France - Wikipedia

11/24/22, 1:24 PM France - Wikipedia
Coordinates: 47°N 2°E
France
France (French: [fʁɑ̃s] ), officially the French Republic

(French: République française [ʁepyblik frɑ̃sɛz]),[14] is a French Republic
transcontinental country predominantly located in Western République française (French)
Europe and spanning overseas regions and territories in the
Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans.[XII] Its
metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic
Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English
Channel and the North Sea; overseas territories include
French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Flag Emblem[I]
in the North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and many
islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean. Due to its several Motto: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité"
coastal territories, France has the largest exclusive economic ("Liberty, Equality, Fraternity")
zone in the world. France borders Belgium, Luxembourg, Anthem: "La Marseillaise"
Germany, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Andorra, and Spain in

continental Europe, as well as the Netherlands, Suriname, and 1:20
Brazil in the Americas via its overseas territories in French

Guiana and Saint Martin. Its eighteen integral regions (five of Great Seal
which are overseas) span a combined area of 643,801 km2

(248,573 sq mi) and contain close to 68 million people (as of
July 2022).[5][8] France is a unitary semi-presidential republic
with its capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main
cultural and commercial centre; other major urban areas
include Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse, Lille, Bordeaux, and Nice.
Inhabited since the Palaeolithic era, the territory of

Metropolitan France was settled by Celtic tribes known as
Gauls during the Iron Age. Rome annexed the area in 51 BC,
leading to a distinct Gallo-Roman culture that laid the
foundation of the French language. The Germanic Franks
formed the Kingdom of Francia, which became the heartland
of the Carolingian Empire. The Treaty of Verdun of 843
partitioned the empire, with West Francia becoming the
Kingdom of France in 987. In the High Middle Ages, France
was a powerful but highly decentralised feudal kingdom.
Philip II successfully strengthened royal power and defeated
his rivals to double the size of the crown lands; by the end of
his reign, France had emerged as the most powerful state in France on the globe centred on Europe
Europe. From the mid-14th to the mid-15th century, France Metropolitan France (European part of
was plunged into a series of dynastic conflicts involving France) in Europe
England, collectively known as the Hundred Years' War, and a France and its overseas territories in the
world
distinct French identity emerged as a result. The French Show all
Renaissance saw art and culture flourish, conflict with the
Location of France (red or dark green)
House of Habsburg, and the establishment of a global colonial – in Europe (green & dark grey)
empire, which by the 20th century would become the second-

– in the European Union (green)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France 1/76
largest in the world.[15] The second half of the 16th century Capital Paris
was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and and largest city 48°51′N 2°21′E
Huguenots that severely weakened the country. France again Official language
French[II]
emerged as Europe's dominant power in the 17th century and national
under Louis XIV following the Thirty Years' War.[16] language
Inadequate economic policies, inequitable taxes and frequent Nationality (2021) 92.3% French
wars (notably a defeat in the Seven Years' War and costly
involvement in the American War of Independence), left the 7.7% Others[3]
kingdom in a precarious economic situation by the end of the Religion (2016)[4] 51.1% Christianity
18th century. This precipitated the French Revolution of 1789, 39.6% No religion
which overthrew the Ancien Régime and produced the
5.6% Islam
Declaration of the Rights of Man, which expresses the nation's
0.8% Judaism
ideals to this day.
2.5% Others
France reached its political and military zenith in the early Demonym(s) French
19th century under Napoleon Bonaparte, subjugating much of
continental Europe and establishing the First French Empire. Government Unitary semi-
The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars shaped the presidential republic
course of European and world history. The collapse of the • President Emmanuel Macron
empire initiated a period of relative decline, in which France • Prime Minister Élisabeth Borne
endured a tumultuous succession of governments until the Legislature Parliament
founding of the French Third Republic during the Franco-
• Upper house Senate
Prussian War in 1870. Subsequent decades saw a period of
• Lower house National Assembly
optimism, cultural and scientific flourishing, as well as
economic prosperity, known as the Belle Époque. France was Establishment
one of the major participants of World War I, from which it • Kingdom of the 10 August 843
emerged victorious at a great human and economic cost. It West Franks -
was among the Allied powers of World War II but was soon Treaty of Verdun
occupied by the Axis in 1940. Following liberation in 1944, the • Kingdom of France 3 July 987
short-lived Fourth Republic was established and later - Capetian rulers
dissolved in the course of the Algerian War. The current Fifth of France
• French Republic - 22 September 1792
Republic was formed in 1958 by Charles de Gaulle. Algeria
French First
and most French colonies became independent in the 1960s, Republic
with the majority retaining close economic and military ties • Founded the 1 January 1958
with France. EEC[III]
• Current constitution 4 October 1958
France retains its centuries-long status as a global centre of - French Fifth
art, science and philosophy. It hosts the fifth-largest number Republic
of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is the world's leading
Area
tourist destination, receiving over 89 million foreign visitors
• Total 643,801 km2
in 2018.[17] France is a developed country with the world's
(248,573 sq mi)[5]
seventh-largest economy by nominal GDP and tenth-largest (42nd)
by PPP; in terms of aggregate household wealth, it ranks • Water (%) 0.86 (2015)[6]
fourth in the world.[18] France performs well in international • Metropolitan 551,695 km2
rankings of education, health care, life expectancy and human France (IGN) (213,011 sq mi)[IV]
development.[19] It remains a great power in global affairs,[20] (50th)
being one of the five permanent members of the United • Metropolitan 543,940.9 km2
Nations Security Council and an official nuclear-weapon state. France (Cadastre) (210,016.8 sq mi)[V][7]
France is a founding and leading member of the European (50th)
Union and the Eurozone,[21] as well as a key member of the
Population
Group of Seven, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
• July 2022 estimate 67,897,000[8]
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(20th)
(OECD) and La Francophonie.
• Density 105.4627/km2
(106th)
• Metropolitan 65,707,000[9]
Contents France, estimate (23rd)
as of July 2022
Etymology and pronunciation • Density 121/km2
History (313.4/sq mi) (89th)
Prehistory (before the 6th century BC) GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
Antiquity (6th century BC–5th century AD) • Total $3.667 trillion[10]
Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century) (10th)
High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century) • Per capita $56,036[10] (24th)
Early modern period (15th century–1789) GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
Revolutionary France (1789–1799) • Total $2.936 trillion[10]
Napoleon and 19th century (1799–1914) (7th)
Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946) • Per capita $44,747[10] (28th)
Contemporary period (1946–present) Gini (2020) 29.3[11]
low
Geography
Location and borders HDI (2021) 0.903[12]
Geology, topography and hydrography very high · 28th
Environment Currency Euro (€) (EUR)[VI]

Administrative divisions CFP franc (XPF)[VII]
Regions
Time zone UTC+1 (Central
Overseas territories and collectivities European Time)
Government and politics • Summer (DST) UTC+2 (Central
Government European Summer
Time[IX])
Law
Note: Various other
Foreign relations time zones are
Military observed in overseas
Government finance France.[VIII]
Although France is in
Economy the UTC (Z) (Western
Agriculture European Time)
Tourism zone, UTC+01:00
(Central European
Paris region Time) was enforced
French Riviera as the standard time
Châteaux since 25 February
1940, upon German
Other protected areas
occupation in WW2,
Energy with a +0:50:39 offset
Transport (and +1:50:39 during
DST) from Paris LMT
Science and technology (UTC+0:09:21).[13]
Demographics Date format dd/mm/yyyy (AD)
Ethnic groups
Driving side right
Immigration
Major cities Calling code +33[X]
Language ISO 3166 code FR
Religion
Internet TLD .fr[XI]
Health
Education Source gives area of metropolitan France as
551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists
Culture overseas regions separately, whose areas

Art sum to 89,179 km2 (34,432 sq mi). Adding
these give the total shown here for the entire
Architecture French Republic. The CIA reports the total as
Literature 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi).
Philosophy
Music
Cinema
Fashion
Media
Society
Cuisine
Sports
See also
Footnotes
References
Further reading
Topics
External links
Economy
Government
Culture
Etymology and pronunciation

Originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or "realm
of the Franks".[22] Modern France is still named today Francia in Italian and Spanish, while Frankreich in
German, Frankrijk in Dutch and Frankrike in Swedish all mean "Land/realm of the Franks".
The name of the Franks is related to the English word frank ("free"): the latter stems from the Old French
franc ("free, noble, sincere"), ultimately from Medieval Latin francus ("free, exempt from service; freeman,
Frank"), a generalisation of the tribal name that emerged as a Late Latin borrowing of the reconstructed
Frankish endonym *Frank.[23][24] It has been suggested that the meaning "free" was adopted because, after
the conquest of Gaul, only Franks were free of taxation,[25] or more generally because they had the status of
freemen in contrast to servants or slaves.[24]
The etymology of *Frank is uncertain. It is traditionally derived from the Proto-Germanic word *frankōn,
which translates as "javelin" or "lance" (the throwing axe of the Franks was known as the francisca),[26]
although these weapons may have been named because of their use by the Franks, not the other way
around.[24]
In English, 'France' is pronounced /fræns/ FRANSS in American English and /frɑːns/ FRAHNSS or /fræns/
FRANSS in British English. The pronunciation with /ɑː/ is mostly confined to accents with the trap-bath
split such as Received Pronunciation, though it can be also heard in some other dialects such as Cardiff
English, in which /frɑːns/ is in free variation with /fræns/.[27]
History
Prehistory (before the 6th century BC)
The oldest traces of human life in what is now France date from
approximately 1.8 million years ago.[29] Over the ensuing millennia,
humans were confronted by a harsh and variable climate, marked by
several glacial periods. Early hominids led a nomadic hunter-gatherer
life.[29] France has a large number of decorated caves from the upper
Palaeolithic era, including one of the most famous and best-preserved,
Lascaux[29] (approximately 18,000 BC). At the end of the last glacial
period (10,000 BC), the climate became milder;[29] from approximately
One of the Lascaux paintings: a 7,000 BC, this part of Western Europe entered the Neolithic era and its
horse – approximately 17,000 BC. inhabitants became sedentary.
Lascaux is famous for its
After strong demographic and agricultural development between the
"exceptionally detailed depictions of
humans and animals".[28] 4th and 3rd millennia, metallurgy appeared at the end of the 3rd
millennium, initially working gold, copper and bronze, as well as later
iron.[30] France has numerous megalithic sites from the Neolithic
period, including the exceptionally dense Carnac stones site (approximately 3,300 BC).
Antiquity (6th century BC–5th century AD)
In 600 BC, Ionian Greeks from Phocaea founded the colony of Massalia
(present-day Marseille), on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. This
makes it France's oldest city.[31] At the same time, some Gallic Celtic
tribes penetrated parts of Eastern and Northern France, gradually
spreading through the rest of the country between the 5th and 3rd
century BC.[32] The concept of Gaul emerged during this period,
corresponding to the territories of Celtic settlement ranging between
the Rhine, the Atlantic Ocean, the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean. The Vercingetorix surrenders to Caesar
borders of modern France roughly correspond to ancient Gaul, which during the Battle of Alesia. The
was inhabited by Celtic Gauls. Gaul was then a prosperous country, of Gallic defeat in the Gallic Wars
which the southernmost part was heavily subject to Greek and Roman secured the Roman conquest of the
cultural and economic influences. country.
Around 390 BC, the Gallic chieftain Brennus and his troops made their
way to Italy through the Alps, defeated the Romans in the Battle of the
Allia, and besieged and ransomed Rome.[33] The Gallic invasion left
Rome weakened, and the Gauls continued to harass the region until 345
BC when they entered into a formal peace treaty with Rome.[34] But the
Romans and the Gauls would remain adversaries for the next centuries,
and the Gauls would continue to be a threat in Italy.[35]
Around 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the Romans, who
called this region Provincia Nostra ("Our Province"), which over time The Maison Carrée was a temple of
evolved into the name Provence in French.[36] Julius Caesar conquered the Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus
the remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt carried out by the Gallic (present-day Nîmes) and is one of
chieftain Vercingetorix in 52 BC.[37] the best-preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
Gaul was divided by Augustus into Roman provinces.[38] Many cities
were founded during the Gallo-Roman period, including Lugdunum
(present-day Lyon), which is considered the capital of the Gauls.[38] These cities were built in traditional
Roman style, with a forum, a theatre, a circus, an amphitheatre and thermal baths. The Gauls mixed with
Roman settlers and eventually adopted Roman culture and Roman speech (Latin, from which the French
language evolved). Roman polytheism merged with Gallic paganism into the same syncretism.
From the 250s to the 280s AD, Roman Gaul suffered a serious crisis with its fortified borders being
attacked on several occasions by barbarians.[39] Nevertheless, the situation improved in the first half of the
4th century, which was a period of revival and prosperity for Roman Gaul.[40] In 312, Emperor Constantine
I converted to Christianity. Subsequently, Christians, who had been persecuted until then, increased
rapidly across the entire Roman Empire.[41] But, from the beginning of the 5th century, the Barbarian
Invasions resumed.[42] Teutonic tribes invaded the region from present-day Germany, the Visigoths
settling in the southwest, the Burgundians along the Rhine River Valley, and the Franks (from whom the
French take their name) in the north.[43]
Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)
At the end of the Antiquity period, ancient Gaul was divided into several
Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory, known as
the Kingdom of Syagrius. Simultaneously, Celtic Britons, fleeing the
Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, settled in the western part of
Armorica. As a result, the Armorican peninsula was renamed Brittany,
Celtic culture was revived and independent petty kingdoms arose in this
region.
Frankish expansion from 481 to 870
The first leader to make himself king of all the Franks was Clovis I, who
began his reign in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors of
the province in 486. Clovis claimed that he would be baptised a Christian in the event of his victory against
the Visigoths, which was said to have guaranteed the battle. Clovis regained the southwest from the
Visigoths, was baptised in 508 and made himself master of what is now western Germany.
Clovis I was the first Germanic conqueror after the fall of the Roman Empire to convert to Catholic
Christianity, rather than Arianism; thus France was given the title "Eldest daughter of the Church" (French:
La fille aînée de l'Église) by the papacy,[44] and French kings would be called "the Most Christian Kings of
France" (Rex Christianissimus).
The Franks embraced the Christian Gallo-Roman culture and ancient Gaul was eventually renamed
Francia ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted Romanic languages, except in northern
Gaul where Roman settlements were less dense and where Germanic languages emerged. Clovis made Paris
his capital and established the Merovingian dynasty, but his kingdom would not survive his death. The
Franks treated land purely as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms
emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, Orléans, Soissons, and Rheims. The last Merovingian kings lost power
to their mayors of the palace (head of household). One mayor of the palace, Charles Martel, defeated an
Umayyad invasion of Gaul at the Battle of Tours (732) and earned respect and power within the Frankish
kingdoms. His son, Pepin the Short, seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and
founded the Carolingian dynasty. Pepin's son, Charlemagne, reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built a
vast empire across Western and Central Europe.
Proclaimed Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III and thus establishing in earnest the French
Government's longtime historical association with the Catholic Church,[45] Charlemagne tried to revive the
Western Roman Empire and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son, Louis I (Emperor 814–840), kept
the empire united; however, this Carolingian Empire would not survive his death. In 843, under the Treaty
of Verdun, the empire was divided between Louis' three sons, with East Francia going to Louis the German,
Middle Francia to Lothair I, and West Francia to Charles the Bald. West Francia approximated the area
occupied by and was the precursor to, modern France.[46]
During the 9th and 10th centuries, continually threatened by Viking invasions,
France became a very decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became
hereditary, and the authority of the king became more religious than secular
and thus was less effective and constantly challenged by powerful noblemen.
Thus was established feudalism in France. Over time, some of the king's
vassals would grow so powerful that they often posed a threat to the king. For
example, after the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William the Conqueror added
"King of England" to his titles, becoming both the vassal to (as Duke of
Normandy) and the equal of (as king of England) the king of France, creating
recurring tensions.
High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)

