Pneumonia, COPD, Tuberculosis - Report

Pneumonia,
COPD,
Tuberculosis
Respiratory Problems
Table of Contents
01
Pneumonia 03
Tuberculosis
02
COPD
Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease
Pneumonia
• Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among
the elderly.
• It is an inflammation or infection in the lungs that
can be caused by a variety of factors including
bacteria, viruses, and aspiration.
• The elderly are considered high risk.
• Diagnosis is made through chest x-ray, cbc,
and/or sputum culture to determine the type and
causal agents (if bacterial)
• Crackles may be heard in the lungs through
auscultation, and chest pain with shortness of
breath is a common complaint.
Risk factors:
OLD AGE
COPD
CHF ( CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE)
Immune-suppressing disease such as AIDS

Signs and symptoms:
1. Crackles
2. Chest pain with shortness of breath
Signs and symptoms of Viral
Pneumonia:
1. Less severe than bacterial Pneumonia
2. Fever
3. Nonproductive hacking cough
4. Muscle pain
5. Weakness
6. Shortness of breath
Signs and symptoms of Bacterial
Pneumonia:
1. Onset is sudden or gradual
2. Chills
3. Chest pain
4. Sweating
5. Dyspnea
6. Confusion
7. Disorientation
8. Delirium
Aspiration Pneumonia
Is caused by inhalation of a foreign material, such as fluids or
foods, into the lungs.
Cause:
1. Impaired swallowing
2. Esophageal reflux disease
3. Unconscious – who are receiving tube feedings
Prevention includes:
1. Elevate the head of the bed, or in sitting position before and 30 mins
after eating.
2. Encourage to get plenty of rest and take adequate fluids to help
loosen secretions
3. Tylenol or aspirin can be taken to manage fever as well as aches
and pains.
Teachings:
1. Avoid exposure to others with contagious respiratory conditions.

2. Report increased shortness of breath, and high fever
3. Prevention is always best.
4. Get Pneumonia vaccine (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, PPV) –
given only once
5. Flu vaccine – because pneumonia is a common complication of influenza,
given yearly.
Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Refers to a group of diseases resulting from obstructed
airflow. The most common of these are emphysema
and chronic bronchitis.
Chronic Bronchitis
● Chronic Bronchitis is a common COPD among older adults.
● It results from recurrent inflammation and mucus production in the
bronchial tubes. Chronic bronchitis can lead to emphysema.
Signs and symptoms:
1. Increased mucus production
2. Shortness of breath
3. Wheezing
4. Decreased breath sounds
5. Chronic productive cough
Emphysema
• Emphysema results when the alveoli in the lungs are irreversibly
destroyed.
• As the lungs lose elasticity, air becomes trapped in the alveolar
sacs, resulting in carbon dioxide retention and impaired gas
exchanged.
Major risk factors:
1. Smoking
2. Second-hand smoking
3. Heredity
4. Air pollution
5. Industrial pollutants
Treatment of COPD:
1. Lifestyle modifications
2. Medications – bronchodilators, antibiotics, steroids
3. Respiratory therapy
4. Pulmonary rehabilitation
5. Oxygen therapy
6. Lung transplantation or lung volume reduction surgery.
Strategies for Symptom
Management for Older Adults with
COPD:
1. Do not smoke.
2. Avoid second hand smoke.
3. Avoid aid pollutants and other lung irritants.
4. Exercise regularly as tolerated or prescribed.
5. Maintain proper nutrition.
6. Maintain adequate hydration- especially water intake.
7. Take medication as ordered: bronchodilators(antibiotics and steroids
for exacerbations)
8. Use energy conservation techniques.
9. Alternate activities and rest.
10. Learn and regularly use breathing exercises.
11. Learn stress management and relaxation techniques.
12. Recognize the role of supplemental oxygen.
13. Receive yearly pneumonia and influenza vaccines to avoid
infections.
14. Investigate pulmonary rehabilitation programs.
15.Join a support group for those with breathing problems and their
families.
16. Explore any possible surgical options with the physician.
Tuberculosis (TB)
● Mycobacterium Tuberculosis is an infection that can attack
any part of the body, but particularly targets the lungs.
● This can spread through the air by coughing, sneezing,

laughing, or any activities in which particles may become
airborne.
Signs and symptoms of TB:
1. A severe cough that lasts more than 2 weeks
2. Chest pain
3. Bloody sputum
4. Weakness
5. Fatigue
6. Weight loss
7. Chills
8. Fever
9. Night sweats
Screening for TB
● Mantoux test is an intradermal injection that is read for results in
48-72 hours after administration.
● A result of 11mm or greater of induration (not redness, but
swelling) is considered positive.
● A positive TB skin test should be followed up with a chest x-ray to
rule out active disease.
● It must be noted that persons who received a vaccine for TB may
have a positive reaction.
● INH is given to kill the TB bacteria. It lasts at least 6 months.
Side effects include:
● Nausea, vomiting, jaundice, fever, abdominal pain, and decreased
appetite.
● Should be advised not to drink alcohol while on INH.
● Strict isolation is necessary for active TB.
● Other newly approved drug for TB: Rifapentine (Priftin)
● Adequate rest, nutrition, and hydration, as well as breathing
exercises may help with combating the effects of TB.
Thank
You

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Pneumonia,

CHF ( CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE)

Immune-suppressing disease such as AIDS

1. Avoid exposure to others with contagious respiratory conditions.

● This can spread through the air by coughing, sneezing,

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