Terrorism

• What is terrorism?
• What is difference between terrorism and crime?

1: Read the information on terrorism. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words and word combinations
from the box.
the primary purpose, to intimidate politicians, international community, the global problem, to be controversial,
legally binding definition, government agencies
Terrorism is 1_______________ nowadays that endangers life of every person on the earth. 2_______________
of all governments is to encourage and enable people to join their forces against terrorism and win it by common
efforts.
The definition of terrorism has proved 3_______________. Various legal systems and 4_______________ use
different definitions of terrorism in their legislation. Moreover, the 5_______________ has been slow to
formulate a universally agreed, 6_______________ of this crime. These difficulties arise from the fact that the
term "terrorism" is politically and emotionally charged.
As a whole terrorism means aggressive actions with the use of violence against ordinary civilians aimed
7_______________ . Term "terrorism" is often used to show that the actions taken by a group of people are
violent, unlawful and immoral.

2: Make collocation
1. hijack A. a bomb
2. release B. a plane
3. negotiate C. a prisoner exchange
4. agree to D. propaganda
5. plant E. some hostages
6. spread F. terrorists’ demands

3: Complete the sentences below with the phrases:

negotiate a prisoner exchange, hijack a plane, agree to terrorists’ demands, spread propaganda, release hostages,
plant a bomb
1. The terrorists are planning to ______________ and fly it to another country.
2. After 12 hours of negotiations, the terrorists finally decided to ______________, mainly women. However,
they kept a few men in order to continue the negotiations.
3. The government and the terrorists managed to ______________. The government released 5 terrorists, and
the terrorists released 10 hostages.
4. The government did not want to take any risks, so they decided to ______________ and removed their
troops from the area.
5. The man was planning to ______________ under the politician’s car, but the police caught him just in time.
6. Terrorist groups ______________ on the Internet in order to recruit new members.

4: Categories verbs according to their meaning:

combat, abhor, curb, sponsor, deter, perpetrate, fight, oppose, condone, condemn, prevent, abet, tackle,
eliminate, eradicate, denounce, defeat, finance, incite, promote, renounce, foment, glorify, confront, counter
1. fight against terrorism
2. stop terrorism
3. speak publicly against terrorism
4. support or encourage terrorism
5. commit acts of terrorism

5: Put the words in sentences, two words are extra:

counter, eradicating, combating, perpetrate, inciting, tackle, condemned
1. We do not believe this war is the most effective means of __________ international terrorism.
 2. __________ terrorism is a much more daunting task than most people realize.
3. The Panamanian government repeatedly __________ terrorism.
4. Freedom of speech never should be an excuse for __________ terrorism and fostering hatred.
5. We are not in any way associated with the evil people who __________ terrorism.

6. SYNONYM MATCH: Match the following synonyms from the article.

1. planning a. locations
2 initially b. because of
3. propaganda c. connected
4. places d. information
5. whether e. became known
6. linked f. organising
7. in the wake of g. on the lookout
8. imminent h. at first
9. emerged i. fast approaching
10. vigilant j. if

7. TRUE / FALSE: Read the headline. Guess if a-h below are true (T) or false (F).
a. Police have arrested several people in Paris over a suspected attack. T / F
b. Police made six arrests but they let four people go. T / F
c. Police found weapons and explosives in the houses of those arrested. T / F
d. The police did not say whether the suspects were men or women. T / F
e. Police say the arrests are linked to the Paris attacks in November. T / F
f. Brussels was put on the second highest state of alert in November. T / F
g. Two of the Paris attackers lived in Brussels. T / F
h. European police have asked citizens to be vigilant. T / F