With Clovis's conversion to
Catholicism in 498, the The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until
Frankish monarchy, elective987, when Hugh Capet, Duke of France and
and secular until then, Count of Paris, was crowned King of the
became hereditary and of
Franks.[47] His descendants—the
divine right.
Capetians, the House of Valois and the
House of Bourbon—progressively unified
the country through wars and dynastic
inheritance into the Kingdom of France, which was fully declared in
1190 by Philip II of France (Philippe Auguste). Later kings would
expand their directly possessed domaine royal to cover over half of
modern continental France by the 15th century, including most of the
north, centre and west of France. During this process, the royal
authority became more and more assertive, centred on a hierarchically
conceived society distinguishing nobility, clergy, and commoners.
The French nobility played a prominent role in most Crusades to

restore Christian access to the Holy Land. French knights made up the
bulk of the steady flow of reinforcements throughout the two-hundred- Joan of Arc led the French Army to
year span of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs uniformly several important victories during
referred to the crusaders as Franj caring little whether they came from the Hundred Years' War (1337–
France.[48] The French Crusaders also imported the French language 1453), which paved the way for the
into the Levant, making French the base of the lingua franca (lit. final victory.
"Frankish language") of the Crusader states.[48] French knights also
made up the majority in both the Hospital and the Temple orders. The
latter, in particular, held numerous properties throughout France and
by the 13th century were the principal bankers for the French crown,
until Philip IV annihilated the order in 1307. The Albigensian Crusade
was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical Cathars in the
southwestern area of modern-day France. In the end, the Cathars were
exterminated and the autonomous County of Toulouse was annexed
into the crown lands of France.[49]
From the 11th century, the House of Plantagenet, the rulers of the
County of Anjou, succeeded in establishing its dominion over the
surrounding provinces of Maine and Touraine, then progressively built
Metropolitan France territorial
an "empire" that spanned from England to the Pyrenees and covering
evolution from 985 to 1947
half of modern France. Tensions between the kingdom of France and
the Plantagenet empire would last a hundred years, until Philip II of
France conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most of the continental
possessions of the empire, leaving England and Aquitaine to the Plantagenets.
Charles IV the Fair died without an heir in 1328.[50] Under Salic law the crown of France could not pass to a
woman nor could the line of kingship pass through the female line.[50] Accordingly, the crown passed to
Philip of Valois, rather than through the female line to Edward of Plantagenet, who would soon become
Edward III of England. During the reign of Philip of Valois, the French monarchy reached the height of its
medieval power.[50] However Philip's seat on the throne was contested by Edward III of England in 1337,
and England and France entered the off-and-on Hundred Years' War.[51] The exact boundaries changed
greatly with time, but landholdings inside France by the English Kings remained extensive for decades.
With charismatic leaders, such as Joan of Arc and La Hire, strong French counterattacks won back most
English continental territories. Like the rest of Europe, France was struck by the Black Death due to which
half of the 17 million population of France died.[52]
Early modern period (15th century–1789)
The French Renaissance saw spectacular cultural development and the

first standardisation of the French language, which would become the
official language of France and the language of Europe's aristocracy. It
also saw a long set of wars, known as the Italian Wars, between France
and the House of Habsburg. French explorers, such as Jacques Cartier
or Samuel de Champlain, claimed lands in the Americas for France,
The Château de Chenonceau, paving the way for the expansion of the First French colonial empire.
nowadays part of a UNESCO World The rise of Protestantism in Europe led France to a civil war known as
Heritage Site, was built in the early the French Wars of Religion, where, in the most notorious incident,
16th century. thousands of Huguenots were murdered in the St. Bartholomew's Day
massacre of 1572.[53] The Wars of Religion were ended by Henry IV's
Edict of Nantes, which granted some freedom of religion to the
Huguenots. Spanish troops, the terror of Western Europe,[54] assisted the Catholic side during the Wars of
Religion in 1589–1594, and invaded northern France in 1597; after some skirmishing in the 1620s and
1630s, Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The war cost France 300,000
casualties.[55]
Under Louis XIII, the energetic Cardinal Richelieu promoted the centralisation of the state and reinforced
the royal power by disarming domestic power holders in the 1620s. He systematically destroyed castles of
defiant lords and denounced the use of private violence (duelling, carrying weapons and maintaining
private armies). By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established "the royal monopoly of force" as the
doctrine.[56] During Louis XIV's minority and the regency of Queen Anne and Cardinal Mazarin, a period of
trouble known as the Fronde occurred in France. This rebellion was driven by the great feudal lords and
sovereign courts as a reaction to the rise of royal absolute power in France.
The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and the reign of Louis XIV (1643–1715). By turning
powerful feudal lords into courtiers at the Palace of Versailles, military-integrated command unchallenged.
Remembered for his numerous wars, he made France the leading European power. France became the
most populous country in Europe and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and
culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, science, literature and international affairs,
and remained so until the 20th century.[57] France obtained many overseas possessions in the Americas,
Africa and Asia. Louis XIV also revoked the Edict of Nantes, forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile.
Under the wars of Louis XV (r. 1715–1774), France lost New France and most of its Indian possessions after
its defeat in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). Its European territory kept growing, however, with notable
acquisitions such as Lorraine (1766) and Corsica (1770). An unpopular king, Louis XV's weak rule, his ill-
advised financial, political and military decisions – as well as the debauchery of his court– discredited the
monarchy, which arguably paved the way for the French Revolution 15 years after his death.[58]
Louis XVI (r. 1774–1793), actively supported the Americans with money, fleets
and armies, helping them win independence from Great Britain. France gained
revenge but spent so heavily that the government verged on bankruptcy—a
factor that contributed to the French Revolution. Some of the Enlightenment
occurred in French intellectual circles, and major scientific breakthroughs and
inventions, such as the discovery of oxygen (1778) and the first hot air balloon
carrying passengers (1783), were achieved by French scientists. French
explorers, such as Bougainville and Lapérouse, took part in the voyages of
scientific exploration through maritime expeditions around the globe. The
Enlightenment philosophy, in which reason is advocated as the primary source
of legitimacy, undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and also
was a factor in the French Revolution.
Louis XIV, the "Sun King",

Revolutionary France (1789–1799) was the absolute monarch
of France and made France
Facing financial troubles, King Louis XVI the leading European
summoned the Estates-General (gathering power.
the three Estates of the realm) in May 1789
to propose solutions to his government. As
it came to an impasse, the representatives of the Third Estate formed a
National Assembly, signaling the outbreak of the French Revolution.
Ouverture des États généraux à Fearing that the king would suppress the newly created National
Versailles, 5 mai 1789 by Auguste Assembly, insurgents stormed the Bastille on 14 July 1789, a date which
Couder would become France's National Day.
In early August 1789, the National Constituent Assembly abolished the

privileges of the nobility such as personal serfdom and exclusive
hunting rights. Through the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen (27 August 1789), France established fundamental rights for
men. The Declaration affirms "the natural and imprescriptible rights of
man" to "liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression".
Freedom of speech and press were declared, and arbitrary arrests were
outlawed. It called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges and
proclaimed freedom and equal rights for all men, as well as access to
public office based on talent rather than birth. In November 1789, the
The Storming of the Bastille on 14 Assembly decided to nationalise and sell all property of the Catholic
July 1789 was the most emblematic Church which had been the largest landowner in the country. In July
event of the French Revolution. 1790, a Civil Constitution of the Clergy reorganised the French Catholic
Church, cancelling the authority of the Church to levy taxes, et cetera.
This fueled much discontent in parts of France, which would contribute
to the civil war breaking out some years later. While King Louis XVI still enjoyed popularity among the
population, his disastrous flight to Varennes (June 1791) seemed to justify rumours he had tied his hopes of
political salvation to the prospects of foreign invasion. His credibility was so deeply undermined that the
abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic became an increasing possibility.
In August 1791, the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia in the Declaration of Pillnitz threatened
revolutionary France to intervene by force of arms to restore the French absolute monarchy. In September
1791, the National Constituent Assembly forced King Louis XVI to accept the French Constitution of 1791,
thus turning the French absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy. In the newly established
Legislative Assembly (October 1791), enmity developed and deepened between a group, later called the
'Girondins', who favoured war with Austria and Prussia, and a group later called 'Montagnards' or
'Jacobins', who opposed such a war. A majority in the Assembly in 1792 however saw a war with Austria
and Prussia as a chance to boost the popularity of the revolutionary government and thought that France
would win a war against those gathered monarchies. On 20 April 1792, therefore, they declared war on
Austria.
On 10 August 1792, an angry crowd threatened the palace of King

