Diptesh Project

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TO INVESTIGATE DIFFERENT FACTORS OF

DEPENDENCE OF ELECTRIC RESISTANCE BY
STUDYING KIND DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATERIALS
Name: Diptesh dash
Class: XII
Subject: physics
Session: 2022-23
Teachers
signature
External Examiner
2
Certificate
This is to certify that , Diptesh dash a
student of St. Paul senior secondary school
has submitted the chemistry project report
entitled “ Study of different factors of
dependence of electric resistance of
different types of materials” . for partial
fulfilment and practical examination to the
department of physics ,embodies a detailed
study carried out by the student under my
supervision .This project is in my opinion is
completed and is suitable for presentation .
h
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Acknowledgement
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to the
Principal, St. Paul senior secondary high school for his
encouragement and for all the facilities that he provided for
this project work. I sincerely appreciate this magnanimity by
taking me into his fold for which I shall remain indebted to
his. I extend my hearty thanks to physics teacher, who guided
me to the successful completion of this project. I take this
opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for her
invaluable guidance, constant encouragement, constructive
comments, sympathetic attitude and immense motivation,
which has sustained my efforts at all stages of this project
work.
I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my family who
helped me to carry out this project work successfully & for their
valuable advice & support, which I received from them time.
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Declaration
I do hereby declare that the project work has been originally
carried under the guidance and the supervision of my physics
teacher of st. Paul senior secondary high school .
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INTRODUCTION
Electrical resistivity (also called specific electrical resistance or volume
resistivity) is a fundamental property of a material that measures how
strongly it resists electric current. A low resistivity indicates a material that
readily allows electric current. Resistivity is commonly represented by the
Greek letter ρ (rho). The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-meter
(Ω⋅m).[1][2][3] For example, if a 1 m3 solid cube of material has sheet
contacts on two opposite faces, and the resistance between these contacts is
1 Ω, then the resistivity of the material is 1 Ω ⋅m. resistivity can vary in
different object (conductors , insulators , and semiconductors,
Conductors are an object or type of material that allows the flow
of negatively charged electrons ,positively charged holes, and positive
or negative ions in some cases.
Semiconductors are the substance that has specific electrical
properties that enabled it to serve as foundation for computers and
other electronic devices .
An electrical insulator is a material in which electric current does
not flow freely . the atoms of the insulators have tightly bound
electrons which cannot readily moves other material semiconductor
and conductors conduct electric current more easily and conductors
conduct electric current more easily .
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AIM: To investigate different factors of dependence of electric
resistance by studying different kinds of materials (conductors , semi
conductors, and insulators,
APPARATUS : slide wire bridge ,resistance box battery eliminator
one way key ,two wires (made of conducting ,semi conducting and
insulating materials of different areas of cross section but of same
material , two wires (made of up conductig ,semi conducting and
insulating material )of different materials but of same area of cross
section ,conneting wire and sand paper
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Therory : the resistance of a wire of length L and area of cross
section A is given by R= ρ l/A . where ρ is the resistivity of the
material of the wire thus resistance of a wire depends upon its length ,
area OF cross section and nature of its material .the resistance of a
wire can be measured by using a meter bridge formula used the value
of the unknown resistance (connected in the right gap ) of a wire is
given by x= R (100 –L)/L . where R is known as resistance (connected
in the left gap ) and l the balancing length of the meter bridge wire
between zero mark and the balance point .
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Procedure : 1 draw a neat circuit diagram.
(a) For conductance
Dependence of resistance of the length of the wire :
2. Take out plug from the one-way key and make neat and tight
connections according to the circuit diagram. See that the unknown
resistance (X) is connected in right gap and the resistance box (R) in
the left gap.
3. Note the position of the balance point B and find the length of the
portion AB of the bridge wire. Let it be equal to 1. Also note the value
of R.
4. Repeat the experiment to find the resistance of the same wire (area
of cross-section and material exchanged) but of a different length Let
the resistance of the wire be equal to R2 it will be found that.
R1 /R2 = l1 /l2
R directly proportional to l
(b) For semiconductors and insulators:
5. By proceeding as in steps 2 and 4.
In each case.
However , it will be found that the resistance of the wire made of semi
conducting material large as compared to the resistance of wire (of
same ) .same dimension made of conducting material . further the
resistance of the wire made of insulating material will be extremely
large.
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Preacautions :
1.
The plug in the one-way key should be inserted only while taking the
observations.
2. All the plugs in the resistance box should be kept tight.
3. The balance point should be obtained between 35 cm and 65 cm
marks.
4. The jockey should be moved gently over the bridge wire. It should not
be rubbed against the wire.
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Result : (a) the resistance of a wire is
(1) directly proportional to the length of the wire
(2) inversely proportional to the area of cross section of the wire and
(3) directly proportional to the resistivity of the material of the wire
(b) for wire of same dimensions the resistance of the wire made of
conducting material is low ,moderately high in case of a wire made
of semi conducting material and extremely high for wire made of
insulating material
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Physics practical class XII : Modern ABC publications
NCERT
Wikkipedia.in

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1

TO INVESTIGATE DIFFERENT FACTORS OF

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