8. GAP FILL
issued, suspected, searches, military, other, arrests, whether, symbolic
Police in Belgium say they have arrested two people (1)____________ of planning terror attacks in Brussels on
New Year's Eve. Police initially made six (2) ____________ but later released four without charge. Investigators
found (3)____________ clothing and Islamic State propaganda in the houses, but no weapons or explosives.
They (4) ____________ a statement, saying: "Our investigation revealed serious threats of an attack on (5)
____________ places in Brussels during the celebrations for New Year's Eve." The two suspects were arrested
following (6) ____________ Sunday and Monday in Brussels and across Belgium. The police did not say
(7)____________ the suspects were male or female, nor if they were looking for (8)____________ suspects.
serious, alert, major, several, vigilant, linked, wake, emerged
The arrests are not (9) ____________ to the November Paris attacks in which 130 people were killed. Brussels
has been on high (10) ____________ since those attacks, with intelligence reports suggesting an attack of some
kind was coming. In the (11) ____________ of the Paris attacks, schools, universities and the Metro were shut
down in Brussels for (12) ____________ days in November. The city was put on the highest state of alert as
authorities warned of a "(13) ____________ and imminent“ terror threat. Brussels has also been at the centre of
investigations into the Paris attacks after it (14) ____________ that two of the Paris suicide bombers had lived in
Belgium. Other (15)____________ European cities are also on alert and police have warned citizens to be (16)
____________.
Read the text and answer the questions

9: Read the text and answer the questions

1. How many factors have scientist categorized?

2. What is the motivation of people who get involved in terrorism for personal reasons?
3. What example of personal terrorist act is given?
 4. what was motivation for Auguste Vaillant?
5. What are terrorists mainly interested in?
Introduction
The causes of terrorism appear to be varied. There does not appear to be one lone factor that leads people to
engage in acts of terror. Scholars have categorized motivations for terrorism to include psychological,
ideological, and strategic.
Psychological Perspective
Those who engage in terrorism may do so for purely personal reasons, based on their own psychological state of
mind. Their motivation may be nothing more than hate or the desire for power. For example, in 1893 Auguste
Vaillant bombed the French Chamber of Deputies. Prior to his conviction and subsequent execution Vaillant
explained his motivation in terms of hate for the middle classes. Vaillant wanted to spoil the sense of economic
and social success, by tainting it with his violence. In many respects this terrorist is interested in getting attention
from others for his or her act, rather than some grand ideological or strategic goal.

1. How is ideology defined?

2. What can ideology encompass?
3. What example of ideological terrorist acts are given?
4. What is IRA’s motivation?
5. What is LTTE’s motivation?
6. What is Bader Meinhoff’s motivation?
Ideological Perspective
Ideology is defined as the beliefs, values, and/ or principles by which a group identifies its particular aims and
goals. Ideology may encompass religion or political philosophies and programs. Examples of terrorist groups
motivated by ideology include the Irish Republican Army (IRA), in Sri Lanka the Liberation Tigers of Tamal
Eelam (LTTE), and the Bader Meinhoff in Germany. The IRA is motivated by a political program to oust the
United Kingdom from Ireland and unite Ireland under one flag. Similarly the LTTE seek to establish a separate
state for their people, the Tamals in Sri Lanka. Finally, the Bader Meinhoff was a terrorist group made up of
middle-class adults who opposed capitalism and sought to destroy capitalist infrastructure in Germany.

1. In what case are people ready to use violence?

2. In what case do people think that terrorism is the best solution for the problem?
3. Do only individuals use terrorism for disappointment in political measures?
4. What did Libya do and why?
5. Does terrorism happen only for one factor?
6. Generally, why do people or groups use terrorism?
Strategic Perspective
Terrorism is sometimes seen as a logical extension of the failure of politics. When people seek redress of their
grievances through government, but fail to win government's attention to their plight, they may resort to violence.
From this viewpoint, terrorism is the result of a logical analysis of the goals and objectives of a group, and their
estimate of the likelihood of gaining victory. If victory seems unlikely using more traditional means of
opposition, then one might calculate that terrorism is a better option. For example, in South Africa the African
National Congress only turned to the use of terrorism after political avenues were explored and failed. Of course,
not just individuals may feel let down by the political process. States may use terrorists in the pursuit of their
own strategic interests. States may sponsor terrorist groups, especially when the objectives of the state and the
terrorist group are similar. For example, Libya used terrorists to explode a bomb aboard Pan Am 103 flying from
London to New York in 1988, allegedly in response to U.S. and British bombing of Libya.
Conclusion
It is impossible to say for sure what causes terrorism. A person's psychological make-up certainly will play a
role, but to what extent is unclear. Some may come to terrorism, not out of any love for violence, but rather to
further their ideological goals. Others may be motivated to use terror simply because it appears to be a useful
strategic alternative, or may further the state's objectives. Indeed, terrorism may occur for psychological,
ideological, and strategic grounds all at once. An individual may decide terrorism fits his or her own view of the
worldthat it makes sense. A group may come to use terrorism because it furthers and is supported by their
ideology. Finally, groups or persons may use terrorism because it fits with their strategic objectives and goals.

