34 RMM Autumn Edition 2024 Solutions

Number 34 AUTUMN 2024
R M M
ROM A N IA N MAT HEMAT IC AL MAG AZINE
SOLUTIONS
Founding Editor
DANIEL SITARU
Available online ISSN-L 2501-0099
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Proposed by
Daniel Sitaru-Romania, Florică Anastase-Romania
Marian Ursărescu-Romania, Marin Chirciu-Romania
Alex Szoros-Romania, D.M.Bătinețu-Giurgiu-Romania
Radu Diaconu-Romania, Flavius Pacionea-Romania
Andreea Lixandru-Romania, George Apostolopoulos-Greece
Florentin Vișescu-Romania, Neculai Stanciu-Romania
Claudia Nănuți-Romania, Vasile Jiglău-Romania
Said Attoui-Algeria, Cristian Miu-Romania
1 34-RMM AUTUMN EDITION 2024-SOLUTIONS

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Solutions by
Daniel Sitaru-Romania, Florică Anastase-Romania,Toubal Fethi-Algeria
Marian Ursărescu-Romania, Marin Chirciu-Romania, Myagmarsuren
Yadamsuren-Mongolia, Alex Szoros-Romania, D.M.Bătinețu-Giurgiu-Romania
Radu Diaconu-Romania, Flavius Pacionea-Romania, Soumava Chakraborty-
India, Mohamed Amine Ben Ajiba-Morocco, Andreea Lixandru-Romania,
George Apostolopoulos-Greece, Florentin Vișescu-Romania, Neculai Stanciu-
Romania, Claudia Nănuți-Romania, Vasile Jiglău-Romania, Tapas Das-India,
Said Attoui-Algeria, Adrian Popa-Romania, Ivan Hadinata-Indonesia, Anas
Chaabi-Morocco, Nguyen Tai An-Vietnam, Pham Duc Nam-Vietnam, Kartick
Chandra Betal-India, Vincent Nguyen-USA, Arnab Debnath-India, Khaled Abd
Imouti-Syria, Hikmat Mammadov-Azerbaijan, Le Thu-Vietnam,
Cristian Miu-Romania, Samir Zaakouni-Morocco

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PROBLEMS FOR JUNIORS

JP.496 In 𝚫𝑨𝑩𝑪 the following relationship holds:
𝟐
𝒓𝟕𝒂 + 𝒓𝟕𝒃 𝒓𝟕𝒃 + 𝒓𝟕𝒄 𝒓𝟕𝒄 + 𝒓𝟕𝒂 𝟗𝟓 𝟐
𝟐(𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓) ≥ 𝟓
+ 𝟓
+ 𝟓
+ 𝒔 ≥ 𝟔𝒔𝟐
(𝒓𝒂 + 𝒓𝒃 ) (𝒓𝒃 + 𝒓𝒄 ) (𝒓𝒄 + 𝒓𝒂 ) 𝟏𝟔
Proposed by Alex Szoros-Romania

Solution 1 by proposer
𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈: (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟕 = 𝒙𝟕 + 𝒚𝟕 + 𝟕𝒙𝒚(𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝟐 , (∀)𝒙, 𝒚 > 0

𝒘𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕:
(𝒙 + 𝒚) − 𝒙 − 𝒚𝟕
𝟕 𝟕
= (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝟐 ; (𝟏)
𝟕𝒙𝒚
𝟑
𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ≥ (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 , (∀)𝒙, 𝒚 > 0; (𝟐)
𝟒
𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟏) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟐), 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕:
(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟕 − 𝒙𝟕 − 𝒚𝟕 𝟗
≥ (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓
𝟕𝒙𝒚 𝟏𝟔
(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟕 − 𝒙𝟕 − 𝒚𝟕 𝟔𝟑 𝟐
𝟔𝟑 𝒙 𝟕 + 𝒚𝟕
≥ 𝒙𝒚 ⇒ (𝒙 + 𝒚) ≥ 𝒙𝒚 +
(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓
𝟕 𝟕
𝟑𝟏 𝒙 +𝒚
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ≥ 𝒙𝒚 +
𝟏𝟔 (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓
𝟑𝟏 𝒙 𝟕 + 𝒚𝟕
𝟐 ∑ 𝒙𝟐 ≥ ∑ 𝒙𝒚 + ∑ ; (𝟑)
𝟏𝟔 (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓
𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝒙 𝟕 + 𝒚𝟕 𝒙+𝒚 𝟕
𝑶𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒙, 𝒚 > 0 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠: ≥( )
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝟕 + 𝒚𝟕 (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 𝟒𝒙𝒚 𝒙𝒚
≥ ≥ =
(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓 𝟔𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟏𝟔
𝟕 𝟕
𝒙 +𝒚 𝟏 𝟑𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟕
𝟕
∑ ≥ ∑ 𝒙𝒚 ⇒ ∑ 𝒙𝒚 + ∑ ≥ 𝟐 ∑ 𝒙𝒚 ; (𝟒)
(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓
𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟑) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟒), 𝒊𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒔:
𝟐
𝟑𝟏 𝒙 𝟕 + 𝒚𝟕
𝟐∑𝒙 ≥ ∑ 𝒙𝒚 + ∑ ≥ 𝟐 ∑ 𝒙𝒚
𝟏𝟔 (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓
𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄

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𝟐
𝟑𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 𝟕 + 𝒚𝟕
∑𝒙 ≥ ∑ 𝒙𝒚 + ∑ ≥ ∑ 𝒙𝒚 ; (∀)𝒙, 𝒚 > 0; (5)
𝟑𝟐 𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = 𝒓𝒂 , 𝒚 = 𝒓𝒃 , 𝒛 = 𝒓𝒄 , 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟓) 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕:
𝟐
𝟑𝟏 𝟏 𝒓𝟕𝒂 + 𝒓𝟕𝒃
∑ 𝒓𝒂 ≥ ∑ 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 + ∑ ≥ ∑ 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 ; (𝟔)
𝟑𝟐 𝟐 (𝒓𝒂 + 𝒓𝒃 )𝟓
𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝚫𝑨𝑩𝑪: ∑ 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 = 𝒔𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅

𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝟐
∑ 𝒓𝟐𝒂 = (∑ 𝒓𝒂 ) − 𝟐 ∑ 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 = (𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐 − 𝟐𝒔𝟐 ; (𝟔)

𝟐
𝟑𝟏𝒔𝟐 𝟏 𝒓𝟕𝒂 + 𝒓𝟕𝒃
𝟐
(𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓) − 𝟐𝒔 ≥ + ∑ ≥ 𝒔𝟐
𝟑𝟐 𝟐 (𝒓𝒂 + 𝒓𝒃 )𝟕
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝟗𝟓 𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒓𝟕𝒃 𝒓𝟕𝒂
(𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐 ≥ 𝒔 + ∑ ≥ 𝟑𝒔𝟐
𝟑𝟐 𝟐 (𝒓𝒂 + 𝒓𝒃 )𝟓
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝟗𝟓 𝟐 𝒓𝟕𝒂 + 𝒓𝟕𝒃
𝟐(𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐 ≥ 𝒔 +∑ ≥ 𝟔𝒔𝟐
𝟏𝟔 (𝒓𝒂 + 𝒓𝒃 )𝟓
𝒄𝒚𝒄
Solution 2 by Myagmarsuren Yadamsuren-Darkhan-Mongolia
𝒓𝟕𝒂 + 𝒓𝟕𝒃 𝒓𝟕𝒃 + 𝒓𝟕𝒄 𝒓𝟕𝒄 + 𝒓𝟕𝒂 𝟗𝟓 𝟐

𝟓
+ 𝟓
+ 𝟓
+ 𝒔 ≥
(𝒓𝒂 + 𝒓𝒃 ) (𝒓𝒃 + 𝒓𝒄 ) (𝒓𝒄 + 𝒓𝒂 ) 𝟏𝟔
𝟏 (𝒓𝒂 + 𝒓𝒃 )𝟑 (𝒓𝟐𝒂 + 𝒓𝟐𝒃 ) 𝟗𝟓 𝟐
≥ ∑ + 𝒔 =
𝟑𝟐 (𝒓𝒂 + 𝒓𝒃 )𝟓 𝟏𝟔
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝟐
𝟏 𝟗𝟓 𝟐
= ((∑ 𝒓𝒂 ) − 𝟐 ∑ 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 ) + 𝒔 =
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔
𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝟏 𝟗𝟓 𝟐 𝑫𝑶𝑼𝑪𝑬𝑻 𝟏 𝟗𝟓 𝟐
= 𝟐 𝟐
((𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓) − 𝟐𝒔 ) + 𝒔 ⏞
≥ (𝟑𝒔𝟐 − 𝟐𝒔𝟐 ) + 𝒔 = 𝟔𝒔𝟐
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔
𝟐
𝒓𝟕𝒂 + 𝒓𝟕𝒃 𝒓𝟕𝒃 + 𝒓𝟕𝒄 𝒓𝟕𝒄 + 𝒓𝟕𝒂 𝟗𝟓 𝟐
𝟐(𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓) = 𝟐 ∑ 𝒓𝟐𝒂 + 𝟐𝒔 ≥ 𝟐
𝟓
+ 𝟓
+ 𝟓
+ 𝒔 ⟺
(𝒓𝒂 + 𝒓𝒃 ) (𝒓𝒃 + 𝒓𝒄 ) (𝒓𝒄 + 𝒓𝒂 ) 𝟏𝟔
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝒓𝟕𝒂 + 𝒓𝟕𝒃 𝟑𝟏 𝟐
∑ (𝒓𝟐𝒂 + 𝒓𝟐𝒃 − 𝟓
)− 𝒔 ≥𝟎⟺
(𝒓𝒂 + 𝒓𝒃 ) 𝟏𝟔
𝒄𝒚𝒄

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𝟐 𝟐 𝒓𝟕𝒂 + 𝒓𝟕𝒃 𝟑𝟏
∑ (𝒓𝒂 + 𝒓𝒃 − 𝟓
)− ∑ 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 ≥ 𝟎 ⟺
(𝒓𝒂 + 𝒓𝒃 ) 𝟏𝟔
Denote 𝒓𝒂 = 𝒙, 𝒓𝒃 = 𝒚, 𝒓𝒄 = 𝒛
𝟏𝟔(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓 − 𝟏𝟔(𝒙𝟕 + 𝒚𝟕 ) − 𝟑𝟏𝒙𝒚(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓

∑ ≥𝟎⟺
𝟏𝟔(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝑰𝟏 (𝒙, 𝒚)
∑ 𝑰(𝒙, 𝒚) = ∑ ≥𝟎
𝑰𝟐 (𝒙, 𝒚)
𝟐 𝟐 )(𝒙
𝟏𝟔(𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒚) − 𝟏𝟔(𝒙𝟕 + 𝒚𝟕 ) − 𝟑𝟏𝒙𝒚(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓
𝟓
𝑰(𝒙, 𝒚) =
𝟏𝟔(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓
𝑰𝟏 (𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟏𝟔(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓 − 𝟏𝟔(𝒙𝟕 + 𝒚𝟕 ) − 𝟑𝟏𝒙𝒚(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓
𝑰𝟐 (𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟏𝟔(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓 > 0
𝑰𝟏 (𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟕𝒙𝒚(𝒙 − 𝒚)𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝟕𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ) ≥ 𝟎

Equality holds for 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄.
Solution 3 by Soumava Chakraborty-Kolkata-India
𝐫𝒂𝟕 + 𝐫𝐛𝟕 𝐫𝐛𝟕 + 𝐫𝐜𝟕 𝐫𝐜𝟕 + 𝐫𝒂𝟕

+ +
(𝐫𝒂 + 𝐫𝐛 )𝟓 (𝐫𝐛 + 𝐫𝐜 )𝟓 (𝐫𝐜 + 𝐫𝒂 )𝟓
(𝒙 + 𝐲)𝟕 − 𝟕𝒙𝐲 (𝒙𝟓 + 𝐲 𝟓 + 𝟑𝒙𝐲(𝒙𝟑 + 𝐲 𝟑 ) + 𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝐲 𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝐲))
=∑
(𝒙 + 𝐲)𝟓
𝐜𝐲𝐜
(𝒙 = 𝐫𝒂 , 𝐲 = 𝐫𝐛 , 𝐳 = 𝐫𝐜 ) = ∑(𝒙 + 𝐲)𝟐
𝐜𝐲𝐜
𝟕𝒙𝐲
−∑( . (𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟑 𝐲 + 𝒙𝟐 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝒙𝐲 𝟑 + 𝐲 𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙𝐲(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝐲 + 𝐲 𝟐 ) + 𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝐲 𝟐 ))
(𝒙 + 𝐲)𝟒
𝐜𝐲𝐜
𝟕𝒙𝐲
= 𝟐 ∑ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 ∑ 𝒙𝐲 − ∑ ( . (𝒙𝟒 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝐲 + 𝟐𝒙𝐲 𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟒 ))
(𝒙 + 𝐲)𝟒
𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐜𝐲𝐜
= 𝟐 ∑ 𝐫𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐 ∑ 𝐫𝒂 𝐫𝐛
𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐜𝐲𝐜
𝟕𝒙𝐲
−∑( . ((𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝐲 + 𝟒𝒙𝐲 𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟒 ) + (𝒙𝟒 + 𝐲 𝟒 )))
𝟐(𝒙 + 𝐲)𝟒
𝐜𝐲𝐜
𝟐 𝟐
𝟕𝒙𝐲 𝟐 𝟒
𝟕𝒙𝐲(𝒙𝟒 + 𝐲 𝟒 )
= 𝟐(𝟒𝐑 + 𝐫) − 𝟒𝐬 + 𝟐𝐬 − ∑ ( (𝒙
. + 𝐲) ) −
𝟐(𝒙 + 𝐲)𝟒 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝐲)𝟒
𝐜𝐲𝐜

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𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐞𝒂𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐛𝐲𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐯
𝟐 𝟐
𝟕 𝟕(𝒙 + 𝐲)𝟒
≤ 𝟐(𝟒𝐑 + 𝐫) − 𝟐𝐬 − . ∑ 𝐫𝒂 𝐫𝐛 − ∑ ( .𝐫 𝐫 )
𝟐 𝟏𝟔(𝒙 + 𝐲)𝟒 𝒂 𝐛
𝟕𝐬𝟐 𝟕𝐬𝟐 𝐫𝒂𝟕 + 𝐫𝐛𝟕 𝐫𝐛𝟕 + 𝐫𝐜𝟕 𝐫𝐜𝟕 + 𝐫𝒂𝟕 𝟗𝟓 𝟐
= 𝟐(𝟒𝐑 + 𝐫)𝟐 − 𝟐𝐬𝟐 − − ⇒ + + + 𝐬
𝟐 𝟏𝟔 (𝐫𝒂 + 𝐫𝐛 )𝟓 (𝐫𝐛 + 𝐫𝐜 )𝟓 (𝐫𝐜 + 𝐫𝒂 )𝟓 𝟏𝟔
𝟓𝟔𝐬𝟐 𝟕𝐬𝟐 𝟗𝟓𝐬𝟐 𝟑𝟐𝐬𝟐
= 𝟐(𝟒𝐑 + 𝐫)𝟐 − 𝟐𝐬𝟐 − − + = 𝟐(𝟒𝐑 + 𝐫)𝟐 − 𝟐𝐬𝟐 +
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔
𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕 𝟕
𝐫𝒂 + 𝐫𝐛 𝐫𝐛 + 𝐫𝐜 𝐫𝐜 + 𝐫𝒂 𝟗𝟓 𝟐
∴ 𝟐(𝟒𝐑 + 𝐫)𝟐 ≥ 𝟓
+ 𝟓
+ 𝟓
+ 𝐬
(𝐫𝒂 + 𝐫𝐛 ) (𝐫𝐛 + 𝐫𝐜 ) (𝐫𝐜 + 𝐫𝒂 ) 𝟏𝟔
𝐫𝒂𝟕 + 𝐫𝐛𝟕 𝐫𝐛𝟕 + 𝐫𝐜𝟕 𝐫𝐜𝟕 + 𝐫𝒂𝟕 𝟗𝟓 𝟐
𝐀𝐠𝒂𝐢𝐧, 𝟓
+ 𝟓
+ 𝟓
+ 𝐬
(𝐫𝒂 + 𝐫𝐛 ) (𝐫𝐛 + 𝐫𝐜 ) (𝐫𝐜 + 𝐫𝒂 ) 𝟏𝟔
𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐛𝐲𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐯 𝟏 (𝐫𝐛𝟐 + 𝐫𝐜𝟐 )(𝐫𝐛𝟓 + 𝐫𝐜𝟓 ) 𝟗𝟓 𝟐
≥ ∑ + 𝐬
𝟐 (𝐫𝐛 + 𝐫𝐜 )𝟓 𝟏𝟔
𝐜𝐲𝐜
𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐞𝒂𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐛𝐲𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐯 𝟏 (𝐫𝐛𝟐 + 𝐫𝐜𝟐 )(𝐫𝐛 + 𝐫𝐜 )𝟓 𝟗𝟓 𝟐 ∑𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐫𝒂𝟐 𝟗𝟓 𝟐
≥ ∑ + 𝐬 = + 𝐬
𝟑𝟐 (𝐫𝐛 + 𝐫𝐜 )𝟓 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔
𝐜𝐲𝐜
(𝟒𝐑 + 𝐫)𝟐 − 𝟐𝐬𝟐 + 𝟗𝟓𝐬𝟐 𝐓𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐡𝐭 𝟑𝐬𝟐 − 𝟐𝐬𝟐 + 𝟗𝟓𝐬𝟐
= ≥ = 𝟔𝐬𝟐
𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔
𝐫𝒂𝟕 + 𝐫𝐛𝟕 𝐫𝐛𝟕 + 𝐫𝐜𝟕 𝐫𝐜𝟕 + 𝐫𝒂𝟕 𝟗𝟓 𝟐
∴ 𝟓
+ 𝟓
+ 𝟓
+ 𝐬 ≥ 𝟔𝐬𝟐
(𝐫𝒂 + 𝐫𝐛 ) (𝐫𝐛 + 𝐫𝐜 ) (𝐫𝐜 + 𝐫𝒂 ) 𝟏𝟔
∴ 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠, 𝐢𝐧 𝒂𝐧𝐲 ∆ 𝐀𝐁𝐂,
𝟕
𝟐
𝐫 𝟕
𝒂 + 𝐫𝐛 𝐫𝐛𝟕 + 𝐫𝐜𝟕 𝐫𝐜𝟕 + 𝐫𝒂𝟕 𝟗𝟓 𝟐
𝟐(𝟒𝐑 + 𝐫) ≥ + + + 𝐬 ≥ 𝟔𝐬𝟐 ,
(𝐫𝒂 + 𝐫𝐛 )𝟓 (𝐫𝐛 + 𝐫𝐜 )𝟓 (𝐫𝐜 + 𝐫𝒂 )𝟓 𝟏𝟔
𝐞𝐪𝐮𝒂𝒍𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐟𝐟 ∆ 𝐀𝐁𝐂 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝒍𝒂𝐭𝐞𝐫𝒂𝒍 (𝐐𝐄𝐃)
JP.497 If 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 0, then:

𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟐
+ 𝟐 + 𝟐 ≥ ( √𝟕𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 + √𝟕𝒃𝟑 + 𝒄𝟑 + √𝟕𝒄𝟑 + 𝒂𝟑 )
𝒃 𝒄 𝒂 𝟐
Proposed by Marin Chirciu-Romania
Lemma. If 𝒂, 𝒃 > 0, then:
𝟕𝒂𝟑 𝟑
𝟐
+ 𝟏𝟕𝒃 ≥ 𝟏𝟐 ⋅ √𝟕𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑
𝒃
Proof of lemma. Using AM-GM inequality, we have:
𝟕𝒂𝟑 𝟕𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 𝟑 𝟕𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑

𝟑
+ 𝟏𝟕𝒃 = + 𝟖𝒃 + 𝟖𝒃 ≥ 𝟑 ⋅ √ ⋅ 𝟖𝒃 ⋅ 𝟖𝒃 = 𝟏𝟐 ⋅ √𝟕𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑
𝒃 𝟐 𝒃 𝟐 𝒃 𝟐

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𝟕𝒂𝟑 +𝒃𝟑
Equality holds for = 𝟖𝒃 ⇔ 𝒂 = 𝒃.
𝒃𝟐
Now, using Lemma and summing, we get:

𝟕𝒂𝟑 𝟑
∑ ( 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕𝒃) ≥ ∑ 𝟏𝟐 ⋅ √𝟕𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 ⇔
𝒃
𝟕𝒂𝟑 𝟑
∑ 𝟐
+ 𝟏𝟕 ∑ 𝒂 ≥ 𝟏𝟐 ∑ √𝟕𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 ; (𝟏)
𝒃
Now, using Radon’s inequality, we have:

𝒂𝟑 (∑ 𝒂)𝟑
∑ 𝟐≥ = ∑𝒂; (𝟐)
𝒃 (∑ 𝒃)𝟐
From (1) and (2), it follows:

𝟐𝟒𝒂𝟑 (𝟐) 𝟕𝒂𝟑 (𝟏)
𝟑
∑ 𝟐 ≥ ∑ 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟕 ∑ 𝒂 ≥ 𝟏𝟐 ∑ √𝟕𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑
𝒃 𝒃
Hence,
𝟐𝟒𝒂𝟑 𝟑
∑ ≥ 𝟏𝟐 ∑ √𝟕𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑
𝒃𝟐
𝒂𝟑 𝟏 𝟑
∑ 𝟐 ≥ ∑ √𝟕𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑
𝒃 𝟐
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟐
+ 𝟐 + 𝟐 ≥ ( √𝟕𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 + √𝟕𝒃𝟑 + 𝒄𝟑 + √𝟕𝒄𝟑 + 𝒂𝟑 )
𝒃 𝒄 𝒂 𝟐
Solution 2 by Mohamed Amine Ben Ajiba-Tanger-Morocco
𝑩𝒚 𝑨𝑴 − 𝑮𝑴 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶
𝟏𝟑 𝟑 𝟕𝒂𝟑 𝒃 𝟏 𝟕𝒂𝟑 𝒃
√𝟕𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 = √𝒃. 𝒃. ( 𝟐 + ) ≤ (𝒃 + 𝒃 + ( 𝟐 + )).
𝟐 𝟖𝒃 𝟖 𝟑 𝟖𝒃 𝟖
𝟏𝟑 𝟕𝒂𝟑 𝟏𝟕𝒃
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 ∶ √𝟕𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 ≤ 𝟐
+ (𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔)
𝟐 𝟐𝟒𝒃 𝟐𝟒
𝟏 𝟑 𝟕 𝒂𝟑 𝟏𝟕
𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔, ∑ √𝟕𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 ≤ ∑ 𝟐+ ∑ 𝒂 (𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐𝟒 𝒃 𝟐𝟒

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𝑩𝒚 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒐𝒏′ 𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶
𝒂𝟑 (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟑
∑ ≥ = ∑ 𝒂 (𝟐)
𝒃𝟐 (𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝒂)𝟐
𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟏) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟐), 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶
𝟏 𝟑 𝟕 𝒂𝟑 𝟏𝟕 𝒂𝟑 𝒂𝟑
∑ √𝟕𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 ≤ ∑ 𝟐+ ∑ 𝟐 = ∑ 𝟐 , 𝒂𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅.
𝟐 𝟐𝟒 𝒃 𝟐𝟒 𝒃 𝒃
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄.
JP.498 If 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 0 then:

(𝒂 + 𝟏)(𝒃 + 𝟏) 𝟑 𝒂𝒃
∑ ≥ +∑
𝒂+𝒃+𝟐 𝟐 𝒂+𝒃
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru-Romania

First we prove that:
(𝒂 + 𝟏)(𝒃 + 𝟏) 𝟏 𝒂𝒃
≥ + ; (𝟏)
𝒂+𝒃+𝟐 𝟐 𝒂+𝒃
(𝟏) ⇔ 𝟐(𝒂 + 𝟏)(𝒃 + 𝟏)(𝒂 + 𝒃) ≥ (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟐) + 𝟐𝒂𝒃(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟐)
(𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟐)(𝒂 + 𝒃) ≥ (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟐) + 𝟐𝒂𝒃(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟐)
(𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟐 − 𝒂 − 𝒃 − 𝟐) ≥ 𝟐𝒂𝒃(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟐)
(𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝒂 + 𝒃) ≥ 𝟐𝒂𝒃(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟐)
𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒃 + 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃 + 𝟐𝒂𝒃𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 ≥ 𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒂𝒃𝟐 + 𝟒𝒂𝒃
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃 ≥ 𝟎 ⇔ (𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟐 ≥ 𝟎
By (1):
(𝒂 + 𝟏)(𝒃 + 𝟏) 𝟑 𝒂𝒃
∑ ≥ +∑
𝒂+𝒃+𝟐 𝟐 𝒂+𝒃
Equality holds for 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄.

𝑾𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶

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(𝒂 + 𝟏)(𝒃 + 𝟏) 𝒂𝒃 (𝒂𝒃 + 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟏)(𝒂 + 𝒃) − 𝒂𝒃(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟐)
− = =
𝒂+𝒃+𝟐 𝒂+𝒃 (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟐)(𝒂 + 𝒃)
(𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝑪𝑩𝑺 𝟐 + (𝒂 + 𝒃) 𝟏
= ⏞
≥ = .
(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟐)(𝒂 + 𝒃) (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟐)(𝒂 + 𝒃) 𝟐
(𝒂 + 𝟏)(𝒃 + 𝟏) 𝟏 𝒂𝒃
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 ∶ ≥ + (𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔)
𝒂+𝒃+𝟐 𝟐 𝒂+𝒃
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆,
(𝒂 + 𝟏)(𝒃 + 𝟏) 𝟑 𝒂𝒃
∑ ≥ +∑ .
𝒂+𝒃+𝟐 𝟐 𝒂+𝒃
JP.499 Find 𝝀 > 0 so that the double inequality
𝟐
(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟑 − 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 − 𝒄𝟑
𝑹 ≥ ≥ 𝟐𝑹𝒓
𝝀(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)
holds in any triangle 𝑨𝑩𝑪.
Proposed by Alex Szoros-Romania
We assume the problem is solved. If 𝚫𝑨𝑩𝑪 is equilateral, we have that:
𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄 = 𝒍 and 𝑹 = 𝟐𝒓.
The relationship in the statement becomes:
𝟐𝟕𝒍𝟑 − 𝟑𝒍𝟑 𝟖𝒍𝟐
𝑹𝟐 ≥ ≥ 𝑹 𝟐 ⇒ 𝑹𝟐 ≥ ⇒ 𝝀 = 𝟐𝟒
𝟑𝒍𝝀 𝝀
For 𝝀 = 𝟐𝟒 we will show that:
𝟐
(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟑 − 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 − 𝒄𝟑
𝑹 ≥ ≥ 𝟐𝑹𝒓
𝟐𝟒(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)
Using the identity:
(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟑 = 𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 + 𝒄𝟑 + 𝟑(𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒄 + 𝒂)
we get:
(𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒄 + 𝒂)
𝑹𝟐 ≥ ≥ 𝟐𝑹𝒓; (𝟏)
𝟏𝟔𝒔
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But, 𝒂𝒃𝒄 + (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒄 + 𝒂) = (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂)
(𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒄 + 𝒂) = 𝟐𝒔(𝒔𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐𝑹𝒓)
Hence, (1) becomes:
𝒔𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐𝑹𝒓
𝑹𝟐 ≥ ≥ 𝟐𝑹𝒓 ⇔
𝟖
𝟖𝑹𝟐 − 𝟐𝑹𝒓 − 𝒓𝟐 ≥ 𝟏𝟒𝑹𝒓 − 𝒓𝟐 ; (𝟐)
From Gerretsen’s inequality: 𝟒𝑹𝟐 + 𝟒𝑹𝒓 + 𝟑𝒓𝟐 ≥ 𝒔𝟐 ≥ 𝟏𝟔𝑹𝒓 − 𝟓𝒓𝟐 , we get:
𝟖𝑹𝟐 − 𝟐𝑹𝒓 − 𝒓𝟐 ≥ 𝟒𝑹𝟐 + 𝟒𝑹𝒓 + 𝟑𝒓𝟐 ≥ 𝒔𝟐 ≥ 𝟏𝟔𝑹𝒓 − 𝟓𝒓𝟐 ≥ 𝟏𝟒𝑹𝒓 − 𝒓𝟐 true.
So, (2) is true. In conclusion 𝝀 = 𝟐𝟒.
Solution 2 by Tapas Das-India

𝟐𝒔
For an equilateral triangle 𝑨𝑩𝑪: 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄 = and 𝑹 = 𝟐𝒓.
𝟑
So, the given inequality is true in equilateral triangle.