Louis XVI, who took refuge in the Legislative Assembly.[59][60] A
Prussian Army invaded France later in August 1792. In early
September, Parisians, infuriated by the Prussian Army capturing
Verdun and counter-revolutionary uprisings in the west of France,
murdered between 1,000 and 1,500 prisoners by raiding the Parisian
prisons. The Assembly and the Paris City Council seemed unable to
stop that bloodshed.[59][61] The National Convention, chosen in the
first elections under male universal suffrage,[59] on 20 September
1792 succeeded the Legislative Assembly and on 21 September Le Serment du Jeu de paume by
abolished the monarchy by proclaiming the French First Republic. Jacques-Louis David, 1791
Ex-King Louis XVI was convicted of treason and guillotined in
January 1793.
France had declared war on Great Britain and the
Dutch Republic in November 1792 and did the same on Spain in March 1793; in the spring of 1793, Austria
and Prussia invaded France; in March, France created a "sister republic" in the "Republic of Mainz", and
kept it under control.
Also in March 1793, the civil war of the Vendée against Paris started, evoked by both the Civil Constitution
of the Clergy of 1790 and the nationwide army conscription in early 1793; elsewhere in France rebellion was
brewing too. A factionalist feud in the National Convention, smouldering ever since October 1791, came to a
climax with the group of the 'Girondins' on 2 June 1793 being forced to resign and leave the convention.
The counter-revolution, begun in March 1793 in the Vendée, by July had spread to Brittany, Normandy,
Bordeaux, Marseilles, Toulon, and Lyon. Paris' Convention government between October and December
1793 with brutal measures managed to subdue most internal uprisings, at the cost of tens of thousands of
lives. Some historians consider the civil war to have lasted until 1796 with a toll of possibly 450,000
lives.[62] By the end of 1793, the allies had been driven from France. France in February 1794 abolished
slavery in its American colonies but would reintroduce it later.
Political disagreements and enmity in the National Convention between October 1793 and July 1794
reached unprecedented levels, leading to dozens of Convention members being sentenced to death and
guillotined. Meanwhile, France's external wars in 1794 were prospering, for example in Belgium. In 1795,
the government seemed to return to indifference towards the desires and needs of the lower classes
concerning freedom of (Catholic) religion and fair distribution of food. Until 1799, politicians, apart from
inventing a new parliamentary system (the 'Directory'), busied themselves with dissuading the people from
Catholicism and royalism.
Napoleon and 19th century (1799–1914)
Napoleon Bonaparte seized control of the Republic in 1799 becoming First Consul and later Emperor of the
French Empire (1804–1814; 1815). As a continuation of the wars sparked by the European monarchies
against the French Republic, changing sets of European Coalitions declared wars on Napoleon's Empire.
His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the battles of Jena-Auerstadt
or Austerlitz. Members of the Bonaparte family were appointed as monarchs in some of the newly
established kingdoms.[64]
These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the
metric system, the Napoleonic Code and the Declaration of the Rights of Man. In June 1812, Napoleon
attacked Russia, reaching Moscow. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease,
Russian attacks, and finally winter. After the catastrophic Russian campaign, and the ensuing uprising of
European monarchies against his rule, Napoleon was defeated and the
Bourbon monarchy restored. About a million Frenchmen died during
the Napoleonic Wars.[64] After his brief return from exile, Napoleon
was finally defeated in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo, the monarchy was
re-established (1815–1830), with new constitutional limitations.
The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the July

Revolution of 1830, which established the constitutional July
Monarchy. In that year, French troops began the conquest of Algeria,
establishing the first colonial presence in Africa since Napoleon's
abortive invasion of Egypt in 1798. In 1848, general unrest led to the
February Revolution and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of
slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage, which were
briefly enacted during the French Revolution, was re-enacted in 1848.
In 1852, the president of the French Republic, Louis-Napoléon
Bonaparte, Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the
Second Empire, as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions
abroad, especially in Crimea, Mexico and Italy which resulted in the
annexation of the Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice, then part of
the Kingdom of Sardinia. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in
Napoleon, Emperor of the French, the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and his regime was replaced by the
built a vast empire across Europe. Third Republic. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete,
His conquests spread the ideals of and approximately 825,000 Algerians had been killed from famine,
the French Revolution across much disease, and violence.[65]
of the continent, such as popular
sovereignty, equality before the law,
republicanism and administrative
reorganisation while his legal
reforms had a major impact
worldwide. Nationalism, especially
in Germany, emerged in reaction
against him.[63]
France had colonial possessions, in

various forms, since the beginning of the
17th century, but in the 19th and 20th
Animated map of the growth and decline of the French colonial empire
centuries, its global overseas colonial
empire extended greatly and became the
second-largest in the world behind the British Empire.[15] Including metropolitan France, the total area of
land under French sovereignty almost reached 13 million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 8.6%
of the world's land. Known as the Belle Époque, the turn of the century was a period characterised by
optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In
1905, state secularism was officially established.
Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)
France was invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain to start World War I in August 1914. A rich
industrial area in the northeast was occupied. France and the Allies emerged victorious against the Central
Powers at a tremendous human and material cost. World War I left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of
its population.[66] Between 27 and 30% of soldiers conscripted from 1912 to 1915 were killed.[67] The
interbellum years were marked by intense international tensions and a variety of social reforms introduced
by the Popular Front government (annual leave, eight-hour workdays, women in government).
In 1940, France was invaded and quickly defeated by Nazi Germany.

France was divided into a German occupation zone in the north, an
Italian occupation zone in the southeast and an unoccupied territory,
the rest of France, which consisted of the southern French metropolitan
territory (two-fifths of pre-war metropolitan France) and the French
empire, which included the two protectorates of French Tunisia and
French Morocco, and French Algeria; the Vichy government, a newly
established authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the
unoccupied territory. Free France, the government-in-exile led
French Poilus posing with their war- by Charles de Gaulle, was set up in London.
torn flag in 1917, during World War I
From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around
75,000 Jews,[68] were deported to death camps and concentration
camps in Germany and occupied Poland.[69] In September 1943, Corsica was the first French metropolitan
territory to liberate itself from the Axis. On 6 June 1944, the Allies invaded Normandy and in August they
invaded Provence. Over the following year, the Allies and the French Resistance emerged victorious over
the Axis powers and French sovereignty was restored with the establishment of the Provisional
Government of the French Republic (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, aimed to
continue to wage war against Germany and to purge collaborators from office. It also made several
important reforms (suffrage extended to women, the creation of a social security system).
Contemporary period (1946–present)
The GPRF laid the groundwork for a new constitutional order that resulted in
the Fourth Republic (1946–1958), which saw spectacular economic growth (les
Trente Glorieuses). France was one of the founding members of NATO (1949).
France attempted to regain control of French Indochina but was defeated by
the Viet Minh in 1954 at the climactic Battle of Dien Bien Phu. Only months
later, France faced another anti-colonialist conflict in Algeria, then treated as
an integral part of France and home to over one million European settlers.
During the conflict, the French systematically used torture and repression,
including extrajudicial killings to keep control of Algeria.[70]
This conflict
wracked the country and nearly led to a coup and civil war in France.[71]
During the May 1958 crisis, the weak and unstable Fourth Republic gave way
to the Fifth Republic, which included a strengthened Presidency.[72] In the
latter role, Charles de Gaulle managed to keep the country together while Charles de Gaulle took an
taking steps to end the Algerian War. The war was concluded with the Évian active part in many major
Accords in 1962 which led to Algerian independence. Algerian independence events of the 20th century:
came at a high price: it resulted in between half a million and one million a hero of World War I,
deaths and over 2 million internally displaced Algerians.[73] Around one leader of the Free French
million Pied-Noirs and Harkis fled from Algeria to France upon during World War II, he then
became President, where
independence.[74] A vestige of the colonial empire are the French overseas
he facilitated
departments and territories.
decolonisation, maintained
In the context of the Cold War, De Gaulle pursued a policy of "national France as a major power
independence" towards the Western and Eastern blocs. To this end, he and overcame the revolt of
May 1968.
withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining in the
NATO alliance itself), launched a nuclear development programme and made
France the fourth nuclear power. He restored cordial Franco-German relations
to create a European counterweight between the American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he
opposed any development of a supranational Europe, favouring a Europe of sovereign nations. In the wake
of the series of worldwide protests of 1968, the revolt of May 1968 had an enormous social impact. In
France, it was the watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal

(religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted towards a more liberal
moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt
was a political failure (as the Gaullist party emerged even stronger than before)
it announced a split between the French people and de Gaulle who resigned
shortly after.[76]
In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed The May 68 protests, a
economies in the world but faced several economic crises that resulted in high massive social movement,
would ultimately led to
unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st
many social changes, such
centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a
as the right to abortion,
supranational European Union, notably by signing the Maastricht Treaty
women empowerment as
(which created the European Union) in 1992, establishing the Eurozone in
well as the decriminalisation
1999 and signing the Lisbon Treaty in 2007.[77] France has also gradually but
of homosexuality.[75]
fully reintegrated into NATO and has since participated in most NATO-
sponsored wars.[78]
Since the 19th century, France has received many immigrants. These
have been mostly male foreign workers from European Catholic
countries who generally returned home when not employed.[79] During
the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants
(mostly from the Maghreb)[79] to permanently settle in France with
their families and acquire French citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of
thousands of Muslims (especially in the larger cities) living in
subsidised public housing and suffering from very high unemployment
Republican marches were
rates.[80] Simultaneously France renounced the assimilation of
organised across France after the immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French traditional
January 2015 attacks perpetrated values and cultural norms. They were encouraged to retain their
by Islamist terrorists; they became distinctive cultures and traditions and required merely to integrate.[81]
the largest public rallies in French
history.
Since the 1995 Paris Métro and RER bombings, France has been
sporadically targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the Charlie
Hebdo attack in January 2015 which provoked the largest public rallies
in French history, gathering 4.4 million people,[82] the November 2015 Paris attacks which resulted in 130
deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II[83] and the deadliest in the European Union
since the Madrid train bombings in 2004,[84] as well as the 2016 Nice truck attack, which caused 87 deaths
during Bastille Day celebrations. Opération Chammal, France's military efforts to contain ISIS, killed over
1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.[85]
Geography
Location and borders
The vast majority of France's territory and population is situated in Western Europe and is called
Metropolitan France, to distinguish it from the country's various overseas polities. It is bordered by the
North Sea in the north, the English Channel in the northwest, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the
Mediterranean sea in the southeast. Its land borders consist of Belgium and Luxembourg in the northeast,
Germany and Switzerland in the east, Italy and Monaco in the southeast, and Andorra and Spain in the
south and southwest. Except for the northeast, most of France's land borders are roughly delineated by
natural boundaries and geographic features: to the south and southeast, the Pyrenees and the Alps and the
Jura, respectively, and to the east, the Rhine river. Due to its shape, France is often referred to as
l'Hexagone ("The Hexagon"). Metropolitan France includes various coastal islands, of which the largest is
Corsica. Metropolitan France is situated mostly between latitudes 41°

and 51° N, and longitudes 6° W and 10° E, on the western edge of
Europe, and thus lies within the northern temperate zone. Its
continental part covers about 1000 km from north to south and from
east to west.
France has several overseas regions across the world, which are
organised as follows:
five have the same status as mainland France's regions and

departments:
French Guiana in South America;
Guadeloupe in the Caribbean;
A relief map of Metropolitan France,
Martinique in the Caribbean;
showing cities with over 100,000
Mayotte in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa; inhabitants
Réunion in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa.
nine have special legal status distinct from mainland France's
regions and departments:
In the Atlantic Ocean: Saint Pierre and Miquelon and, in the
Antilles: Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy.
In the Pacific Ocean: French Polynesia, the special
collectivity of New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna and
Clipperton Island.
In the Indian Ocean: the Kerguelen Islands, Crozet Islands,
St. Paul and Amsterdam islands, and the Scattered Islands in
the Indian Ocean
In the Antarctic: Adélie Land. Mont Blanc, the highest summit in
Western Europe, marks the border with
France has land borders with Brazil and Suriname via French Guiana Italy.
and with the Kingdom of the Netherlands through the French
portion of Saint Martin.
Metropolitan France covers 551,500 square kilometres (212,935 sq mi),[86] the largest among European
Union members.[21] France's total land area, with its overseas departments and territories (excluding
Adélie Land), is 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi), 0.45% of the total land area on Earth. France possesses a
wide variety of landscapes, from coastal plains in the north and west to mountain ranges of the Alps in the
southeast, the Massif Central in the south-central and Pyrenees in the southwest.
Due to its numerous overseas departments and territories scattered across the planet, France possesses the
second-largest Exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,261,000 sq mi),
just behind the EEZ of the United States, which covers 11,351,000 km2 (4,383,000 sq mi), but ahead of the
EEZ of Australia, which covers 8,148,250 km2 (3,146,000 sq mi). Its EEZ covers approximately 8% of the
total surface of all the EEZs of the world.
Geology, topography and hydrography
Metropolitan France has a wide variety of topographical sets and natural landscapes. Large parts of the
current territory of France were raised during several tectonic episodes like the Hercynian uplift in the
Paleozoic Era, during which the Armorican Massif, the Massif Central, the Morvan, the Vosges and
Ardennes ranges and the island of Corsica were formed. These massifs delineate several sedimentary basins
such as the Aquitaine basin in the southwest and the Paris basin in the north, the latter including several
areas of particularly fertile ground such as the silt beds of Beauce and
Brie. Various routes of natural passage, such as the Rhône Valley, allow
easy communication. The Alpine, Pyrenean and Jura mountains are
much younger and have less eroded forms. At 4,810.45 metres
(15,782 ft)[87] above sea level, Mont Blanc, located in the Alps on the
French and Italian border, is the highest point in Western Europe.
Although 60% of municipalities are classified as having seismic risks,
these risks remain moderate.
Geological formations near
Roussillon, Vaucluse The coastlines offer contrasting
landscapes: mountain ranges along
the French Riviera, coastal cliffs
such as the Côte d'Albâtre, and wide sandy plains in the Languedoc.
Corsica lies off the Mediterranean coast. France has an extensive river
system consisting of the four major rivers Seine, the Loire, the Garonne,
the Rhône and their tributaries, whose combined catchment includes
over 62% of the metropolitan territory. The Rhône divides the Massif
Central from the Alps and flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the Reed bed on the Gironde estuary,
Camargue. The Garonne meets the Dordogne just after Bordeaux, the largest estuary in Western
forming the Gironde estuary, the largest estuary in Western Europe Europe
which after approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) empties into the
Atlantic Ocean.[88] Other water courses drain towards the Meuse and
Rhine along the northeastern borders. France has 11 million square kilometres (4.2 ×106 sq mi) of marine
waters within three oceans under its jurisdiction, of which 97% are overseas.
Environment
France was one of the first countries to create an environment