10: Read the text and answer the questions

Response to Terrorism
Force
1. Do countries use force to respond terrorism?
2. What example of using force against terrorism are given there?
3. Is force an effective answer to terrorism?
The use of force and violence against terrorism has been demonstrated periodically. U.S. military action against
the Taliban in Afghanistan is an example of the use of force against terrorism. The Taliban, harboring the al
Qaeda organization, was the target of U.S. military action. In another example, in 1988 three suspected members
of the Irish Republican Army were shot and killed in Gibraltar by members of the British Special Air Services.
Force, in this case, was used against suspected members of a terrorist organization. The use of force is both a tit-
for-tat strategy, as well as an attempt to hinder the terrorists’ ability to operate.
Negotiation
1. Do countries negotiate with terrorists?
2. What example of using negotiations against terrorism are given there?
3. Is negotiation an effective answer to terrorism?
Negotiation is a second method for dealing with terrorism. While nations may refuse publicly to negotiate with
terrorist groups, they may follow a different strategy in secret. For example, Great Britain had long refused to
negotiate with the Irish Republican Army and its political wing Sinn Fein. Yet, out of the public view
negotiations did proceed, ultimately leading to the Good Friday Agreements, which went far in ending terrorist
attacks in Northern Ireland. Another example is the negotiation that took place between the African National
Congress (ANC) and the apartheid government of South Africa. The ANC had been proscribed as a terrorist
organization, and the government foreswore any negotiation with the ANC. Yet, behind the scenes negotiations
did take place, ultimately resulting in the end of apartheid in South Africa.

International agreements
1. What is the aim of international agreements?
2. What example of using international agreements against terrorism are given there?
3. Is international agreement an effective answer to terrorism?
International agreements are another attempt at addressing terrorism. International organizations, such as the
United Nations, pass resolutions and seek to foster greater political action among member states. For example,
the 1997 International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings requires that parties to the
convention must make it a criminal act to unlawfully and intentionally use explosives or other deadly devices in
public with the objective of causing death or injuring a person. Another example of action by the international
community was UN Security Council anti-terrorism resolution 1373, “Improving International Cooperation.”

11. Match the opposites:

1. decrease A. brief
2. lengthy B. increase
3. diverse C. include
4. exclude D. bottom
5. occur E. same
6. peak F. separate
7. expansion G. pleasant
8. steep H. reduction
9. offensive I. moderate
10. consecutive J. cease
12. Fill the gaps
patterns, deadly, allies, occurred, expansion, casualty, multiple, assailants, highlights, carried, peaked,
dramatically
The report 1.____________ trends in global terrorism in 2018, including: a steep decline in ISIS attacks in Iraq,
but an 2. ____________ of the group’s global footprint; fewer mass 3. ____________ attacks in Western
Europe; and an increase in far-right attacks in the United States.
Since terrorist violence 4. ____________ in 2014 at nearly, the number of attacks has decreased 43 percent and
the total number of deaths has decreased 48 percent. The decrease has been driven largely by 5. ____________
of terrorism in Iraq, which from 2013 to 2017, suffered more terrorist violence than any other country in the
world. However, in 2018, following a lengthy and 6. ____________ offensive by the Iraqi government and its
7. ____________ against Islamic State, terrorism in Iraq decreased 8. ____________.
The number of terrorist attacks in Western Europe decreased 31 percent between 2017 and 2018, while the
number of deaths decreased 70 percent, in part because there were fewer mass casualty attacks. In 2015, 2016,
and 2017 there were 9. ____________ events in Western European countries in which 10. ____________
killed more than five people, including mass casualty attacks 11. ____________ out by jihadists in Paris,
Brussels, Nice, Berlin, Manchester, London, and Barcelona, the report says. There were nine lethal terrorist
attacks in Western Europe. The deadliest of these 12. ____________ in December, when an assailant who
claimed allegiance to Islamic State attacked civilians at a Christmas market in Strasbourg, France, killing five
people and injuring 11 others.