(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟑 − 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 − 𝒄𝟑
𝑹𝟐 ≥ ≥ 𝟐𝑹𝒓
𝝀(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)
𝟐𝒔
We put 𝑹 = 𝟐𝒓, 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄 = and we get:
𝟑
𝟐𝟕𝒂𝟑 − 𝟑𝒂𝟑 𝟐
𝟐𝟒𝒂𝟑
= 𝟒𝒓 ⇒ = 𝟒𝒓𝟐 ⇒ 𝟖𝒂𝟐 = 𝟒𝒓𝟐 𝝀 ⇒
𝝀 ⋅ 𝟑𝒂 𝝀 ⋅ 𝟑𝒂
𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝒔 𝟐 𝟖 𝒔𝟐 𝟖 𝟐𝟕𝒓𝟐
𝝀 = 𝟐 = 𝟐 ( ) = ⋅ 𝟐 = ⋅ 𝟐 ⇒ 𝝀 = 𝟐𝟒.
𝒓 𝒓 𝟑 𝟗 𝒓 𝟗 𝒓
So, it is suffices to prove for 𝝀 = 𝟐𝟒. We have:
(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟑 − 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 − 𝒄𝟑 𝟖𝒔𝟑 − 𝟐(𝒔𝟑 − 𝟑𝒓𝟐 𝒔 − 𝟔𝑹𝒓𝒔) 𝒔𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐𝑹𝒓
= =
𝟐𝟒(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) 𝟐𝟒 ⋅ 𝟐𝒔 𝟖
We need to show:
𝒔𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐𝑹𝒓
≥ 𝟐𝑹𝒓 ⇔ 𝒔𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝑹𝒓 ≥ 𝟎 ⇔
𝟖
𝟏𝟔𝑹𝒓 − 𝟓𝒓𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝑹𝒓 ≥ 𝟎 ⇔ 𝟐𝑹𝒓 − 𝟒𝒓𝟐 ≥ 𝟎 ⇔ 𝑹 ≥ 𝟐𝒓 (𝑬𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒓); (𝟏)
Again,
(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟑 − 𝒂𝟑 − 𝒃𝟑 − 𝒄𝟑 𝒔𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐𝑹𝒓
=
𝟐𝟒(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) 𝟖
We need to show:
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𝒔𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐𝑹𝒓
≤ 𝑹𝟐 ⇔ 𝒔𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 + 𝟐𝑹𝒓 ≤ 𝟖𝑹𝟐 ⇔
𝟖
𝟐𝑹𝟐 − 𝟑𝑹𝒓 − 𝟐𝒓𝟐 ≥ 𝟎 ⇔ (𝑹 − 𝟐𝒓)(𝟐𝑹 + 𝒓) ≥ 𝟎 (𝟐)
From (1) and (2) is true for 𝝀 = 𝟐𝟒.
JP.500 If 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 0, 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 1 then:

𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒄𝟐 + 𝟏
+ + ≥𝟑
𝒂+𝟏 𝒃+𝟏 𝒄+𝟏
Lemma:
If 𝒙 > 0 then:
𝒙𝟐 𝒙
≥ + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 √𝒙 ; (𝟏)
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙+𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝒙
Proof. Let be 𝒇: (𝟎, ∞) → ℝ; 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙+𝟏 − 𝒙+𝟏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 √𝒙, then
′ ′
′ (𝒙)
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇 =( 𝟐 ) − ( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙) = − =
𝒙 +𝟏 𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝟐𝒙
(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏)
=
𝟐𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟏; 𝒇(𝒙) ≥ 𝒇(𝟏) = 𝟎
𝒙𝟐 𝒙
⇒ − − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 √𝒙 ≥ 𝟎; (∀)𝒙 > 0
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙+𝟏
Back to the problem:
Let be 𝒙 = 𝒂; 𝒙 = 𝒃; 𝒙 = 𝒄 in (1). By adding:
𝒂𝟐 𝒂
∑ ≥∑ + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 √𝒂 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 √𝒃 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 √𝒄 ⇔
𝒂+𝟏 𝒂+𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒂+𝟏−𝒂 𝒂𝟐 𝟏
∑ ≥∑ + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 √𝒂𝒃𝒄 ⇔∑ ≥𝟑−∑ + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 √𝟏 ⇔
𝒂+𝟏 𝒂+𝟏 𝒂+𝟏 𝒂+𝟏
𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏
∑ ≥𝟑
𝒂+𝟏
𝒄𝒚𝒄

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Equality holds for 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄 = 𝟏.
𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏 (𝒂 + 𝟏)𝟐 + (𝒂 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒂 + 𝟏
𝑾𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶ = ≥ (𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔)
𝒂+𝟏 𝟐(𝒂 + 𝟏) 𝟐
𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒄𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝟑
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 ∶ + + ≥ .
𝒂+𝟏 𝒃+𝟏 𝒄+𝟏 𝟐
𝟑
𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 ≥ 𝟑√𝒂𝒃𝒄 = 𝟑.
𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒄𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟑 + 𝟑
+ + ≥ = 𝟑.
𝒂+𝟏 𝒃+𝟏 𝒄+𝟏 𝟐
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄 = 𝟏.
Solution 3 by Marin Chirciu-Romania

Using Holder’s inequality:
𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒂 + 𝟏
≥ ⇔ (𝒂 − 𝟏)𝟐 ≥ 𝟎
𝒂+𝟏 𝟐
Equality holds for 𝒂 = 𝟏.
𝟑
𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒂 + 𝟏 ∑ 𝒂 + 𝟑 𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴 𝟑 √𝒂𝒃𝒄 + 𝟑 𝟑 + #
𝑳𝑯𝑺 = ∑ ≥∑ = ≥ = = 𝟑 = 𝑹𝑯𝑺.
𝒂+𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Equality holds for 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄 = 𝟏.
Solution 4 by Anas Chaabi-Morocco

𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒄𝟐 + 𝟏 (𝒂 + 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂 (𝒃 + 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟐𝒃 (𝒄 + 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟐𝒄
+ + ≥𝟑⇔ + + ≥𝟑
𝒂+𝟏 𝒃+𝟏 𝒄+𝟏 𝒂+𝟏 𝒃+𝟏 𝒄+𝟏
𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒃 𝟐𝒄
⇔𝒂+𝟏+𝒃+𝟏+𝒄+𝟏−( + + )≥𝟑⇔
𝒂+𝟏 𝒃+𝟏 𝒄+𝟏
𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒃 𝟐𝒄
( + + ) ≤ 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆:
𝒂+𝟏 𝒃+𝟏 𝒄+𝟏

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𝟐𝒂 𝟐𝒃 𝟐𝒄
+ + ≤ √𝒂 + √𝒃 + √𝒄 ≤ √𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 =
𝒂+𝟏 𝒃+𝟏 𝒄+𝟏
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄 𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
= ⋅ √𝟑 ≤ ⋅ √𝟑 = 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄
√𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 √𝟑 𝟑√𝒂𝒃𝒄
Solution 5 by Nguyen Thai An-Vietnam

𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒂 + 𝟏
𝑾𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆: ≥ ⇔ (𝒂 − 𝟏)𝟐 ≥ 𝟎 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆 .
𝒂+𝟏 𝟐
𝑺𝒐, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆:
𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒄𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝟑
+ + ≥
𝒂+𝟏 𝒃+𝟏 𝒄+𝟏 𝟐
𝟑 𝒂+𝒃+𝑪+𝟑 𝟑+𝟑
𝑩𝒚 𝑨𝑴 − 𝑮𝑴: 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 ≥ 𝟑 √𝒂𝒃𝒄 = 𝟑 ⇒ ≥ =𝟑
𝟑 𝟐
𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒄𝟐 + 𝟏
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆, + + ≥ 𝟑.
𝒂+𝟏 𝒃+𝟏 𝒄+𝟏
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄 = 𝟏.
Solution 6 by Ivan Hadinata-Jember-Indonesia
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 0, 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 1 ⟹ ∃𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 > 0, 𝑎 = ,𝒃 = ,𝒄 =
𝒛 𝒙 𝒚
𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂 − 𝒂 + 𝟏 𝒂−𝟏
∑ =∑ = ∑𝒂−∑ =
𝒂+𝟏 𝒂+𝟏 𝒂+𝟏
𝒙
𝒛 −𝟏 = ∑𝒙 + ∑𝒛 − 𝒙 = ∑ 𝒙 + 𝒛 ≥
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙
= ∑ −∑𝒙
𝒛 𝒛 𝒛+𝒙 𝒛(𝒛 + 𝒙)
𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒛 + 𝟏 𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴
(𝒙 + 𝒛)𝟐 𝒙+𝒛 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 𝒙
≥∑ =∑ = ∑ ( + 𝟏) ≥⏞ ∑ 𝟐√ =
𝟐𝒛(𝒛 + 𝒙) 𝟐𝒛 𝟐 𝒛 𝟐 𝒛
𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴
𝟔
= ∑ √𝒂 ⏞
≥ 𝟑 √𝒂𝒃𝒄 = 𝟑
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄 = 𝟏.
JP.501 If 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 0, then:

𝒂𝟏𝟎 𝒃𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝟏𝟎 𝟑
+ + ≥
(𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟓 (𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟓 (𝒄 + 𝒂)𝟓 (𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟓 (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟓 (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒄)𝟓 𝟖𝟓
Proposed by D.M. Bătineţu-Giurgiu-Romania
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𝒂𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝟏𝟎 (𝒂𝟐 )𝟓
∑ = ∑ = ∑ =
(𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟓 (𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟓 (𝒔 − 𝒂)𝟓 (𝒔 + 𝒂)𝟓 (𝒔𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 )𝟓
𝟓 𝟓
𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 𝟐
𝒂 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒐𝒏 𝟏 𝒂 𝟏 𝒂
= ∑( 𝟐 ) ≥ (∑ 𝟐 ) = 𝟒 (∑ ( 𝟐 + 𝟏) − 𝟑) =
𝒔 − 𝒂𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝒔 −𝒂 𝟐 𝟑 𝒔 − 𝒂𝟐
𝟓
𝟐 𝑩𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟓
𝟏 𝒔 𝟏 𝟐 𝟗
= 𝟒 (∑ 𝟐 − 𝟑) ≥ (𝒔 ⋅ − 𝟑) =
𝟑 𝒔 − 𝒂𝟐 𝟑𝟒 ∑(𝒔𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 )
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝟓
𝟓
𝟏 𝟗𝒔𝟐 𝟏 𝟗𝒔𝟐
= 𝟒( 𝟐 − 𝟑) ≥ ( − 𝟑) =
𝟑 𝟑𝒔 − (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ) 𝟑𝟒 𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟐
𝟑𝒔 − 𝟑
𝟓 𝟓
𝟏 𝟐𝟕𝒔𝟐 𝟏 𝟐𝟕 𝟑𝟓 𝟑
= 𝟒( 𝟐 𝟐
− 𝟑) = 𝟒
( − 𝟑) = 𝟒 𝟓
= 𝟓
𝟑 𝟗𝒔 − 𝒔 𝟑 𝟗−𝟏 𝟑 ⋅𝟖 𝟖

𝒂𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝟏𝟓
∑ = ∑ ≥
(𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟓 (𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟓 (𝒂𝒃 + 𝒄𝒂)𝟓 (𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟓
𝑯ӧ𝒍𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝟏𝟓
(∑𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒂)
⏞
≥ =
𝟓 𝟓 𝟒
(∑𝒄𝒚𝒄(𝒂𝒃 + 𝒄𝒂)) (∑𝒄𝒚𝒄(𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)) (∑𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝟏)
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟎
𝟑(∑𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒂) 𝟑(∑𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒂) 𝟑 𝟑
= ≥ = = , 𝒂𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅.
𝟓 𝟓 𝟐 𝟓 𝟐𝟏𝟓 𝟖𝟓
(𝟐. 𝟑 ∑𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒃𝒄) (𝟒 ∑𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒂) 𝟐𝟏𝟓 . ((∑𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒂) )

𝒂𝟏𝟎 𝟑
𝑰𝒇 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∑ ≥
(𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟓 (𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟓 𝟖𝟓
𝒄𝒚𝒄
Proposed by D.M. Bătinețu-Giurgiu-Romania

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Solution.
𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑯𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒆𝒓′ 𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕:
𝟓
𝒂𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝟐 𝑯𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒆𝒓
𝑳𝑯𝑺 = ∑ = ∑( ) ≥
(𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟓 (𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟓 (𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)
𝟓
𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑩𝑺 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟑
≥ [∑ ] ≥ ⋅ ( ) ≥ 𝟓 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆
𝟑𝟒 (𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) 𝟑 𝟒 𝟖 𝟖
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝟐 (∑ 𝒂)𝟐 ∑ 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐 ∑ 𝒃𝒄 (𝟏) 𝟑
𝒂 𝑪𝑩𝑺
∑ ≥ = ≥ , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆
(𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) ∑(𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) 𝟐 ∑ 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟔 ∑ 𝒃𝒄 𝟖
𝒄𝒚𝒄
∑ 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐 ∑ 𝒃𝒄 𝟑
(𝟏) ⇔ ≥ ⇔ ∑ 𝒂𝟐 ≥ ∑ 𝒃𝒄 ⇔ ∑(𝒃 − 𝒄)𝟐 ≥ 𝟎
𝟐 ∑ 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟔 ∑ 𝒃𝒄 𝟖
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄.
𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌. 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅.
𝒂𝟐𝒏 𝟑
𝑰𝒇 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 ∑ 𝒏 𝒏
≥ 𝒏
(𝒃 + 𝒄) (𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) 𝟖
𝒄𝒚𝒄
Solution.
𝒂𝟐 𝟑
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝟎 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕 𝟑 = 𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝟏, 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕: ∑ ≥ .
(𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) 𝟖
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒏 ≥ 𝟐, 𝒘𝒆 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝑯𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔𝒓′ 𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚:
𝒏
𝒂𝟐𝒏 𝒂𝟐 𝑯𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒆𝒓
𝑳𝑯𝑺 = ∑ = ∑( ) ≥
(𝒃 + 𝒄)𝒏 (𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝒏 (𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)
𝒏
𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑩𝑺𝟑 𝒏 𝟏 𝟑
≥ 𝒏−𝟏 [∑ ] ≥ ( ) ⋅ 𝒏−𝟏 ≥ 𝒏 = 𝑹𝑯𝑺, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆
𝟑 (𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) 𝟖 𝟑 𝟖
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝟐 (∑ 𝒂)𝟐 ∑ 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐 ∑ 𝒃𝒄 (𝟏) 𝟑
𝒂 𝑪𝑩𝑺
∑ ≥ = ≥ , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆
(𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) ∑(𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) 𝟐 ∑ 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟔 ∑ 𝒃𝒄 𝟖
𝒄𝒚𝒄
∑ 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐 ∑ 𝒃𝒄 𝟑
(𝟏) ⇔ 𝟐
≥ ⇔ ∑ 𝒂𝟐 ≥ ∑ 𝒃𝒄 ⇔ ∑(𝒃 − 𝒄)𝟐 ≥ 𝟎
𝟐 ∑ 𝒂 + 𝟔 ∑ 𝒃𝒄 𝟖
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄.
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝟓 𝒘𝒆 𝒐𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎 𝑱𝑷. 𝟓𝟎𝟏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎
𝑹𝑴𝑴 − 𝟑𝟒 − 𝑨𝒖𝒕𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝑫. 𝑴. 𝑩𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒖 − 𝑮𝒊𝒖𝒓𝒈𝒊𝒖.

𝐕𝐢𝒂 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐞𝒂𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐛𝐲𝐬𝐡𝐞𝐯 ′ 𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐪𝐮𝒂𝒍𝐢𝐭𝐲, (𝐛 + 𝐜)𝟓 ≤ 𝟐𝟒 (𝐛𝟓 + 𝐜 𝟓 )

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𝒂𝐧𝐝 (𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝐜) = (𝒂 + 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝐜)𝟓 ≤ 𝟒𝟒 (𝒂𝟓 + 𝒂𝟓 + 𝐛𝟓 + 𝐜 𝟓 )
𝟓
∴ (𝐛 + 𝐜)𝟓 (𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝐜)𝟓 ≤ 𝟐𝟒 . 𝟒𝟒 . (𝐛𝟓 + 𝐜 𝟓 )(𝒂𝟓 + 𝒂𝟓 + 𝐛𝟓 + 𝐜 𝟓 )

⇒ (𝐛 + 𝐜)𝟓 (𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝐜)𝟓 ≤ 𝟐𝟏𝟐 (𝐛𝟓 + 𝐜 𝟓 )(𝟐𝒂𝟓 + 𝐛𝟓 + 𝐜 𝟓 ) 𝒂𝐧𝐝 𝒂𝐧𝒂𝒍𝐨𝐠𝐬
𝒂𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝟏𝟎 𝐜 𝟏𝟎
∴ + +
(𝐛 + 𝐜)𝟓 (𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝐜)𝟓 (𝐜 + 𝒂)𝟓 (𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 + 𝐜)𝟓 (𝒂 + 𝐛)𝟓 (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟐𝐜)𝟓
𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟎 ? 𝟑
≥ 𝟏𝟐 ∑ 𝟓 ≥
𝟐 (𝐛 + 𝐜 𝟓 )(𝟐𝒂𝟓 + 𝐛 𝟓 + 𝐜 𝟓 ) 𝟖𝟓
𝐜𝐲𝐜
𝒙𝟐 ? 𝟑
⇔∑ ≥⏟ (𝒙 = 𝒂𝟓 , 𝐲 = 𝐛𝟓 , 𝐜 = 𝐳 𝟓 )
(𝐲 + 𝐳)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝐲 + 𝐳) (∗) 𝟖
𝐜𝐲𝐜
𝟐
𝒙𝟐 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐦 (∑𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝒙)
𝐍𝐨𝐰, ∑ ≥
(𝐲 + 𝐳)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝐲 + 𝐳) ∑𝐜𝐲𝐜(𝟐𝒙𝐲 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐲𝐳 + 𝟐𝒙𝐳 + 𝐲𝐳 + 𝐳 𝟐 )
𝐜𝐲𝐜
∑𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐 ∑𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝒙𝐲 ? 𝟑 𝟐
?
= ≥ ⇔ 𝟒 ∑ 𝒙 + 𝟖 ∑ 𝒙𝐲 ≥ 𝟑 ∑ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗 ∑ 𝒙𝐲
𝟐 ∑𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔 ∑𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝒙𝐲 𝟖
𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐜𝐲𝐜
?
⇔ ∑ 𝒙𝟐 ≥ ∑ 𝒙𝐲 → 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞 ⇒ (∗) 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞
𝒂𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝟏𝟎 𝐜 𝟏𝟎 𝟑
∴ + + ≥
(𝐛 + 𝐜)𝟓 (𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝐜)𝟓 (𝐜 + 𝒂)𝟓 (𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 + 𝐜)𝟓 (𝒂 + 𝐛)𝟓 (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝟐𝐜)𝟓 𝟖𝟓
∀ 𝒂, 𝐛, 𝐜 > 0,′′ =′′ 𝐢𝐟𝐟 𝒂 = 𝐛 = 𝐜 (𝐐𝐄𝐃)

𝑩𝑬𝑹𝑮𝑺𝑻𝑹𝑶𝑴
𝒂 𝒂𝟐
∑ =∑ 𝟐 ⏞
≥
𝟐𝒂 + 𝟑𝒃 + 𝟑𝒄 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟑𝒂𝒃 + 𝟑𝒂𝒄
(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟐 𝟑
≥ ≥ =
𝟐(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂) 𝟐(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟐 + 𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟐 𝟖
𝟑
𝟓
𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴
𝒂 𝟏 𝒂
∑ = ∑( ) ⏞
≥
𝟓
(𝒃 + 𝒄) (𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) 𝟓 𝟑𝟐 𝒃 𝒄
𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄 (𝒃 + 𝒄) (𝒂 + + )
𝟐 𝟐
𝟓
𝟐 𝟏𝟎
𝟏 𝟒𝒂 𝟏 𝟒𝒂
≥ ∑( 𝟐 ) = ∑ ( ) ≥
𝟑𝟐 𝒃 𝒄 𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟑𝒃 + 𝟑𝒄
𝒄𝒚𝒄 (𝒃 + 𝒄 + 𝒂 + + ) 𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
𝟑 𝒂 𝟑 𝟏 𝒂
≥ ∙ 𝟒𝟏𝟎 (∑ ) = ∙ 𝟒𝟏𝟎 ∙ 𝟏𝟎 (∑ ) ≥
𝟑𝟐 𝟑(𝟐𝒂 + 𝟑𝒃 + 𝟑𝒄) 𝟑𝟐 𝟑 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟑𝒃 + 𝟑𝒄

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𝟑 𝟏𝟎
𝟏 𝟑𝟏𝟎 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
≥ ∙ 𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎 ∙ 𝟏𝟎 = ∙ 𝟒𝟏𝟎 ∙ 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟓
𝟑𝟐 𝟑 𝟖 𝟑𝟐 𝟖 𝟐 𝟖
JP.502 If 𝒎, 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒎 + 𝒏 = 𝟒 and 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 > 0 then in 𝚫𝑨𝑩𝑪 holds:

𝒙 ⋅ 𝒂𝒎 𝒚 ⋅ 𝒃𝒏 𝒛 ⋅ 𝒄𝒏
𝒏
+ 𝒏 + 𝒏
≥ 𝟐𝒎−𝟏 ⋅ 𝑭𝟐−𝒏
(𝒚 + 𝒛)𝒉𝒂 (𝒛 + 𝒙)𝒉𝒃 (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒉𝒄
Proposed by D.M. Bătineţu-Giurgiu-Romania
Solution by proposer
𝒙 ⋅ 𝒂𝒎 𝒙 ⋅ 𝒂𝒎+𝒏 𝟏 𝒙 ⋅ 𝒂𝟒
∑ = ∑ = ∑ =
(𝒚 + 𝒛)𝒉𝒏𝒂 (𝒚 + 𝒛)(𝒂 ⋅ 𝒉𝒂 )𝒏 (𝟐𝑭)𝒏 𝒚+𝒛
𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒂𝟒 𝑩𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟏 (∑ 𝒙𝒂𝟐 )𝟐
= ∑ ≥ ⋅ =
(𝟐𝑭)𝒏 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙𝒛 𝟐𝒏 𝑭𝒏 ∑(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙𝒛)
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝟏 𝒙𝒂𝟐 + 𝒚𝒃𝟐 + 𝒛𝒄𝟐 𝑶𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒎 𝟏 𝟏𝟔(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙)𝑭𝟐

= ⋅ ≥ ⋅ =
𝟐𝒏 𝑭𝒏 𝟐(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙) 𝟐 𝒏 𝑭𝒏 𝟐(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙)
= 𝟐𝟑−𝒏 ⋅ 𝑭𝟐−𝒏 = 𝟐𝟑−𝟒+𝒎 ⋅ 𝑭𝟐−𝒏 = 𝟐𝒎−𝟏 ⋅ 𝑭𝟐−𝒏
JP.503 In acute 𝚫𝑨𝑩𝑪 the following relationship holds:
𝒂+𝒃 𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
∑ ∙ 𝒉𝒄 ≥
𝒂𝒃 𝑹
𝒄𝒚𝒄
Proposed by Marian Ursărescu-Romania

𝟏 𝟏 𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
∑ ( + ) 𝒉𝒄 ≥ ; (𝟏)
𝒂 𝒃 𝑹
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑷𝒉𝒂𝒎 𝑯𝒖𝒖 𝑫𝒖𝒄’𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚:
𝒙(𝒂 + 𝒃) + 𝒚(𝒃 + 𝒄) + 𝒛(𝒄 + 𝒂) ≥ 𝟐√(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙)(𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂);

(∀)𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛, 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 0
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∑ ( + ) 𝒉𝒄 ≥ 𝟐√(𝒉𝒂 𝒉𝒃 + 𝒉𝒃 𝒉𝒄 + 𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒂 ) ( + + ); (𝟐)
𝒂 𝒃 𝒂𝒃 𝒃𝒄 𝒄𝒂
𝒄𝒚𝒄

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𝟐𝒔𝟐 𝒓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒉𝒂 𝒉𝒃 + 𝒉𝒃 𝒉𝒄 + 𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒂 = 𝐚𝐧𝐝 + + = ; (𝟑)
𝑹 𝒂𝒃 𝒃𝒄 𝒄𝒂 𝟐𝑹𝒓
𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟐) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟑) 𝒊𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕:
𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒔 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄
∑ ( + ) 𝒉𝒄 ≥ 𝟐√ 𝟐 = =
𝒂 𝒃 𝑹 𝑹 𝑹
𝒄𝒚𝒄

𝟐𝑭
𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒉𝒂 =
, 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕:
𝒂
𝒃+𝒄 𝒃 + 𝒄 𝟐𝑭 𝟐𝑭 𝟐𝑭 𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
𝑳𝑯𝑺 = ∑ ⋅ 𝒉𝒂 = ∑ ⋅ = ∑(𝒃 + 𝒄) = ⋅ 𝟐∑𝒂 =
𝒃𝒄 𝒃𝒄 𝒂 𝒂𝒃𝒄 𝟒𝑹𝑭 𝟐
= 𝑹𝑯𝑺
𝒂+𝒃 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝟐𝑭 𝟐𝑭 𝟐𝑭
∑ ⋅ 𝒉𝒄 = ∑ ⋅ = ∑(𝒂 + 𝒃) = ⋅ 𝟐∑𝒂 =
𝒂𝒃 𝒂𝒃 𝒄 𝒂𝒃𝒄 𝒂𝒃𝒄
𝟐𝑭 𝟐𝑭 𝟐𝒔 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄
= ⋅ 𝟐 ⋅ 𝟐𝒔 = ⋅ 𝟒𝒔 = =
𝒂𝒃𝒄 𝟒𝑹𝑭 𝑹 𝑹
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝟑+𝝅
+ + ≤
𝝅𝑨 + 𝑩𝑪 + 𝟏𝟐 𝝅𝑩 + 𝑪𝑨 + 𝟏𝟐 𝝅𝑪 + 𝑨𝑩 + 𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟐
Proposed by Radu Diaconu-Romania
We have:
𝑨 𝑨 𝑨 (𝟏)
∑ =∑ =∑ ≤
𝝅𝑩 + 𝑪𝑨 + 𝟏𝟐 (𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪)𝑨 + 𝑩𝑪 + 𝟏𝟐 (𝑨 + 𝑩)(𝑨 + 𝑪) + 𝟒 + 𝟖
𝑨 (𝟐) 𝟏 𝑨 𝟏 𝟏
≤∑ ≤ ∑ ( + )=
𝟒√(𝑨 + 𝑩)(𝑨 + 𝑪) + 𝟖 𝟒 𝟒 √(𝑨 + 𝑩)(𝑨 + 𝑪) 𝟐
𝟏 𝑨 𝑨 𝑨 (𝟑) 𝟏 𝟏 𝑨 𝑨 𝝅
= ∑√ ⋅ +∑ ≤ ∑ ( + )+ =
𝟏𝟔 𝑨+𝑩 𝑨+𝑪 𝟑𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟐 𝑨+𝑩 𝑨+𝑪 𝟑𝟐

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𝟏 𝟑 𝝅 𝟑+𝝅
= ⋅ + +
𝟏𝟔 𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐
(𝟏) ⇔ (𝑨 + 𝑩)(𝑨 + 𝑪) + 𝟒 ≥ 𝟒√(𝑨 + 𝑩)(𝑨 + 𝑪) ⇔
𝟐
(√(𝑨 + 𝑩)(𝑨 + 𝑪)) − 𝟒√(𝑨 + 𝑩)(𝑨 + 𝑪) + 𝟒 ≥ 𝟎 ⇔
𝟐
(√(𝑨 + 𝑩)(𝑨 + 𝑪) − 𝟐) ≥ 𝟎
Equality holds for (𝑨 + 𝑩)(𝑨 + 𝑪) = 𝟒.

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝟐) ⇔ ≤ ( + ) , 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝒙 = √(𝑨 + 𝑩)(𝑨 + 𝑪) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒚 = 𝟐.
𝒙+𝒚 𝟒 𝒙 𝒚
Equality holds for (𝑨 + 𝑩)(𝑨 + 𝑪) = 𝟒.
𝑨 𝑨 𝟏 𝑨 𝑨
(𝟑) ⇔ √ ⋅ ≤ ( ⋅ )
𝑨+𝑩 𝑨+𝑪 𝟐 𝑨+𝑩 𝑨+𝑪
𝑨 𝑨
Equality holds for = ⇔ 𝑨 = 𝑩.
𝑨+𝑩 𝑨+𝑪
𝑨 𝑨 𝑨
= = ≤
𝝅𝑨 + 𝑩𝑪 + 𝟏𝟐 (𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪)𝑨 + 𝑩𝑪 + 𝟏𝟐 [(𝑨 + 𝑩)(𝑨 + 𝑪) + 𝟒] + 𝟖
𝑯𝑴−𝑨𝑴 𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴
𝑨 𝟏 𝟏 𝑨 𝑨
⏞
≤ ( + ) ⏞
≤ + ≤
𝟒 (𝑨 + 𝑩)(𝑨 + 𝑪) + 𝟒 𝟖 𝟒. 𝟐√𝟒(𝑨 + 𝑩)(𝑨 + 𝑪) 𝟑𝟐
𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴
𝟏 𝟏 𝑨 𝑨 𝑨 𝟏 𝑨 𝑨
⏞
≤ . ( + )+ = ( + + 𝑨) (𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔)
𝟏𝟔 𝟐 𝑨 + 𝑩 𝑨 + 𝑪 𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝑨 + 𝑩 𝑨 + 𝑪
𝑨 𝟏 𝑨 𝑨 𝟏 𝑨 𝑩
∑ ≤∑ ( + + 𝑨) = ∑ ( + + 𝑨) =
𝝅𝑨 + 𝑩𝑪 + 𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝑨 + 𝑩 𝑨 + 𝑪 𝟑𝟐 𝑨 + 𝑩 𝑩 + 𝑨
𝟏 𝟑+𝝅
=∑ (𝟏 + 𝑨) = , 𝒂𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅.
𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐
𝒄𝒚𝒄

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∗ 𝝅
JP.505 For 𝒏 ∈ ℕ , 𝒙 ∈ (𝟎, ) prove that:
𝟐
𝒏
𝟒𝒌 + (𝒌 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝟐𝒙
∑( ) ≤ (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐
(𝒌 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟒𝒌 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝟐𝒙
𝒌=𝟏
Proposed by Florică Anastase, Flavius Pacionea-Romania

Solution by proposers
𝒌 + (𝒌 − 𝟏)𝟐 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝒌 + (𝒌 − 𝟏)𝟐 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙

= =
(𝒌 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒌(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙)𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 + 𝒌(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙)𝟐 − 𝟐𝒌
𝒌 + (𝒌 − 𝟏)𝟐 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙
= =
𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 + 𝒌(𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙)
𝟏 + (𝒌 − 𝟏) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 + (𝒌 − 𝟏) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + (𝒌 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙
= =
𝒌𝟐 + 𝒌 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒌 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟏 + (𝒌 − 𝟏) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + (𝒌 − 𝟏) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
= ⋅
𝒌 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒌 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝟐 𝒙
𝒏 𝒏
𝒌 + (𝒌 − 𝟏)𝟐 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + (𝒌 − 𝟏) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + (𝒌 − 𝟏) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
√∑ ( ) = √∑ ( ⋅ )≤
(𝒌 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒌(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙)𝟐 𝒌 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒌 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝟐 𝒙
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
≤ ∑( + ) ; (𝟏)
𝟐 𝒏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙
𝒌=𝟏
𝒏
𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝐋𝐞𝐭: 𝑺𝒏 = ∑ ( + )
𝒏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙
𝒌=𝟏
We use the mathematical induction for 𝒏 ∈ ℕ, 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒏 = 𝟏: 𝑺𝟏 = + = + = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙
𝒏 = 𝟐: 𝑺𝟐 = + + + =
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
= 𝑺𝟏 + + = 𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙
Let be 𝑺𝒏 = 𝒏, ∀𝒏 ∈ ℕ∗ and then we prove that 𝑺𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒏 + 𝟏.

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𝒏+𝟏
𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
𝑺𝒏+𝟏 = ∑( + )=
𝒏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙
𝒌=𝟏
𝟐
𝟏 + 𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙
= 𝑺𝒏 + + =𝒏+ + =
𝒏 + 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒏 + 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙
= 𝒏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒏 + 𝟏; (𝟐)
From (1) and (2), we get:
𝒏
𝒌 + (𝒌 − 𝟏)𝟐 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝒏+𝟏
√∑ ( 𝟐 𝟐
)≤ ⇔
(𝒌 − 𝟏) + 𝒌(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙) 𝟐
𝒌=𝟏
𝒏
𝟒𝒌 + (𝒌 − 𝟏)𝟐 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝟐𝒙
∑( ) ≤ (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 ⇔
(𝒌 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝒌(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙)𝟐
𝒌=𝟏
𝒏
𝟒𝒌 + (𝒌 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝟐𝒙
∑( ) ≤ (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐
(𝒌 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟒𝒌 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝟐𝒙
𝒌=𝟏
JP.506 For 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 0, 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 1 and 𝒌 ∈ ℕ prove:

𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝟐𝟕 𝒌+𝟏
+ + ≥( )
(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃𝒄)𝒌+𝟏 (𝒃𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃𝒄)𝒌+𝟏 (𝒄𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃𝒄)𝒌+𝟏 𝟒
Proposed by Florică Anastase, Andreea Lixandru-Romania
Solution 1 by proposers
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
+ 𝟐 + 𝟐 =
(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃𝒄) 𝒌+𝟏 (𝒃 + 𝒂𝒃𝒄) 𝒌+𝟏 (𝒄 + 𝒂𝒃𝒄)𝒌+𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒐𝒏
= 𝒌
⋅ 𝒌+𝟏
+ 𝒌⋅ 𝒌+𝟏
+ 𝒌⋅ ≥
𝒂 (𝒂 + 𝒃𝒄) 𝒃 (𝒃 + 𝒄𝒂) 𝒄 (𝒄 + 𝒂𝒃)𝒌+𝟏
𝒌+𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒌+𝟏
( + + ) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
≥ 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒄 𝒃 + 𝒄𝒂 𝒄𝒌+ 𝒂𝒃 =( + + ) ; (𝟏)
(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒄 𝒃 + 𝒄𝒂 𝒄 + 𝒂𝒃
Now, from 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟏, we have: 𝟏 − 𝒂 = 𝒃 + 𝒄 > 0,1 − 𝑏 = 𝑐 + 𝑎 > 0,
𝟏−𝒄=𝒂+𝒃>0
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ + = + +
𝒂 + 𝒃𝒄 𝒃 + 𝒄𝒂 𝒄 + 𝒂𝒃 𝟏 − (𝒃 + 𝒄) + 𝒃𝒄 𝟏 − (𝒄 + 𝒂) + 𝒄𝒂 𝟏 − (𝒂 + 𝒃) + 𝒂𝒃
=

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𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
= + + = ; (𝟐)
(𝟏 − 𝒃)(𝟏 − 𝒄) (𝟏 − 𝒄)(𝟏 − 𝒂) (𝟏 − 𝒂)(𝟏 − 𝒃) (𝟏 − 𝒂)(𝟏 − 𝒃)(𝟏 − 𝒄)
𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴 𝟑
(𝟏 − 𝒂) + (𝟏 − 𝒃) + (𝟏 − 𝒄) ≥ 𝟑 √(𝟏 − 𝒂)(𝟏 − 𝒃)(𝟏 − 𝒄) ⇔
𝟑
𝟐 = 𝟑 − (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) ≥ 𝟑 √(𝟏 − 𝒂)(𝟏 − 𝒃)(𝟏 − 𝒄) ⇔
𝟐 𝟐𝟕
𝟖 ≥ 𝟐𝟕(𝟏 − 𝒂)(𝟏 − 𝒃)(𝟏 − 𝒄) ⇔ ≥ ; (𝟑)
(𝟏 − 𝒂)(𝟏 − 𝒃)(𝟏 − 𝒄) 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝟕
+ + = ≥ ; (𝟒)
𝒂 + 𝒃𝒄 𝒃 + 𝒄𝒂 𝒄 + 𝒂𝒃 (𝟏 − 𝒂)(𝟏 − 𝒃)(𝟏 − 𝒄) 𝟒
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝟐𝟕 𝒌+𝟏
+ + ≥ ( )
(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃𝒄)𝒌+𝟏 (𝒃𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃𝒄)𝒌+𝟏 (𝒄𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃𝒄)𝒌+𝟏 𝟒
𝑩𝒚 𝑯ӧ𝒍𝒅𝒆𝒓′ 𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶
𝒂 𝟏 𝟑𝟐(𝒌+𝟏)
∑ = ∑ ≥ =
(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃𝒄)𝒌+𝟏 𝒂𝒌 (𝒂 + 𝒃𝒄)𝒌+𝟏 (∑ 𝒂)𝒌 (∑ (𝒂 + 𝒃𝒄))𝒌+𝟏
𝟑𝟐(𝒌+𝟏) 𝟑𝟐(𝒌+𝟏) 𝟑𝟐(𝒌+𝟏) 𝟐𝟕 𝒌+𝟏

= ≥ = =( ) , 𝒂𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅.
𝒌+𝟏 𝟐 𝒌+𝟏 𝟏 𝒌+𝟏 𝟒
𝟏𝒌 (𝟏 + ∑𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒃𝒄) (∑𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒂) (𝟏 + 𝟑)
(𝟏 + )
𝟑
𝟏
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄 = .
𝟑

𝒂 𝟏 𝟏
∑ =∑ 𝒌 =∑ 𝒌 =
(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝒃𝒄)𝒌+𝟏 𝒂 (𝒂 + 𝒃𝒄)𝒌+𝟏 𝒂 (𝟏 − 𝒃 − 𝒄 + 𝒃𝒄)𝒌+𝟏
𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴
𝟏 𝟏
=∑ =∑ ⏞
≥
𝒂𝒌 (𝟏 − 𝒃)𝒌+𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒄)𝒌+𝟏 𝒂𝒌 (𝒂 + 𝒄)𝒌+𝟏 (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝒌+𝟏
𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴
𝟑 𝟏
≥ 𝟑√ ⏞
≥
(𝒂𝒃𝒄)𝒌 (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐𝒌+𝟐 (𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟐𝒌+𝟐 (𝒄 + 𝒂)𝟐𝒌+𝟐

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𝟑 𝟑 𝟑𝟑𝒌+𝟑 𝟐𝟕 𝒌+𝟏
≥ = = =( )
𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 𝒌 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃 + 𝟐𝒄 𝟐𝒌+𝟐 𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝒌+𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝒌+𝟐
∙ 𝟐𝒌+𝟐
𝟒
( ) ( ) 𝒌
𝟑 𝟑
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄 = .
𝟑
JP.507 Let 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 be a cyclic quadrilateral with circumradius 𝑹

and area 𝑭. Prove:
𝑨
∑ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝟒
𝟐 ≤ 𝟏𝟔𝑹
𝑨 𝑭𝟐
∑ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟐
𝟐
where the sums are taken over all angles of the quadrilateral.
Proposed by George Apostolopoulos-Messolonghi-Greece
𝑾𝒆 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑳𝒂𝒘 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝑨𝑩𝑫 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩𝑫𝑪 𝒕𝒐 𝒐𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏:
𝑩𝑫𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒅𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒅 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒃𝒄 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪
𝑺𝒐, 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒊𝒄, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 , 𝒔𝒐,
𝟐(𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒅𝟐 , 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒅𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 =
𝟐(𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆: 𝑭 = 𝒂𝒅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 + 𝒃𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪 = 𝒂𝒅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 + 𝒃𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐𝑭
= (𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 , 𝒔𝒐, 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 = .
𝟐 𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄

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𝑨 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 = , 𝒊𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒅𝟐
𝑨 𝟏 + (𝒂 + 𝒅)𝟐 − (𝒃 − 𝒄)𝟐
𝟐 𝟐(𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 = =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐(𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄)
(𝒂 + 𝒅 − 𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒂 + 𝒅 + 𝒃 − 𝒄)
= =
(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄) 𝒂+𝒃+𝒄+𝒅
= , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒔 = 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫.
𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄 𝟐
𝑨 𝑨 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨
𝑨𝒍𝒔𝒐, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆: 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 , 𝒔𝒐, 𝐬𝐢𝐧 = , 𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒍𝒚
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐𝑭
𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝑨 ( ) 𝑭𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 = = 𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄 =
𝟐 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝑨 (𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄) 𝒔 − 𝒃(𝒔 − 𝒄)(𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄)
𝟐 𝟒⋅ 𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄
𝑰𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒍 − 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑭 = √(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)(𝒔 − 𝒅). 𝑺𝒐,
𝑨 (𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒅)
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 = , 𝒘𝒆 𝒐𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔
𝑨 (𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒅)
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 = , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒚, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆
𝟐 (𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)
𝑩 (𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒂) 𝑪 (𝒔 − 𝒄)(𝒔 − 𝒃) 𝑫 (𝒔 − 𝒄)(𝒔 − 𝒃)
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 = , 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 =
𝟐 (𝒔 − 𝒄)(𝒔 − 𝒅) 𝟐 (𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒅) 𝟐 (𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒅)
𝑨
𝑨 (𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒅) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝟐 (𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒅)
𝟐
𝑵𝒐𝒘, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝐭𝐚𝐧 = ⇔ = ⇔
𝟐 (𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄) 𝑨 (𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝟐
𝑨 𝑨
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝟐 (𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒅) + (𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄) 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
= ; (∵ 𝒙𝒚 ≤ )
𝑨 (𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄) 𝟒
(𝒔 − 𝒂 + 𝒔 − 𝒅)𝟐 (𝒔 − 𝒃 + 𝒔 − 𝒄)𝟐
𝟏 (𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒅) + (𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄) +
= ≤ 𝟒 𝟒
𝑨 (𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄) (𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)
(𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟐 + (𝒅 + 𝒂)𝟐
= ; (∗)
𝟒(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)
𝑵𝒐𝒘, 𝒘𝒆′ 𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕:
𝑨
𝑳𝒆𝒎𝒎𝒂: 𝑰𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝑨𝑩𝑪 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒃 + 𝒄 ≤ 𝟒𝑹 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔:
𝟐
𝑩+𝑪 𝑩−𝑪
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇. 𝑾𝒆 𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟐𝑹(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪) = 𝟒𝑹 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟐 𝟐
𝝅−𝑨 𝑨
≤ 𝟒𝑹 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ⋅ 𝟏 = 𝟒𝑹 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟐 𝟐

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𝐕𝐢𝒂 𝐏𝐭𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐲 ′ 𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦, 𝐩𝐪 = 𝒂𝐜 + 𝐛𝐝 𝒂𝐧𝐝 𝐯𝐢𝒂 𝐏𝐭𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐲 ′ 𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦,

𝐩 𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜 (𝒂𝐜 + 𝐛𝐝)(𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜) (𝒂𝐜 + 𝐛𝐝)(𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝)
= ∴𝐩=√ 𝒂𝐧𝐝 𝐪 = √ → (𝟏)
𝐪 𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝 𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝 𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜
𝐝+𝐪−𝒂 𝒂+𝐪−𝐝
𝐀 (𝐦 − 𝒂)(𝐦 − 𝐝) 𝒂 + 𝐝 + 𝐪 ( )( )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐍𝐨𝐰, 𝐭𝒂𝐧 = (𝐦 = )=
𝟐 𝐦(𝐦 − 𝐪) 𝟐 𝒂+𝐝+𝐪 𝒂+𝐝−𝐪
( )( )
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒂𝐜 + 𝐛𝐝)(𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝) 𝟐 𝒂𝐝((𝐛 + 𝐜)𝟐 − (𝒂 − 𝐝)𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐
𝐪 − (𝒂 − 𝐝) 𝐯𝐢𝒂 (𝟏) − (𝒂 − 𝐝)
= = 𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜 = 𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜
(𝒂 + 𝐝)𝟐 − 𝐪𝟐 (𝒂𝐜 + 𝐛𝐝)(𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝) 𝒂𝐝((𝒂 + 𝐝)𝟐 − (𝐛 − 𝐜)𝟐 )
(𝒂 + 𝐝)𝟐 −
𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜 𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜
𝟒(𝐬 − 𝐝)(𝐬 − 𝒂) 𝐀 (𝐢) (𝐬 − 𝐝)(𝐬 − 𝒂)
= ∴ 𝐭𝒂𝐧𝟐 =
𝟒(𝐬 − 𝐜)(𝐬 − 𝐛) 𝟐 (𝐬 − 𝐛)(𝐬 − 𝐜)
𝐛+𝐩−𝒂 𝒂+𝐩−𝐛
𝐁 (𝐧 − 𝒂)(𝐧 − 𝐛) 𝒂 + 𝐛 + 𝐩 ( )( )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐀𝐠𝒂𝐢𝐧, 𝐭𝒂𝐧 = (𝐧 = )=
𝟐 𝐧(𝐧 − 𝐩) 𝟐 𝒂+𝐛+𝐩 𝒂+𝐛−𝐩
( )( )
𝟐 𝟐
(𝒂𝐜 + 𝐛𝐝)(𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜) 𝟐 𝒂𝐛((𝐜 + 𝐝)𝟐 − (𝒂 − 𝐛)𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐
𝐩 − (𝒂 − 𝐛) 𝐯𝐢𝒂 (𝟏) − (𝒂 − 𝐛)
= = 𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝 = 𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝
𝟐
(𝒂 + 𝐛) − 𝐩 𝟐 (𝒂𝐜 + 𝐛𝐝)(𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜) 𝒂𝐛((𝒂 + 𝐛)𝟐 − (𝐜 − 𝐝)𝟐 )
(𝒂 + 𝐛)𝟐 −
𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝 𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝
𝟒(𝐬 − 𝐛)(𝐬 − 𝒂) 𝐁 (𝐢𝐢) (𝐬 − 𝒂)(𝐬 − 𝐛)
= ∴ 𝐭𝒂𝐧𝟐 =
𝟒(𝐬 − 𝐝)(𝐬 − 𝐜) 𝟐 (𝐬 − 𝐜)(𝐬 − 𝐝)
𝐀 𝐀 𝐁 𝐂 𝐃
𝐖𝐞 𝐡𝒂𝐯𝐞, ∑ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐜𝐲𝐜
𝐀 𝐁 𝐀 𝐁 𝐀 𝐂 𝐁 𝐃 𝛑
= (𝟏 + 𝐭𝒂𝐧𝟐 ) + (𝟏 + 𝐭𝒂𝐧𝟐 ) + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 (∵ + = + = )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐯𝐢𝒂 (𝐢),(𝐢𝐢) (𝐬 − 𝐝)(𝐬 − 𝒂) (𝐬 − 𝒂)(𝐬 − 𝐛) (𝐬 − 𝐛)(𝐬 − 𝐜)
= (𝟏 + ) + (𝟏 + ) + (𝟏 + )
(𝐬 − 𝐛)(𝐬 − 𝐜) (𝐬 − 𝐜)(𝐬 − 𝐝) (𝐬 − 𝐝)(𝐬 − 𝒂)

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(𝐬 − 𝐜)(𝐬 − 𝐝) 𝐀 𝟏
+ (𝟏 + ) (∵ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 = 𝟏 + 𝐞𝐭𝐜)
(𝐬 − 𝒂)(𝐬 − 𝐛) 𝟐 𝐀
𝐭𝒂𝐧𝟐
𝟐
𝟐𝐬𝟐 − 𝐬(𝐛 + 𝐜 + 𝐝 + 𝒂) + 𝐛𝐜 + 𝒂𝐝 𝟐𝐬𝟐 − 𝐬(𝐜 + 𝐝 + 𝒂 + 𝐛) + 𝐜𝐝 + 𝒂𝐛
= +
(𝐬 − 𝐛)(𝐬 − 𝐜) (𝐬 − 𝐜)(𝐬 − 𝐝)
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐𝐬 − 𝐬(𝐝 + 𝒂 + 𝐛 + 𝐜) + 𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜 𝟐𝐬 − 𝐬(𝒂 + 𝐛 + 𝐜 + 𝐝) + 𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝
+ + → ( 𝟐)
(𝐬 − 𝐝)(𝐬 − 𝒂) (𝐬 − 𝒂)(𝐬 − 𝐛)
(𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝)((𝐬 − 𝒂)(𝐬 − 𝐛) + (𝐬 − 𝐜)(𝐬 − 𝐝))
=
(𝐬 − 𝒂)(𝐬 − 𝐛)(𝐬 − 𝐜)(𝐬 − 𝐝)
(𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜)((𝐬 − 𝐝)(𝐬 − 𝒂) + (𝐬 − 𝐛)(𝐬 − 𝐜)) (𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝)𝟐 + (𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜)𝟐
+ =
(𝐬 − 𝒂)(𝐬 − 𝐛)(𝐬 − 𝐜)(𝐬 − 𝐝) (𝐬 − 𝒂)(𝐬 − 𝐛)(𝐬 − 𝐜)(𝐬 − 𝐝)
𝐀 (∗) (𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝) + (𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜)𝟐
𝟐
⇒ ∑ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 =
𝟐 (𝐬 − 𝒂)(𝐬 − 𝐛)(𝐬 − 𝐜)(𝐬 − 𝐝)
𝐜𝐲𝐜
𝐀 𝐯𝐢𝒂 (𝟐) (𝐬 − 𝐛)(𝐬 − 𝐜)
𝐀𝒍𝐬𝐨, ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 = 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐𝐬 − 𝐬(𝐛 + 𝐜 + 𝐝 + 𝒂) + 𝐛𝐜 + 𝒂𝐝
𝐜𝐲𝐜
(𝐬 − 𝐜)(𝐬 − 𝐝) (𝐬 − 𝐝)(𝐬 − 𝒂)
+ 𝟐 + 𝟐
𝟐𝐬 − 𝐬(𝐜 + 𝐝 + 𝒂 + 𝐛) + 𝐜𝐝 + 𝒂𝐛 𝟐𝐬 − 𝐬(𝐝 + 𝒂 + 𝐛 + 𝐜) + 𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜
(𝐬 − 𝒂)(𝐬 − 𝐛)
+ 𝟐
𝟐𝐬 − 𝐬(𝒂 + 𝐛 + 𝐜 + 𝐝) + 𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝
(𝐬 − 𝐛)(𝐬 − 𝐜) + (𝐬 − 𝐝)(𝐬 − 𝒂) (𝐬 − 𝐜)(𝐬 − 𝐝) + (𝐬 − 𝒂)(𝐬 − 𝐛)
= +
𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜 𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝
𝟐𝐬𝟐 − 𝐬(𝐛 + 𝐜 + 𝐝 + 𝒂) + 𝐛𝐜 + 𝒂𝐝 𝟐𝐬𝟐 − 𝐬(𝐜 + 𝐝 + 𝒂 + 𝐛) + 𝐜𝐝 + 𝒂𝐛
= +
𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜 𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝
𝐀
𝐀 (∗∗) ∑𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝟒
⇒ ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐
= 𝟐 ∴ 𝐯𝐢𝒂 (∗), (∗∗), 𝟐 ≤ 𝟏𝟔𝐑
𝟐 𝐀 𝐅𝟐
𝐜𝐲𝐜 ∑𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟐
𝟐
(𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝)𝟐 + (𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜)𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝐑𝟒
⇔ ≤
𝟐(𝐬 − 𝒂)(𝐬 − 𝐛)(𝐬 − 𝐜)(𝐬 − 𝐝) (𝐬 − 𝒂)(𝐬 − 𝐛)(𝐬 − 𝐜)(𝐬 − 𝐝)
(⦁)
⇔ (𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝)𝟐 + (𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜)𝟐 ≤ 𝟑𝟐𝐑𝟒
𝐍𝐨𝐰, 𝐯𝐢𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝒍𝒂𝐰 𝒂𝐧𝐝 ∵ 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐫𝒂𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐟 ∆ 𝐀𝐁𝐃 𝒂𝐧𝐝 ∆ 𝐁𝐂𝐃 𝐢𝐬 𝐑,
∴ 𝒂 = 𝟐𝐑𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛃, 𝐛 = 𝟐𝐑𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛅, 𝐜 = 𝟐𝐑𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛄, 𝐝 = 𝟐𝐑𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛂
∴ 𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝 = 𝟒𝐑𝟐 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛃𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛅 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛄𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛂)
= 𝟐𝐑𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛃 − 𝛅) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛃 + 𝛅) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛄 − 𝛂) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛄 + 𝛂))
= 𝟐𝐑𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛃 − 𝛅) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐃) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛄 − 𝛂) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛑 − 𝐃))
(◆)
= 𝟐𝐑𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛃 − 𝛅) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛄 − 𝛂)) ≤ 𝟐𝐑𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝟏) ⇒ 𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝 ≤ 𝟒𝐑𝟐
𝒂𝐧𝐝, 𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜 = 𝟒𝐑𝟐 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛃𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛂 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛅𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛄)
= 𝟐𝐑𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛂 − 𝛃) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛂 + 𝛃) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛄 − 𝛅) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛄 + 𝛅))

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𝟐
= 𝟐𝐑 (𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛂 − 𝛃) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛑 − 𝐀) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛄 − 𝛅) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛑 − 𝐂))
= 𝟐𝐑𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛂 − 𝛃) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐀 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛄 − 𝛅) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛑 − 𝐀))
(◆◆)
= 𝟐𝐑𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛂 − 𝛃) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛄 − 𝛅)) ≤ 𝟐𝐑𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝟏) ⇒ 𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜 ≤ 𝟒𝐑𝟐
∴ (◆), (◆◆) ⇒ (𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝)𝟐 + (𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜)𝟐 ≤ 𝟏𝟔𝐑𝟒 + 𝟏𝟔𝐑𝟒 = 𝟑𝟐𝐑𝟒 ⇒ (⦁) 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞
𝐀
∑𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝟒
∴ 𝟐 ≤ 𝟏𝟔𝐑 𝐢𝐧 𝒂𝐧𝐲 𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐪𝐮𝒂𝐝𝐫𝐢𝒍𝒂𝐭𝐞𝐫𝒂𝒍 𝐀𝐁𝐂𝐃 (𝐐𝐄𝐃)
𝐀 𝐅𝟐
∑𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟐
𝟐
JP.508 Let 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 be a cyclic quadrilateral with circumradius 𝑹 and

area 𝑭. Prove that:
𝟖𝑹𝟐
𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝑨 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝑩 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝑪 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝑫 ≤
𝑭


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𝑾𝒆 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑳𝒂𝒘 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝑨𝑩𝑫 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩𝑫𝑪 𝒕𝒐 𝒐𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏:
𝑩𝑫𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒅𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒅 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒃𝒄 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪
𝑺𝒐, 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒊𝒄, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 , 𝒔𝒐,
𝟐(𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒅𝟐 , 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒅𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆: 𝑭 = 𝒂𝒅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 + 𝒃𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪 = 𝒂𝒅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 + 𝒃𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐𝑭
= (𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 , 𝒔𝒐, 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 = .
𝑨 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 = , 𝒊𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒅𝟐
𝑨 𝟏 + (𝒂 + 𝒅)𝟐 − (𝒃 − 𝒄)𝟐
𝟐 𝟐(𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 = =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐(𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄)
(𝒂 + 𝒅 − 𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒂 + 𝒅 + 𝒃 − 𝒄)
= =
(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄) 𝒂+𝒃+𝒄+𝒅
= , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒔 = 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫.
𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄 𝟐
𝑨 𝑨
𝑨 (𝒔 − 𝒅)(𝒔 − 𝒂) (𝒔 − 𝒅)(𝒔 − 𝒂) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 (𝒔 − 𝒅)(𝒔 − 𝒂)
𝑺𝒐, 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 = = =
𝟐 𝟐𝑭 𝟐𝑭 𝟐𝑭
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨
𝑨
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 (𝒔 − 𝒅)(𝒔 − 𝒂) 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
= ; (∵ 𝒙𝒚 ≤ )
𝑨 𝑭 𝟒
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐
𝑨
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 (𝒔 − 𝒂 + 𝒔 − 𝒅)𝟐 (𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟐
𝑺𝒐, ≤ = ; (∗)
𝑨 𝟒𝑭 𝟒𝑭
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐
𝑵𝒐𝒘, 𝒘𝒆′ 𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕: 𝑰𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝑨𝑩𝑪 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚

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𝑨
𝒃 + 𝒄 ≤ 𝟒𝑹 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔.
𝟐
𝑾𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒍𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆:
𝑩+𝑪 𝑩−𝑪
𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟐𝑹(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪) = 𝟒𝑹 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ≤
𝟐 𝟐
𝝅−𝑨 𝑨
≤ 𝟒𝑹 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ⋅ 𝟏 = 𝟒𝑹 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟐 𝟐
𝑨
𝑺𝒐, 𝒃 + 𝒄 ≤ 𝟒𝑹 𝐜𝐨𝐬 . 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝑨𝑩𝑪, 𝑩𝑪𝑫, 𝑪𝑫𝑨
𝟐
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑫𝑨𝑩, 𝒘𝒆 𝒐𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔:
𝑩 𝑪 𝑫 𝑨
𝒂 + 𝒃 ≤ 𝟒𝑹 𝐜𝐨𝐬 , 𝒃 + 𝒄 ≤ 𝟒𝑹 𝐜𝐨𝐬 , 𝒄 + 𝒅 ≤ 𝟒𝑹 𝐜𝐨𝐬 , 𝒅 + 𝒂 ≤ 𝟒𝑹 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑨 𝟐 𝟐𝑪 𝟐 𝟐𝑨
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟔𝑹 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝑹 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝑺, (∗) 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒔 𝟐≤ 𝟐= 𝟐 ; (𝑨 + 𝑪 = 𝝅) , 𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒍𝒚
𝑨 𝟒𝑭 𝑭 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐
𝟏 𝟒𝑹𝟐 𝟏 𝟒𝑹𝟐 𝟏 𝟐𝑹𝟐
≤ ⇔ ≤ ⇔ ≤
𝑨 𝑨 𝑭 𝑨 𝑨 𝟐𝑭 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝑭
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐𝑹𝟐 𝟏 𝟐𝑹𝟐 𝟏 𝟐𝑹𝟐
𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒚, ≤ , ≤ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ≤
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 𝑭 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪 𝑭 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑫 𝑭
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟖𝑹 𝟖𝑹
𝑺𝒐, ∑ ≤ 𝒐𝒓 ∑ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝑨 ≤
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝑭 𝑭
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆.