ministry, in 1971.[89] Although it is one of the most industrialised
countries in the world, France is ranked only 19th by carbon
dioxide emissions, behind less populous nations such as Canada
or Australia. This is due to the country's heavy investment in
nuclear power following the 1973 oil crisis,[90] which now
accounts for 75 percent of its electricity production[91] and results Marine (blue), regional (green) and
in less pollution.[92][93] According to the 2020 Environmental national (red) parks in France (2019)
Performance Index conducted by Yale and Columbia, France was
the fifth most environmentally conscious country in the world
(behind the United Kingdom).[94][95]
Like all European Union state members, France agreed to cut carbon emissions by at least 20% of 1990
levels by 2020,[96] compared to the United States' plan to reduce emissions by 4% of 1990 levels.[97] As of
2009, French carbon dioxide emissions per capita were lower than that of China.[98] The country was set to
impose a carbon tax in 2009 at 17 euros per tonne of carbon emitted,[99] which would have raised 4 billion
euros of revenue annually.[100] However, the plan was abandoned due to fears of burdening French
businesses.[101]
Forests account for 31 percent of France's land area—the fourth-highest proportion in Europe—
representing an increase of 7 percent since 1990.[102][103][104] French forests are some of the most diverse
in Europe, comprising more than 140 species of trees.[105] France had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity
Index mean score of 4.52/10, ranking it 123rd globally out of 172 countries.[106] There are nine national
parks[107] and 46 natural parks in France,[108] with the government planning to convert 20% of its
Exclusive economic zone into a Marine protected area by 2020.[109] A regional nature park[110] (French:
parc naturel régional or PNR) is a public establishment in France between local authorities and the
national government covering an inhabited rural area of outstanding beauty, to protect the scenery and
heritage as well as setting up sustainable economic development in the area.[111] A PNR sets goals and
guidelines for managed human habitation, sustainable economic development and protection of the natural
environment based on each park's unique landscape and heritage. The parks foster ecological research
programmes and public education in the natural sciences.[112] As of 2019 there are 54 PNRs in France.[113]
Administrative divisions
The French Republic is divided into 18 regions (located in Europe and overseas), five overseas collectivities,
one overseas territory, one special collectivity – New Caledonia and one uninhabited island directly under
the authority of the Minister of Overseas France – Clipperton.
Regions
Since 2016, France is mainly divided into 18 United Kingdom

administrative regions: 13 regions in Belgium
metropolitan France (including the territorial Channel Hauts-de-
Luxembourg
[114] France
collectivity of Corsica), and five located Germany
overseas.[86] The regions are further Normandy Île-de-
Grand Est
subdivided into 101 departments,[115] which Guadeloupe Brittany France
are numbered mainly alphabetically. This
Pays de
Centre-
number is used in postal codes and was Martinique la Loire Val de Loire Bourgogne-
Bay of
Franche-
Switzerland
formerly used on French vehicle number Comté
Biscay
plates. Among the 101 departments of
France, five (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Nouvelle-
Auvergne-
Martinique, Mayotte, and Réunion) are in Aquitaine Rhône-Alpes

Italy
overseas regions (ROMs) that are also French Guiana
simultaneously overseas departments Provence-
Occitania Alpes-
(DOMs), enjoy the same status as Suriname Côte d'Azur Ligurian
metropolitan departments and are an Sea

Mediterranean
integral part of the European Union. Brazil Sea

Andorra
Spain Corsica
The 101 departments are subdivided into 335 MayotteRéunion
arrondissements, which are, in turn,
subdivided into 2,054 cantons.[116] These
cantons are then divided into 36,658 communes, which are municipalities with an elected municipal
council.[116] Three communes—Paris, Lyon and Marseille—are subdivided into 45 municipal
arrondissements.
The regions, departments and communes are all known as territorial collectivities, meaning they possess
local assemblies as well as an executive. Arrondissements and cantons are merely administrative divisions.
However, this was not always the case. Until 1940, the arrondissements were territorial collectivities with
an elected assembly, but these were suspended by the Vichy regime and abolished by the Fourth Republic
in 1946.
Overseas territories and collectivities
In addition to the 18 regions and 101 departments, the French Republic has five overseas collectivities
(French Polynesia, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and Wallis and Futuna), one
sui generis collectivity (New Caledonia), one overseas territory (French Southern and Antarctic Lands), and
one island possession in the Pacific Ocean (Clipperton Island).
Overseas collectivities and territories form part of the French Republic, but do not form part of the
European Union or its fiscal area (except for St. Bartelemy, which seceded from Guadeloupe in 2007). The
Pacific Collectivities (COMs) of French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna, and New Caledonia continue to use
the CFP franc[117] whose value is strictly linked to that of the euro. In contrast, the five overseas regions
used the French franc and now use the euro.[118]
Name Constitutional status Capital

Clipperton State private property under the direct
Uninhabited
Island authority of the French government
French Designated as an overseas land (pays

d'outre-mer or POM), the status is the Papeete
Polynesia same as an overseas collectivity.
French
Overseas territory (territoire d'outre-mer Port-aux-
Southern and or TOM) Français
Antarctic Lands
New
Sui generis collectivity Nouméa
Caledonia
The lands making up the French
Saint Overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-
Gustavia Republic, shown at the same
Barthélemy mer or COM)
geographic scale
Marigot
Martin mer or COM)
Pierre and mer or COM). Still referred to as a Saint-Pierre
Miquelon collectivité territoriale.
Wallis and Overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-

mer or COM). Still referred to as a Mata-Utu
Futuna territoire.
Government and politics
Government
France is a representative democracy organised as a unitary, semi-

presidential republic.[119] As one of the earliest republics of the
modern world, democratic traditions and values are deeply rooted
in French culture, identity and politics.[120] The Constitution of the
Fifth Republic was approved by referendum on 28 September
1958, establishing a framework consisting of executive, legislative
and judicial branches.[121] It sought to address the instability of the
Third and Fourth Republics by combining elements of both
parliamentary and presidential systems, whilst greatly
Emmanuel Macron
Élisabeth Borne
strengthening the authority of the executive relative to the
President Prime Minister legislature.[120]
The executive branch has two leaders. The President of the Republic, currently Emmanuel Macron, is the
head of state, elected directly by universal adult suffrage for a five-year term.[122] The Prime Minister,
currently Élisabeth Borne, is the head of government, appointed by the President of the Republic to lead
the Government of France. The President has the power to dissolve

Parliament or circumvent it by submitting referendums directly to the
people; the President also appoints judges and civil servants, negotiates
and ratifies international agreements, as well as serves as commander-
in-chief of the Armed Forces. The Prime Minister determines public
policy and oversees the civil service, with an emphasis on domestic
matters.[123] In the 2022 presidential election president Macron was re-
elected.[124]
The legislature consists of the French Parliament, a bicameral body

comprising a lower house, the National Assembly (Assemblée Official logo of the French Republic
nationale) and an upper house, the Senate.[125] Legislators in the
National Assembly, known as députés, represent local constituencies
and are directly elected for five-year terms.[126] The Assembly has the
power to dismiss the government by majority vote. Senators are chosen
by an electoral college for six-year terms, with half the seats submitted
to election every three years.[127] The Senate's legislative powers are
limited; in the event of disagreement between the two chambers, the
National Assembly has the final say.[128] The parliament is responsible
for determining the rules and principles concerning most areas of law,
political amnesty, and fiscal policy; however, the government may draft The National Assembly is the lower
specific details concerning most laws. house of the French Parliament.
Until World War II, Radicals were a strong political force in France,
embodied by the Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party which
was the most important party of the Third Republic. Since World War II, they were marginalised while
French politics became characterised by two politically opposed groupings: one left-wing, centred on the
French Section of the Workers' International and its successor the Socialist Party (since 1969); and the
other right-wing, centred on the Gaullist Party, whose name changed over time to the Rally of the French
People (1947), the Union of Democrats for the Republic (1958), the Rally for the Republic (1976), the Union
for a Popular Movement (2007) and The Republicans (since 2015). In the 2017 presidential and legislative
elections, the radical centrist party La République En Marche! (LREM) became the dominant force,
overtaking both Socialists and Republicans. LREM's main opponent in both the 2017 and 2022 elections
has been the growing far-right party National Rally.
The electorate is constitutionally empowered to vote on amendments passed by the Parliament and bills
submitted by the president. Referendums have played a key role in shaping French politics and even
foreign policy; voters have decided on such matters as Algeria's independence, the election of the president
by popular vote, the formation of the EU, and the reduction of presidential term limits.[129] Waning civic
participation has been a matter of vigorous public debate, with a majority of the public reportedly
supporting mandatory voting as a solution in 2019. However, at least as of 2017, voter turnout was 75
percent during recent elections, higher than the OECD average of 68 percent.[130]
Law
France uses a civil legal system, wherein law arises primarily from written statutes;[86] judges are not to
make law, but merely to interpret it (though the amount of judicial interpretation in certain areas makes it
equivalent to case law in a common law system). Basic principles of the rule of law were laid in the
Napoleonic Code (which was, in turn, largely based on the royal law codified under Louis XIV). In
agreement with the principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the law should
only prohibit actions detrimental to society. As Guy Canivet, first president of the Court of Cassation wrote
about the management of prisons: "Freedom is the rule, and its restriction is the exception; any restriction
of Freedom must be provided for by Law and must follow the principles of necessity and proportionality."
That is, Law should lay out prohibitions only if they are needed, and if the inconveniences caused by this
restriction do not exceed the inconveniences that the prohibition is supposed to remedy.
French law is divided into two principal areas: private law and public law.
Private law includes, in particular, civil law and criminal law. Public law
includes, in particular, administrative law and constitutional law. However, in
practical terms, French law comprises three principal areas of law: civil law,
criminal law, and administrative law. Criminal laws can only address the
future and not the past (criminal ex post facto laws are prohibited).[131] While
administrative law is often a subcategory of civil law in many countries, it is
completely separated in France and each body of law is headed by a specific
supreme court: ordinary courts (which handle criminal and civil litigation) are
headed by the Court of Cassation and administrative courts are headed by the
Council of State.
To be applicable, every law must be officially published in the Journal officiel The basic principles that the
de la République française. French Republic must
respect are found in the
France does not recognise religious law as a motivation for the enactment of 1789 Declaration of the
prohibitions; it has long abolished blasphemy laws and sodomy laws (the latter Rights of Man and of the
in 1791). However, "offences against public decency" (contraires aux bonnes Citizen.
mœurs) or disturbing public order (trouble à l'ordre public) have been used to
repress public expressions of homosexuality or street prostitution. Since 1999,
civil unions for homosexual couples are permitted, and since 2013, same-sex marriage and LGBT adoption
are legal.[132] Laws prohibiting discriminatory speech in the press are as old as 1881. Some consider hate
speech laws in France to be too broad or severe, undermining freedom of speech.[133]
France has laws
against racism and antisemitism,[134] while the 1990 Gayssot Act prohibits Holocaust denial.
Freedom of religion is constitutionally guaranteed by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen. The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State is the basis for laïcité (state
secularism): the state does not formally recognise any religion, except in Alsace-Moselle. Nonetheless, it
does recognise religious associations. The Parliament has listed many religious movements as dangerous
cults since 1995 and has banned wearing conspicuous religious symbols in schools since 2004. In 2010, it
banned the wearing of face-covering Islamic veils in public; human rights groups such as Amnesty
International and Human Rights Watch described the law as discriminatory towards Muslims.[135][136]
However, it is supported by most of the population.[137]
Foreign relations
France is a founding member of the United Nations and serves as one of

the permanent members of the UN Security Council with veto
rights.[140] In 2015, it was described as "the best networked state in the
world" due to its membership in more international institutions than
any other country;[141] these include the G7, World Trade Organization
(WTO),[142] the Pacific Community (SPC)[143] and the Indian Ocean 88 states and governments are part
Commission (COI).[144] It is an associate member of the Association of of La Francophonie,[138] which
promotes values of democracy,
Caribbean States (ACS)[145] and a leading member of the Organisation
multilingualism and cultural
internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) of 84 French-speaking
diversity.[139] France has been a key
countries.[146]
member of this global organisation
since its inception in 1970.
As a significant hub for international relations, France has the third-largest assembly of diplomatic
missions, second only to China and the United States, which are far more populous. It also hosts the
headquarters of several international organisations, including the OECD, UNESCO, Interpol, the
International Bureau of Weights and Measures, and the OIF.[147]
Postwar French foreign policy has been largely shaped by membership in the European Union, of which it
was a founding member. Since the 1960s, France has developed close ties with reunified Germany to
become the most influential driving force of the EU.[148] In the 1960s, France sought to exclude the British
from the European unification process,[149] seeking to build its standing in continental Europe. However,
since 1904, France has maintained an "Entente cordiale" with the United Kingdom, and there has been a
strengthening of links between the countries, especially militarily.
France is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO),

but under President de Gaulle excluded itself from the joint military
command, in protest of the Special Relationship between the United
States and Britain, and to preserve the independence of French foreign
and security policies. Under Nicolas Sarkozy, France rejoined the NATO
joint military command on 4 April 2009.[150][151][152]
France retains strong political and economic influence in its former