13. Choose the right word

Since terrorist violence peaked in 2014 1. ____ nearly 17,000 attacks and more than 45,000 total deaths
globally, the number of attacks has decreased 43 percent and the total number 2. ____ deaths has decreased
48 percent. The decrease has been driven largely 3. ____ patterns of terrorism in Iraq, which 4. ____ 2013 to
2017, suffered more terrorist violence than any other country in the world. However, in 2018, following a
lengthy and deadly offensive by the Iraqi government and its allies against Islamic State, terrorism in Iraq
decreased dramatically. The number of terrorist attacks in Iraq decreased 46 percent 5. ____ 2017 and 2018 and
the number of people killed in terrorist attacks decreased 78 percent, the report says.
Though Islamic State’s violence decreased dramatically 6. ____ the liberation of Mosul in July 2017, it
remained deadly, killing more than 800 victims in at7. ____ 650 attacks in 2018 in Iraq and more 8. ____ 700
people in at least 72 attacks in Syria. The group killed more than 1,606 in 735 attacks in 9. ____ , also claiming
responsibility 10. ____ deadly attacks in Iran, the Philippines and Tajikistan. The influence of Islamic State
continued to expand geographically. Attacks carried 11. ____ by Islamic State “core” operatives, affiliated
organizations or unaffiliated individuals who indicated allegiance 12. ____ Islamic State took place in 34
countries in 2018 (56 countries since 2002).
1. A.to B. at C. by
2. A.of B. in C.to
3. A. out B. with C. by
4. A. to B. from C. is
5. A. at B. between C. among
6. A. since B. science C. scene
7. A. list B. last C. least
8. A. that B. than C. then
9. A. tonight B. amount C. total
10. A. for B. out C. off
11. A. on B. in C. out
12. A. of B.to C. at

14. True or False.

• 1. Terrorist reached the highest level in the USA since 1980s.

• 2. Attacks by ISIS had decreased gradually.
• 3. Terrorism attacks are similar in all places.
 • 4. Most violent acts happened in 2014.
• 5. The most terrorist acts took place in Iran.
• 6. Islamic State operates in more than fifty countries.
• 7. According to the report, more than 10 European cities were attacked.
• 8. It is hard to discern clear trends of terrorism.
• 9. USA is mainly attacked by the perpetrators of different ideological groups.
• 10. Perpetrators in USA are violent due to supremacy of white.

Quiz time: Report

1. Do we need to write an aim of the report in the introduction?

2. Do we need to mention that we are going to give some recommendation on a certain issue?
3. Can we write findings and conclusion together?
4. Can we write conclusion and recommendations together?
5. Do we need to provide our opinion in the introduction?
6. Can we include our ideas in findings facts and finding section?
7. Which option is correct sequence for a report?
A. introduction, conclusion, facts and findings, recommendations
B. introduction, facts and findings, conclusion, recommendations
C. introduction, facts and findings, recommendations, conclusion
D. introduction, recommendations, facts and findings, conclusion

Homework:

• All cities should increase their state of alert regarding terror attacks. Write an opinion essay – 180-250
words.
• Describe the trends of global terrorism according to the given data – chose one of the pictures 180-250.