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𝐕𝐢𝒂 𝐏𝐭𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐲 ′ 𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦, 𝐩𝐪 = 𝒂𝐜 + 𝐛𝐝 𝒂𝐧𝐝 𝐯𝐢𝒂 𝐏𝐭𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐲 ′ 𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦,

𝐩 𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜 (𝒂𝐜 + 𝐛𝐝)(𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜) (𝒂𝐜 + 𝐛𝐝)(𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝)
= ∴𝐩=√ 𝒂𝐧𝐝 𝐪 = √ → (𝟏)
𝐪 𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝 𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝 𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜
𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐀 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐁 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐂 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐃 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐀 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐁 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜(𝛑 − 𝐀) + 𝐜𝐬𝐜(𝛑 − 𝐁)
𝟏 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝒍𝒂𝐰 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟐( + ) = 𝟒𝐑 ( + )
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐁 𝐪 𝐩
𝐯𝐢𝒂 (𝟏) 𝟒𝐑 (𝒂𝐜 + 𝐛𝐝)(𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜) (𝒂𝐜 + 𝐛𝐝)(𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝)
= (√ +√ )
𝐩𝐪 𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝 𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜
𝟒𝐑 (𝒂𝐜 + 𝐛𝐝)(𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜 + 𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝) 𝐏𝐭𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐲 𝒂𝐧𝐝 𝐁𝐫𝒂𝐡𝐦𝒂𝐠𝐮𝐩𝐭𝒂 + 𝐏𝒂𝐫𝒂𝐦𝐞𝐬𝐡𝐰𝒂𝐫𝒂 𝟒𝐑(𝒂 + 𝐜)(𝐛 + 𝐝)
= . =
𝐩𝐪 √(𝒂𝐜 + 𝐛𝐝)(𝒂𝐝 + 𝐛𝐜)(𝒂𝐛 + 𝐜𝐝) 𝟒𝐅𝐑
𝟖𝐑𝟐 (∗)
≤ ⇔ (𝒂 + 𝐜)(𝐛 + 𝐝) ≤ 𝟖𝐑𝟐
𝐅
𝐍𝐨𝐰, 𝐯𝐢𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝒍𝒂𝐰 𝒂𝐧𝐝 ∵ 𝐜𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐫𝒂𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐟 ∆ 𝐀𝐁𝐃 𝒂𝐧𝐝 ∆ 𝐁𝐂𝐃 𝐢𝐬 𝐑, ∴ 𝒂 = 𝟐𝐑𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛃,
𝐛 = 𝟐𝐑𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛅, 𝐜 = 𝟐𝐑𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛄, 𝐝 = 𝟐𝐑𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛂
∴ (𝒂 + 𝐜)(𝐛 + 𝐝) = 𝟒𝐑𝟐 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛃 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛄)(𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛅 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛂)
= 𝟒𝐑𝟐 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛃𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛅 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛄𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛂 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛂𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛃 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛄𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛅)
= 𝟐𝐑𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛃 − 𝛅) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛃 + 𝛅) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛄 − 𝛂) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛄 + 𝛂) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛂 − 𝛃)
− 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛂 + 𝛃) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛄 − 𝛅) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛄 + 𝛅))
𝟐
= 𝟐𝐑 (𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛃 − 𝛅) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐃) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛄 − 𝛂) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐁) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛂 − 𝛃) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛑 − 𝐀)
+ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛄 − 𝛅) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛑 − 𝐂))
𝟐
= 𝟐𝐑 (𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛃 − 𝛅) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐃) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛄 − 𝛂) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛑 − 𝐃) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛂 − 𝛃) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐀
+ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛄 − 𝛅) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛑 − 𝐀))
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𝟐
= 𝟐𝐑 (𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛃 − 𝛅) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛄 − 𝛂) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛂 − 𝛃) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛄 − 𝛅))
≤ 𝟐𝐑𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝟏 + 𝟏 + 𝟏) = 𝟖𝐑𝟐 ⇒ (∗) 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞
𝟖𝐑𝟐
∴ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐀 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐁 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐂 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐃 ≤ 𝐢𝐧 𝒂𝐧𝐲 𝐜𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐪𝐮𝒂𝐝𝐫𝐢𝒍𝒂𝐭𝐞𝐫𝒂𝒍 𝐀𝐁𝐂𝐃 (𝐐𝐄𝐃)
𝐅
JP.509 Let 𝑨𝑩𝑪 be a triangle with inradius 𝒓 and circumradius 𝑹. Prove that:
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝟐𝒓 𝟑
(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ) (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ) (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ) ≥ (𝟏 + √𝟑 ⋅ )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝑹
Proposed by George Apostolopoulos-Greece
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑯𝒖𝒚𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚:
𝟑
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝑨 𝑩 𝟑 𝑪
(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ) (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ) (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ) ≥ (𝟏 + √𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ) ≥
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 𝟐𝒓 𝟑
≥ (𝟏 + √𝟑) ≥ (𝟏 + √𝟑 ⋅ ) , 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆
𝑹
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝑨+𝑩+𝑪
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐭 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ≥ 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( ) = 𝟑√𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟔
𝟐𝒓
√𝟑 ≥ √𝟑 ⋅ 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑹 ≥ 𝟐𝒓 (𝑬𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒓).
𝑹
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝑨𝑩𝑪 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍.
𝟑
𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑯𝒖𝒚𝒈𝒆𝒏′ 𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚: (𝟏 + 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝒚)(𝟏 + 𝒛) ≥ (𝟏 + 𝟑√𝒙𝒚𝒛) ; (∀)𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 ≥ 𝟎,
𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕:
𝟑
(𝟏) 𝟑
𝑨 𝑯𝒖𝒚𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒔 𝟑 𝑨 𝟑 𝒔
𝑳𝑯𝑺 = ∏ (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ) ≥ (𝟏 + √∏ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ) = (𝟏 + √ ) ≥
𝟐 𝟐 𝒓
𝟐𝒓 𝟑
≥ (𝟏 + √𝟑 ⋅ ) = 𝑹𝑯𝑺,
𝑹
𝟑
𝒔𝟑 𝟐𝒓 𝟑 𝒔 𝟐𝒓 𝟑
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 (𝟏) ⇔ (𝟏 + √ ) ≥ (𝟏 + √𝟑 ⋅ ) ⇔ ≥ 𝟑√𝟑 ( )
𝒓 𝑹 𝒓 𝑹
𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒔 ≥ 𝟑√𝟑𝒓 (𝑴𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒄) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑹 ≥ 𝟐𝒓 (𝑬𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒓).

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𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍.
𝑨 𝒔 𝟏 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐭 = , ∑ 𝒓𝒂 = 𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓, ∑ 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 = 𝒔𝟐 , ∏ 𝒓𝒂 = 𝒔𝟐 𝒓, ∑ =
𝟐 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒂 𝒓
𝑨 𝒔 𝒔 𝒔𝟐 𝒔𝟑
∏ (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ) = ∏ (𝟏 + ) = 𝟏 + ∑ + ∑ + =
𝟐 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 𝒓𝒄
𝑴𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒄
𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝟑 𝟐𝒔 𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓 𝑬𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒓
= 𝟏 + 𝒔 ∑ + 𝒔𝟐 ∑ + 𝟐 =𝟏+ + ≥
𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 𝒔 𝒓 𝒓 𝒓
𝟑√𝟑𝒓 𝟐𝒓
≥𝟐+𝟐⋅+𝟒⋅ = 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟔√𝟑; (𝟏)
𝒓 𝒓
𝟐𝒓 𝟑 𝟐𝒓 𝟑 𝟑
𝑵𝒐𝒘, (𝟏 + √𝟑 ⋅ ) ≤ (𝟏 + √𝟑 ⋅ ) = (𝟏 + √𝟑) = 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟔√𝟑; (𝟐)
𝑹 𝟐𝒓
𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟏) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟐), 𝒊𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒔:
𝑨 𝟐𝒓 𝟑
∏ (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ) ≥ (𝟏 + √𝟑 ⋅ )
𝟐 𝑹
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝑹−𝒓
𝟗√𝟐𝒓 ≤ ∑ √𝒓𝟐𝒂 + 𝒓𝟐𝒃 ≤ (𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)√𝟔 ( )
𝑹+𝒓
𝒄𝒚𝒄

𝑪𝑩𝑺 𝑹−𝒓
∑ √𝒓𝟐𝒂 + 𝒓𝟐𝒃 ≤ √𝟑 ∑(𝒓𝟐𝒂 + 𝒓𝟐𝒃 ) = √𝟔 ∑ 𝒓𝟐𝒂 ≤ √𝟔(𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐 ( )=
𝑹+𝒓
𝑹−𝒓
= (𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)√𝟔 ( ) , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒘𝒆 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅
𝑹+𝒓
𝑮𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒓(𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐

∑ 𝒓𝟐𝒂 = (𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓) − 𝟐𝒔 𝟐 𝟐
≤ 𝟐
(𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓) − 𝟐 =
𝑹+𝒓
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝟐𝒓 𝑹−𝒓
= (𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐 (𝟏 − ) = (𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐 ( )
𝑹+𝒓 𝑹+𝒓

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𝑨𝑮𝑴 (𝒓𝒂 + 𝒓𝒃 )𝟐 𝟏
∑ √𝒓𝟐𝒂 + 𝒓𝟐𝒃 ≥ ∑ √ = ∑(𝒓𝒂 + 𝒓𝒃 ) = √𝟐 ∑ 𝒓𝒂 =
𝟐 √𝟐
𝑬𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒓
= √𝟐(𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓) ≥ √𝟐 ⋅ 𝟗𝒓 = 𝟗√𝟐𝒓
𝑨𝑮𝑴
∑ √𝒓𝟐𝒂 + 𝒓𝟐𝒃 ≥ ∑ √𝟐𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 = √𝟐 ∑ √𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 ≥ √𝟐 ∑ 𝒉𝒄 ≥
𝟏𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
≥ 𝟑√𝟐 𝟑√𝒉𝒂 𝒉𝒃 𝒉𝒄 ≥ 𝟑√𝟐 √𝟐𝟕𝒓𝟑 ; ( + + = )
𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 𝒓𝒄 𝒓
𝟐
𝑪𝑩𝑺
∑ √𝒓𝟐𝒂 + 𝒓𝟐𝒃 ≤ √𝟔 (∑ 𝒓𝟐𝒂 ) = √𝟔 ((∑ 𝒓𝒂 ) − 𝟐 ∑ 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 ) =
= √𝟔[(𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐 − 𝟐𝒔𝟐 ]

𝑾𝒆 𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆:
𝑹−𝒓
√𝟔[(𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐 − 𝟐𝒔𝟐 ] ≤ (𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)√𝟔 ( )⇔
𝑹+𝒓
[(𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐 − 𝟐𝒔𝟐 ](𝑹 + 𝒓) ≤ (𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐 (𝑹 − 𝒓) ⇔
[(𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐 − 𝟐(𝟏𝟔𝑹𝒓 − 𝟓𝒓𝟐 )](𝑹 + 𝒓) ≤ (𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐 (𝑹 − 𝒓) ⇔
𝟔𝑹𝒓𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒓𝟑 ≥ 𝟎 ⇔ 𝑹 ≥ 𝟐𝒓 (𝑬𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒓).
PROBLEMS FOR SENIORS

SP.496 If 𝒇: ℝ → ℝ derivable, 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎, 𝒇′ (𝟎) = 𝟏, then find:
𝟏 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒇 ( ) + 𝒇 ( ) + ⋯ + 𝒇 ( )) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏)
𝒏→∞ 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝟐 𝟑 𝒏
𝒇(𝒉) − 𝒇(𝟎)
𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒇′ (𝟎), 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕:
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉

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𝒏 𝒌
𝟏 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝟏 𝒇 (𝒙) − 𝒇(𝟎)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒇 ( ) + 𝒇 ( ) + ⋯ + 𝒇 ( )) = ∑ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 =
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝟐 𝟑 𝒏 𝒌 𝒙→𝟎 − 𝟎
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌
𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ∑ 𝒇′ (𝟎) = (𝟏 + + + ⋯ + ) ⋅ 𝟏 = 𝟏 + + + ⋯ +
𝒌 𝟐 𝟑 𝒏 𝟐 𝟑 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏
𝟏 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒇 ( ) + 𝒇 ( ) + ⋯ + 𝒇 ( )) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝟐 𝟑 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + + + ⋯ + − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏) = 𝑪 = 𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟕𝟐 …
𝒏→∞ 𝟐 𝟑 𝒏
SP.497 Let 𝑫 𝑨𝑩𝑪 be a triangle with circumradius 𝑹. Let 𝒓𝒂 , 𝒓𝒃 , 𝒓𝒄 be the
exradii. Prove that:
𝒓𝟒𝒂 𝒓𝟒𝒃 𝒓𝟒𝒄 𝟖𝟏√𝟑 𝟒
+ + ≥ 𝑹
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑨) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑩) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑪) 𝟖
It is well known that:
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝑩 𝑪 𝑨
𝒓𝒂 = 𝟒𝑹 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 , 𝒓𝒃 = 𝟒𝑹 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑪 𝑩 𝑨
𝒓𝒄 = 𝟒𝑹 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬 , 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐂𝐁𝐒:
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒓𝟒𝒂 𝒓𝟒𝒃 𝒓𝟒𝒄
+ + ≥
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑨) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑩) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑪)
𝟐
(𝒓𝟐𝒂 + 𝒓𝟐𝒃 + 𝒓𝟐𝒄 )
≥ ; (∗)
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑨) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑩) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑪)
We’ll prove that:
𝟐𝟕 𝟐
𝒓𝟐𝒂 + 𝒓𝟐𝒃 + 𝒓𝟐𝒄 ≥ 𝑹
𝟒
𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
𝐖𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞: 𝒓𝟐𝒂 + 𝒓𝟐𝒃 + 𝒓𝟐𝒄 = 𝟏𝟔𝑹𝟐 ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒄𝒚𝒄

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= 𝟐𝑹𝟐 ∑(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨)(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩)(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪) =
𝒄𝒚𝒄
= 𝟐𝑹𝟐 (𝟑 + ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 − ∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 − 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪)

We know that:
𝑹+𝒓
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪 =
𝒓
𝒔𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 − 𝟒𝑹𝟐
∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 =
𝟒𝑹𝟐
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝒔𝟐 − (𝟐𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪 =
𝟒𝑹𝟐
𝑹 + 𝒓 𝒔𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 − 𝟒𝑹𝟐 𝒔𝟐 − (𝟐𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐
𝐒𝐨: 𝒓𝟐𝒂 + 𝒓𝟐𝒃 + 𝒓𝟐𝒄 𝟐
= 𝟐𝑹 (𝟑 + − −𝟑∙ )=
𝑹 𝟒𝑹𝟐 𝟒𝑹𝟐
= (𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐 − 𝟐𝒔𝟐
Using Gerretsen’s inequality, we get:
𝒓𝟐𝒂 + 𝒓𝟐𝒃 + 𝒓𝟐𝒄 ≥ 𝟖𝑹𝟐 − 𝟓𝒓𝟐
𝑹 𝟐𝟕𝑹𝟐
But 𝑹 ≥ 𝟐𝒓(𝑬𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒓) ⇔ 𝒓 ≤ 𝟐 , namely 𝒓𝟐𝒂 + 𝒓𝟐𝒃 + 𝒓𝟐𝒄 ≥ 𝟒
Now, we’ll prove that:

𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑨) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑩) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑪) ≤ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪 . 𝐖𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞:
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑨) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑩) = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) ≤ 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪
Similarly,
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑩) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑪) ≤ 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 and 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑪) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑨) ≤ 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩
So, 𝟐(𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑨) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑩) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑪)) ≤ 𝟐(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪) ⇔
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑨) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑩) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑪) ≤ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪
𝟑√𝟑
Also, we know that: 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪 ≤ 𝟐
The inequality (∗), gives:
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐𝟕𝑹𝟐 𝟐𝟕𝑹𝟐
𝒓𝟒𝒂 𝒓𝟒𝒃 𝒓𝟒𝒄 ( 𝟒 ) ( 𝟒 ) 𝟖𝟏√𝟑 𝟒
+ + ≥ ≥ = 𝑹
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑨) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑩) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑪) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪 𝟑√𝟑 𝟖
𝟐
Equality holds if and only if triangle is equilateral.
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𝒓𝟒𝒂 𝑹𝟐 (𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟒
𝑳𝒆𝒎𝒎𝒂: 𝑰𝒏 𝒂𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝚫𝑨𝑩𝑪 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔: ∑ ≥
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑨 𝟏𝟖𝒔𝒓
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝒓𝟒𝒂 𝑯𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒆𝒓 (∑ 𝒓𝒂 )𝟒 (𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟒 𝑹𝟐 (𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟒 (𝟏) 𝟖𝟏√𝟑 𝟒
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇. 𝑳𝑯𝑺 = ∑ ≥ = = ≥ 𝑹
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑨 𝟗 ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑨 𝟐𝒓 𝟏𝟖𝒔𝒓 𝟖
𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝟗⋅ 𝟐
𝑹
= 𝑹𝑯𝑺
𝑹𝟐 (𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟒 𝟖𝟏√𝟑 𝟒
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 (𝟏) ⇔ ≥ 𝑹 ⇔ 𝟒(𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟒 ≥ 𝟕𝟐𝟗√𝟑𝑹𝟐 𝒔𝒓
𝟏𝟖𝒔𝒓 𝟖
𝟑√𝟑𝑹
𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒔 ≤ (𝑴𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒄)
𝟐
𝟑√𝟑𝑹
𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆: 𝟒(𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟒 ≥ 𝟕𝟐𝟗√𝟑𝑹𝟐 ⋅ ⋅𝒓⇔
𝟐
𝟖(𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟒 ≥ 𝟔𝟓𝟔𝟏𝑹𝟑 𝒓 ⇔ 𝟖(𝟐𝟓𝟔𝑹𝟒 + 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝑹𝟑 𝒓 + 𝟗𝟔𝑹𝟐 𝒓𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝑹𝒓𝟑 + 𝒓𝟒 ) ≥ 𝟔𝟓𝟔𝟏𝑹𝟑 𝒓
⇔
𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟖𝑹𝟒 + 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟖𝑹𝟑 𝒓 + 𝟕𝟔𝟖𝑹𝟐 𝒓𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝑹𝒓𝟑 + 𝟖𝒓𝟒 ≥ 𝟔𝟓𝟔𝟏𝑹𝟑 𝒓 ⇔
(𝑹 − 𝟐𝒓)(𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟖𝑹𝟑 − 𝟒𝟏𝟕𝑹𝟐 𝒓 − 𝟔𝟔𝑹𝒓𝟐 − 𝟒𝒓𝟑 ) ≥ 𝟎 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑹
≥ 𝟐𝒓 (𝑬𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒓).
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍. 𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌. 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎
𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅:
𝑰𝒇 𝒏 ∈ ℕ, 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝚫𝑨𝑩𝑪 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔:
𝒏
𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒏𝒃 𝒓𝒏𝒄 𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓 𝒏−𝟐 𝟗√𝟑 𝟐
+ + ≥( ) ⋅ 𝑹
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑪 𝟑 𝟐
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒉𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒖 − 𝑹𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒂
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝒏 = 𝟏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎 𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑩𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒎′ 𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚.
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒏 ≥ 𝟐, 𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝑯𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒆𝒓′ 𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚.
𝒓𝒏𝒂 𝑹𝟐 (𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝒏
𝑳𝒆𝒎𝒎𝒂: 𝑰𝒇 𝒏 ∈ ℕ, 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝚫𝑨𝑩𝑪 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔: ∑ ≥ 𝒏−𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑨 𝟑 ⋅ 𝟐𝒔𝒓
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝒓𝒏𝒂 𝑯𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒆𝒓 (∑ 𝒓𝒂 )𝒏 (𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝒏 𝑹𝟐 (𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝒏
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇. 𝑳𝑯𝑺 = ∑ ≥ = = 𝒏−𝟐 =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑨 𝟑𝒏−𝟐 ∑ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑨 𝟑𝒏−𝟐 ⋅ 𝟐𝒔𝒓 𝟑 ⋅ 𝟐𝒔𝒓
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝑹𝟐
𝑹 𝟐 (𝟒𝑹
+ 𝒓) 𝒏−𝟐 (𝟒𝑹
+ 𝒓) 𝟐 (𝟏) 𝟐 (𝟒𝑹
𝑹 + 𝒓) 𝒏−𝟐
𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓 𝒏−𝟐 𝟗√𝟑 𝟐
= ⋅ ≥ ⋅ 𝟗√𝟑 = ( ) ⋅ 𝑹
𝟐 ⋅ 𝟑𝒏−𝟐 𝒔𝒓 𝟐 ⋅ 𝟑𝒏−𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
(𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐 𝟑√𝟑𝑹
(𝟏) ⇔ ≥ 𝟗√𝟑 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒔 ≤ (𝑴𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒄)
𝒔𝒓 𝟐
𝟑√𝟑𝑹
𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆: (𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐 ≥ 𝟗√𝟑 ⋅ ⋅ 𝒓 ⇔ 𝟐(𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐 ≥ 𝟖𝟏𝑹𝒓
𝟐

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𝟐
𝟑𝟐𝑹√𝟐 − 𝟔𝟓𝑹𝒓 + 𝟐𝒓 ≥ 𝟎 ⇔ (𝑹 − 𝟐𝒓)(𝟑𝟐𝑹 − 𝒓) ≥ 𝟎 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑹
≥ 𝟐𝒓(𝑬𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒓).
SP.498 Let 𝑨, 𝑩 ∈ 𝑴𝟑 (ℝ) such that 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨. Prove that

𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 ) = 𝟎 if and only if 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝟐(𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 + 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑩) and
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝟐(𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 − 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑩).
Proposed by Florentin Vișescu-Romania
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 ) = 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨𝟐 − (𝒊𝑩)𝟐 ) = 𝐝𝐞𝐭[(𝑨 − 𝒊𝑩)(𝑨 + 𝒊𝑩)] =
= 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝒊𝑩) ∙ 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝒊𝑩) = 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝒊𝑩) ∙ 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝜺𝑩) =
= 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝒊𝑩) ∙ 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝒊̅𝑩) = 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝒊𝑩) ∙ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝒊𝑩) = |𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝒊𝑩)|𝟐 = 𝟎
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝒊𝑩) = 𝟎
It is known that (∀)𝑨, 𝑩 ∈ 𝑴𝟑 (ℂ) and (∀)𝒙 ∈ ℂ:
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝑩) − 𝟐 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 𝟐
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝒙𝑩) = 𝒙𝟑 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑩) + 𝒙
𝟐
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝑩) − 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝑩) − 𝟐 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑩
+ 𝒙 + 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨
𝟐
Then
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝒊𝑩) = 𝟎 ⇔
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝑩) − 𝟐 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨
−𝒊 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑩) −
𝟐
+ 𝒊 + 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 = 𝟎
𝟐
− 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑩 + =𝟎
{ 𝟐
𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 − =𝟎
𝟒
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝑩) − 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝟒 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑩
{
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝟒 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝟐(𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 + 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑩)
{
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝟐(𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 − 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑩)
SP.499 Let 𝑨, 𝑩 ∈ 𝑴𝟑 (ℝ) such that 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨. Prove that:

𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨𝟐 + 𝑨𝑩 + 𝑩𝟐 ) = 𝟎 if and only if 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 + 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑩 and
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝟑(𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 − 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑩).

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Proposed by Florentin Vișescu-Romania
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨𝟐 + 𝑨𝑩 + 𝑩𝟐 ) = 𝐝𝐞𝐭 (𝑨𝟐 + 𝟐𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 + 𝑩𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 ) =
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝒊√𝟑 𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑 𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑
= 𝐝𝐞𝐭 [(𝑨 + 𝑩) − ( 𝑩) ] = 𝐝𝐞𝐭 [(𝑨 + 𝑩) (𝑨 + 𝑩)] =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 + 𝒊√𝟑 𝟏 − 𝒊√𝟑
= 𝐝𝐞𝐭 (𝑨 + 𝑩) ∙ 𝐝𝐞𝐭 (𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝜺𝑩) ∙ 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝜺𝑩) =
𝟐 𝟐
= 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝜺𝑩) ∙ 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝜺̅𝑩) = 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝜺𝑩) ∙ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝜺𝑩) = |𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝜺𝑩)|𝟐 = 𝟎
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝜺𝑩) = 𝟎
It is known that (∀)𝑨, 𝑩 ∈ 𝑴𝟑 (ℂ) and (∀)𝒙 ∈ ℂ:
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝑩) − 𝟐 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 𝟐
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝒙𝑩) = 𝒙𝟑 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑩) + 𝒙
𝟐
+ 𝒙 + 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨
𝟐
Then, 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝜺𝑩) = 𝟎 ⇔
− 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑩) + 𝜺̅
𝟐
− 𝜺 + 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 = 𝟎
𝟐
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝑩) − 𝟐 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝑩) − 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝑩) − 𝟐 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑩
− 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑩 − + + 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 = 𝟎
𝟒 𝟒
√𝟑 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝑩) − 𝟐 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 √𝟑 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝑩) − 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝑩) − 𝟐 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑩
{ + =𝟎
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
−𝟐 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝑩) − 𝟔 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑩 + 𝟔 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 = 𝟎
{
𝟐 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝑩) − 𝟐 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 − 𝟐 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑩 = 𝟎
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 + 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑩
{
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝟑 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 − 𝟑 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑩
SP.500 Find:
𝝅
𝟐 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝛀=∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟏𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟗

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𝟏𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟗 =
= 𝟐𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟗(𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙) =
= 𝟐𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟗 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 =
= 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 (𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 (𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) + 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 =
= (𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)(𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟏)
Denote: 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⇒ 𝒅𝒚 = (𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝝅
If 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝟒 and if 𝒙 = ⇒𝒚=𝟑
𝟐
𝟑 𝟑
𝒅𝒕 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟓
𝛀=∫ =∫ ( − ) 𝒅𝒕 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 − (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝟒 𝒕(𝒕 + 𝟏) 𝟒 𝒕 𝒕+𝟏 𝟏𝟔
Solution 2 by Pham Duc Nam-Vietnam

∗ 𝟏𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟗
= 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + (𝟏𝟔 − 𝟗) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝟗
= 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟗(𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙) + 𝟐𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
= 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + (𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)𝟐 + (𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)𝟐 + 𝟐(𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)(𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)
= 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + (𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)𝟐
𝝅
𝟐 𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
⇒∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟗
𝝅
𝟐 𝒅(𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)
=∫
𝟎 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + (𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)𝟐
𝝅
𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏𝟓
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 | || = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝟒 𝟓 𝟏𝟔
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉
𝟏𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟗
= (𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝟐 + (𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) = 𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕
𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕:
𝝅
𝟑
𝟐 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒕
∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐
=
𝟎 𝟏𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟗 𝟒 𝒕 +𝒕

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𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝒕 𝟑
=∫ ( − ) 𝒅𝒕 = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒕 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒕 + 𝟏))|𝟒 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 | =
𝟒 𝒕 𝒕+𝟏 𝒕+𝟏 𝟒
𝟑 𝟒 𝟏𝟓
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠
𝟒 𝟓 𝟏𝟔
Solution 4 by Kartick Chandra Betal-India

𝝅
∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟏𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟕 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟗
𝝅
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 (𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝟐 + 𝟐 ⋅ 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⋅ 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + (𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝟐 + (𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)
𝝅
𝟐 𝒅(𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 (𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)(𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝟑 𝟑
𝒅𝒛 𝒛 𝟑 𝟓 𝟏𝟓
=∫ = [𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )] = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ⋅ ) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝟒 𝒛(𝒛 + 𝟏) 𝒛+𝟏 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒 𝟏𝟔
SP.501 If 𝑴 ∈ 𝑰𝒏𝒕(𝚫𝑨𝑩𝑪) such that 𝒙 = 𝑴𝑨, 𝒚 = 𝑴𝑩, 𝒛 = 𝑴𝑪, then:

𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 √𝟑
+ + ≥
𝒉𝒂 𝒉𝒃 √𝒚𝒛 𝒉𝒃 𝒉𝒄 √𝒛𝒙 𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒂 √𝒙𝒚 𝑭
Proposed by D.M. Bătineţu-Giurgiu, Neculai Stanciu-Romania
𝒙 𝒂𝒃𝒙 𝟏 𝒂𝒃𝒙
∑ =∑ = 𝟐
∑ ≥
𝒉𝒂 𝒉𝒃 √𝒚𝒛 𝒂𝒉𝒂 ⋅ 𝒃𝒉𝒃 √𝒚𝒛 𝟒𝑭 √𝒚𝒛
𝟏 𝟑 𝒂𝒃𝒙 𝟏 𝟑 𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒊𝒛 𝟏 √𝟑
≥ 𝟐
⋅ 𝟑 ⋅ √∏ = 𝟐
⋅ 𝟑 ⋅ √𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 ≥ 𝟐
⋅ 𝟒√𝟑𝑭 =
𝟒𝑭 √𝒚𝒛 𝟒𝑭 𝟒𝑭 𝑭
𝒄𝒚𝒄

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𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 𝟑 𝟐𝑭𝟐
+ + ≥ , 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 ∶ 𝒉𝒂 𝒉𝒃 𝒉𝒄 = .
𝒉𝒂 𝒉𝒃 √𝒚𝒛 𝒉𝒃 𝒉𝒄 √𝒛𝒙 𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒂 √𝒙𝒚 𝟑
√(𝒉𝒂 𝒉𝒃 𝒉𝒄 )𝟐 𝑹
𝑬𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒓 & 𝑀𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑐 𝒔𝒓 = 𝑭 √𝟑

𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 𝟑 𝑹. 𝑹 𝟑 𝟐𝒓. 𝟐𝒔
+ + ≥ 𝟑√ 𝟒 ⏞
≥ 𝟑√ =
⏞ .
𝒉𝒂 𝒉𝒃 √𝒚𝒛 𝒉𝒃 𝒉𝒄 √𝒛𝒙 𝒉𝒄 𝒉𝒂 √𝒙𝒚 𝟒𝑭 𝟒𝑭𝟒 . 𝟑√𝟑 𝑭
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝑴 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪.
SP.502 If 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 > 0, then:

𝟗
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏) ≥ (𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙)
𝟐
Proposed by D.M. Bătineţu-Giurgiu, Claudia Nănuţi-Romania
𝟑
(𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝒗𝟐 + 𝟏) ≥ ((𝒖 + 𝒗)𝟐 + 𝟏); (∀)𝒖, 𝒗 > 0; (1)
𝟒
𝟒𝒖𝟐 𝒗𝟐 + 𝟒(𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 ) + 𝟒 ≥ 𝟑(𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 ) + 𝟔𝒖𝒗 + 𝟑
𝟒𝒖𝟐 𝒗𝟐 − 𝟒𝒖𝒗 + 𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒗𝟐 + 𝟐𝒖𝒗 ≥ 𝟎
(𝟐𝒖𝒗 − 𝟏)𝟐 + (𝒖 − 𝒗)𝟐 ≥ 𝟎
𝟏
Equality holds for 𝟐𝒖𝒗 = 𝟏 and 𝒖 = 𝒗 ⇔ 𝒖 = 𝒗 = .
√𝟐
(𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝒘𝟐 + 𝟏) ≥ (𝒕 + 𝒘)𝟐 ; (∀)𝒕, 𝒘 > 0; (𝟐)