The European Parliament in
African colonies (Françafrique)[153] and has supplied economic aid and
Strasbourg, near the border with troops for peacekeeping missions in Ivory Coast and Chad.[154] From
(Germany). France is a founding 2012 to 2021, France and other African states intervened in support of
member of all EU institutions. the Malian government in the Northern Mali conflict.
In 2017, France was the world's fourth-largest donor of development

aid in absolute terms, behind the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom.[155] This represents
0.43% of its GNP, the 12th highest among the OECD.[156] Aid is provided by the governmental French
Development Agency, which finances primarily humanitarian projects in sub-Saharan Africa,[157] with an
emphasis on "developing infrastructure, access to health care and education, the implementation of
appropriate economic policies and the consolidation of the rule of law and democracy".[157]
Military
The French Armed Forces (Forces armées françaises) are the

military and paramilitary forces of France, under the
President of the Republic as supreme commander. They
consist of the French Army (Armée de Terre), the French
Navy (Marine Nationale, formerly called Armée de Mer), the
French Air and Space Force (Armée de l'Air et de l’Espace),
and the Military Police called National Gendarmerie
(Gendarmerie nationale), which also fulfils civil police duties
in the rural areas of France. Together they are among the
Examples of France's military. Clockwise from largest armed forces in the world and the largest in the EU.
top left: nuclear aircraft carrier Charles de According to a 2018 study by Crédit Suisse, the French Armed
Gaulle; a Dassault Rafale fighter aircraft; French Forces are ranked as the world's sixth-most powerful military,
Chasseurs Alpins patrolling the valleys of and the second most powerful in Europe after Russia.[158]
Kapisa province in Afghanistan; a Leclerc tank France's annual military expenditure in 2018 was
US$63.8 billion, or 2.3% of its GDP, making it the fifth
biggest military spender in the world after the United States,
China, Saudi Arabia, and India. [159] There has been no national conscription since 1997.[160]
France has been a recognised nuclear state since 1960. France has signed Bastille Day in Paris
and ratified the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)[161] and
acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The French nuclear force
(formerly known as "Force de Frappe") consists of four Triomphant class
submarines equipped with submarine-launched ballistic missiles. In
addition to the submarine fleet, it is estimated that France has about 60
ASMP medium-range air-to-ground missiles with nuclear warheads,[162]
of which around 50 are deployed by the Air and Space Force using the
Mirage 2000N long-range nuclear strike aircraft, while around 10 are National Gendarmerie
deployed by the French Navy's Super Étendard Modernisé (SEM) attack
aircraft, which operate from the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Charles
de Gaulle. The new Rafale F3 aircraft will gradually replace all Mirage
2000N and SEM in the nuclear strike role with the improved ASMP-A
missile with a nuclear warhead.
France has major military industries with one of the largest aerospace
industries in the world.[163][164] Its industries have produced such
equipment as the Rafale fighter, the Charles de Gaulle aircraft carrier, the Combined Arms School
Exocet missile and the Leclerc tank among others. France is actively
investing in European joint projects such as the Eurocopter Tiger,
multipurpose frigates, the UCAV demonstrator nEUROn and the Airbus
A400M. France is a major arms seller,[165][166] with most of its arsenal's
designs available for the export market, except for the nuclear-powered
devices.
One French intelligence unit, the Directorate-General for External National Active Non-
Security (Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure), is considered to be Commissioned Officers School
a component of the Armed Forces under the authority of the Ministry of
Defense. The other, the Central Directorate for Interior Intelligence
(Direction centrale du renseignement intérieur) is a division of the National Police Force (Direction
générale de la Police Nationale). France's cybersecurity capabilities are regularly ranked as some of the
most robust of any nation in the world.[167][168]
Government finance
The Government of France has run a budget deficit each year since the early 1970s. As of 2016, French
government debt levels reached 2.2 trillion euros, the equivalent of 96.4% of French GDP.[169] In late 2012,
credit rating agencies warned that growing French Government debt levels risked France's AAA credit
rating, raising the possibility of a future downgrade and subsequent higher borrowing costs for the French
authorities.[170]
However, in July 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the French government issued 10-
year bonds which had negative interest rates, for the first time in its history.[171] In 2020, France possessed
the fourth-largest gold reserves in the world.[1]
Economy
France has a developed, high-income mixed economy, characterised by sizeable government involvement,
economic diversity, a skilled labour force, and high innovation. For roughly two centuries, the French
economy has consistently ranked among the ten largest globally; it is currently the world's ninth-largest by
purchasing power parity, the seventh-largest by nominal GDP, and the second-largest in the European
Union by both metrics.[173] France is considered an economic power, with membership in the Group of
Seven leading industrialised countries, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD), and the Group of Twenty largest economies.
France's economy is highly diversified; services represent two-thirds of

both the workforce and GDP,[174] while the industrial sector accounts
for a fifth of GDP and a similar proportion of employment. France is the
third-biggest manufacturing country in Europe, behind Germany and
Italy, and ranks eighth in the world by share of global manufacturing La Défense (as seen from the Eiffel
output, at 1.9 percent.[175] Less than 2 percent of GDP is generated by Tower) was in 2017 ranked by Ernst
& Young as the leading Central
the primary sector, namely agriculture;[176] however, France's
business district in continental
agricultural sector is among the largest in value and leads the EU in
Europe, and the fourth in the
terms of overall production.[177]
world.[172]
In 2018, France was the fifth-largest trading nation in the world and the
second-largest in Europe, with the value of exports representing over a
fifth of GDP.[178] Its membership in the Eurozone and the broader European Single Market facilitates
access to capital, goods, services, and skilled labour.[179] Despite protectionist policies over certain
industries, particularly in agriculture, France has generally played a leading role in fostering free trade and
commercial integration in Europe to enhance its economy.[180][181] In 2019, it ranked first in Europe and
13th in the world in foreign direct investment, with European countries and the United States being leading
sources.[182] According to the Bank of France, the leading recipients of FDI were manufacturing, real estate,
finance and insurance.[183] The Paris region has the highest concentration of multinational firms in
Europe.[183]
Under the doctrine of Dirigisme, the government historically played a major role in the economy; policies
such as indicative planning and nationalisation are credited for contributing to three decades of
unprecedented postwar economic growth known as Trente Glorieuses. At its peak in 1982, the public sector
accounted for one-fifth of industrial employment and over four-fifths of the credit market. Beginning in the
late 20th century, France loosened regulations and state involvement in the economy, with most leading
companies now being privately owned; state ownership now dominates only transportation, defence and
broadcasting.[184] Policies aimed at promoting economic dynamism and privatisation have improved
France's economic standing globally: it is among the world's 10 most innovative countries in the 2020
Bloomberg Innovation Index,[185] and the 15th most competitive, according to the 2019 Global
Competitiveness Report (up two places from 2018).[186]
According to the IMF, France ranked 30th in GDP per capita, with roughly $45,000 per inhabitant. It
placed 23rd on the Human Development Index, indicating very high human development. Public
corruption is among the lowest in the world, with France consistently ranking among the 30 least corrupt
countries since the Corruption Perceptions Index began in 2012; it placed 22nd in 2021, up one place from
the previous year.[187][188] France is Europe's second-largest spender in research and development, at over
2 percent of GDP; globally, it ranks 12th.[189]
Financial services, banking, and insurance are important part of the economy. AXA is the world's second-
largest insurance company by total nonbanking assets in 2020.[190][191] As of 2011, the three largest
financial institutions cooperatively owned by their customers were French: Crédit Agricole, Groupe Caisse
D'Epargne, and Groupe Caisse D'Epargne.[192] According to a 2020 report by S&P Global Market
Intelligenc, France's leading banks, BNP Paribas and Crédit Agricole, are among the top world's 10 largest
bank by assets, with Société Générale and Groupe BPCE ranking 17th and 19th globally, respectively.[193]
The Paris stock exchange (French: La Bourse de Paris) is one of the oldest in the world, created by Louis
XV in 1724.[194] In 2000, it merged with counterparts in Amsterdam and Brussels to form Euronext,[195]
which in 2007 merged with the New York stock exchange to form NYSE Euronext, the world's largest stock
exchange.[195] Euronext Paris, the French branch of NYSE Euronext, is Europe's second-largest stock
exchange market, behind the London Stock Exchange.
Agriculture
France has historically been one of the world's major agricultural

centres and remains a "global agricultural powerhouse".[196][197]
Nicknamed "the granary of the old continent",[198] over half its
total land area is farmland, of which 45 percent is devoted to
permanent field crops such as cereals. The country's diverse
climate, extensive arable land, modern farming technology, and
EU subsidies have made it Europe's leading agricultural producer
and exporter;[199] it accounts for one-fifth of the EU's agricultural
production, including and over one-third of its oilseeds, cereals,
and wine.[200] As of 2017, France ranked first in Europe in beef
Composition of the French economy (GDP)
and cereals; second in dairy and aquaculture; and third in poultry,
in 2016 by expenditure type
fruits, vegetables, and manufactured chocolate products.[201]
France has the EU's largest cattle herd, at 18-19 million.[202]
France is the world's sixth-biggest exporter of agricultural products, generating a trade

surplus of over €7.4 billion.[201] Its primary agricultural exports are wheat, poultry,
dairy, beef, pork, and internationally recognised brands, particularly
beverages.[202][203] France is the fifth largest grower of wheat, after China, India,
Russia, and the United States, all of which are significantly larger.[202] It is the world's
top exporter of natural spring water, flax, malt, and potatoes.[201] In 2020, France
exported over €61 billion in agricultural products, compared to €37 billion in
2000.[204][205]
Champagne is
from the France was an early centre of viviculture, dating back to at least the sixth century BCE.
Champagne It is the world's second-largest producer of wine, with many varieties enjoying global
region in renown, such as Champagne and Bordeaux;[201] domestic consumption is also high,
Northeast particularly of Rosé. France produces rum primarily from overseas territories such as
France. Martinique, Guadeloupe and La Réunion.
Relative to other developed countries, agriculture is an important sector of France's

