the words dream and bursts), the group is called a consonant
blend or consonant cluster.
In a consonant blend, the sound of each individual letter can be heard. By contrast, in
a consonant digraph (as in the word phone), two successive letters represent a single sound.

b.     Kinds of Consonants
“There are 21 consonant letters in the written alphabet (B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M,
N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z), and there are 24 consonant sounds in most English accents. .
. . Because of the erratic history of English spelling, there is no neat one-to-one correlation
between letters and sounds."
Classifying the Consonants Sounds of English According to the Manner and Place of
Articulation. According to the manner of articulation (how the breath is used) the consonants
are: stops, also known as plosives, fricatives, affricates, nasals, laterals, and approximants.
Nasals, laterals and approximants are always voiced; stops, fricatives and affricates can
be voiced or unvoiced.

During production of these sounds, the airflow from the lungs is completely
Stops
blocked at some point, then released. In English, they are /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/,
/Plosives/
and /g/.

Fricatives The flow of air is constricted, but not totally stopped or blocked. In English,

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 these include /f/, /v/, / /, / /,
/s/, /z/, / /, / /, and /h/.

These sounds begin like stops, with a complete blockage of air/closure of the
Affricates vocal tract, and end with a restricted flow of air like fricatives. English has two
affricates - the / / sounds of "church" and the / / of "judge".

Nasals are sounds made with air passing through the nose. In English, these
Nasals
are /m/, /n/, and / /.

Lateral consonants allow the air to escape at the sides of the tongue. In English
Laterals
there is only one such sound - /l/

In the production of an approximant, one articulator is close to another, but the

vocal tract is not narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is
Approximants
produced. In English, these are /j/, /w/ and /r/. Approximants /j/ and /w/ are
also referred to as semi-vowels.

Consonant Sound has 24 sound symbol that is divided into six forms of sound, among
others :
a. Stops
Sound produced by holding the flow / airway through the mouth and nose.
No Symbol Word Meaning
1 P Pil – Lip Obat – Bibir
2 B But – Tub Tapi – Bak Mandi
3 T Tea – Eat Teh – Makan
4 D Deal – Lead Setuju – Bimbing
5 K Kill – Lick Bunuh – Jilat
6 G Gas - Sag Gas - Kelonggaran

b. Fricatives
The sound is produced by blowing air melalaui narrow space formed by the lips,
teeth, tongue,
No Symbol Word Meaning
1 /f/ Feel – Leaf Merasa – Daun
2 /v/ Vile – Live Busuk – ks. Yg hidup
3 / Θ / Theme – Myth Tema – Mitos

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 4 / Ð / This – With Ini – Dengan
5 /s/ Safe – Face Aman – Wajah
6 /z/ Zone – Nose Kawasan – Hidung
7 / ʃ  / Shall – Lash Akan – Cambukan
8 / ʒ  / Vision Penglihatan

c. Nasals
Sound produced by stopping the airflow through the mouth with the lips, tongue, base
of the tongue so that the air will pass through the nose
No Symbol Word Meaning
1 /m/ Meat – Team Daging – Regu
2 /n/ Name – Main Nama – Pokok
3 / ŋ / Sing - Sink Nyanyi – Tenggelam

d. Glides
/j/ sound produced by movement of the tongue /w/ sound produced by wrapping her
lips then open and /h/ sound produced by making air pressure of the throat.
No Symbol Word Meaning
1 /w/ Wait Menunggu
2 /h/ Hold Memegang
3 /j/ Use Menggunakan

e. Liquid
Sound produced by letting the air out past the side of the tongue and put the tip into
the mouth

No Symbol Word Meaning

1 / L / Let – Tell Biar – Bercerita

2 /r/ Read Membaca

f. Affricates

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 Sound produced by gluing leaves the tongue to the hard palate, against the upper
teeth.

No Symbol Word Meaning

1 / tʃ / Cheat – teach Contek – Mengajar

2 / dʒ / Geep – Page Mobil Jip – Halaman Buku

According to the place of articulation (where in the mouth or throat the sound is

produced) the consonants are:

Bilabial  : with both lips /p/, /b/, /m/

Labiodental  : between lower lip and upper teeth /f/, /v/

Dental/Interdental  : between the teeth / /, / /

Alveolar  : the ridge behind the upper front teeth /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/, /r/

Alveo-palatal (or post-alveolar)  : it is the area between

/ /, / /, / /, / /
the alveolar ridge and the hard palate

Palatal  : hard palate, or 'roof' of the mouth' /j/

Velar  : the soft palate or velum /k/, /g/, / /

Glottal (laryngeal)  : space between the vocal cords /h/

Certain combinations of two or more consonant letters are called letter blends.