𝒕𝟐 𝒘𝟐 + 𝒕𝟐 + 𝒘𝟐 + 𝟏 ≥ 𝒕𝟐 + 𝒘𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕𝒘 ⇔ 𝒕𝟐 𝒘𝟐 − 𝟐𝒕𝒘 + 𝟏 ≥ 𝟎
(𝒕𝒘 − 𝟏)𝟐 ≥ 𝟎. Equality holds for 𝒕𝒘 = 𝟏.
(𝟏) 𝟑 (𝟐)
(𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝒗𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝒘𝟐 + 𝟏) ≥ ((𝒖 + 𝒗)𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝒘𝟐 + 𝟏) ≥
𝟒
𝟑 𝟐
≥ ((𝒖 + 𝒗) + 𝒘) ; (∀)𝒖, 𝒗, 𝒘 > 0; (𝟑)
𝟒
In (3) we take: 𝒖 = √𝟐𝒙; 𝒗 = √𝟐𝒚; 𝒘 = √𝟐𝒛 then:
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏) ≥ (√𝟐(𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)) − (𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)𝟐 ≥
𝟒 𝟐
𝟗
≥ (𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙)
𝟐

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𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏) = [(𝟐𝒙𝟐 + ) + ] [( + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 ) + ] =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝑪𝑩𝑺 (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
= (𝟐𝒙 + ) ( + 𝟐𝒚 ) + 𝒙 + 𝒚 + ≥ ⏞ (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 + + = ((𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 + ).
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 𝟏
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏) ≥ ((𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 + ) (𝟏 + 𝟐𝒛𝟐 ) ≥
𝟐 𝟐
𝑪𝑩𝑺
𝟑 𝟑 𝟗
⏞
≥ (𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)𝟐 ≥ . 𝟑(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙) = (𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙).
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝒛 = .
𝟐
Lemma 1: If 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 > 0 then:

𝟐
(∑ 𝒙) ≥ 𝟑 ∑ 𝒙𝒚 (𝟏)
Proof:
𝟐
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴
(∑ 𝒙) = 𝟐 ∑ 𝒙𝒚 + ∑ ⏞ 𝟐 ∑ 𝒙𝒚 + ∑ 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟑 ∑ 𝒙𝒚
≥
𝟐
𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄
Lemma 2: If 𝒙, 𝒚 > 0 then:

(𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏) ≥ 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 (𝟐)
Proof:
𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏 + 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) ≥⏞
≥ 𝟐√𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 ∙ 𝟏 + 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) = 𝟐(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐
Lemma 3: If 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 > 0 then:

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𝟑
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏) ≥ (𝟐(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 + 𝟏) (𝟑)
𝟒
Proof:
𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴
𝟒(𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏 + 𝟔(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) + 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) + 𝟑 ⏞
≥
≥ 𝟐√𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 ∙ 𝟏 + 𝟔(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) + 𝟐 ∙ 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑 = 𝟔(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 + 𝟑

Back to the problem:
(𝟑) (𝟐)
𝟑
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 ⏞ (𝟐(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏) ≥
+ 𝟏)(𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒛 + 𝟏) ≥ ⏞
𝟒
(𝟏)
𝟑 𝟗
⏞ (𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙)
≥ (𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)𝟐 ≥
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
Equality holds for 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝒛 = 𝟐.
SP.503 Solve for real positive numbers:

𝒆 ⋅ (𝒙𝒙 + (𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)𝟐 )𝒆 = 𝟏
Let be 𝒇: (𝟎, ∞) → ℝ, 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒙 + (𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)𝟐 , then:
𝟏
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝒙𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝒙 ⋅ 𝒙𝒙−𝟏 + 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙) ⋅ =
𝒙
𝒙 (𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
=𝒙 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙) + (𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙) = (𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙) (𝒙𝒙 + )
𝒙 𝒙
′ (𝒙))
𝒔𝒈𝒏(𝒇 = 𝒔𝒈𝒏(𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)
𝟏
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 = −𝟏 ⇒ 𝒙 = −
𝒆
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝒆 𝟏 𝟏
𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇 ( ) = ( ) + (𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )) = 𝒆−𝒆
𝒙>0 𝒆 𝒆 𝒆
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
⇒ 𝒇(𝒙) ≥ 𝒆−𝒆 ⇒ 𝒙𝒙 + (𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)𝟐 ≥ 𝒆−𝒆 ⇒ (𝒙𝒙 + (𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)𝟐 )𝒆 ≥
𝒆
⇒ 𝒆 ⋅ (𝒙𝒙 + (𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)𝟐 )𝒆 ≥ 𝟏
𝟏
Equality holds for 𝒙 = 𝒆.
𝒆(𝒙𝒙 + (𝟏 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙)𝟐 )𝒆 = 𝟏(∗)
∗ Equation holds: 𝒙 > 0

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𝟏 𝒆 𝟏
∗ (∗) ⇔ (𝒙𝒙 + (𝟏 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙)𝟐 )𝒆 =⇔ 𝒙𝒙 + (𝟏 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙)𝟐 = √
𝒆 𝒆
𝟐
Let: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒙 + (𝟏 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙)𝟐 ⇒ 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝒙𝒙 (𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝟏) + (𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝒙
(𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝒙+𝟏 + 𝟐)
=
𝒙
𝟏
⇒ 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟎 ⇔ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = ∴ (𝒙𝒙+𝟏 + 𝟐 > 0∀𝒙 > 0)
𝒆
Table
𝟏
𝒙 0 ∞
𝒆
𝒇′ (𝒙) − 0 +
∞ ∞
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒆𝟏
√
𝒆
𝟏 𝟏
⇒ 𝒇(𝒙) is strictly decreasing in (𝟎, ) ,and strictly increasing in ( , ∞)
𝒆 𝒆
𝒆 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒆 𝟏 𝟏 𝒆 𝟏 𝟏
and: 𝒇(𝒙) ≥ √ , ∃𝒙𝟎 = ⇒ 𝒇 ( ) = √ ⇒ 𝒇 ( ) is minimum ⇒ 𝒇(𝒙) = √ ⇔ 𝒙 =
𝒆 𝒆 𝒆 𝒆 𝒆 𝒆 𝒆
𝟏
⇒ Equation has root is: 𝒙 =
𝒆
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
SP.504 If 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 > 0, + + = 𝟑, then:
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
𝟒
𝟒 ∑ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗 ≥ ∑ (𝟓𝒙 + )
𝒙+𝟏

𝟒 𝟏
𝟒 ∑ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗 ≥ ∑ (𝟓𝒙 + ) ⇔ 𝟒 ∑ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 ≥ 𝟑 + 𝟓 ∑ 𝒙 + 𝟒 ∑ ⇔
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙+𝟏

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𝟑 𝟓 𝟏
∑ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 ≥ + ∑ 𝒙 + ∑ ⇔
𝟒 𝟒 𝒙+𝟏
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏
∑ 𝒙𝟐 + ∑ − ∑ 𝒙 − ∑ − ∑ ≥𝟎
𝒙 𝟒 𝟒 𝒙+𝟏
We will prove that if 𝒙 > 0, then:

𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 + − 𝒙− − ≥𝟎⇔
𝒙 𝟒 𝟒 𝒙+𝟏
𝟒(𝒙𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝟏) − 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝟏) − (𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙) ≥ 𝟎 ⇔
𝟒𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟒 ≥ 𝟎 ⇔ (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟒) ≥ 𝟎
Equality holds for 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝒛 = 𝟏.

𝟏 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝟗 (∗)
𝟑=∑ ≥ ⇒ ∑𝒙 ≥ 𝟑
𝒙 ∑𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝒙
𝟒 𝟏 𝐀−𝐆 𝟏
𝐍𝐨𝐰, ∑ (𝟓𝒙 + ) = 𝟓∑𝒙 + 𝟒∑ ≤ 𝟓∑𝒙 + 𝟐∑
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 √𝒙
𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐜𝐲𝐜
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ + =𝟑
𝐂𝐁𝐒 𝟏 𝒙 𝐲 𝐳 ?
≤ 𝟓 ∑ 𝒙 + 𝟐√𝟑. √∑ = 𝟓 ∑ 𝒙 + 𝟐√𝟑. √𝟑 = 𝟓 ∑ 𝒙 + 𝟔 ≤ 𝟒 ∑ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗
𝒙
𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐜𝐲𝐜
?
⇔ 𝟒 ∑ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 − 𝟓 ∑ 𝒙 ≥
⏟ 𝟎
𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝐜𝐲𝐜 (∗∗)
𝟐
𝟒 ?
𝐀𝐠𝒂𝐢𝐧, 𝐋𝐇𝐒 𝐨𝐟 (∗∗) ≥ (∑ 𝒙) + 𝟑 − 𝟓 ∑ 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
𝟑
? ?
⇔ 𝟒𝐭 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝐭 + 𝟗 ≥ 𝟎 (𝐭 = ∑ 𝒙) ⇔ (𝟒(𝐭 − 𝟑) + 𝟗)(𝐭 − 𝟑) ≥ 𝟎 → 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞
𝐜𝐲𝐜
𝐯𝐢𝒂 (∗) 𝟒
∵ 𝐭 = ∑ 𝒙 ≥ 𝟑 ⇒ (∗∗) 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞 ∴ 𝟒 ∑ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗 ≥ ∑ (𝟓𝒙 + ) ∀ 𝒙, 𝐲, 𝐳 > 0
𝒙+𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝒂𝐭 ∶ + + = 𝟑,′′ =′′ 𝐢𝐟𝐟 𝒙 = 𝐲 = 𝐳 = 𝟏 (𝐐𝐄𝐃)
𝒙 𝐲 𝐳

𝟏 𝟏
𝑩𝒚 𝑨𝑴 − 𝑮𝑴 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 + ≥ 𝟑𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 + ≥ 𝟐.
𝒙 𝒙

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𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 ∶ 𝟒𝒙𝟐 ≥ 𝟐 (𝟑𝒙 − ) = 𝟓𝒙 + (𝒙 + ) − ≥ 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐 − (𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔)
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝟑
𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔, 𝟒 ∑ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗 ≥ ∑ (𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐 − ) + 𝟗 = ∑ 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔 (𝟏)
𝒙
𝟒 𝟏
𝑩𝒚 𝑨𝑴 − 𝑯𝑴 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶ ≤ + 𝟏 (𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔)
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙
𝟒 𝟏
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 ∶ ∑ ≤ ∑ ( + 𝟏) = 𝟑 + 𝟑 = 𝟔 (𝟐)
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙
𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟏) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟐), 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶
𝟒
∑ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗 ≥ ∑ (𝟓𝒙 + ) , 𝒂𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅.
𝒙+𝟏
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝒛 = 𝟏.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
SP.505 If 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 > 0, + + = 𝟑, then:
√𝒙 √𝒚 √𝒛
𝒙𝟐 √𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 √𝒚 + 𝒛𝟐 √𝒛 ≥ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐
𝒙𝟐 √𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 √𝒚 + 𝒛𝟐 √𝒛 ≥ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ⇔ ∑ 𝒙𝟐 √𝒙 + 𝟑 ≥ ∑ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 ⇔
𝟏 𝟏
∑ 𝒙𝟐 √𝒙 + ∑ ≥ ∑(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) ⇔ ∑ (𝒙𝟐 √𝒙 + − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) ≥ 𝟎 ⇔
√𝒙 𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄
√𝒙
𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏
∑( − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) ≥ 𝟎
𝒄𝒚𝒄
√𝒙
𝑾𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕:

𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏
− 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 ≥ 𝟎; (∀)𝒙 > 0
√𝒙
𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏 ≥ √𝒙(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) ⇔ 𝒙𝟔 − 𝒙𝟓 − 𝒙 + 𝟏 ≥ 𝟎 ⇔ 𝒙𝟓 (𝒙 − 𝟏) − (𝒙 − 𝟏) ≥ 𝟎
(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏) ≥ 𝟎
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝒛 = 𝟏.

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𝑾𝑳𝑶𝑮, 𝒘𝒆 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 ∶ 𝒙 ≥ 𝒚 ≥ 𝒛, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 ∶
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 √𝒙 ≥ 𝒚𝟐 √𝒚 ≥ 𝒛𝟐 √𝒛 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ≤ ≤ .
√𝒙 √𝒚 √𝒛
𝑩𝒚 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒃𝒚𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒗′ 𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 √𝒙. + 𝒚𝟐 √𝒚. + 𝒛𝟐 √𝒛.
√𝒙 √𝒚 √𝒛
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
≤ (𝒙 √𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 √𝒚 + 𝒛𝟐 √𝒛) ( + + )
𝟑 √𝒙 √𝒚 √𝒛
= 𝒙𝟐 √𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 √𝒚 + 𝒛𝟐 √𝒛.
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝒛 = 𝟏.
𝑾𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (√𝒙, √𝒚, √𝒛) = (𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄), 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒘𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒆:
𝑰𝒇 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝒂𝟓 + 𝒃𝟓 + 𝒄𝟓 ≥ 𝒂𝟒 + 𝒃𝟒 + 𝒄𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑨𝑴 − 𝑮𝑴 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆: 𝟑 = + + ≥ 𝟑√ ⇒ 𝒂𝒃𝒄 ≥ 𝟏
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒂𝒃𝒄
𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒃𝒚𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒗 𝟏 𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴 𝟑 𝒂𝒃𝒄≥𝟏
∑ 𝒂𝟓 = ∑ 𝒂 ⋅ 𝒂𝟒 ≥ (∑ 𝒂) (∑ 𝒂𝟒 ) ≥ √𝒂𝒃𝒄 ⋅ ∑ 𝒂𝟒 ≥ ∑ 𝒂𝟒
𝟑
𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄 𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄 = 𝟏 ⇔ 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝒛 = 𝟏.
𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌. 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒅.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑰𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 > 0, + + = 𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒏 ∈ ℕ, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏:
√𝒙 √𝒚 √𝒛
𝒙𝒏 √𝒙 + 𝒚𝒏 √𝒚 + 𝒛𝒏 √𝒛 ≥ 𝒙𝒏 + 𝒚𝒏 + 𝒛𝒏
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝑴𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏 𝑪𝒉𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒖 − 𝑹𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒂
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒘𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒆: √𝒙 + √𝒚 + √𝒛 ≥ 𝟑, 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒂𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎
𝟏 𝟏
(∑ √𝒙) (∑ ) ≥ 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 ∑ =𝟑
√𝒙 𝒄𝒚𝒄
√𝒙
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒃𝒆 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏. 𝑾𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (√𝒙, √𝒚, √𝒛)
= (𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄), 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒘𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝒔:

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𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑰𝒇 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 0, + + = 𝟑, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝟐𝒏+𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐𝒏+𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐𝒏+𝟏 ≥ 𝒂𝟐𝒏 + 𝒃𝟐𝒏 + 𝒄𝟐𝒏
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝑾𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝑨𝑴 − 𝑮𝑴 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆: 𝟑 = + + ≥ 𝟑√ ⇒ 𝒂𝒃𝒄 ≥ 𝟏
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒂𝒃𝒄
𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒃𝒚𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒗 𝟏 𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴
∑ 𝒂𝟐𝒏+𝟏 = ∑ 𝒂 ⋅ 𝒂𝟐𝒏 ≥ (∑ 𝒂) (∑ 𝒂𝟐𝒏 ) ≥
𝟑
𝟑 𝒂𝒃𝒄≥𝟏
≥ √𝒂𝒃𝒄 ⋅ ∑ 𝒂𝟐𝒏 ≥ ∑ 𝒂𝟐𝒏
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄 = 𝟏 ⇔ 𝒙 = 𝒚 = 𝒛 = 𝟏.

𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝟐 𝒘𝒆 𝒐𝒏𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎 𝑺𝑷. 𝟓𝟎𝟓 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑹𝑴𝑴 − 𝟑𝟒
𝑨𝒖𝒕𝒖𝒎𝒏 𝑬𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝑫𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒆𝒍 𝑺𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒖 − 𝑹𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒂.
SP.506 Determine the sequence (𝒂𝒏 )𝒏≥𝟏 , 𝒂𝒏 ∈ ℝ∗ such that:

𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏
( )∙( ) 𝒂𝟏 + ( ) ∙ ( ) 𝒂𝟐 + ⋯ + ( ) ∙ ( ) 𝒂𝒏
𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏
𝟐𝒏
= [( ) − 𝟏] 𝒂𝒏 ; (∀)𝒏 ≥ 𝟏
𝒏
𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝒏 = 𝟏 ⇒ ( ) ∙ ( ) 𝒂𝟏 = (( ) − 𝟏) 𝒂𝟏 ⇒ 𝒂𝟏 = 𝒂𝟏
𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝒏 = 𝟐 ⇒ ( ) ∙ ( ) 𝒂𝟏 + ( ) ∙ ( ) 𝒂𝟐 = (( ) − 𝟏) 𝒂𝟐 ⇒ 𝟐𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟓𝒂𝟐
𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝒂𝟏
𝟒𝒂𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂𝟏 ⇒ 𝒂𝟐 =
𝟐
𝒂𝟏
𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝒏 = 𝟑 ⇒ 𝒂𝟑 =
𝟑
𝐔𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝒏 ∈ ℕ, 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏, 𝐰𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭:
𝒂𝟏
𝒂𝒏 = ; (∀)𝒏 ∈ ℕ∗
𝒏
𝑷(𝟏): 𝒂𝟏 = 𝒂𝟏 ; (∀) 𝒏 ≥ 𝟏
𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝑷(𝟏), 𝑷(𝟐), … , 𝑷(𝒏) 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐨 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞:

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𝒂𝟏
𝑷(𝒏 + 𝟏): 𝒂𝒏+𝟏 =
𝒏+𝟏
𝐔𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐡𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝒏 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝒏
+ 𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲:
𝒏
𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝟐𝒏
∑ ( ) ( ) = (( ) − 𝟏)
𝒌 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌 𝒏 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 𝒏
∑ ( )∙( ) = ∑( ∙( )) ∙ ( ) = ∑ ( ) ∙ ( ) =
𝒌 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌 𝒌 𝒌−𝟏 𝒌 𝒏 𝒌 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏
𝟏 𝒏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐𝒏
= ∑ ( ) = (( ) − 𝟏)
𝒏 𝒌 𝒏 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏
SP.507 In acute 𝚫𝑨𝑩𝑪 the following relationship holds:

𝒂+𝒃 𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
∑ ∙ 𝒓𝒄 ≥
𝒂𝒃 𝑹
𝒄𝒚𝒄

𝟏 𝟏 𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
∑ ( + ) 𝒓𝒄 ≥ ; (𝟏)
𝒂 𝒃 𝑹
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑷𝒉𝒂𝒎 𝑯𝒖𝒖 𝑫𝒖𝒄’𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚:
𝒙(𝒂 + 𝒃) + 𝒚(𝒃 + 𝒄) + 𝒛(𝒄 + 𝒂) ≥ 𝟐√(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙)(𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂);

(∀)𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛, 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 0
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∑ ( + ) 𝒓𝒄 ≥ 𝟐√(𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 + 𝒓𝒃 𝒓𝒄 + 𝒓𝒄 𝒓𝒂 ) ( + + ); (𝟐)
𝒂 𝒃 𝒂𝒃 𝒃𝒄 𝒄𝒂
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 + 𝒓𝒃 𝒓𝒄 + 𝒓𝒄 𝒓𝒂 = 𝒔𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 + + = ; (𝟑)
𝒂𝒃 𝒃𝒄 𝒄𝒂 𝟐𝑹𝒓
𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟐) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟑) 𝒊𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕:
𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒔 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄
∑ ( + ) 𝒓 𝒄 ≥ 𝟐√ 𝟐 = =
𝒂 𝒃 𝑹 𝑹 𝑹
𝒄𝒚𝒄

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𝑭
𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒓𝒂 = , 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕:
𝒔−𝒂
𝒃+𝒄 𝒃+𝒄 𝑭 𝑭 𝒂(𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)
𝑳𝑯𝑺 = ∑ 𝒓𝒂 = ∑ ⋅ = ∑ =
𝒃𝒄 𝒃𝒄 𝒔 − 𝒂 𝒂𝒃𝒄 (𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)
𝑭 𝟒𝑹𝒓𝒔𝟐 𝒔 𝑬𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝟐𝒔 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄
= ⋅ = ≥ = = 𝑹𝑯𝑺, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆
𝟒𝑹𝑭 𝒓𝟐 𝒔 𝒓 𝑹 𝑹
∑ 𝒂(𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄) = 𝟒𝑹𝒓𝒔𝟐
𝒄𝒚𝒄

𝒂+𝐛 𝒂(𝐛 + 𝐜) 𝐫𝐬 𝐫𝐬 𝒂(𝐬 + 𝐬 − 𝒂)
∑ . 𝐫𝐜 = ∑ . = .∑
𝒂𝐛 𝒂𝐛𝐜 𝐬 − 𝒂 𝟒𝐑𝐫𝐬 𝐬−𝒂
𝟏 𝒂−𝐬+𝐬 𝟏 𝐬𝟐
= (𝐬. ∑ + ∑ 𝒂) = (−𝟑𝐬 + 𝟐 ∑(𝐬 − 𝐛)(𝐬 − 𝐜) + 𝟐𝐬)
𝟒𝐑 𝐬−𝒂 𝟒𝐑 𝐫 𝐬
𝐬 𝟒𝐑 + 𝐫 𝐬 𝐄𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐫 𝟐𝐬 𝒂 + 𝐛 + 𝐜
( = − 𝟏) = ≥ =
𝟒𝐑 𝐫 𝐫 𝐑 𝐑
𝒂+𝐛 𝒂+𝐛+𝐜
∴ 𝐢𝐧 𝒂𝐧𝐲 ∆ 𝐀𝐁𝐂, ∑ . 𝐫𝐜 ≥ ,"=" 𝐢𝐟𝐟 ∆ 𝐀𝐁𝐂 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝒍𝒂𝐭𝐞𝐫𝒂𝒍 (𝐐𝐄𝐃)
𝒂𝐛 𝐑
𝐜𝐲𝐜

𝒂+𝒃 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴 𝟐√𝒓𝒃 𝒓𝒄
∑ 𝒓𝒄 = ∑ ( + ) 𝒓𝒄 = ∑ (𝒓𝒃 + 𝒓𝒄 ) ≥ ∑ ≥
𝒂𝒃 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝒂
𝒉𝒂 ≤√𝒓𝒃 𝒓𝒄
𝟏 𝟏 𝒂+𝒃+𝒄 𝒂+𝒃+𝒄 𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
≥ 𝟒𝑭 ∑ 𝟐
≥ 𝟒𝑭 ⋅ ∑ = 𝟒𝑭 ⋅ = 𝟒𝑭 ⋅ =
𝒂 𝒂𝒃 𝒂𝒃𝒄 𝟒𝑹𝑭 𝑹
SP.508 Let 𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 … 𝑨𝒏 a convex polygon, 𝒏 ∈ ℕ, 𝒏 ≥ 𝟑. Prove that:

𝒏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒌
𝑨𝒊 + 𝟏 [(𝒏 − 𝟐)𝝅 + 𝒏]𝒌
∑( 𝒑 ) ≥ , 𝒑, 𝒌 ∈ ℕ
𝑨𝒊 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒌 ⋅ 𝒏𝒌−𝟏
𝒊=𝟏

Lemma: If 𝒑 ∈ ℕ, then:

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𝑨𝒑+𝟏 + 𝟏 𝑨 + 𝟏
≥
𝑨𝒑 + 𝟏 𝟐
Proof. We have:
𝑨𝒑+𝟏 + 𝟏 𝑨 + 𝟏
≥ ⇔ 𝟐𝑨𝒑+𝟏 + 𝟐 ≥ 𝑨𝒑+𝟏 + 𝑨𝒑 + 𝑨 + 𝟏 ⇔
𝑨𝒑 + 𝟏 𝟐
𝑨𝒑+𝟏 − 𝑨𝒑 − (𝑨 − 𝟏) ≥ 𝟎 ⇔ 𝑨𝒑 (𝑨 − 𝟏) − (𝑨 − 𝟏) ≥ 𝟎 ⇔
(𝑨 − 𝟏)(𝑨𝒑 − 𝟏) ≥ 𝟎 ⇔ (𝑨 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝑨𝒑−𝟏 + 𝑨𝒑−𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑨 + 𝟏) ≥ 𝟎
Equality holds for 𝑨 = 𝟏.
Using lemma and Holder’s inequality, we get:
𝒏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒌 𝒏 𝒏 𝒌
𝑨𝒊 + 𝟏 𝑨𝒊 + 𝟏 𝒌 𝟏 𝑨𝒊 + 𝟏
∑( 𝒑 ) ≥ ∑( ) ≥ 𝟐 (∑ ) =
𝑨𝒊 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐
𝒊=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏 𝒏 𝒌
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 [(𝒏 − 𝟐)𝝅 + 𝒏]𝒌
= 𝒌−𝟏 ( ∑ 𝑨𝒊 + ∑ 𝟏) = , 𝒑, 𝒌 ∈ ℕ
𝒏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝒌 ⋅ 𝒏𝒌−𝟏
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊=𝟏
For 𝒌 = 𝟏, inequality is obviously true from lemma, and for 𝒌 = 𝟎 we obtain equality 𝒏 =
𝒏.
Equality holds if and only of 𝒌 = 𝟎.
SP.509 Let 𝑨𝑩𝑪 be an acute triangle. Prove that:

(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑨 + 𝟐)(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑩 + 𝟐)(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑪 + 𝟐) ≥ 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝑾𝒆 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕: 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑩 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑪 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑪 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑨 = 𝟏.
𝑺𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈: 𝒙 = √𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑨 , 𝒚 = √𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑩 , 𝒛 = √𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑪 , 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙 = 𝟑.
𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑯𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒆𝒓′ 𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆:
(𝟗𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔)(𝟗𝒚𝟑 + 𝟔)(𝟗𝒛𝟑 + 𝟔) =
= (𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒 + 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏 + 𝟏)(𝟒𝒚𝟑 + 𝟒 + 𝟒𝒚𝟑 + 𝟏𝒚𝟑 + 𝟏)(𝟒 + 𝟒𝒛𝟑 + 𝟒𝒛𝟑 + 𝟏 + 𝟏 + 𝒛𝟑 ) ≥
≥ (𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚𝒛 + 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)𝟑 = (𝟏𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛)𝟑 ≥

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𝟑
≥ (𝟏𝟐 + √𝟑(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙)) = 𝟏𝟓𝟑
𝑺𝒐, 𝟑(𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐) ⋅ 𝟑(𝟑𝒚𝟑 + 𝟐) ⋅ 𝟑(𝟑𝒛𝟑 + 𝟐) ≥ 𝟏𝟓𝟑

𝑵𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒍𝒚,
(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑨 + 𝟐)(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑩 + 𝟐)(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑪 + 𝟐) ≥ 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒇 𝚫𝑨𝑩𝑪 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍.
𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑨
∏(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑨 + 𝟐) = 𝟖 ∏ ( + 𝟏) =
𝟐
𝟗√𝟑 𝟐𝟒𝟑 𝟕𝟐𝟗 ∙ 𝟑√𝟑

= 𝟖 [𝟏 + (∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑨) + (∑ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑩) + ∏ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑨] =
𝟐 𝟒 𝟖
𝟗√𝟑 𝒔𝟑 𝟐𝟒𝟑 𝟔 𝟏 𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟕√𝟑 𝒔𝟗 𝑨𝑮𝑴

= 𝟖 [𝟏 + (∑ 𝟑 ) + ∙ 𝒔 (∑ 𝟑 𝟑 ) + ∙ ] ≥
𝟐 𝒓𝒂 𝟒 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 𝟖 (𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 𝒓𝒄 )𝟑
𝟑
𝟗√𝟑 𝒔 𝟐𝟒𝟑 𝟔 𝟑
≥ 𝟖 [𝟏 + ∙𝟑∙ + ∙ 𝒔 ∙ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐] =
𝟐 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 𝒓𝒄 𝟒 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 𝒓𝒄
𝟑 𝟔
𝟗√𝟑 𝟑𝒔 𝟐𝟒𝟑 𝟑𝒔 𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟕√𝟑 𝒔𝟗
= 𝟖 [𝟏 + ∙ 𝟐 + ∙ 𝟒 𝟐+ ∙ 𝟔 𝟑] =
𝟐 𝒔 𝒓 𝟒 𝒔 𝒓 𝟖 𝒔 𝒓
𝟐
𝟗√𝟑 𝟐𝒔 𝟐𝟒𝟑 𝟑𝒔 𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟕√𝟑 𝒔𝟑
= 𝟖 [𝟏 + ∙ + ∙ 𝟐 + ∙ 𝟑] ≥
𝟐 𝒓 𝟒 𝒓 𝟖 𝒓
𝟗√𝟑 𝟐𝟒𝟑 𝟐 𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟕√𝟑
≥ 𝟖 [𝟏 + ∙ 𝟑 ∙ 𝟑√𝟑 + ∙ 𝟑(𝟑√𝟑) + ∙ 𝟐𝟕 ∙ 𝟑√𝟑] =
𝟐 𝟒 𝟖
𝟖𝟏 ∙ 𝟑 𝟐𝟒𝟑 𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟕
= 𝟖 [𝟏 + + ∙𝟑∙𝟗∙𝟑+ ∙ 𝟑 ∙ 𝟑 ∙ 𝟐𝟕] ≥ 𝟓𝟕𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟕 > 125
𝟐 𝟒 𝟖
(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝐀 + 𝟐)(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝐁 + 𝟐)(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝐂 + 𝟐) ≥ 𝟏𝟐𝟓

(∗)
⇔ 𝒍𝒏 ∏(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝐀 + 𝟐) ≥ 𝒍𝒏𝟏𝟐𝟓 ⇔ ∑ 𝒍𝒏(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝐀 + 𝟐) ≥ 𝟑𝒍𝒏𝟓
𝛑
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐟(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟐) ∀ 𝒙 ∈ (𝟎, )
𝟐

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𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 . 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙
∴ 𝐟 ′′(𝒙) = − 𝟐
(𝟕𝟐𝟗 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝒙 . (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙) − 𝟏𝟎𝟖√𝟑(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙)
(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝒙
+ 𝟐)
− 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟖 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝟖√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙)
𝟓
𝟐𝟕 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 . 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙
=− 𝟐
(𝟐𝟕𝐦𝟑 − 𝟐𝟕𝐦𝟓 − 𝟒√𝟑(𝟏 + 𝟐𝐦𝟐 )) (𝐦 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙)
(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝟐𝟕 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 . 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙
= 𝟐
(𝟐𝟕𝐦𝟓 − 𝟐𝟕𝐦𝟑 + 𝟒√𝟑(𝟏 + 𝟐𝐦𝟐 ))
𝟑
(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 + 𝟐)
(∗∗) 𝟐𝟕 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 . 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙
⇒ 𝐟 ′′(𝒙) = 𝟐
(𝟒√𝟑 + 𝐦𝟐 (𝟐𝟕𝐦𝟑 + 𝟖√𝟑 − 𝟐𝟕𝐦))
(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝐀−𝐆 𝟑
𝐍𝐨𝐰, 𝟐𝟕𝐦𝟑 + 𝟖√𝟑 = 𝟐𝟕𝐦𝟑 + 𝟒√𝟑 + 𝟒√𝟑 ≥ 𝟑 √𝟐𝟕𝐦𝟑 . 𝟒√𝟑. 𝟒√𝟑
𝟑 ? 𝟑 ? ?
= 𝟏𝟖 √𝟔𝐦 > 𝟐𝟕𝐦 ⇔ 𝟐. √𝟔 > 𝟑 ⇔ 𝟖. 𝟔 > 𝟐𝟕 → 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞 ⇒ 𝟐𝟕𝐦𝟑 + 𝟖√𝟑 − 𝟐𝟕𝐦 > 0
𝐯𝐢𝒂 (∗∗) 𝛑
⇒ 𝐟 ′′(𝒙) > 0 ⇒ 𝐟(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝒙 𝐨𝐧 (𝟎, )
𝟐
𝐉𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐧 𝛑 𝟗√𝟑
⇒ ∑ 𝒍𝒏(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝐀 + 𝟐) ≥ 𝟑𝒍𝒏 (𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 + 𝟐) = 𝟑𝒍𝒏 ( + 𝟐) = 𝟑𝒍𝒏𝟓
𝟑 𝟑√𝟑
𝐜𝐲𝐜
⇒ (∗) 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞 ∴ 𝐢𝐧 𝒂𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐞 ∆ 𝐀𝐁𝐂, (𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝐀 + 𝟐)(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝐁 + 𝟐)(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝐂 + 𝟐)
≥ 𝟏𝟐𝟓,′′ =′′ 𝐢𝐟𝐟 ∆ 𝐀𝐁𝐂 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝒍𝒂𝐭𝐞𝐫𝒂𝒍 (𝐐𝐄𝐃)
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝑩𝑪 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑨 , 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑩 , 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑪 > 0.
𝑩𝒚 𝑯ӧ𝒍𝒅𝒆𝒓′ 𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶
𝟗√𝟑 𝟗√𝟑 𝟑 𝟏 𝟗√𝟑 𝟑 𝟗√𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟗√𝟑 𝟗√𝟑

( 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑨 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑨 + + ) ( 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑩 + + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑩 + ) ( + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑪 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑
𝟏 𝟗 𝟗 𝟗 𝟏
+ ) ≥ ( 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑩 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑪 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑪 + ) =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟗 𝟏𝟑 𝟗 𝟏 𝟑
= [ (𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑩 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑪 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑪 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑨) + ] = ( . 𝟏 + ) = 𝟏𝟐𝟓.
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑨 + 𝟐)(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑩 + 𝟐)(𝟗√𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝑪 + 𝟐) ≥ 𝟏𝟐𝟓.
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇𝒇 ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍.