economy: 3.8% of the active population is employed in agriculture, whereas the total agri-food industry
made up 4.2% of the French GDP in 2005.[200] France remains the largest recipient of EU agricultural
subsidies, receiving an annual average of €8 billion from 2007 to 2019.[206][207]
Tourism
With 89 million international tourist arrivals in 2018,[208] France is the world's top tourist destination,
ahead of Spain (83 million) and the United States (80 million). However, it ranks third in tourism-derived
income due to the shorter duration of visits.[209] The most popular tourist sites include (annual visitors):
Eiffel Tower (6.2 million), Château de Versailles (2.8 million), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle
(2 million), Pont du Gard (1.5 million), Arc de Triomphe (1.2 million), Mont Saint-Michel (1 million),
Sainte-Chapelle (683,000), Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg (549,000), Puy de Dôme (500,000), Musée
Picasso (441,000), and Carcassonne (362,000).[210]
Paris region
France, especially Paris, has some of the world's largest and most renowned museums, including the
Louvre, which is the most visited art museum in the world (5.7 million), the Musée d'Orsay (2.1 million),
mostly devoted to Impressionism, the Musée de l'Orangerie (1.02 million), which is home to eight large
Water Lily murals by Claude Monet, as well as the Centre Georges Pompidou
(1.2 million), dedicated to contemporary art. Disneyland Paris is Europe's most
popular theme park, with 15 million combined visitors to the resort's
Disneyland Park and Walt Disney Studios Park in 2009.[211]
French Riviera
With more than 10 million tourists a year, the French Riviera (French: Côte
d'Azur), in Southeast France, is the second leading tourist destination in the
country, after the Paris region.[212] It benefits from 300 days of sunshine per
year, 115 kilometres (71 mi) of coastline and beaches, 18 golf courses, 14 ski
resorts and 3,000 restaurants.[213]: 31 Each year the Côte d'Azur hosts 50% of
the world's superyacht fleet.[213]: 66
Châteaux
With 6 million tourists a year, the castles of the Loire Valley (French: The Eiffel Tower is the
châteaux) and the Loire Valley itself are the third leading tourist destination in world's most-visited paid
France;[214][215] this World Heritage Site is noteworthy for its architectural monument, an icon of both
heritage, in its historic towns but in particular its castles, such as the Châteaux Paris and France.
d'Amboise, de Chambord, d'Ussé, de Villandry, Chenonceau and Montsoreau.
The Château de Chantilly, Versailles and Vaux-le-Vicomte, all three located
near Paris, are also visitor attractions.
Other protected areas
France has 37 sites inscribed in UNESCO's World Heritage List and features
cities of high cultural interest, beaches and seaside resorts, ski resorts, as well The Château de
as rural regions that many enjoy for their beauty and tranquillity (green Marqueyssac, featuring a
tourism). Small and picturesque French villages are promoted through the French formal garden, is
association Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (literally "The Most Beautiful one of the Remarkable
Villages of France"). The "Remarkable Gardens" label is a list of the over 200 Gardens of France.
gardens classified by the Ministry of Culture. This label is intended to protect
and promote remarkable gardens and parks. France attracts many religious
pilgrims on their way to St. James, or to Lourdes, a town in the Hautes-Pyrénées that hosts several million
visitors a year.
Energy
France is the world's tenth-largest producer of electricity.[216] Électricité de France (EDF), which is
majority-owned by the French government, is the country's main producer and distributor of electricity,
and one of the world's largest electric utility companies, ranking third in revenue globally.[217] In 2018,
EDF produced around one-fifth of the European Union's electricity, primarily from nuclear power.[218] As
of 2021, France was the biggest energy exporter in Europe, mostly to the U.K. and Italy,[219] and the largest
net exporter of electricity in the world.[219]
Since the 1973 oil crisis, France has pursued a strong policy of energy security,[219] namely through heavy
investment in nuclear energy. It is one of 32 countries with nuclear power plants, ranking second in the
world by the number of operational nuclear reactors, at 56.[220] Consequently, 70% of France's electricity is
generated by nuclear power, the highest proportion in the world by a wide margin;[221] only Slovakia and
Ukraine derive a majority of electricity from nuclear power, at roughly

53% and 51%, respectively.[222] France is considered a world leader in
nuclear technology, with reactors and fuel products being major
exports.[219]
Due to its overwhelming reliance on nuclear power, renewable energies

have seen relatively little growth compared to other Western countries.
Nevertheless, between 2008 and 2019, France's production capacity
from renewable energies rose consistently and nearly doubled.[223]
Belleville Nuclear Power Plant. Hydropower is by far the leading source, accounting for over half the
France derives most of its electricity country's renewable energy sources[224] and contributing 13% of its
from nuclear power, the highest electricity,[223] the highest proportion in Europe after Norway and
percentage in the world. Turkey.[224] As with nuclear power, most hydroelectric plants, such as
Eguzon, Étang de Soulcem, and Lac de Vouglans, are managed by
EDF.[224] France aims to further expand hydropower into 2040.[223]
France made minimal but measurable investments in other renewable energy sources. Due to its geography
and extensive agricultural land, it has the second-largest wind energy potential in Europe, and by 2017 had
ranked eighth globally in installed wind capacity.[225] In terms of solar power, France ranked seventh in the
world in 2015 for solar photovoltaic installation capacity.[226] As of 2019, solar power sources generated
over 10,570 megawatts of electricity, compared to a little over 1,000 megawatts in 2010.[227]
Because France derives the vast majority of its power from nuclear and renewable sources, close to half its
primary energy (48.5%) is derived from low-carbon sources, compared to 26.4% in Europe and 15.7% in the
world as a whole.[228] France is also the smallest emitter of carbon dioxide among the G7.[229]
Transport
France's railway network, which stretches 29,473 kilometres

(18,314 mi) as of 2008,[230] is the second most extensive in Western
Europe after Germany.[231] It is operated by the SNCF, and high-speed
trains include the Thalys, the Eurostar and TGV, which travels at
320 km/h (199 mph).[232] The Eurostar, along with the Eurotunnel
Shuttle, connects with the United Kingdom through the Channel
Tunnel. Rail connections exist to all other neighbouring countries in
Europe except Andorra. Intra-urban connections are also well A TGV Duplex crossing the Cize–
developed, with most major cities having underground or tramway Bolozon viaduct. The train can
services complementing bus services. reach a maximum speed of 360
kilometres per hour (220 mph).
There are approximately 1,027,183 kilometres (638,262 mi) of
serviceable roadway in France, ranking it the most extensive network of
the European continent.[233] The Paris region is enveloped with the densest network of roads and
highways, which connect it with virtually all parts of the country. French roads also handle substantial
international traffic, connecting with cities in neighbouring Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland,
Italy, Spain, Andorra and Monaco. There is no annual registration fee or road tax; however, usage of the
mostly privately owned motorways is through tolls except in the vicinity of large communes. The new car
market is dominated by domestic brands such as Renault, Peugeot and Citroën.[234] France possesses the
Millau Viaduct, the world's tallest bridge,[235] and has built many important bridges such as the Pont de
Normandie. Diesel and gasoline-fuelled cars and lorries cause a large part of the country's air pollution and
greenhouse gas emissions.[236][237]
There are 464 airports in France.[86] Charles de Gaulle Airport, located

in the vicinity of Paris, is the largest and busiest airport in the country,
handling the vast majority of popular and commercial traffic and
connecting Paris with virtually all major cities across the world. Air
France is the national carrier airline, although numerous private airline
companies provide domestic and international travel services. There are
ten major ports in France, the largest of which is in Marseille,[238]
which also is the largest bordering the Mediterranean Sea.[239]12,261
kilometres (7,619 mi) of waterways traverse France including the Canal Air France is one of the biggest
du Midi, which connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean airlines in the world.
through the Garonne river.[86]
Science and technology

Since the Middle Ages, France has been a major contributor to scientific and
technological achievement. In the early 11th century, the French-born Pope
Sylvester II reintroduced the abacus and armillary sphere and introduced
Arabic numerals and clocks to much of Europe.[241] The University of Paris,
founded in the mid-12th century, is still one of the most important academic
institutions in the Western world.[242] In the 17th century, mathematician
René Descartes pioneered rationalism as a method for acquiring scientific
knowledge, while Blaise Pascal became famous for his work on probability and
fluid mechanics; both were key figures of the Scientific Revolution, which
blossomed in Europe during this period. The French Academy of Sciences,
founded in the mid-17th century by Louis XIV to encourage and protect French
scientific research, was one of the earliest national scientific institutions in
history; it was at the forefront of scientific developments in Europe for the next
France is in 2020 the two centuries.
biggest national financial
contributor to the European
The Age of Enlightenment was marked by the work of biologist Buffon, one of
the first naturalists to recognise ecological succession, and chemist Lavoisier,
Space Agency,[240] which
who discovered the role of oxygen in combustion. Diderot and D'Alembert
conceived the Ariane rocket
family, launched from
published the Encyclopédie, which aimed to give the public access to "useful
French Guiana (Ariane 5 knowledge" that could be applied to everyday life.[243] The Industrial
pictured). Revolution of the 19th century saw spectacular scientific developments in
France, with Augustin Fresnel founding modern optics, Sadi Carnot laying the
foundations of thermodynamics, and Louis Pasteur pioneering microbiology.
Other eminent French scientists of the period have their names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.
Famous French scientists of the 20th century include the mathematician and physicist Henri Poincaré;
physicists Henri Becquerel, Pierre and Marie Curie, who remain famous for their work on radioactivity;
physicist Paul Langevin; and virologist Luc Montagnier, co-discoverer of HIV AIDS. Hand transplantation
was developed in Lyon in 1998 by an international team that included Jean-Michel Dubernard, who
afterward performed the first successful double hand transplant.[244] Telesurgery was first performed by
French surgeons led by Jacques Marescaux on 7 September 2001 across the Atlantic Ocean.[245] A face
transplant was first done on 27 November 2005 by Dr Bernard Devauchelle.[246][247]
France was the fourth country to achieve nuclear capability[248] and has the third largest nuclear weapons
arsenal in the world;[249] it is also a leader in civilian nuclear technology.[250][251][252] France was the third
nation, after the Soviet Union and the United States, to launch its space satellite and the first to establish a
commercial launch service provider, Arianespace. The French national space programme, CNES, is the
third oldest in the world, and the oldest, largest, and most active in Europe. France is a founding member
of the European Space Agency (ESA), contributing over a quarter of its budget, the most of any member
state.[253] ESA is headquartered in Paris, has its principal spaceport in French Guiana, and utilises the
French-made Ariane 5 as its primary launch vehicle.[254][255][256] Airbus, a leading aerospace company and
the world's largest airline manufacturer, was formed partly from the French company, Aérospatiale; its
main commercial airline business is conducted through its French division, Airbus S.A.S.
France also hosts major international research facilities, including the

European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, the Institut Laue–Langevin,
and Minatec, Europe's leading nanotechnology research centre. It is
also a major member of CERN, which operates the largest particle
physics laboratory in the world and is its third largest contributor.
France pioneered and hosts ITER, an international effort to develop
nuclear fusion energy, which is the world's biggest megaproject.
The TGV, developed by France's national railway company, the SNCF, is The European Synchrotron
a high-speed train that holds a series of world speed records; in 2007, it Radiation Facility in Grenoble
became the fastest commercial wheeled train, achieving a speed of
574.8 km/h (357.2 mph).[257] As of 2021, it is the third-fastest train in
the world, surpassed only by maglev models that utilise magnetic levitation.[258] Western Europe is now
serviced by a network of TGV lines.
The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the state research agency, is the largest research
institute in Europe and among the most prominent internationally; according to the 2020 Nature Index, it
ranks fourth in the share of articles published in scientific journals worldwide,[259] with France as a whole
having the sixth-highest share.[260]
As of 2022, France ranks fourth in the number of Nobel laureates, with 70 French people having been
awarded a Nobel Prize.[261] Twelve French mathematicians have received a Fields Medal, considered the
most prestigious award in the field, making up one-fifth of total recipients,[262] and second only to the
United States.
France ranked 12th in the 2022 Global Innovation Index, compared to 12th in 2020 and 16th in
2019.[263][264][265][266]
Demographics
With an estimated July 2022 population of 67,897,000 people,[8] France is the 20th most populous
country in the world, the third-most populous in Europe (after Russia and Germany), and the second most
populous in the European Union (after Germany).
France is an outlier among developed countries, particularly in Europe, for its relatively high rate of natural
population growth: By birth rates alone, it was responsible for almost all natural population growth in the
European Union in 2006.[267] Between 2006 and 2016, France saw the second-highest overall increase in
population in the EU and was one of only four EU countries where natural births accounted for the most
population growth.[268] This was the highest rate since the end of the baby boom in 1973 and coincides with
the rise of the total fertility rate from a nadir of 1.7 in 1994 to 2.0 in 2010.
As of January 2021, the fertility rate declined slightly to 1.84 children per woman, below the replacement
rate of 2.1, and considerably below the high of 4.41 in 1800.[269][270][271][272] France's fertility rate and
crude birth rate nonetheless remain among the highest in the EU. However, like many developed nations,
the French population is aging; the average age is 41.7 years, while about a fifth of French people is 65 or
over.[273] The average life expectancy at birth is 82.7 years, the 12th highest in the world.
From 2006 to 2011, population growth averaged 0.6

percent per year;[274] since 2011, annual growth has
been between 0.4 and 0.5 percent annually.[275]
Immigrants are major contributors to this trend; in
2010, 27 percent of newborns in metropolitan France
had at least one foreign-born parent and another 24
percent had at least one parent born outside Europe
(excluding French overseas territories).[276]
Ethnic groups
Most French people are of Celtic-Gallic origin, with a

significant admixture of Italic (Romans) and
Germanic (Franks) groups reflecting centuries of
respective migration and settlement.[277] Through
the course of the Middle Ages, France incorporated
various neighbouring ethnic and linguistic groups, as Population density in France by arrondissement. The main
evidenced by Breton elements in the west, urban areas are visible, notably the Paris (centre-north),
Aquitanian in the southwest, Scandinavian in the Lille (north), Marseille (southeast) and Lyon (centre-
northwest, Alemannic in the northeast, and Ligurian southeast) urban areas.
in the southeast.
Large-scale immigration over the last century and a half have led to a more multicultural society; beginning
with the French Revolution, and further codified in the French Constitution of 1958, the government is
prohibited from collecting data on ethnicity and ancestry; most demographic information is drawn from
private sector organisations or academic institutions. In 2004, the Institut Montaigne estimated that
within Metropolitan France, 51 million people were White (85% of the population), 6 million were
Northwest African (10%), 2 million were Black (3.3%), and 1 million were Asian (1.7%).[278][279]
A 2008 poll conducted jointly by INED and the French National Institute of Statistics[280][281] estimated
that the largest ancestry groups were Italian (5 million), followed by Northwest African (3-6
million),[282][283][284] Sub-Saharan African (2.5 million), Armenian (500,000), and Turkish
(200,000).[285] There are also sizeable minorities of other European ethnic groups, namely Spanish,
Portuguese, Polish, and Greek.[282][286][287] France has a significant Gitan (Romani) population,
numbering between 20,000 and 400,000;[288] many foreign Roma are expelled back to Bulgaria and
Romania frequently.[289]
Immigration
Number of immigrants[XIII] living in France by region of birth