[13] Letter blends appear in the beginning or at the end of words to create specific sounds. In
letter blends you can hear the sound of each letter. If the letters make a single sound they are
called digraphs. Additionally, we have added other common letter combinations that include
vowels :

1)     able   :  fable, cable, stable

2)     augh  : thought, caught, daughter

3)     bl       :  blocks, blue, black, blend

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4)     br      :  bread, bracket, Britain

5)     ch      :  cherry, beach, pitch

6)     ci       :  cinnamon, Cinderella, circle

7)     cial    :  special, official, facial

8)     cian   : electrician, magician, pediatrician

9)     ck      :  check, wreck, tickle

10)   cl       :  class, clock, clarinet

11)   cr      :  crown, creek, cradle

12)   ct       :  select, protect, direct

13)   dge    :  badge, dodge, ledge

14)   dis     :  disco, discover, disappoint

15)   dr      :  drink, drumband, drowning

16)   dw     :  dwarf, dwelling, dwindle

17)   ed      :  cried, rented, dented, scraped

18)   ex      :  extract, exstinct, extra

19)   fl        :  fly, flower, flow

20)   fr       :  friend, frog, frozen, fried

21)   ft       :  draft, left, lift, bereft

22)   ful      :  successful, harmful, grateful

23)   gh      :  laugh, ghost, ghoul, ghastly

24)   gl       :  glue, igloo, triangle

25)   gr      :  grass, grow, green, regret

26)   in       :  win, pin, sin, window, inchworm

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27)   ing     :  sing, swing, running, bring

28)   ious   :  gorgious, serious, dangerous  

29)   kn      :  knigt, knit, know

30)   ld       :  fold, told, gold, old

31)   le       :  letter, little, middle

32)   lf        :  self, shelf, elf

33)   lk       :  chalk, talk, walk, milk, silk

34)   lm      :  calm, palm, helm

35)   lp       :  scalp, help, kelp, yelp

36)   lt        :  bolt, melt, belt,

37)   ly       :  happily, friendly, sickly

38)   ment :tenement, engagement, ornament

39)   mis    :  chemist, mistletoe, mistake

40)   mp    :  dump, bump, empty, prompt

41)   nce    :  fence, prince, wince

42)   nch    :  bench, pinch, wrench

43)   nd      :  ends, mend, bend

44)   ng      :  ring, song, wing, swing

45)   nk      :  sink, stink, trunk

46)   nse    :  rinse, tense, immense, incense

47)   nt       :  cent, scent, parents

48)   ough  :  dough, bought, fought, thought

49)   over  :  overpass, overlook, overwork

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50)   ph      :  phone, elephant, alphabet

51)   pl       :  play, plate, plough

52)   pr      :  pray, prompt, pretzel, prism

53)   psy    :  psyco, psychedelic, psychistrist

54)   pt       :  attempt, contempt, rapture

55)   re      :  read, reflection, realize

56)   sc      :  screwdriver, scout, scream

57)   sh      :  shy, shine, shout

58)   shr     :  shred, shrew, shrimp

59)   sk      :  skin, skunk, mask, task

60)   sl       :  slim, slow, sled, hassle

61)   sm     :  smash, smooth, small

62)   sn      :  sniper, snow, snake, snail

63)   sp      :  sport, spin, spider

64)   spr     :  spring, sprout, sprinkle, spray

65)   st       :  start, stay, steal, stop

66)   str      :  strawbery, string, stream,

67)   sw     :  swim, swear, sword, sweep

68)   tch     :  watch, witch, stretch, pitch

69)   th       :  thousand, thirsty, father, tooth

70)   thr     :  throat, thread, throw, three

71)   tien    :  quotient, patient, impatient

72)   tion    :  information, caution, nation

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73)   tr       :  try, true, trouble, tray

74)   ture   :  adventure, lecture, picture

75)   tw      :  two, twenty, twin, tweezers, twist

76)   un      :  under, thunder, run, fun

77)   wh     :  where, why, what, who, when

78)   wr      :  write, wrong, wrench, wrinkled

                     

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 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

Conclusion
"It is a consonant sound. Therefore, B is a consonant letter, the first in alphabetical
sequence of our 21. If asked at a dinner party to define the word 'consonant,' someone might
venture, 'Well, I know it's not a vowel . . .' and that actually is the best starting point. Whereas
vowels are pronounced from the vocal cords with minimal shaping of expelled breath,
consonant sounds are created through obstruction or channeling of the breath by the lips,
teeth, tongue, throat, or nasal passage, variously combined. Some consonants, like B, involve
the vocal cords; others don't. Some, like R or W, flow the breath in a way that steers them
relatively close to being vowels." 

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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http8FF$log.unnes.a5.i"Fellen*ollaF2/1KF11F1@F5ontohmakalahstrukturfonologi
$ahasain"onesia2F
https://syahdaryakuza.wordpress.com/2012/12/15/makalah-english-phonoloy-lakidende-
university/

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