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SP.510 Let 𝑨𝑩𝑪 be an arbitrary triangle having the sides 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄. Denote by
𝒎𝒂 , 𝒔𝒂 the lengths of the median and the symmedian corresponding to the
side 𝒂, and the analogs. Let 𝝎 Brocard’s angle and 𝑴 be the set
𝒎𝒂 𝒎𝒃 𝒎𝒄
𝑴={ , , }. Prove that:
𝒔𝒂 𝒔𝒃 𝒔𝒄
𝟐𝑹 𝟏 𝟐𝑹
𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝑴 ≥ ≥ 𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝑴
𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝝎 𝒓
Proposed by Vasile Jiglău-Romania
𝒎𝒂 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆: = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔,
𝒔𝒂 𝟐𝒃𝒄
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐:
𝑹 𝟏 𝑹 𝒂 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒄 𝒂
𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝑴′ ≥ 𝟐
≥ 𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝑴′ , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑴′ = { + , + , + }
𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎 𝒓 𝒃 𝒂 𝒄 𝒄 𝒂 𝒄
𝒂) 𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚: 𝒄 ≥ 𝒃 ≥ 𝒂; (𝟏). 𝑾𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆:
𝒄 𝒂 𝒂 𝒃
+ ≥ + ⇔ 𝒃𝒄𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒃 ≥ 𝒂𝟐 𝒄 + 𝒄𝒃𝟐 ⇔
𝒂 𝒄 𝒃 𝒂
(𝒃𝒄 − 𝒂𝟐 )(𝒄 − 𝒃) ≥ 𝟎, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒘𝒂𝒚:
𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒂 𝒄
+ ≥ + . 𝑾𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕, 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔 (𝟏), 𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝑴 = + .
𝒂 𝒄 𝒄 𝒃 𝒄 𝒂
𝑹 𝒂 𝒄 𝟏 𝑹 𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒔 𝟏 √∑𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝑾𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕: ( + )≥ . 𝑾𝒊𝒕𝒉 = , = ,
𝒓 𝒄 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝝎 𝒓 𝟒𝑭𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎 𝟐𝑭
𝒕𝒉𝒖𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐:
𝒂𝒃𝒄𝒔 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟐
⋅ ≥ ⇔
𝟒𝑭𝟐 𝒂𝒄 𝟒𝑭𝟐
𝒃(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ) ≥ 𝟐(𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟐 ) ⇔
(𝒃 − 𝒂)(𝒂 + 𝒄 − 𝒃)[𝒄(𝒄 − 𝒂) + 𝒂(𝒄 − 𝒃)] + 𝒂(𝒄 − 𝒃)[𝒃(𝒃 − 𝒂) + 𝒄(𝒄 − 𝒂)] ≥ 𝟎,
𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟏)
𝟏 𝑹 𝒂 𝒃
𝒃) 𝑨𝒔 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆, 𝟐
≥ ( + )⇔
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎 𝒓 𝒃 𝒂
𝒇(𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄) = 𝟐(𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟐 ) − 𝒄(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 ) ≥ 𝟎; (𝟐)

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𝟏 𝑹 𝒄 𝒃
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐
≥ ( + )⇔
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎 𝒓 𝒃 𝒄
𝒈(𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄) = 𝟒(𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟐 ) − (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)[𝒂(𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ) + 𝒄(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 )] ≥ 𝟎; (𝟑)
𝑾𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕:
𝒇(𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄) + 𝒈(𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄) ≥ 𝟎 ⇔
𝟒(𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟐 ) − (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)[𝒂(𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ) + 𝒄(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 )] ≥ 𝟎
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔:
𝟖(𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟐 ) ≥ (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒄 + 𝒂)
𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝒕𝒐 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆:
(𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒄 + 𝒂) ≥ 𝟐[𝒂(𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ) + 𝒄(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 )] ⇔
(𝒄 − 𝒂)(𝒃 − 𝒂)(𝒂 + 𝒄) ≥ 𝟎 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟏).
𝑰𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇(𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈(𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄) 𝒊𝒔 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆
𝒂𝒕 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔 (𝟐) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟑) 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆
𝒊𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏.
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝑴 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝟐 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝑴.
𝒎𝒂 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐
𝑾𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶ = (𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔)
𝒔𝒂 𝟐𝒃𝒄
𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 ∶ 𝒎𝟏 ≥ ≥ 𝒎𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝒃𝒄𝒎𝟏 ≥ 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ≥ 𝟐𝒃𝒄𝒎𝟐 (𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔)
𝟐𝒃𝒄
𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝟏
𝑨𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 ∶ = = ∑ 𝒂𝟐 (𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ) , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 ∶
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝝎 𝟒𝑭𝟐 𝟖𝑭𝟐
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐
∑ 𝒂𝟐 . 𝟐𝒃𝒄𝒎𝟏 ≥ ≥ ∑ 𝒂𝟐 . 𝟐𝒃𝒄𝒎𝟐 .
𝟖𝑭 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎 𝟖𝑭𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟖𝑹𝑭𝟐
𝑨𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆 ∶ ∑ 𝒂 𝒃𝒄 = 𝒂𝒃𝒄(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄) = 𝟒𝑹𝑭. 𝟐𝒔 = , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 ∶
𝒓
𝒄𝒚𝒄
𝟐𝑹 𝟏 𝟐𝑹
𝒎𝒂𝒙𝑴 ≥ 𝟐
≥ 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝑴, 𝒂𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅.
𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎 𝒓

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UNDERGRADUATE PROBLEMS
UP.496 Prove that:
𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝜻(𝟐)
∫ ∫ 𝟑
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = (𝝅 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐))
𝟎 𝟎 𝟒
𝒙𝒚𝟐
Proposed by Said Attaoui – Oran – Algeria
We have
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚)
∫ ∫ 𝟑 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = (∫ 𝒅𝒙) ( 𝟑 𝒅𝒚)
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝒙
𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝟏 𝟐) 𝟐)
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚
= 𝟐 (∫ 𝒅𝒙) ( 𝒅𝒚)
𝟎 𝒙 𝒚𝟐
{by replacing 𝒚 by 𝒚𝟐 }
𝒕𝒏
Now, applying the geometric series − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒕) = ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏 to have
𝟏 𝟏 ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟏 𝒙𝟐𝒏
∫ = ∫ (∑(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝒙 𝟎 𝒙 𝒏
𝒏=𝟏
∞ 𝟏 ∞
(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 𝟐𝒏−𝟏
𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 𝜻(𝟐)
=∑ (∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙) = ∑ =
𝒏 𝟎 𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝟒
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞ 𝟏
By the property ∑𝒏=𝟏(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒑
= −(𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐−𝒑 )𝜻(𝒑), 𝒑 > 1
𝒏
Similarly
𝟏 𝟐) 𝟏 ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚 𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
𝒚𝟐𝒏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐 (∑(−𝟏) ) 𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝒚𝟐 𝟎 𝒚 𝒏
𝒏=𝟏
∞ 𝟏 ∞
(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 𝟐𝒏−𝟐
(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏
=∑ (∫ 𝒚 𝒅𝒚) = ∑
𝒏 𝟎 𝒏(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 𝝅
= 𝟐∑ −∑ = 𝟐∑ −∑ = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐)
(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝒏 (𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝒏 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 ⏟
𝒏=𝟏 ⏟
𝒏=𝟏
𝝅 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐)
=
𝟒
Thereby
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𝟏 𝟐)𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝜻(𝟐) 𝝅
(∫ 𝒅𝒙) (∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒚) = ( − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐))
𝟎 𝒙 𝟎 𝒚 𝟒 𝟐
Finally
𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝜻(𝟐)
∫ ∫ 𝟑 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = (𝝅 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐))
𝟎 𝟎 𝟒
𝒙𝒚𝟐
Proof of
(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 𝝅
∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 = 𝟒.
(𝟐𝒏−𝟏)
We have
∞ ∞ 𝟏 𝟏 ∞
(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝟐𝒏−𝟐
∑ = ∑(−𝟏) ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ ∑(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 𝒙𝟐(𝒏−𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
(𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝟎 𝟎 𝒏=𝟏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 ∞ 𝟏
𝟏 𝝅
= ∫ ∑(−𝒙𝟐 )𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟏) =
𝟎 𝒏=𝟏 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟒
Solution 2 by Vincent Nguyen-USA
𝟏 𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝒙𝟐𝒏 𝒚𝒎
∫ ∫ 𝟑 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = ∫ ∫ 𝟑 ∑(−𝟏) ∑ (−𝟏)𝒎+𝟏 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝟎 𝒏 𝒎
𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒏=𝟏 𝒎=𝟏
∞ 𝟏 ∞ 𝟏
𝒙𝟐𝒏 𝒚𝒎
= ∑(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 ∑ (−𝟏)𝒎+𝟏 ∫ 𝟑 𝒅𝒚 =
𝒏𝒙
𝒏=𝟏 𝟎 𝒎=𝟏 𝟎 𝒎𝒚𝟐
∞ 𝟏 ∞ 𝟏 𝟑
𝒏+𝟏
𝒙𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝒎+𝟏
𝒚𝒎−𝟐
= ∑(−𝟏) ∫ 𝒅𝒙 ∑ (−𝟏) ∫ 𝒅𝒚 =
𝒏 𝒎
𝒏=𝟏 𝟎 𝒎=𝟏 𝟎
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒎+𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒎+𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒎+𝟏
= ∑ ∙𝟐∑ = 𝜼(𝟐) ∙ 𝟐 (𝟐 ∑ −∑ )=
𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝒎(𝟐𝒎 − 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟐𝒎 − 𝟏 𝒎
𝒏=𝟏 𝒎=𝟏 𝒎=𝟏 𝒎=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝜻(𝟐) ∙ 𝟐(𝟐𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟏 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐) = 𝜻(𝟐)(𝝅 − 𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐)
𝟒 𝟒
UP.497 Prove that:
𝟏
𝒙−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) 𝟐 𝟏
𝑭(𝒙) = ∫ 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (− 𝟐 ) + 𝒙 − + 𝟐 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )
𝒙 𝒙 𝟐 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
Deduce
∞
𝒙−𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐

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Proposed by Said Attaoui – Oran – Algeria
𝟏
𝝏 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏+ 𝟐 )
𝒙
It is easy to verify that 𝝏𝒙 (𝟐 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (− 𝒙𝟐 )) = 𝒙
Then, we have by integrating by parts

𝒙−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟑
= 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (− 𝟐 ) − [− 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) + ∫ ( ) 𝒅𝒙]
𝟐 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝟏+ 𝟏
𝒙𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (− 𝟐 ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) + 𝟐 ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (− 𝟐 ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) + 𝟐 ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 −
= 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (− 𝟐 ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) + 𝟐 ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 + (𝒙 )
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
= 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (− 𝟐 ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) − + 𝟐 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( )
𝟐 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
So, we deduce that
∞
𝒙−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(∞) − 𝑭(𝟏) = − 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (−𝟏) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐) + 𝟐 − 𝟐 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟏)
𝟏 𝒙 𝒙 𝟐
𝜻(𝟐) 𝝅
= + 𝟐 − − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟐)
𝟒 𝟐
Since
∞
𝝅 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝜻(𝟐)
𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟏) = , 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (−𝟏) = ∑ = −
𝟒 𝒏𝟐 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏
By the property:
∞
𝟏
∑(−𝟏)𝒏 = −(𝟏 − 𝟐𝟏−𝒑 )𝜻(𝒑), 𝒑 > 1
𝒏𝒑
𝒏=𝟏

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𝒙−𝟏 𝟏
𝑭(𝒙) = ∫ 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ∫ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝟏
𝒖=− 𝟐
𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟑 𝟏 −𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟏 − 𝒖) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑰𝟏 =
⏞ ∫ 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟏 − 𝒖) ∙ 𝒅𝒖 = ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (𝒖) = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (− 𝟐 ) + 𝑪
𝒙 𝟐 𝟐 𝒖 𝟐 𝟐 𝒙
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝑰𝑷𝑩 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) 𝟏
𝑰𝟐 = ∫ 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 =
⏞ − 𝒙 −𝟐∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 (𝒙 + 𝟏)
𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) 𝟏 𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) 𝟐
=− 𝒙 − 𝟐∫( − ) 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝒙 + − 𝟐𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝑪 =
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒙 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) 𝟐 𝝅 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) 𝟐 𝟏
=− 𝒙 + − 𝟐 ( − 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙) + 𝑪 = − 𝒙 + − 𝟐𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 + 𝑪
𝒙 𝒙 𝟐 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) 𝟐 𝟏
𝑭(𝒙) = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (− 𝟐 ) − (− 𝒙 + − 𝟐𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 ) =
𝟐 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) 𝟐 𝟏
= 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (− 𝟐 ) + 𝒙 − + 𝟐𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝑹
𝒙−𝟏 𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙 𝒙 𝑹→∞ 𝒙 𝒙
𝟎
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ) 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑳𝒊𝟐 (− 𝟐 ) − (− 𝑹 + − 𝟐𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟏 ) =
𝑹→∞ 𝟐 𝑹 𝑹 𝑹 𝑹
( )
𝟏 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅𝟐
= − ( (−𝜼(𝟐) + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 − 𝟐 + )) = 𝟐 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 − +
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝟒
UP.498 Prove that:

𝟏 𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝟗
∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝜻(𝟐)
𝟎 𝟎 √𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚 𝟖
Proposed by Said Attaoui-Oran-Algerie

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Remark that: 𝒙 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒚𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚 = (𝟒 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒙𝒚)𝒙𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
= (𝟐 − 𝒙)(𝟐 − 𝒚)𝒙𝒚, we have:

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ) (𝟏 + 𝒙(𝟐 − 𝒙))(𝟏 − 𝒚)𝟐
∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝟎 √𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚 𝟎 𝟎 √(𝟐 − 𝒙)(𝟐 − 𝒚)𝒙𝒚
𝟏 𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )
𝐋𝐞𝐭: 𝑱 = ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝟎 √𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚
So, by replacing 𝒙 by (𝟏 − 𝒙) and 𝒚 by (𝟏 − 𝒚), we obtain:
𝟏 𝟏
(𝟏 + 𝒙(𝟐 − 𝒙))(𝟏 − 𝒚)𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 (𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝟐
𝑱=∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = ∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟎 √(𝟐 − 𝒙)(𝟐 − 𝒚)𝒙𝒚 𝟎 𝟎 √(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 )
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
= [∫ 𝒅𝒙] [∫ 𝒅𝒚] = [∫ 𝒅𝒙] [∫ 𝒅𝒙] =
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
= [∫ ( + √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙] [∫ ( − √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙] =
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
= [∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙] [∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙] =
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟎
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏
= (∫ 𝒅𝒙) − (∫ √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙) =
𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟎
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
= ([𝐬𝐢𝐧 −𝟏
𝒙]𝟏𝟎 ) −𝟏
− ( [𝒙√𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙] ) =
𝟐
𝟐 𝟎
𝟐
𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝟏𝟖 𝝅𝟐 𝟗
= (𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙)𝟐 − ( 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙) = − = ⋅ = 𝜻(𝟐)
𝟐 𝟒 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟔 𝟖

𝟏 𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )
𝛀=∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 =
𝟎 𝟎 √𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚
𝟏 𝟏
((𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟐)(𝒚 − 𝟏)𝟐
= −∫∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 =
√𝒙(𝟐 − 𝒙) ∙ 𝒚(𝟐 − 𝒚)
𝟎 𝟎

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𝟏 𝟏
(𝒚 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟐
= −∫ 𝒅𝒚 ∙ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = −𝑰𝟏 ∙ 𝑰𝟐
√𝒚(𝟐 − 𝒚) √𝒙(𝟐 − 𝒙)
𝟎 𝟎
𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝒚=𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝟐
(𝒚 − 𝟏) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 ∙ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒅𝒕 𝝅
𝑰𝟏 = ∫ 𝒅𝒚 =
⏞ ∫ = ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕𝒅𝒕 =
√𝒚(𝟐 − 𝒚) √𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕 𝟒
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒙−𝟏=𝒕 𝒕𝟐 − 𝟐 𝟏 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝑰𝟐 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
⏞ ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = 𝑰𝟏 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒕 = − =−
√𝒙(𝟐 − 𝒙) √𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 √𝟏 − 𝒕𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟗 𝝅𝟐 𝟗
𝛀 = −𝑰𝟏 ∙ 𝑰𝟐 = ∙ = ⋅ = 𝜻(𝟐)
𝟒 𝟒 𝟖 𝟔 𝟖
UP.499 If 𝟎 < 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏 then:
𝒃 𝒃
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 𝟐(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐
∫ ∫ ≤
𝒂 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚 (𝟏 + 𝒂)(𝟏 + 𝒃)
𝟏 𝒙+𝒚 𝒙 𝒚
= = + =
𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚 (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚) (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚) (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚)
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒚 + 𝒙 =
(𝟏 + 𝒙) (𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚) (𝟏 + 𝒚) (𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚)
𝟏 𝟏 𝑪𝑩𝑺
= 𝟐 + 𝟐
≤
𝒚 𝟐 𝒙 𝟐
(𝟏𝟐 + (√𝒙) ) (𝟏𝟐 + (√𝒙𝒚) ) (𝟏𝟐 + (√𝒚) ) (𝟏𝟐 + (√𝒙𝒚) )
𝟏 𝟏
≤ 𝟐+ 𝟐
=
𝒚 𝒙
(𝟏 ⋅ 𝟏 + √𝒙 ⋅ √𝒙𝒚) (𝟏 ⋅ 𝟏 + √𝒚 ⋅ √𝒙𝒚)
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟐
+
(𝟏 + 𝒚) (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟏
∫ ∫ ≤∫ ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 + ∫ ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 =
𝒂 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚 𝒂 𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝒂 𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝒙)
𝒃 𝒃
𝒅𝒚 −𝟏
= 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 ∫ 𝟐
= 𝟐(𝒃 − 𝒂) ( — 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒂. . =
𝒂 𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝟏+𝒃

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𝟏+𝒂−𝟏−𝒃 𝟐(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐
= −𝟐(𝒃 − 𝒂) ⋅ =
(𝟏 + 𝒂)(𝟏 + 𝒃) (𝟏 + 𝒂)(𝟏 + 𝒃)
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 = 𝒃.
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒙, 𝒚 > 0. 𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 ∶
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒚)𝟐 − (𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚)[(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐 ]

−( + ) = =
𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚 (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒚)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚)(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒚)𝟐
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝒙𝟑 𝒚 − 𝒙𝒚𝟑 − 𝟏 𝒙𝒚(𝒙 − 𝒚)𝟐 + (𝒙𝒚 − 𝟏)𝟐

= =− ≤ 𝟎.
(𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚)(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒚)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚)(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒚)𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 ∶ ≤ 𝟐
+ , ∀𝒙, 𝒚 > 0,
𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏) (𝒚 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝒃 𝒃
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 𝒃 𝒃
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒃
∫ ∫ ≤∫ ∫ ( 𝟐
+ ) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝟐(𝒃 − 𝒂) [− ] =
𝒂 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚 𝒂 𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝒙) (𝟏 + 𝒚)𝟐 𝟏+𝒙 𝒂
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐
= 𝟐(𝒃 − 𝒂) ( − )= .
𝟏+𝒂 𝟏+𝒃 (𝟏 + 𝒂)(𝟏 + 𝒃)
𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝒂 = 𝒃.

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑳𝒆𝒎𝒎𝒂: 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒙, 𝒚 > 0 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠: 𝟐
+ 𝟐
≥
(𝟏 + 𝒙) (𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝒚(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟏
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇. 𝑾𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆: + − = =
(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒚)𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚 (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒚)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚)
𝒙𝒚(𝒙 − 𝒚)𝟐 + (𝒙𝒚 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= ≥ 𝟎 ⇒ + − ≥ 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆,
(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒚)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚) (𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒚)𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐
+ 𝟐
≥ ; (∀)𝒙, 𝒚 > 0
(𝟏 + 𝒙) (𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝑵𝒐𝒘, 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕: ∫ ∫ ≤∫ ∫ 𝟐
+ ∫ ∫ 𝟐
=
𝒂 𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒙𝒚 𝒂 𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒂 𝒂 (𝟏 + 𝒚)
𝒃
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐(𝒃 − 𝒂)𝟐
= 𝟐 (− )| 𝒚|𝒃𝒂 = 𝟐 ( − ) (𝒃 − 𝒂) =
𝟏+𝒙 𝒂 𝟏+𝒂 𝟏+𝒃 (𝟏 + 𝒂)(𝟏 + 𝒃)

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UP.500 Let 𝟎 < 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝒇: [𝒂, 𝒃] → ℝ. If 𝒇 −differentiable on [𝒂, 𝒃] and

𝒇(𝒂) = 𝒇(𝒃), then (∃) 𝒄𝟏 , 𝒄𝟐 ∈ (𝒂, 𝒃) such that 𝒂𝒇(𝒄𝟏 ) + 𝒃𝒇(𝒄𝟐 ) = 𝟎.
𝟐𝒂𝒃
𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐋𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞′ 𝐬 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥 [𝒂, ]:
𝒂+𝒃
𝟐𝒂𝒃
𝟐𝒂𝒃 𝒇( ) − 𝒇(𝒂)
(∃) 𝒄𝟏 ∈ (𝒂, ) 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝒂 +𝒃 = 𝒇′ (𝒄𝟏 ), 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧
𝒂+𝒃 𝟐𝒂𝒃
−𝒂
𝒂+𝒃
𝟐𝒂𝒃
𝒇( ) − 𝒇(𝒂) 𝟐𝒂𝒃 𝒂(𝒃 − 𝒂) ′
𝒂+𝒃 = 𝒇′ (𝒄𝟏 ) ⇒ 𝒇 ( ) − 𝒇(𝒂) = ∙ 𝒇 (𝒄𝟏 ); (𝟏)
𝒂(𝒃 − 𝒂) 𝒂+𝒃 𝒂+𝒃
𝒂+𝒃
𝟐𝒂𝒃
𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲 𝐋𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞′ 𝐬 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥 [ , 𝒃]:
𝒂+𝒃
𝟐𝒂𝒃
𝟐𝒂𝒃 𝒇(𝒃) − 𝒇 ( )
(∃) 𝒄𝟐 ∈ ( , 𝒃) 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝒇′ (𝒄 ), 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧
𝟐
𝒂+𝒃 𝟐𝒂𝒃
𝒃−
𝒂+𝒃
𝟐𝒂𝒃 𝒃(𝒃 − 𝒂) ′
𝒇(𝒃) − 𝒇 ( )= 𝒇 (𝒄𝟐 ); (𝟐)
𝒂+𝒃 𝒂+𝒃
𝒃−𝒂
𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦 (𝟏) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 (𝟐): 𝒇(𝒃) − 𝒇(𝒂) = (𝒂𝒇′ (𝒄𝟏 ) + 𝒃𝒇′ (𝒄𝟐 ))
𝒂+𝒃
𝒃−𝒂 ′
(𝒇 (𝒄𝟏 ) + 𝒃𝒇′ (𝒄𝟐 )) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒂𝒇′ (𝒄𝟏 ) + 𝒃𝒇′ (𝒄𝟐 ) = 𝟎
𝒂+𝒃
UP.501 Determine all functions 𝒇: ℝ → (𝟎, ∞) such that

𝒇(𝒙) ∙ 𝒇(𝟑𝒙) ∙ 𝒇(𝟗𝒙) ∙ 𝒇(𝟐𝟕𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 , (∀) 𝒙 ∈ ℝ
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝒇(𝟑𝒙) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝒇(𝟗𝒙) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝒇(𝟐𝟕𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟑𝒙

𝐋𝐞𝐭: 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝒇(𝒙) , 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧: 𝒈(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝟑𝒙) + 𝒈(𝟗𝒙) + 𝒈(𝟐𝟕𝒙) = 𝒙
𝒙 → 𝟑𝒙: 𝒈(𝟑𝒙) + 𝒈(𝟗𝒙) + 𝒈(𝟐𝟕𝒙) + 𝒈(𝟖𝟏𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙
𝒈(𝟖𝟏𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 ⇒

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𝒙 𝟐
𝒈(𝒙) − 𝒈 ( ) = 𝒙
𝟖𝟏 𝟖𝟏
𝒙 𝒙 𝟐
𝒈 ( ) − 𝒈 ( 𝟐) = 𝟐 𝒙
𝟖𝟏 𝟖𝟏 𝟖𝟏
……………………………
𝒙 𝒙 𝟐
𝒈( ) − 𝒈 ( ) = 𝒙
𝟖𝟏𝒏−𝟏 𝟖𝟏𝒏 𝟖𝟏𝒏
𝐁𝐲 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠:
𝒙 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝒈(𝒙) − 𝒈 ( ) = 𝒙 (𝟏 + + ⋯ + )
𝟖𝟏𝒏 𝟖𝟏 𝟖𝟏 𝟖𝟏𝒏−𝟏
𝟏
𝒙 𝟐 𝟖𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒈(𝒙) − 𝒈 ( 𝒏 )) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙∙
𝒏→∞ 𝟖𝟏 𝒏→∞ 𝟖𝟏 𝟏
𝟖𝟏 − 𝟏
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝒈(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝟎) = 𝒙∙ = 𝒙, 𝐛𝐮𝐭 𝒈(𝟎) = 𝟎, 𝐡𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞
𝟖𝟏 𝟖𝟎 𝟒𝟎
𝟖𝟏
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝒈(𝒙) = ⇒ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝒇(𝒙) = ⇒ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝟒𝟎
𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎
UP.502 Let 𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 … 𝑨𝒏 a convex polygon, 𝒏 ≥ 𝟑, 𝒏 ∈ ℕ. Prove that:
−𝟏 𝒂 𝒂 … 𝒂 −𝟏 𝒃 𝒃 … 𝒃
𝒂 −𝟏 𝒂 … 𝒂 𝒃 −𝟏 𝒃 … 𝒃
|𝒂
| 𝒂 −𝟏 … 𝒂 || ⋅ || 𝒃 𝒃 −𝟏 … 𝒃 |=
|
… … … … … … … … … …
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 … −𝟏 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 … −𝟐
= (𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 [(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐𝒑 − 𝟏][(𝒏 − 𝟐)𝝅 + 𝟏]𝒏−𝟏 [(𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 − 𝟐)𝝅 − 𝟏].
̂𝟏 + 𝑨
where 𝒂 = 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝒏 = 𝟐𝒑, (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐𝒑 − 𝟏 > 0, 𝑏 = 𝑨 ̂𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑨
̂𝒏 and the
order of the determinants is 𝒏.