UN SDG region 2019 census 2009 census Growth
Northern Africa and Western Asia 2,425,200 1,983,600 +22.3%
Europe 2,297,400 2,076,200 +10.7%
Sub-Saharan Africa 1,123,800 667,500 +68.4%
Eastern and South-Eastern Asia 311,400 293,100 +6.2%
Latin America and the Caribbean 307,650 233,900 +31.5%
Central and Southern Asia 205,600 120,100 +71.2%
Northern America 54,600 51,600 +5.8%
Australia, NZ, and Oceania 7,950 6,700 +18.7%
TOTAL 6,733,600 5,432,700 +23.9%
Sources: INSEE census figures,[290] UN SDG regions.[291]
Note: Figures for 2019 refer to Metropolitan France and the 5 overseas regions
(Mayotte included). Figures for 2009 do not include Mayotte. The overseas
collectivities in the Pacific Ocean are included neither in 2009 nor in 2019.
It is currently estimated that 40% of the French population is descended at least partially from the different
waves of immigration since the early 20th century;[292] between 1921 and 1935 alone, about 1.1 million net
immigrants came to France.[293] The next largest wave came in the 1960s when around 1.6 million pieds
noirs returned to France following the independence of its Northwest African possessions, Algeria and
Morocco.[294][295] They were joined by numerous former colonial subjects from North and West Africa, as
well as numerous European immigrants from Spain and Portugal.
France remains a major destination for immigrants, accepting about 200,000 legal immigrants
annually.[296] In 2005, it was Western Europe's leading recipient of asylum seekers, with an estimated
50,000 applications (albeit a 15% decrease from 2004).[297] In 2010, France received about 48,100 asylum
applications—placing it among the top five asylum recipients in the world[298] and in subsequent years it
saw the number of applications increase, ultimately doubling to 100,412 in 2017.[299] The European Union
allows free movement between the member states, although France established controls to curb Eastern
European migration, and immigration remains a contentious political issue.
In 2008, the INSEE (National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies) estimated that the total number
of foreign-born immigrants was around 5 million (8% of the population), while their French-born
descendants numbered 6.5 million, or 11% of the population. Thus, nearly a fifth of the country's population
were either first or second-generation immigrants, of which more than 5 million were of European origin
and 4 million of Maghrebi ancestry.[300][301][302] In 2008, France granted citizenship to 137,000 persons,
mostly from Morocco, Algeria and Turkey.[303]
In 2014, the INSEE reported a significant increase in the number of immigrants coming from Spain,
Portugal and Italy between 2009 and 2012. According to the French Institute, this increase resulted from
the financial crisis that hit several European countries in that period.[304] Statistics on Spanish immigrants
in France show a growth of 107 percent between 2009 and 2012, with the population growing from 5,300
to 11,000.[304] Of the total of 229,000 foreigners who were in France in 2012, nearly 8% were Portuguese,
5% British, 5% Spanish, 4% Italian, 4% German, 3% Romanian, and 3% Belgian.[304]
Major cities
France is a highly urbanised country, with its largest cities (in terms of metropolitan area population in
2019[305]) being Paris (13,114,718 inh.), Lyon (2,280,845), Marseille (1,873,270), Lille (1,510,079),
Toulouse (1,454,158), Bordeaux (1,363,711), Nantes (1,011,020), Strasbourg (853,110), Montpellier
(801,595), and Rennes (755,668). (Note: since its 2020 revision of metropolitan area borders, INSEE
considers that Nice is a metropolitan area separate from the Cannes-Antibes metropolitan area; these two
combined would have a population of 1,008,296, as of the 2019 census). Rural flight was a perennial
political issue throughout most of the 20th century.
Largest metropolitan areas in France

2019 census
Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop.
Auvergne-
1 Paris Île-de-France 13,114,718 11 Grenoble Rhône- 717,469
Alpes
Auvergne-
2 Lyon 2,280,845 12 Rouen Normandy 705,627
Rhône-Alpes
Provence-
Provence-
Alpes-
3 Marseille Alpes-Côte 1,873,270 13 Nice 615,126
Côte
d'Azur
d'Azur
Provence-
Hauts-de- Alpes-
4 Lille 1,510,079 14 Toulon 573,230

France Côte
d'Azur
Occitania Centre-
5 Toulouse (administrative 1,454,158 15 Tours Val de 519,778 Marseille
Paris
region) Loire
Nouvelle-
6 Bordeaux 1,363,711 16 Nancy Grand Est 510,306

Aquitaine
Auvergne-
Pays de la Clermont-
7 Nantes 1,011,020 17 Rhône- 507,479
Loire Ferrand Lille
Lyon Alpes
Auvergne-
Saint-
8 Strasbourg Grand Est 853,110 18 Rhône- 498,849
Étienne
Alpes
Occitania
9 Montpellier (administrative 801,595 19 Caen Normandy 472,161
region)
Centre-
10 Rennes Brittany 755,668 20 Orléans Val de 451,373
Loire
Language
According to Article 2 of the Constitution, the official language of France is French,[306] a Romance
language derived from Latin. Since 1635, the Académie française has been France's official authority on the
French language, although its recommendations carry no legal weight. There are also regional languages
spoken in France, such as Occitan, Breton, Catalan, Flemish (Dutch dialect), Alsatian (German dialect),
Basque, and Corsican (Italian dialect). Italian was the official language of Corsica until 9 May 1859.[307]
The Government of France does not regulate the choice of language in publications by individuals, but the
use of French is required by law in commercial and workplace communications. In addition to mandating
the use of French in the territory of the Republic, the French government tries to promote French in the
European Union and globally through institutions such as the Organisation internationale de la
Francophonie. The perceived threat from anglicisation has prompted efforts to safeguard the position of the
French language in France. Besides French, there exist

77 vernacular minority languages of France, eight
spoken in French metropolitan territory and 69 in the
French overseas territories.
From the 17th to the mid-20th century, French served

as the pre-eminent international language of diplomacy
and international affairs as well as a lingua franca
among the educated classes of Europe.[308] The
dominant position of the French language in
Map of the Francophone world:
international affairs was overtaken by English since the
Native language
emergence of the United States as a major
Administrative language
power.[57][309][310]
Secondary or non-official language
For most of the time in which French served as an Francophone minorities
international lingua franca, it was not the native
language of most Frenchmen: a report in 1794
conducted by Henri Grégoire found that of the country's 25 million people, only three million spoke French
natively; the rest spoke one of the country's many regional languages, such as Alsatian, Breton or
Occitan.[311] Through the expansion of public education, in which French was the sole language of
instruction, as well as other factors such as increased urbanisation and the rise of mass communication,
French gradually came to be adopted by virtually the entire population, a process not completed until the
20th century.
As a result of France's extensive colonial ambitions between the 17th and 20th centuries, French was
introduced to the Americas, Africa, Polynesia, South-East Asia, as well as the Caribbean. French is the
second most studied foreign language in the world after English,[312] and is a lingua franca in some regions,
notably in Africa. The legacy of French as a living language outside Europe is mixed: it is nearly extinct in
some former French colonies (The Levant, South and Southeast Asia), while creoles and pidgins based on
French have emerged in the French departments in the West Indies and the South Pacific (French
Polynesia). On the other hand, many former French colonies have adopted French as an official language,
and the total number of French speakers is increasing, especially in Africa.
It is estimated that between 300 million[313] and 500 million[314] people worldwide can speak French,
either as a mother tongue or as a second language.
According to the 2007 Adult Education survey, part of a project by the European Union and carried out in
France by the INSEE and based on a sample of 15,350 persons, French was the native language of 87.2% of
the total population, or roughly 55.81 million people, followed by Arabic (3.6%, 2.3 million), Portuguese
(1.5%, 960,000), Spanish (1.2%, 770,000) and Italian (1.0%, 640,000). Native speakers of other languages
made up the remaining 5.2% of the population.[315]
Religion
France is a secular country in which freedom of religion is a constitutional right. French religious policy is
based on the concept of laïcité, a strict separation of church and state under which public life is kept
completely secular. The exception to this is the region of Alsace and Moselle where Lutheranism,
Catholicism and Judaism enjoy official status and state funding.
According to a survey held in 2016 by Institut Montaigne and Institut français d'opinion publique (IFOP),
51.1% of the total population of France was Christian, 39.6% had no religion (atheism or agnosticism), 5.6%
were Muslims, 2.5% were followers of other faiths, and the remaining 0.4% were undecided about their
faith.[316] Estimates of the number of Muslims in France vary widely. In 2003, the French Ministry of the
Interior estimated the total number of people of Muslim background to be

between 5 and 6 million (8–10%).[317][318] The current Jewish community in
France is the largest in Europe and the third largest in the world after Israel
and the United States, ranging between 480,000 and 600,000, about 0.8% of
the population as of 2016.[316]
Catholicism has been the predominant religion in France for more than a
millennium, though it is not as actively practised today as it was. Among the
47,000 religious buildings in France, 94% are Roman Catholic.[319] During
the French Revolution, activists conducted a brutal campaign of de-
Christianisation, ending the Catholic Church as the state religion. In some
cases, clergy and churches were attacked, with iconoclasm stripping the
churches of statues and ornaments. After alternating between royal and
secular republican governments during the 19th century, in 1905 France
passed the 1905 law on the Separation of the Churches and the State, which
Notre-Dame de Reims is the established the principle of laïcité.[320]
Roman Catholic cathedral
where the Kings of France To this day, the government is prohibited from recognising any specific right
were crowned until 1825.[XIV]
to a religious community (except for legacy statutes like those of military
chaplains and the local law in Alsace-Moselle). It recognises religious
organisations according to formal legal criteria that do not address religious
doctrine. Conversely, religious organisations are expected to refrain from intervening in policymaking.[321]
Certain groups, such as Scientology, Children of God, the Unification Church, or the Order of the Solar
Temple are considered cults ("sectes" in French); therefore they do not have the same status as recognised
religions in France.[322] Secte is considered a pejorative term in France.[323]
Health
The French health care system is one of universal health care largely
financed by government national health insurance. In its 2000
assessment of world healthcare systems, the World Health Organization
found that France provided the "close to best overall health care" in the
world.[325] The French healthcare system was ranked first worldwide by The Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, a
the World Health Organization in 1997.[326][327] In 2011, France spent teaching hospital in Paris, is one of
11.6% of its GDP on health care, or US$4,086 per capita,[328] a figure Europe's largest hospitals.[324]
much higher than the average spent by countries in Europe but less
than in the United States. Approximately 77% of health expenditures
are covered by government-funded agencies.[329]
Care is generally free for people affected by chronic diseases (affections de longues durées) such as cancer,
AIDS or cystic fibrosis. Average life expectancy at birth is 78 years for men and 85 years for women, one of
the highest in the European Union and the World.[330][331] There are 3.22 physicians for every 1000
inhabitants in France,[332] and average healthcare spending per capita was US$4,719 in 2008.[333]
As of
2007, approximately 140,000 inhabitants (0.4%) of France are living with HIV/AIDS.[86]
Even if the French have the reputation of being one of the thinnest people in developed
countries,[334][335][336][337][338] France—like other rich countries—faces an increasing and recent epidemic
of obesity, due mostly to the replacement in French eating habits of traditional healthy French cuisine by
junk food.[339][334][335][340] The French obesity rate is still far below that of the United States—currently
equal to the American rate in the 1970s—and is still the lowest in Europe.[335][337][340] Authorities now
regard obesity as one of the main public health issues and fight it fiercely.[341] Rates of childhood obesity
are slowing in France while continuing to grow in other countries.[342]
Education
In 1802, Napoleon created the lycée, the second and final stage of
secondary education that prepares students for higher education
studies or a profession.[344] Nevertheless, Jules Ferry is considered the
father of the French modern school, leading reforms in the late 19th
century that established free, secular and compulsory education
(currently mandatory until the age of 16).[345][346]
French education is centralised and divided into three stages: Primary,