−𝟏 𝒂 𝒂 … 𝒂 −𝟏 𝒃 𝒃 … 𝒃
𝒂 −𝟏 𝒂 … 𝒂 𝒃 −𝟏 𝒃 … 𝒃
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒖𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒆: 𝒅𝟏 = || 𝒂 𝒂 −𝟏 … 𝒂 || 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝟐 = || 𝒃 𝒃 −𝟏 … 𝒃 ||
… … … … … … … … … …
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 … −𝟏 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 … −𝟐

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𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 … 𝟏
𝒍𝟏 +(𝒍𝟐 ,𝒍𝟑 ,…,𝒍𝒏 ) 𝒂 −𝟏 𝒂 … 𝒂
𝒅𝟏 = [(𝒏 |
− 𝟏)𝒂 − 𝟏] ⋅ | 𝒂 𝒂 −𝟏 … 𝒂 |=
|
… … … … …
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 … −𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 … 𝟏
𝟎 −𝟏 − 𝒂 𝟎 … 𝟎
= [(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒂 − 𝟏] ⋅ || 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏 − 𝒂 … 𝟎 || =
… … … … …
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 … −𝟏 − 𝒂
−𝟏 − 𝒂 𝟎 𝟎 … 𝟎
𝟎 −𝟏 − 𝒂 𝟎 … 𝟎
= [(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒂 − 𝟏)] ⋅ || 𝟎 𝟎 −𝟏 − 𝒂 … 𝟎 || =
… … … … …
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 … −𝟏 − 𝒂
= [(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒂 − 𝟏](−𝟏 − 𝒂)𝒏−𝟏 = (−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝒂)𝒏−𝟏 [(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒂 − 𝟏]
−𝟏 𝒂 𝒂 … 𝒂
𝒂 −𝟏 𝒂 … 𝒂
𝒅𝟏 = || 𝒂 𝒂 −𝟏 … 𝒂 || = (−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝒂)𝒏−𝟏 [(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒂 − 𝟏]; (𝟏)
… … … … …
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 … −𝟏
𝑰𝒏 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒘𝒂𝒚, 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕:
−𝟏 𝒃 𝒃 … 𝒃
𝒃 −𝟏 𝒃 … 𝒃
|
𝒅𝟐 = | 𝒃 𝒃 −𝟏 … 𝒃 || = (−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝒃)𝒏−𝟏 [(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒃 − 𝟏]; (𝟐)
… … … … …
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 … −𝟐
𝑩𝒚 𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒚𝒏𝒈 (𝟏) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟐), 𝒊𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒔:
−𝟏 𝒂 𝒂 … 𝒂 −𝟏 𝒃 𝒃 … 𝒃
𝒂 −𝟏 𝒂 … 𝒂 𝒃 −𝟏 𝒃 … 𝒃
|𝒂
| 𝒂 −𝟏 … 𝒂 || ⋅ || 𝒃 𝒃 −𝟏 … 𝒃 || =
… … … … … … … … … …
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 … −𝟏 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 … −𝟐
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
= (𝟐𝒑 + 𝟏) [(𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐𝒑 − 𝟏][(𝒏 − 𝟐)𝝅 + 𝟏] [(𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 − 𝟐)𝝅 − 𝟏].
UP.503 𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝒇: [𝒏 − 𝟏, 𝒏] → [𝒏, 𝒏 + 𝟏] 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭

𝒏
∫ (𝟏 + 𝒙𝒇′ (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 ≤ 𝒏𝒇(𝒏) − (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒇(𝒏 − 𝟏), 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞:
𝒏−𝟏
𝒏
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
∫ ≤ , 𝒏 ∈ ℕ∗
𝒏−𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒏 + 𝟏

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Proposed by Florică Anastase-Romania
𝒏
𝐖𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞: ∫ (𝟏 + 𝒙𝒇′ (𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 ≤ 𝒏𝒇(𝒏) − (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒇(𝒏 − 𝟏) ⇔
𝒏−𝟏
𝒏
𝒏𝒇(𝒏) − (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒇(𝒏 − 𝟏) − ∫ 𝒙𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ≥ 𝟏
𝒏−𝟏
𝒏 𝒏
𝑰𝑩𝑷
𝐁𝐮𝐭: ∫ 𝒙𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒇(𝒙)|𝒏𝒏−𝟏 − ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
𝒏 𝒏
′ (𝒙)
∫ 𝒙𝒇 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒏𝒇(𝒏) − (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒇(𝒏 − 𝟏) − ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
𝒏 𝒏
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒏𝒇(𝒏) − (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒇(𝒏 − 𝟏) − ∫ 𝒙𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ≥ 𝟏
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
We have:
(𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒏)(𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒏 − 𝟏)
≤ 𝟎, (∀)𝒙 ∈ [𝒏 − 𝟏, 𝒏], 𝒏 ∈ ℕ∗ ⇔
𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇𝟐 (𝒙) − 𝒏𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒏𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒏𝟐 + 𝒏 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)
≤ 𝟎 ⇔ 𝒇(𝒙) − (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) + ≤𝟎⇔
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟏
≤ (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝒇(𝒙) ⇔ ≤ − 𝒇(𝒙) ⇔
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝒏
𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 ≤ ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ⇔
𝒏−𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏−𝟏
𝒏
𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 ≤ ⋅ (𝒏 − (𝒏 − 𝟏)) − ⇔
𝒏−𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
∫ 𝒅𝒙 ≤ − ⇔∫ 𝒅𝒙 ≤
𝒏−𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒏−𝟏 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒏+𝟏
UP.504 𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒅 > 1 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒇: [𝒂, 𝒃] → [𝒄, 𝒅]𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡
𝝀 𝒃
(∃)𝝀 ∈ (𝒂, 𝒃) 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝒂 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒃 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ≥ 𝒂 + 𝒄, 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞:
𝒂 𝝀
𝒃
𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐
∫ 𝒅𝒙 ≤ ( + ) ⋅
𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒂 𝒄 𝟐
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Proposed by Florică Anastase-Romania
𝒕
Let 𝑭: [𝒂, 𝒃] → ℝ, 𝑭(𝒕) = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙.
Because 𝒇 −continuous function, the function 𝑭 is derivable and
𝑭′ (𝒕) = 𝒇(𝒕), (∀)𝒕 ∈ [𝒂, 𝒃]. We have:
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
𝑰𝑩𝑷
∫ 𝒙𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝑭(𝒙)|𝒃𝒂 − ∫ 𝑭(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒃 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝑭(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
Using M.V.T. (∃)𝝀 ∈ (𝒂, 𝒃), such that:

𝒃
∫ 𝑭(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝑭(𝝀)
𝒂
𝒃 𝒃
∫ 𝒙𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒃 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 − (𝒃 − 𝒂)𝑭(𝝀) =
𝒂 𝒂
𝝀 𝒃 𝝀 𝝀 𝒃
= 𝒃 (∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙) − (𝒃 − 𝒂) ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒃 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝝀 𝒂 𝒂 𝝀
So, we have:
𝝀 𝒃 𝒃
𝒂 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒃 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ≥ 𝒂 + 𝒄; (𝟏)
𝒂 𝝀 𝒂
On the other hand, we have:

(𝒄 − 𝒇(𝒙))(𝒂𝒙 − 𝒙𝒇(𝒙)) 𝒂𝒄𝒙 − 𝒄𝒙𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒂𝒙𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒙𝒇𝟐 (𝒙)
≤ 𝟎, (∀)𝒙 ∈ [𝒂, 𝒃] ⇔ ≤𝟎
𝒂𝒄𝒙 𝒂𝒄𝒙
− (𝒄𝒙 + 𝒂𝒙) + 𝒙𝒇(𝒙) ≤ 𝟎 ⇔ ≤ (𝒂 + 𝒄)𝒙 − 𝒙𝒇(𝒙) ⇔
𝒙 𝒂+𝒄 𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
≤ 𝒙− 𝒙𝒇(𝒙) ⇔ ≤ ( + )𝒙 − 𝒙𝒇(𝒙) ⇔
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒂𝒄 𝒂𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒂 𝒄 𝒂𝒄
𝒃
𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝒃 𝟏 𝒃 (𝟏)
∫ 𝒅𝒙 ≤ ( + ) ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒙𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 ⇔
𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒂 𝒄 𝒂 𝒂𝒄 𝒂
𝒃
𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 ≤ ( + ) ⋅ −( + )⇔
𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒂 𝒄 𝟐 𝒂 𝒄
𝒃
𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐
∫ 𝒅𝒙 ≤ ( + ) ⋅
𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒂 𝒄 𝟐
UP.505 Find:
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𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ([𝟐𝒙](𝟐𝒙) [𝟐𝒙] − [𝒙]𝒙[𝒙] − [𝒙 + ])
𝒙→∞ 𝟐
where [𝒂] is the greatest integer less than 𝒂.
Proposed by Cristian Miu-Romania
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ([𝟐𝒙](𝟐𝒙)[𝟐𝒙] − [𝒙]𝒙[𝒙] − [𝒙 + ]) =
𝒙→∞ 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ([𝟐𝒙] ((𝟐𝒙) [𝟐𝒙] − 𝟏) − [𝒙] (𝒙[𝒙] − 𝟏))
𝒙→∞
𝟏
𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 [𝒙] + [𝒙 + ] = [𝟐𝒙], 𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒚 𝒕𝒐 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕.
𝟐
𝟏
𝑵𝒐𝒘, 𝒘𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ([𝒙] (𝒙 [𝒙] − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙) = 𝟎.
𝒙→∞
𝟏
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒙 > 1, 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝒆′ 𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒐𝒏 [𝒙, 𝒙[𝒙] ]
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙[𝒙] 𝟏 𝟏
𝒘𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒘𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝟏 = , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝟏 ≤ 𝒄𝒙 ≤ 𝒙[𝒙]
[𝒙]
𝒄𝒙
𝒙 −𝟏
𝟏
[𝒙] (𝒙[𝒙] − 𝟏) 𝟏
𝑺𝒐, = 𝒄𝒙 ⇔ [𝒙] (𝒙[𝒙] − 𝟏) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 = (𝒄𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝟏
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒖𝒔 𝒘𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝑭(𝒙) = [𝒙] (𝒙[𝒙] − 𝟏) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 . 𝑾𝒆 𝒐𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏:
(𝒄𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙).

𝟏 𝟏
𝑩𝒖𝒕 𝟎 ≤ 𝒄𝒙 − 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙[𝒙] − 𝟏 ⇔ 𝟎 ≤ (𝒄𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 ≤ (𝒙[𝒙] − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝟏
𝟏 − 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙
𝒙 [𝒙]
𝟎 ≤ 𝑭(𝒙) ≤ (𝒙[𝒙] − 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 ⇔ 𝟎 ≤ 𝑭(𝒙) ≤ ⋅ ⋅ [𝒙] ⇔
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 [𝒙]
𝟏
𝒙 [𝒙]− 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝒙
𝟎 ≤ 𝑭(𝒙) ≤ 𝟏 ⋅ ⋅
𝒙 [𝒙]
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 [𝒙]

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𝟏
𝒙 [𝒙] −𝟏 𝟏 𝒙−𝟏
𝑵𝒐𝒘, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙[𝒙] = 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝒙→∞ 𝒙→∞ 𝒙→𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙[𝒙]
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝒙→∞ 𝒙 𝒙→∞ [𝒙]
𝟏
𝒙[𝒙] − 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝒙
𝑺𝒐, 𝒘𝒆 𝒐𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝟏 ⋅ ⋅ ) = 𝟎, 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒔:
𝒙→∞ 𝒙 [𝒙]
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙[𝒙]
𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑭(𝒙) = 𝟎, 𝒔𝒐, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [𝟐𝒙] ((𝟐𝒙)[𝟐𝒙] − 𝟏) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒙→∞ 𝒙→∞
𝑵𝒐𝒘, 𝒘𝒆 𝒐𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕:

𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ([𝟐𝒙] ((𝟐𝒙)[𝟐𝒙] − 𝟏) − [𝒙] (𝒙[𝒙] − 𝟏)) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐
𝒙→∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ([𝟐𝒙](𝟐𝒙)[𝟐𝒙] − [𝒙]𝒙 [𝒙] − [𝒙 + ]) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐.
𝒙→∞ 𝟐
UP.506 Let 𝑹 and 𝒓 be the circumradius and inradius, respectively, of triangle

𝑨𝑩𝑪. Let 𝑫, 𝑬 and 𝑭 be chosen on sides 𝑩𝑪, 𝑪𝑨 and 𝑨𝑩 so that 𝑨𝑫, 𝑩𝑬, and
𝑪𝑭 bisect the angle of 𝑨𝑩𝑪.
𝑬𝑭 𝟒 𝑭𝑫 𝟒 𝑫𝑬 𝟒 𝟑 𝟑 𝑹 𝟐
Prove that:( ) + ( ) + ( ) + ≤ ( ) .
𝑩𝑪 𝑪𝑨 𝑨𝑩 𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟐𝒓

𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒂 = 𝑩𝑪, 𝒃 = 𝑪𝑨, 𝒄 = 𝑨𝑩 𝒃𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝚫𝑨𝑩𝑪.
𝒃𝒄 𝒃𝒄
𝑾𝒆 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝑨𝑬 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨𝑭 = .
𝒂+𝒄 𝒂+𝒃
𝑩𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑳𝒂𝒘 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝚫𝑨𝑬𝑭:
𝑬𝑭𝟐 = 𝑨𝑬𝟐 + 𝑨𝑭𝟐 − 𝟐𝑨𝑬 ∙ 𝑨𝑭 ∙ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 =

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𝟐 𝟐
𝒃𝒄 𝒃𝒄 𝒃𝒄 𝒃𝒄 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
=( ) +( ) −𝟐( )∙( )∙ =
𝒂+𝒄 𝒂+𝒃 𝒂+𝒄 𝒂+𝒃 𝟐𝒃𝒄
𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒃𝒄[𝟐𝒃𝒄 + (𝒃 − 𝒄)𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 ]
= + − =
(𝒂 + 𝒄)𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒄)
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝒃𝒄(𝒃 − 𝒄)𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄
=𝒃 𝒄 ( − ) − + =
𝒂+𝒄 𝒂+𝒃 (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒄) (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒄)
𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 (𝒃 − 𝒄)𝟐 𝒃𝒄(𝒃 − 𝒄)𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄
= − + =
(𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒄)𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒄) (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒄)
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄 𝒃𝒄(𝒃 − 𝒄)𝟐 [(𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒄) − 𝒃𝒄]
= − ≤
(𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒄) (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒄)𝟐
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄(𝒃 + 𝒄) 𝑪𝒆𝒔𝒂𝒓𝒐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄(𝒃 + 𝒄) 𝒂𝟐 𝒃 𝒄
≤ ≤ = ( + )
(𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒄 + 𝒂) 𝟖𝒂𝒃𝒄 𝟖 𝒂 𝒂
𝒂𝟐 𝒃 𝒄 𝑬𝑭𝟐 𝟏 𝒃 𝒄
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝑬𝑭𝟐 ≤ ( + ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔. 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆, ≤ ( + )
𝟖 𝒂 𝒂 𝑩𝑪𝟐 𝟖 𝒂 𝒂
𝑬𝑭 𝟒 𝟏 𝒃 𝒄 𝟐
𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆, ( ) ≤ ( + ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔.
𝑩𝑪 𝟔𝟒 𝒂 𝒂
𝒂 𝒃 𝑹 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝑹𝟐
𝑰𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒍 − 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 + ≤ (𝑩𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒍𝒂). 𝑺𝒐, 𝟐 + 𝟐 ≤ 𝟐 − 𝟐.
𝒃 𝒂 𝒓 𝒃 𝒂 𝒓
𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝑹𝟐
𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒚, 𝟐 + 𝟐 ≤ 𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟐 + 𝟐 ≤ 𝟐 − 𝟐.
𝒄 𝒃 𝒓 𝒂 𝒄 𝒓
𝑵𝒐𝒘, 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆:
𝑬𝑭 𝟒 𝑭𝑫 𝟒 𝑫𝑬 𝟒 𝟏 𝒃 𝒄 𝟐 𝒄 𝒂 𝟐 𝒂 𝒃 𝟐
( ) +( ) +( ) ≤ (( + ) + ( + ) + ( + ) ) =
𝑩𝑪 𝑪𝑨 𝑨𝑩 𝟔𝟒 𝒂 𝒂 𝒃 𝒃 𝒄 𝒄
𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝟐𝒃𝒄 𝟐𝒄𝒂 𝟐𝒂𝒃

= (( 𝟐 + 𝟐 ) + ( 𝟐 + 𝟐 ) + ( 𝟐 + 𝟐 ) + 𝟐 + 𝟐 + 𝟐 ) ≤
𝟔𝟒 𝒃 𝒂 𝒄 𝒃 𝒂 𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
≤ (( + ) + ( 𝟐 + 𝟐 ) + ( 𝟐 + 𝟐 ) + + + )=
𝟔𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒄 𝒃 𝒂 𝒄 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟐
= ∙ 𝟐 (( 𝟐 + 𝟐 ) + ( 𝟐 + 𝟐 ) + ( 𝟐 + 𝟐 )) ≤ (( 𝟐 − 𝟐) + ( 𝟐 − 𝟐) + ( 𝟐 − 𝟐)) =
𝟔𝟒 𝒃 𝒂 𝒄 𝒃 𝒂 𝒄 𝟑𝟐 𝒓 𝒓 𝒓
𝟑 𝑹𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝑹 𝟐 𝟑
= ∙ 𝟐− = ( ) −
𝟑𝟐 𝒓 𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟐𝒓 𝟏𝟔
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𝟒
𝑬𝑭 𝑭𝑫 𝟒 𝑫𝑬 𝟒 𝟑 𝟑 𝑹 𝟐
( ) +( ) +( ) + ≤ ( )
𝑩𝑪 𝑪𝑨 𝑨𝑩 𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟐𝒓
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒂 = 𝑩𝑪, 𝒃 = 𝑪𝑨, 𝒄 = 𝑨𝑩 𝒃𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉𝒔 𝒐𝒇 ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪. 𝑾𝒆 𝒌𝒏𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 ∶
𝒃𝒄 𝒃𝒄
𝑨𝑬 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨𝑭 = . 𝑩𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑳𝒂𝒘 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 ∆𝑨𝑬𝑭 ∶
𝒂+𝒄 𝒂+𝒃
𝒃𝒄 𝟐 𝒃𝒄 𝟐 𝒃𝒄 𝒃𝒄 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
𝑬𝑭𝟐 = 𝑨𝑬𝟐 + 𝑨𝑭𝟐 − 𝟐. 𝑨𝑬. 𝑨𝑭. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 = ( ) +( ) − 𝟐( )( ).
𝒂+𝒄 𝒂+𝒃 𝒂+𝒄 𝒂+𝒃 𝟐𝒃𝒄
𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒃𝒄[(𝒃 − 𝒄)𝟐 + 𝟐𝒃𝒄 − 𝒂𝟐 ]
= + − =
(𝒂 + 𝒄)𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒄)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝒃𝒄(𝒃 − 𝒄)𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄
= 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 ( − ) − + =
𝒂+𝒄 𝒂+𝒃 (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒄) (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒄)
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 (𝒃 − 𝒄)𝟐 𝒃𝒄(𝒃 − 𝒄)𝟐

= + − =
(𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒄) (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒄)𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒄)
𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄 𝒂𝒃𝒄(𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)(𝒃 − 𝒄)𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝒄 𝒂√𝒃𝒄
= − ≤ ⏞
≤ = .
(𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒄) 𝟐
(𝒂 + 𝒃) (𝒂 + 𝒄) 𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒄) 𝟒
𝟐√𝒂𝒃. 𝟐√𝒂𝒄
𝑨𝑴−𝑮𝑴
𝑬𝑭 𝟒 𝒃𝒄 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 ∶ ( ) ≤ ⏞
≤ (𝑨𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒔)
𝑩𝑪 𝟏𝟔𝒂𝟐 𝟑𝟐𝒂𝟐
𝑬𝑭 𝟒 𝑭𝑫 𝟒 𝑫𝑬 𝟒 𝟑 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝒂 𝒃 𝟐 𝑩𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒍𝒂
( ) +( ) +( ) + ≤∑ + = ∑( + ) ⏞
≤
𝑩𝑪 𝑪𝑨 𝑨𝑩 𝟏𝟔 𝟑𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟑𝟐 𝒃 𝒂
𝟏 𝑹 𝟐 𝟑 𝑹 𝟐
≤ 𝟑𝟐 ∑𝒄𝒚𝒄 ( 𝒓 ) = 𝟖 . (𝟐𝒓) . 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇𝒇 ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍.

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𝐀𝐅 𝐛 𝐀𝐅 + 𝐁𝐅 𝐛 + 𝒂 (𝐢) 𝐜𝒂
𝐀𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 − 𝐛𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦 ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ 𝐁𝐅 =
𝐁𝐅 𝒂 𝐁𝐅 𝒂 𝒂+𝐛
𝐀𝐄 𝐜 𝐀𝐄 + 𝐂𝐄 𝐜 + 𝒂 (𝐢𝐢) 𝒂𝐛
𝒂𝐧𝐝 𝒂𝒍𝐬𝐨, 𝒂𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 − 𝐛𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦 ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ 𝐂𝐄 =
𝐂𝐄 𝒂 𝐂𝐄 𝒂 𝐜+𝒂
𝐁 𝐂
𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝒍𝒂𝐰 ⇒ (𝐁𝐅 𝟐 + 𝐰𝐛𝟐 − 𝟐𝐁𝐅. 𝐰𝐛 . 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ) + (𝐂𝐄𝟐 + 𝐰𝐜𝟐 − 𝟐𝐂𝐄. 𝐰𝐜 . 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ) = 𝟐𝐅𝐄𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝐯𝐢𝒂 (𝐢),(𝐢𝐢) 𝒂𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝟒𝐜𝒂 𝐜𝒂 𝟐𝐜𝒂 𝐬(𝐬 − 𝐛) 𝐜 𝟐 𝒂𝟐
⇒ + . 𝐬(𝐬 − 𝐛) − 𝟐. . . +
(𝐜 + 𝒂)𝟐 (𝐜 + 𝒂)𝟐 𝒂+𝐛 𝐜+𝒂 𝐜𝒂 (𝒂 + 𝐛)𝟐
𝟒𝒂𝐛 𝒂𝐛 𝟐𝒂𝐛 𝐬(𝐬 − 𝐜)
+ 𝟐
. 𝐬(𝐬 − 𝐜) − 𝟐. . . = 𝟐𝐅𝐄𝟐
(𝒂 + 𝐛) 𝐜+𝒂 𝒂+𝐛 𝒂𝐛
𝟐
𝒂𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐜 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝟒𝐜𝒂 𝟏 𝟏
⇒ 𝟐𝐅𝐄 = 𝟐
+ 𝟐
+ . 𝐬(𝐬 − 𝐛) ( − )
(𝐜 + 𝒂) (𝒂 + 𝐛) 𝐜+𝒂 𝐜+𝒂 𝒂+𝐛
𝟒𝒂𝐛 𝟏 𝟏
+ . 𝐬(𝐬 − 𝐜) ( − )
𝒂+𝐛 𝒂+𝐛 𝐜+𝒂
𝐀−𝐆 𝒂𝟐 𝐛𝟐 𝐜 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝐛(𝐬 − 𝐜) 𝐜(𝐬 − 𝐛) 𝒂𝟐 (𝐛𝟑 + 𝐜 𝟑 )
≤ + + 𝟒𝐬𝒂 ( − )( − )=
𝟒𝐜𝒂 𝟒𝒂𝐛 𝒂+𝐛 𝐜+𝒂 𝒂+𝐛 𝐜+𝒂 𝟒𝒂𝐛𝐜
𝟒𝐬𝒂
+ . (𝐜 + 𝒂 − 𝒂 − 𝐛)(𝐛(𝐬 − 𝐜)(𝟐𝐬 − 𝐛) − 𝐜(𝐬 − 𝐛)(𝟐𝐬 − 𝐜))
(𝒂 + 𝐛)𝟐 (𝐜 + 𝒂)𝟐
𝐅𝐄𝟐 𝐛𝟑 + 𝐜 𝟑
⇒ 𝟐 ≤
𝒂 𝟖𝒂𝐛𝐜
𝟐𝐬(𝐛 − 𝐜)
− . (𝐛(𝟐𝐬𝟐 − 𝐛𝐬 − 𝟐𝐜𝐬 + 𝐛𝐜) − 𝐜(𝟐𝐬𝟐 − 𝐜𝐬 − 𝟐𝐛𝐬 + 𝐛𝐜))
𝒂(𝒂 + 𝐛)𝟐 (𝐜 + 𝒂)𝟐
𝐛𝟑 + 𝐜 𝟑 𝟐𝐬(𝐛 − 𝐜)
= − . (𝟐𝐬𝟐 (𝐛 − 𝐜) + 𝐛𝐜(𝐛 − 𝐜) − 𝐬(𝐛 − 𝐜)(𝐛 + 𝐜))
𝟖𝒂𝐛𝐜 𝒂(𝒂 + 𝐛)𝟐 (𝐜 + 𝒂)𝟐
𝐛𝟑 + 𝐜 𝟑 𝟐𝐬(𝐛 − 𝐜)𝟐
= − 𝟐 𝟐
. (𝟐𝐬𝟐 + 𝐛𝐜 − 𝐬(𝟐𝐬 − 𝒂))
𝟖𝒂𝐛𝐜 𝒂(𝒂 + 𝐛) (𝐜 + 𝒂)
𝐛𝟑 + 𝐜 𝟑 𝟐𝐬(𝐛 − 𝐜)𝟐 (𝐛𝐜 + 𝒂𝐬) 𝐛𝟑 + 𝐜 𝟑 𝐅𝐄𝟒 (𝐛𝟑 + 𝐜 𝟑 )𝟐
= − ≤ ⇒ 𝟒 ≤ 𝒂𝐧𝐝 𝒂𝐧𝒂𝒍𝐨𝐠𝐬
𝟖𝒂𝐛𝐜 𝒂(𝒂 + 𝐛)𝟐 (𝐜 + 𝒂)𝟐 𝟖𝒂𝐛𝐜 𝒂 𝟔𝟒𝒂𝟐 𝐛 𝟐 𝐜 𝟐

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𝟔 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
𝐅𝐄 𝟒
∑𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝒂 + ∑𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝒂 𝐛 (∑𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝒂𝟑 ) − ∑𝐜𝐲𝐜 𝒂𝟑 𝐛𝟑 ? 𝟑(𝐑𝟐 − 𝟐𝐫 𝟐 )
⇒∑ 𝟒 ≤ = ≤
𝒂 𝟑𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝐛 𝟐 𝐜 𝟐 𝟑𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝐛 𝟐 𝐜 𝟐 𝟑𝟐𝐫 𝟐
𝐜𝐲𝐜
𝟑
?
⇔ 𝟒𝐬𝟐 (𝐬𝟐 − 𝟔𝐑𝐫 − 𝟑𝐫 𝟐 )𝟐 − (∑ 𝒂𝐛) + 𝟑𝒂𝐛𝐜 ∏(𝐛 + 𝐜) ≤ 𝟒𝟖𝐑𝟐 𝐬𝟐 (𝐑𝟐 − 𝟐𝐫 𝟐 )
⇔ 𝟒𝐬𝟐 (𝐬𝟐 − 𝟔𝐑𝐫 − 𝟑𝐫 𝟐 )𝟐 − (𝐬𝟐 + 𝟒𝐑𝐫 + 𝐫 𝟐 )𝟑 + 𝟐𝟒𝐑𝐫𝐬𝟐 (𝐬𝟐 + 𝟐𝐑𝐫 + 𝐫 𝟐 )
?
≤ 𝟒𝟖𝐑𝟐 𝐬𝟐 (𝐑𝟐 − 𝟐𝐫 𝟐 )
⇔ 𝟑𝐬𝟔 − (𝟑𝟔𝐑𝐫 + 𝟐𝟕𝐫 𝟐 )𝐬𝟒 − (𝟒𝟖𝐑𝟒 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐑𝟐 𝐫 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝐑𝐫 𝟑 − 𝟑𝟑𝐫 𝟒 )𝐬𝟐
?
−𝐫 𝟑 (𝟒𝐑 + 𝐫)𝟑 ≤
⏟𝟎
(∗)
𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐬𝐞𝐧
𝐍𝐨𝐰, 𝐋𝐇𝐒 𝐨𝐟 (∗) ≤ (𝟏𝟐𝐑𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒𝐑𝐫 − 𝟏𝟖𝐫 𝟐 )𝐬𝟒
−(𝟒𝟖𝐑𝟒 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐑𝟐 𝐫 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝐑𝐫 𝟑 − 𝟑𝟑𝐫 𝟒 )𝐬𝟐 − 𝐫 𝟑 (𝟒𝐑 + 𝐫)𝟑
≤ (𝟏𝟐𝐑𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒𝐑𝐫)𝐬𝟒 − 𝟏𝟖𝐫 𝟐 (𝟏𝟔𝐑𝐫 − 𝟓𝐫 𝟐 )𝐬𝟐
?
−(𝟒𝟖𝐑𝟒 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐑𝟐 𝐫 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝐑𝐫 𝟑 − 𝟑𝟑𝐫 𝟒 )𝐬𝟐 − 𝐫 𝟑 (𝟒𝐑 + 𝐫)𝟑 ≤ 𝟎
?
⇔ (𝟏𝟐𝐑𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒𝐑𝐫)𝐬𝟒 − (𝟒𝟖𝐑𝟒 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐑𝟐 𝐫 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝐑𝐫 𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝐫 𝟒 )𝐬𝟐 − 𝐫 𝟑 (𝟒𝐑 + 𝐫)𝟑 ≤
⏟ 𝟎
(∗∗)
𝐀𝐠𝒂𝐢𝐧, 𝐋𝐇𝐒 𝐨𝐟 (∗∗) ≤ (𝟏𝟐𝐑𝟐 − 𝟐𝟒𝐑𝐫)(𝟒𝐑𝟐 + 𝟒𝐑𝐫 + 𝟑𝐫 𝟐 )𝐬𝟐
?
−(𝟒𝟖𝐑𝟒 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝐑𝟐 𝐫 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝐑𝐫 𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝐫 𝟒 )𝐬𝟐 − 𝐫 𝟑 (𝟒𝐑 + 𝐫)𝟑 ≤ 𝟎
?
⇔ (𝟒𝟖𝐑𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝐑𝟐 𝐫 + 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝐑𝐫 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝐫 𝟑 )𝐬𝟐 + 𝐫 𝟐 (𝟒𝐑 + 𝐫)𝟑 ≥
⏟ 𝟎
(∗∗∗)
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑
𝐂𝒂𝐬𝐞 𝟏 𝟒𝟖𝐑 − 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝐑 𝐫 + 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝐑𝐫 − 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝐫 ≥ 𝟎 𝒂𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧,
𝐋𝐇𝐒 𝐨𝐟 (∗∗∗) ≥ 𝐫 𝟐 (𝟒𝐑 + 𝐫)𝟑 > 0 ⇒ (∗∗∗) 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞 (𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭 𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐪𝐮𝒂𝒍𝐢𝐭𝐲)
𝐂𝒂𝐬𝐞 𝟐 𝟒𝟖𝐑𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝐑𝟐 𝐫 + 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝐑𝐫 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝐫 𝟑 < 0 𝑎𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧, 𝐋𝐇𝐒 𝐨𝐟 (∗∗∗)
= − (−(𝟒𝟖𝐑𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝐑𝟐 𝐫 + 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝐑𝐫 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝐫 𝟑 )) 𝐬𝟐 + 𝐫 𝟐 (𝟒𝐑 + 𝐫)𝟑 ≥
?
− (−(𝟒𝟖𝐑𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝐑𝟐 𝐫 + 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝐑𝐫 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝐫 𝟑 )) (𝟒𝐑𝟐 + 𝟒𝐑𝐫 + 𝟑𝐫 𝟐 ) + 𝐫 𝟐 (𝟒𝐑 + 𝐫)𝟑 ≥ 𝟎
? 𝐑
⇔ 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝐭 𝟓 − 𝟓𝟐𝟖𝐭 𝟒 + 𝟑𝟓𝟐𝐭 𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝐭 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝐭 − 𝟑𝟔𝟖 ≥ 𝟎 (𝐭 = )
𝐫
? 𝐄𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐫
⇔ (𝐭 − 𝟐)(𝟏𝟐𝟎𝐭 𝟒 + 𝟕𝟐(𝐭 − 𝟐)𝐭 𝟑 + 𝟔𝟒𝐭 𝟐 + 𝟖𝐭 + 𝟏𝟖𝟒) ≥ 𝟎 → 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞 ∵ 𝐭 ≥ 𝟐
⇒ (∗∗∗) 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞 ∴ 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝒂𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝟏, 𝟐, (∗∗∗) ⇒ (∗∗) ⇒ (∗) 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝐭𝐫𝐢𝒂𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞𝐬
𝐄𝐅 𝟒 𝐅𝐃 𝟒 𝐃𝐄 𝟒 𝟑(𝐑𝟐 − 𝟐𝐫 𝟐 )
∴( ) +( ) +( ) ≤ 𝒐𝒓,
𝐁𝐂 𝐂𝐀 𝐀𝐁 𝟑𝟐𝐫 𝟐
𝐄𝐅 𝟒 𝐅𝐃 𝟒 𝐃𝐄 𝟒 𝟑 𝟑 𝐑 𝟐 ′′ ′′
( ) +( ) +( ) + ≤ ( ) , = 𝐢𝐟𝐟 ∆ 𝐀𝐁𝐂 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝒍𝒂𝐭𝐞𝐫𝒂𝒍 (𝐐𝐄𝐃)
𝐁𝐂 𝐂𝐀 𝐀𝐁 𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟐𝐫

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UP.507 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭:
𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝟑
∫ ∫ 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝑮 + 𝜻(𝟐)
𝟎 𝟎 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚)𝟐 𝟐 𝟖
∞
(−𝟏)𝒏
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝑮 = ∑ 𝟐
𝐝𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐚𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐧′ 𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝒏=𝟎
∞
𝟏
𝜻(𝒌) = ∑ 𝐢𝐬 𝐳𝐞𝐭𝐚 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧.
𝒏𝒌
𝒏=𝟏
∞
𝟏
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬: 𝛀 = ∑ .
(𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎
Proposed by Said Attaoui-Oran-Algerie

𝟏 𝟏
𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 = − 𝟐 . 𝑺𝒐,
(𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒚) 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚)
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒚 = − 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝟐= . 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏,
𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒚) 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙 ) 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒏𝒐𝒕.
∫ ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = − ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = − 𝑱
𝟎 𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒚) 𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒙 )(𝟏 + 𝒙 )
𝑩𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝒔𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔, 𝒘𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒘𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒆:
𝟏 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 𝒄 𝒅
= + +
(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙
𝟏
𝟏= 𝒃+𝒄+𝒅 𝒃=
𝟎 =𝒂−𝒄+𝒅 𝟐
{ 𝟏 ⇒ 𝒂 = 𝟎 . 𝑺𝒐,
=𝒄=𝒅 𝟏
𝟒 =𝒄=𝒅
{𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟐
+ +
(𝟏 − 𝒙 )(𝟏 + 𝒙 ) 𝟐(𝟏 + 𝒙 ) 𝟒(𝟏 − 𝒙) 𝟒(𝟏 + 𝒙)
𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆, 𝑱 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 ⏟𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝟒 ⏟𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟒 ⏟𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒙
𝑱𝟏 =−𝑮 𝑱𝟐 =−𝜻(𝟐) 𝟏
𝑱𝟑 =− 𝜻(𝟐)
𝟐
∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒙𝟐𝒏+𝟏
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒇 𝑱𝟏 . 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒃𝒚 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒔, 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆: 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = ∑ .
𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
𝒏=𝟎

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𝟏 𝟏 ∞
𝟏
𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒙𝟐𝒏
𝑱𝟏 = [𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧
⏟ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙] 𝟎 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ (∑ ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙 𝟎 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏
=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞ 𝟏 ∞ 𝟏
(−𝟏)𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟏
= −∑ (∫ 𝒙𝟐𝒏 𝒅𝒙) = − ∑ ( 𝒙𝟐𝒏+𝟏 | ) =
𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟎 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏 𝟎
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞
(−𝟏)𝒏
= −∑ = −𝑮
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎
∞
𝒙𝒏
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒇 𝑱𝟐 . 𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒙) = − ∑ , 𝒘𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒕:
𝒏
𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 ∞
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒙) 𝒙𝒏−𝟏
𝑱𝟐 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ (∑ ) 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒙 𝟎 𝒏
𝒏=𝟏
∞ 𝟏 ∞
𝟏 𝟏
= −∑ (∫ 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒙) = − ∑ 𝟐 = −𝜻(𝟐)
𝒏 𝟎 𝒏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒇 𝑱𝟑 . 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒍𝒚 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟏
𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙→𝒙𝟐
− 𝜻(𝟐) = 𝑱𝟐 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙
𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
= −𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐 ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎𝟔𝟏 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
= −𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = −𝑱𝟑 + 𝑱𝟐
𝟎 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏+𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔, 𝑱𝟑 = 𝑱𝟐 = − 𝜻(𝟐).
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚, −𝑱 = 𝑮 + 𝜻(𝟐) = ∫ ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚.
𝟐 𝟖 𝟎 𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒚)
𝑵𝒐𝒘, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔
∞
𝟏
∑ 𝒙𝒏 = , |𝒙| < 1, 𝑎𝑠:
𝟏−𝒙
𝒏=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
∫ ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = − ∫ 𝟒
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒚) 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙
∞ 𝟏 ∞ ∞ ∞
𝟒𝒏 −(𝟒𝒏+𝟏)𝒕 𝒙=𝒆−𝒕 𝟏
= − ∑ (∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒅𝒙) = ∑ (∫ 𝒕𝒆 𝒅𝒕) = ∑
𝟎 𝟎 (𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞
𝒂 −𝒃𝒕
𝚪(𝒂 + 𝟏)
𝑩𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 ∫ 𝒕 𝒆 𝒅𝒕 = , 𝒂 > 0, 𝑏 > 0.
𝟎 𝒃𝒂+𝟏
∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝑾𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆 𝒔𝒐: ∑ 𝟐
= 𝑮 + 𝜻(𝟐).
(𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟖
𝒏=𝟎

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙) 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙) 𝟏
∗∫ ∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 ∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒚
𝟎 𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒚) 𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒚)
𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙) 𝟏 𝟏 𝒅(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚)
=∫ 𝒅𝒙 ( ∫ )
𝟎 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚)𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙) 𝟏 𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙)
=∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 (− 𝟐
. 𝟐 | ) = ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 ( 𝟐
− 𝟐
. 𝟐
) = ∫ 𝟒
𝒅𝒙
𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒙 𝟏+𝒙 𝒚 𝟎 𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒙 𝒙 𝟏+𝒙 𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=∫ 𝟒
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙) ( 𝟐 − 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟎 𝒙 −𝟏 𝒙 +𝟏
𝟏 ∞ 𝟏 ∞
𝟏
= (− ∑ ∫ 𝒙𝟐𝒌 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 − ∑(−𝟏)𝒌 ∫ 𝒙𝟐𝒌 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙)
𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒌 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= (∑ 𝟐
+ ∑ 𝟐
)= 𝑮+ ∑ 𝟐
= 𝑮 + (∑ 𝟐 − ∑ )
𝟐 (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏) (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟐 (𝟐𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟐 𝒌 𝒌𝟐
𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟎 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝑮 + (∑ 𝟐 − ∑ 𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐 𝒌 𝟒𝒋
𝒌=𝟏 𝒋=𝟏
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
= 𝑮 + (∑ 𝟐 − ∑ 𝟐 ) = 𝑮 + (𝜻(𝟐) − 𝜻(𝟐)) = 𝑮 + 𝜻(𝟐)
𝟐 𝟐 𝒌 𝟒 𝒋 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟖
𝒌=𝟏 𝒋=𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 ∞ ∞
𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
∗∫ 𝟒
𝒅𝒙 = − ∑ ∫ 𝒙𝟒𝒌 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∑ 𝟐
= 𝜴 ⇒ 𝑳𝑯𝑺 = 𝑮 + 𝜻(𝟐)
𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟎 𝒌=𝟎
(𝟒𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝟖
𝒌=𝟎

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 𝟏
𝛀 = ∫∫ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 =
(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒚) 𝒙 − 𝟏 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚)𝟐
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙
=∫ 𝟐 ( 𝟐 − ) 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ ∙ 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝒙=𝒆−𝒕
𝟒𝒏 −𝟒𝒏𝒕
= − ∫ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 ∑ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
⏞ ∑ ∫ 𝒕𝒆 ∙ 𝒆 𝒅𝒕 = ∑ ∫ 𝒕𝒆−(𝟒𝒏+𝟏)𝒕 𝒅𝒕 =
−𝒕
𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝟎

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏
= ∑ 𝓛{𝒕}(𝟒𝒏 + 𝟏) = ∑ = (∑ + ∑ )=
(𝟐(𝟐𝒏) + 𝟏)𝟐 𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎

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𝟏
= (𝑺𝟏 + 𝑺𝟐 )
𝟐
∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑺𝟏 = ∑ 𝟐
= (∑ 𝟐
+∑ )=
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=𝟎
∞ 𝟎 ∞ −𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= (∑ 𝟐
+ ∑ 𝟐
) = (∑ 𝟐
+ ∑ )=
𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) (−𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=−∞ 𝒏=𝟎 𝒏=−∞
∞
𝟏 𝟏
= ∑ , 𝑺𝟐 = 𝑮
𝟐 (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐
−∞
𝟏 𝟏
Let be 𝒇(𝒛) = (𝟐𝒛+𝟏)𝟐 with a second order pole 𝒛 = − 𝟐.
∞
𝟏 𝝅𝒄𝒐𝒕(𝝅𝒛) 𝒅 𝟏 𝟐 𝝅𝒄𝒐𝒕(𝝅𝒛)
∑ = − 𝑹𝒆𝒔
⏟ ( ) = − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [(𝒛 + ) ∙ ]=
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝟏
(𝟐𝒛 + 𝟏) 𝟐
𝒛→−
𝟏 𝒅𝒛 𝟐 (𝟐𝒛 + 𝟏) 𝟐
−∞ 𝒛=− 𝟐
𝟐
𝒅 𝝅𝒄𝒐𝒕(𝝅𝒛) 𝝅𝟐 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 (𝝅𝒛) 𝝅𝟐

= − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ ] = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ ]=
𝒛→− 𝒅𝒛 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
𝒛→−
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝟑 𝝅𝟐 𝟑
𝑺𝟏 =
∙ = ∙ = 𝜻(𝟐)
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟔 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝑮 𝟑
𝛀 = (𝑺𝟏 + 𝑺𝟐 ) = ( 𝜻(𝟐) + 𝑮) = + 𝜻(𝟐)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟖
UP.508 Find:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏 𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝟏+𝟐+𝟑+⋯+𝒏 ⋅ ( √𝝅𝟑 − √𝒆𝟑 )
𝒏→∞
Proposed by D.M.Bătinețu-Giurgiu, Daniel Sitaru-Romania
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏 𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝟏+𝟐+𝟑+⋯+𝒏 ⋅ ( √𝝅𝟑 − √𝒆𝟑 ) =
𝒏→∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏 𝒏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝟏+𝟐+𝟑+⋯+𝒏−𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 ⋅ 𝒆𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 ⋅ ( √𝝅𝟑 − √𝒆𝟑 ) =
𝒏→∞
𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
= 𝒆𝜸 ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏( √𝝅 − √𝒆) ( √𝝅𝟐 + √𝝅𝒆 + √𝒆𝟐 ) =
𝒏→∞

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𝒏 𝒏 𝝅 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
= 𝒆𝜸 ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 ⋅ √𝒆 ⋅ ( √ − 𝟏) ( √𝝅𝟐 + √𝝅𝒆 + √𝒆𝟐 ) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒆
𝝅 𝒏
√ −𝟏
𝒏 𝒆 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
= 𝒆𝜸 ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝒆 ⋅ ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( √𝝅𝟐 + √𝝅𝒆 + √𝒆𝟐 ) =
𝒏→∞ 𝟏 𝒏→∞
𝒏
𝟏 𝝅
𝜸
𝒆𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠( 𝒆 ) − 𝟏
𝒏 𝝅
= 𝒆 ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝒆 ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) (𝟏 + 𝟏 + 𝟏) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝟏 𝝅 𝒆
𝐥𝐨𝐠 (
𝒏 𝒆)
𝝅 𝝅
= 𝒆𝜸 ⋅ 𝟏 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) ⋅ 𝟑 = 𝟑𝒆𝜸 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ).
𝒆 𝒆
Solution 2 by Toubal Fethi-Algeria
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝟏+𝟐+𝟑+⋯+𝒏 ( √𝝅𝟑 − √𝒆𝟑 ) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆(𝑯𝒏 −𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏)+𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 ( √𝝅𝟑 − √𝒆𝟑 ) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞
𝒏 𝒏
𝒏 𝒏 √𝝅𝟑 − 𝟏 √𝒆𝟑 − 𝟏
= 𝒆 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 ( √𝝅𝟑 − √𝒆𝟑 ) = 𝒆𝜸 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (
𝜸
− )=
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞ 𝟏 𝟏
𝒏 𝒏
𝝅
= 𝒆𝜸 (𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝝅𝟑 ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒆𝟑 )) = 𝟑𝒆𝜸 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝒆
Solution 3 by Adrian Popa-Romania
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏 𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝟏+𝟐+𝟑+⋯+𝒏 ( √𝝅𝟑 − √𝒆𝟑 ) = 𝒆𝜸 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 ( √𝝅𝟑 − √𝒆𝟑 ) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞
𝒏 𝒏
𝜸
√𝝅𝟑 − 𝟏 √𝒆𝟑 − 𝟏 𝜸
(𝝅𝟑 )𝒙 − (𝒆𝟑 )𝒙
= 𝒆 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( − ) = 𝒆 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒏→∞ 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
𝒏 𝒏
𝜸
[(𝝅𝟑 )𝒙 − 𝟏] − [(𝒆𝟑 )𝒙 − 𝟏]
= 𝒆 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝝅𝟑 ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒆𝟑 ) =
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
𝝅 𝟑
= 𝒆𝜸 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝟑𝒆𝜸 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝝅 − 𝟏)
𝒆
UP.509 Find:
𝒏 𝟐
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒆𝟑𝑯𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒆𝟑𝑯𝒏 )( √𝝅 − 𝟏)
𝒏→∞

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𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒆𝟑𝑯𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒆𝟑𝑯𝒏 )( √𝝅 − 𝟏) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒆𝟑𝑯𝒏 +𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒆𝟑𝑯𝒏 ) ( √𝝅 − 𝟏) =
𝒏 𝒏
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞
𝟏 𝟐
𝟑 𝒆𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝝅
𝟏 𝟐
−𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝟑𝑯𝒏 (𝒆𝒏+𝟏 − 𝟏) ( ) ( 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝝅) =
𝒏→∞ 𝟏 𝒏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝝅
𝒏
𝟑
𝟑𝑯𝒏 −𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
𝒆𝒏+𝟏 − 𝟏
𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
𝟑 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆 ⋅𝒆 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 𝟐 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝝅 =
𝒏→∞ 𝟑 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏
𝒏+𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝟑(𝟏+𝟐+𝟑+⋯+𝒏−𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏) ⋅ 𝒏𝟑 ⋅ ⋅ 𝟐 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝝅 =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏
𝟑𝒏
= 𝒆𝟑𝜸 ⋅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝝅 = 𝒆𝟑𝜸 ⋅ 𝟑 ⋅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝝅 = 𝟑𝒆𝟑𝜸 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝝅
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 + 𝟏

𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒆𝟑𝑯𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒆𝟑𝑯𝒏 )( √𝝅 − 𝟏) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒆𝟑(𝑯𝒏 +𝒏+𝟏) − 𝒆𝟑𝑯𝒏 ) ( √𝝅 − 𝟏) =
𝒏 𝒏
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝒏 𝒏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝟑𝑯𝒏 (𝒆𝒏+𝟏 − 𝟏) ( √𝝅 − 𝟏) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝟑𝑯𝒏 −𝟑𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒏 𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒏 (𝒆𝒏+𝟏 − 𝟏) ( √𝝅 − 𝟏) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞
𝟑 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝝅 𝟐
= 𝒆𝟑𝜸 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏𝟑 (𝒆𝒏+𝟏 − 𝟏) (𝒆 𝒏 − 𝟏) =
𝒏→∞
𝟐
𝟑𝜸 𝟑
𝟑 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝝅
=𝒆 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 ((𝟏 + ) − 𝟏) ((𝟏 + ) − 𝟏) =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏
𝟑 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝝅 𝟐 𝟑𝒏
= 𝒆𝟑𝜸 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏𝟑 ( )( ) = 𝒆𝟑𝜸 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝝅𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) = 𝟑𝒆𝟑𝜸 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝝅
𝒏→∞ 𝒏+𝟏 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏 + 𝟏
UP.510 Find:
𝒏𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ ) ∙
𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝟐 + 𝒌 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏

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𝒏𝟒 𝒏𝟒 𝒏𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ 𝟐 )∙ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ − ∑ ) ∙ =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 + 𝒌 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒌 𝒌 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏𝟒 𝒏𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏𝟒 ) − (∑ − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏𝟐 )) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏𝟒 ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏𝟐 )) ∙ =
𝒏→∞ 𝒌 𝒌 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝒏𝟒 𝒏𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏𝟒 )) − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏𝟐 ))
𝒏→∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒌 𝒏→∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒌
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏𝟒 ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏𝟐 )
+ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝟎 − 𝟎 + 𝟐 = 𝟐.
𝒏→∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
Solution 2 by Arnab Debnath-India
𝒏𝟒 𝒏𝟒 +𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ 𝟐 )∙ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ∑ − ∑ ) ⋅ =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 + 𝒌 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝒌 𝒌 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝝍(𝒏𝟒 + 𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏) − 𝝍(𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏𝟒 + 𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏) − − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏) +
𝟐(𝒏𝟒 + 𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟐(𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏𝟒 + 𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏)
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒏→∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
𝟖𝒏𝟐 + 𝟐 𝟐𝒏𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟒−𝟐=𝟐
𝒏→∞ 𝟐𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒏→∞ 𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏
Solution 3 by Khaled Abd Imouti-Damascus-Syria
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑯𝒏 = 𝟏 + + + ⋯ + ≅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
𝟐 𝟑 𝒏
𝒏𝟒
𝟏 𝟒 𝟐) 𝟐)
𝒏𝟒 + 𝒏𝟐
∑ ≅ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏 + 𝒏 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏)
𝒏𝟐 + 𝒌 𝒏𝟐
𝒌=𝟏
𝒏𝟒 𝟐𝒏
𝟏 𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟐
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ 𝟐 )∙ ≅ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 + 𝟏 = 𝟐
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 + 𝒌 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝟏
𝒌=𝟏
𝒏

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Solution 4 by Hikmat Mammadov-Azerbaijan
𝒏𝟒 ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒎=𝒌−𝟏
∑ 𝟐 = ∑( 𝟐 − 𝟒 𝟐
) =
𝒏 +𝒌 𝒏 +𝒌 𝒌+𝒏 +𝒏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
∞ ∞
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= −𝜸 + ∑ ( − 𝟐 𝟒
)+𝜸− ∑ ( − )=
𝒎+𝟏 𝒎+𝟏+𝒏 +𝒏 𝒎 + 𝟏 𝒎 + 𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐
𝒎=𝟎 𝒎=𝟎
𝟏
𝚿(𝒛)=𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛−
𝟐𝒛
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝚿(𝒏 + 𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝚿(𝒏 + 𝟏) ⇒
𝒏𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ )∙ =
𝒌=𝟏
𝟒 𝟐
𝟏 𝒏 +𝒏 +𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( 𝟐
)− 𝟒 𝟐
+ 𝟐
)=𝟐
𝒏→∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒏 +𝟏 𝟐(𝒏 + 𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝟐(𝒏 + 𝟏)
Solution 5 by Le Thu-Vietnam
𝑩𝒚 𝑬𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒓 − 𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂, 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒔
𝒏𝟒 𝒏 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝒏𝟒
∑ 𝟐 ~∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏 + 𝒙)| =
𝒏 + 𝒌 𝟏 𝒏𝟐 + 𝒙 𝟏
𝒌=𝟏
= 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 ) = 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏

𝑯𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆,
𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟐
Solution 6 by Samir Zaakouni -Morocco

𝒏𝟒 𝟏 𝒏𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ 𝟐 )⋅ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ ∫ 𝒙𝒏 +𝒌−𝟏 𝒅𝒙) ⋅ =
𝒏→∞ 𝒏 + 𝒌 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏 𝒌=𝟏
𝟏 𝒏𝟒 𝟏 𝒏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
𝒏𝟐 𝒌−𝟏
𝟏 𝒙 − 𝒙𝒏 +𝒏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∫ 𝒙 ∑𝒙 𝒅𝒙) ⋅ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∫ 𝒅𝒙) ⋅ =
𝒏→∞ 𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
𝒌=𝟏
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 − 𝒙𝒏 +𝒏 𝟏 − 𝒙𝒏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (−𝜸 + ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + 𝜸 − ∫ 𝒅𝒙) ⋅ =
𝒏→∞ 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝟎 𝟏−𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
𝟏 𝑯 𝟒 𝟐 𝑯 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝑯𝒏𝟒 +𝒏𝟐 − 𝑯𝒏𝟐 ) ⋅ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏 +𝒏 − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏
𝒏→∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝒏→∞ 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏

www.ssmrmh.ro
𝑯𝒏𝟒 +𝒏𝟐 ~ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏𝟐 + 𝒏𝟒 ) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏𝟒 ) = 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
𝑯𝒏𝟐 ~ 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒏𝟐 ) = 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏
𝑯𝒏𝟒 +𝒏𝟐 ⋅ ~𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑯𝒏𝟐 ⋅ ~𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏
𝒏𝟒
𝟏 𝟏
𝛀 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (∑ ) ⋅ =𝟐
𝒌=𝟏

34 RMM Autumn Edition 2024 Solutions

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Number 34 AUTUMN 2024

1 34-RMM AUTUMN EDITION 2024-SOLUTIONS

2 34-RMM AUTUMN EDITION 2024-SOLUTIONS

PROBLEMS FOR JUNIORS

Proposed by Alex Szoros-Romania

𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈: (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟕 = 𝒙𝟕 + 𝒚𝟕 + 𝟕𝒙𝒚(𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝟐 , (∀)𝒙, 𝒚 > 0

3 34-RMM AUTUMN EDITION 2024-SOLUTIONS

𝑯𝒐𝒘 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝚫𝑨𝑩𝑪: ∑ 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 = 𝒔𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅

∑ 𝒓𝟐𝒂 = (∑ 𝒓𝒂 ) − 𝟐 ∑ 𝒓𝒂 𝒓𝒃 = (𝟒𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐 − 𝟐𝒔𝟐 ; (𝟔)

Solution 2 by Myagmarsuren Yadamsuren-Darkhan-Mongolia

𝒓𝟕𝒂 + 𝒓𝟕𝒃 𝒓𝟕𝒃 + 𝒓𝟕𝒄 𝒓𝟕𝒄 + 𝒓𝟕𝒂 𝟗𝟓 𝟐

4 34-RMM AUTUMN EDITION 2024-SOLUTIONS

𝟏𝟔(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓 − 𝟏𝟔(𝒙𝟕 + 𝒚𝟕 ) − 𝟑𝟏𝒙𝒚(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟓

𝑰𝟏 (𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟕𝒙𝒚(𝒙 − 𝒚)𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝒚)(𝟕𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 ) ≥ 𝟎

𝐫𝒂𝟕 + 𝐫𝐛𝟕 𝐫𝐛𝟕 + 𝐫𝐜𝟕 𝐫𝐜𝟕 + 𝐫𝒂𝟕

5 34-RMM AUTUMN EDITION 2024-SOLUTIONS

JP.497 If 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 0, then:

𝟕𝒂𝟑 𝟕𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑 𝟑 𝟕𝒂𝟑 + 𝒃𝟑

6 34-RMM AUTUMN EDITION 2024-SOLUTIONS

Now, using Lemma and summing, we get:

Now, using Radon’s inequality, we have:

From (1) and (2), it follows:

7 34-RMM AUTUMN EDITION 2024-SOLUTIONS

𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 (𝟏) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟐), 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆 ∶

𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄.

JP.498 If 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 0 then:

Proposed by Daniel Sitaru-Romania

Equality holds for 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄.

Solution 2 by Mohamed Amine Ben Ajiba-Tanger-Morocco

8 34-RMM AUTUMN EDITION 2024-SOLUTIONS

𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄.

JP.499 Find 𝝀 > 0 so that the double inequality

Solution 2 by Tapas Das-India

So, the given inequality is true in equilateral triangle.

JP.500 If 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 0, 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 1 then:

11 34-RMM AUTUMN EDITION 2024-SOLUTIONS

𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄 = 𝟏.

Solution 3 by Marin Chirciu-Romania

Equality holds for 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄 = 𝟏.

Solution 4 by Anas Chaabi-Morocco

12 34-RMM AUTUMN EDITION 2024-SOLUTIONS

Solution 5 by Nguyen Thai An-Vietnam

JP.501 If 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 > 0, then:

Solution 2 by Mohamed Amine Ben Ajiba-Tanger-Morocco

𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒔 𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄.

Solution 3 by Marin Chirciu-Romania

14 34-RMM AUTUMN EDITION 2024-SOLUTIONS

Solution 4 by Soumava Chakraborty-Kolkata-India

15 34-RMM AUTUMN EDITION 2024-SOLUTIONS

∴ (𝐛 + 𝐜)𝟓 (𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝐜)𝟓 ≤ 𝟐𝟒 . 𝟒𝟒 . (𝐛𝟓 + 𝐜 𝟓 )(𝒂𝟓 + 𝒂𝟓 + 𝐛𝟓 + 𝐜 𝟓 )

Solution 5 by Ivan Hadinata-Jember-Indonesia

16 34-RMM AUTUMN EDITION 2024-SOLUTIONS

JP.502 If 𝒎, 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒎 + 𝒏 = 𝟒 and 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 > 0 then in 𝚫𝑨𝑩𝑪 holds:

𝟏 𝒙𝒂𝟐 + 𝒚𝒃𝟐 + 𝒛𝒄𝟐 𝑶𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒎 𝟏 𝟏𝟔(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙)𝑭𝟐

Proposed by Marian Ursărescu-Romania

𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑷𝒉𝒂𝒎 𝑯𝒖𝒖 𝑫𝒖𝒄’𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚:

𝒙(𝒂 + 𝒃) + 𝒚(𝒃 + 𝒄) + 𝒛(𝒄 + 𝒂) ≥ 𝟐√(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙)(𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒄𝒂);

17 34-RMM AUTUMN EDITION 2024-SOLUTIONS

Solution 2 by Marin Chirciu-Romania