secondary, and higher education. The Programme for International
Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, ranked France's
education as near the OECD average in 2018.[347][348] France was one
of the PISA-participating countries where school children perceived
some of the lowest levels of support and feedback from their
teachers.[348] Schoolchildren in France reported greater concern about
the disciplinary climate and behaviour in classrooms compared to other
OECD countries.[348]
Primary and secondary education are predominantly public, and run by The École normale supérieure
the Ministry of National Education. While training and remuneration of (ENS) in Paris, established in the
teachers and the curriculum are the responsibility of the state centrally, end of the 18th century, produces
more Nobel Prize laureates per
the management of primary and secondary schools is overseen by local
capita than any other institution in
authorities. Primary education comprises two phases, nursery school
(école maternelle) and elementary school (école élémentaire). Nursery the world.[343]
school aims to stimulate the minds of very young children and promote
their socialisation and development of a basic grasp of language and
numbers. Around the age of six, children transfer to elementary school, whose primary objectives are
learning about writing, arithmetic and citizenship. Secondary education also consists of two phases. The
first is delivered through colleges (collège) and leads to the national certificate (Diplôme national du
brevet). The second is offered in high schools (lycée) and finishes in national exams leading to a
baccalaureate (baccalauréat, available in professional, technical or general flavours) or certificate of
professional competence (certificat d'aptitude professionelle).
Higher education is divided between public universities and the prestigious and selective Grandes écoles,
such as Sciences Po Paris for Political studies, HEC Paris for Economics, Polytechnique, the École des
hautes études en sciences sociales for Social studies and the École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris
that produce high-profile engineers, or the École nationale d'administration for careers in the Grands Corps
of the state. The Grandes écoles have been criticised for alleged elitism, producing many if not most of
France's high-ranking civil servants, CEOs and politicians.[349]
Culture
France has been a centre of Western cultural development for centuries and a cultural superpower.[350][351]
Many French artists have been among the most renowned of their time; France is still recognised in the
world for its rich cultural tradition.[352]
The successive political regimes have always promoted artistic

creation. The creation of the Ministry of Culture in 1959 helped
preserve the cultural heritage of the country and make it available
to the public. The Ministry of Culture has been very active since its
creation, granting subsidies to artists, promoting French culture in
the world, supporting festivals and cultural events, and protecting
historical monuments. The French government also succeeded in
maintaining a cultural exception to defend audiovisual products
made in the country.[353]
France receives the highest number of tourists per year, largely

thanks to the numerous cultural establishments and historical Eugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading the
buildings implanted all over the territory. It counts 1,200 museums People (1830) portrays the July
welcoming more than 50 million people annually.[354] The most Revolution using the stylistic views of
important cultural sites are run by the government, for instance Romanticism. Since Liberty is part of the
through the public agency Centre des monuments nationaux, which motto "Liberté, égalité, fraternité", as the
is responsible for approximately 85 national historical monuments. French put it, this painting has become
The 43,180 buildings protected as historical monuments include the primary symbol of the French
mainly residences (many castles) and religious buildings Republic.
(cathedrals, basilicas, churches), but also statues, memorials and
gardens. UNESCO inscribed 45 sites in France on the World
Heritage List.[355]
Art
The origins of French art were very much influenced by

Flemish art and by Italian art at the time of the Renaissance.
Jean Fouquet, the most famous medieval French painter, is
said to have been the first to travel to Italy and experience
the Early Renaissance firsthand. The Renaissance painting
School of Fontainebleau was directly inspired by Italian
painters such as Primaticcio and Rosso Fiorentino, who both The Louvre Museum, widely recognised as one of
worked in France. Two of the most famous French artists of the finest art museums in the world, was in 2019
the time of the Baroque era, Nicolas Poussin and Claude both the largest and the most-visited
Lorrain, lived in Italy. museum.[356]
The 17th century was the period

when French painting became prominent and individualised itself through
classicism. Prime Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert founded 1648 the Royal
Academy of Painting and Sculpture under Louis XIV to protect these artists; in
1666 he also created the still-active French Academy in Rome to have direct
relations with Italian artists.
French artists developed the rococo style in the 18th century, as a more intimate
imitation of the old baroque style, the works of the court-endorsed artists Antoine
Watteau, François Boucher and Jean-Honoré Fragonard being the most
representative in the country. The French Revolution brought great changes, as
Claude Monet, founder Napoleon favoured artists of neoclassic style such as Jacques-Louis David and the
of the Impressionist highly influential Académie des Beaux-Arts defined the style known as
movement Academism. At this time France had become a centre of artistic creation, the first
half of the 19th century being dominated by two successive movements, at first
Romanticism with Théodore Géricault and Eugène Delacroix, then Realism with
Camille Corot, Gustave Courbet and Jean-François Millet, a style that eventually evolved into Naturalism.
In the second part of the 19th century, France's influence over painting became even more important, with
the development of new styles of painting such as Impressionism and Symbolism. The most famous
impressionist painters of the period were Camille Pissarro, Édouard Manet, Edgar Degas, Claude Monet
and Auguste Renoir.[357] The second generation of impressionist-style painters, Paul Cézanne, Paul
Gauguin, Toulouse-Lautrec and Georges Seurat, were also at the avant-garde of artistic evolutions,[358] as
well as the fauvist artists Henri Matisse, André Derain and Maurice de Vlaminck.[359][360]
At the beginning of the 20th century, Cubism was developed by Georges Braque and the Spanish painter
Pablo Picasso, living in Paris. Other foreign artists also settled and worked in or near Paris, such as Vincent
van Gogh, Marc Chagall, Amedeo Modigliani and Wassily Kandinsky.
Many museums in France are entirely or partly devoted to sculptures and

paintings works. A huge collection of old masterpieces created before or
during the 18th century are displayed in the state-owned Musée du Louvre,
such as the Mona Lisa, also known as "La Joconde". While the Louvre Palace
has been for a long time a museum, the Musée d'Orsay was inaugurated in
1986 in the old railway station Gare d'Orsay, in a major reorganisation of
national art collections, to gather French paintings from the second part of
the 19th century (mainly Impressionism and Fauvism movements).[361][362]
The Musée d'Orsay was voted in 2018 the best museum in the world.[363]
Modern works are presented in the Musée National d'Art Moderne, which
moved in 1976 to the Centre Georges Pompidou. These three state-owned
museums welcome close to 17 million people a year.[364] Other national
museums hosting paintings include the Grand Palais (1.3 million visitors in
2008), but there are also many museums owned by cities, the most visited
being the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris (0.8 million entries in Le Penseur by Auguste
Rodin (1902), Musée Rodin,
2008), which hosts contemporary works.[364] Outside Paris, all the large
Paris
cities have a Museum of Fine Arts with a section dedicated to European and
French painting. Some of the finest collections are in Lyon, Lille, Rouen,
Dijon, Rennes and Grenoble.
Architecture
During the Middle Ages, many fortified castles were built by feudal nobles to mark their powers. Some
French castles that survived are Chinon, Château d'Angers, the massive Château de Vincennes and the so-
called Cathar castles. During this era, France had been using Romanesque architecture like most of
Western Europe. Some of the greatest examples of Romanesque churches in France are the Saint Sernin
Basilica in Toulouse, the largest Romanesque church in Europe,[365] and the remains of the Cluny Abbey.
Gothic architecture, originally named Opus Francigenum meaning "French work",[366] was born in Île-de-
France and was the first French style of architecture to be copied in all of Europe.[367] Northern France is
the home of some of the most important Gothic cathedrals and basilicas, the first of these being the Saint
Denis Basilica (used as the royal necropolis); other important French Gothic cathedrals are Notre-Dame de
Chartres and Notre-Dame d'Amiens. The kings were crowned in another important Gothic church: Notre-
Dame de Reims.[368] Aside from churches, Gothic Architecture had been used for many religious palaces,
the most important one being the Palais des Papes in Avignon.
The final victory in the Hundred Years' War marked an important stage in the evolution of French
architecture. It was the time of the French Renaissance and several artists from Italy were invited to the
French court; many residential palaces were built in the Loire Valley, from 1450 as a first reference the
Château de Montsoreau.[369] Such residential castles were the Château de Chambord, the Château de
Chenonceau, or the Château d'Amboise.
Following the renaissance and the end of the Middle Ages, Baroque
architecture replaced the traditional Gothic style. However, in France,
baroque architecture found greater success in the secular domain than in the
religious one.[370] In the secular domain, the Palace of Versailles has many
baroque features. Jules Hardouin Mansart, who designed the extensions to
Versailles, was one of the most influential French architects of the baroque
era; he is famous for his dome at Les Invalides.[371] Some of the most
impressive provincial baroque architecture is found in places that were not
yet French such as Place Stanislas in Nancy. On the military architectural
side, Vauban designed some of the most efficient fortresses in Europe and
became an influential military architect; as a result, imitations of his works
can be found all over Europe, the Americas, Russia and Turkey.[372][373]
After the Revolution, the Republicans

favoured Neoclassicism although it was
introduced in France before the
revolution with such buildings as the
Parisian Pantheon or the Capitole de
Toulouse. Built during the first French
Empire, the Arc de Triomphe and Sainte Saint Louis's Sainte-Chapelle
Marie-Madeleine represent the best represents the French impact
Place de la Bourse in Bordeaux, an example of Empire-style architecture.[374] on religious architecture.
example of French baroque
architecture
Under Napoleon III, a new wave of
urbanism and architecture was given birth; extravagant buildings such
as the neo-baroque Palais Garnier were built. The urban planning of the
time was very organised and rigorous; most notably, Haussmann's renovation of Paris. The architecture
associated with this era is named Second Empire in English, the term being taken from the Second French
Empire. At this time there was a strong Gothic resurgence across Europe and in France; the associated
architect was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. In the late 19th century, Gustave Eiffel designed many bridges, such as
the Garabit viaduct, and remains one of the most influential bridge designers of his time, although he is
best remembered for the iconic Eiffel Tower.
In the 20th century, French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier designed

several buildings in France. More recently, French architects have
combined both modern and old architectural styles. The Louvre
Pyramid is an example of modern architecture added to an older
building. The most difficult buildings to integrate within French cities
The Capitole de Toulouse hosts
are skyscrapers, as they are visible from afar. For instance, in Paris, Toulouse City Hall.
since 1977, new buildings had to be under 37 metres (121 ft).[375]
France's largest financial district is La Défense, where a significant
number of skyscrapers are located.[376] Other massive buildings that are a challenge to integrate into their
environment are large bridges; an example of the way this has been done is the Millau Viaduct. Some
famous modern French architects include Jean Nouvel, Dominique Perrault, Christian de Portzamparc and
Paul Andreu.
Literature
The earliest French literature dates from the Middle Ages when what is now known as modern France did
not have a single, uniform language. There were several languages and dialects, and writers used their
spelling and grammar. Some authors of French medieval texts are unknown, such as Tristan and Iseult and
Lancelot-Grail. Other authors are known, for example, Chrétien de Troyes and Duke William IX of
Aquitaine, who wrote in Occitan.
Much medieval French poetry and literature were inspired by the legends of the Matter of France, such as
The Song of Roland and the various chansons de geste. The Roman de Renart, written in 1175 by Perrout
de Saint Cloude, tells the story of the medieval character Reynard ('the Fox') and is another example of
early French writing. An important 16th-century writer was François Rabelais, whose novel Gargantua and
Pantagruel has remained famous and appreciated until now. Michel de Montaigne was another major
figure of French literature during that century. His most famous work, Essais, created the literary genre of
the essay.[377] French poetry during that century was embodied by Pierre de Ronsard and Joachim du
Bellay. Both writers founded the La Pléiade literary movement.
In 1678, Madame de La Fayette published anonymously La Princesse de Clèves, a novel that is considered
to be one of the first psychological novels of all time.[378] Jean de La Fontaine is one of the most famous
fabulists of that time, as he wrote hundreds of fables, some being far more famous than others, such as The
Ant and the Grasshopper. Generations of French pupils had to learn his fables, which were seen as helping
teach wisdom and common sense to the young people. Some of his verses have entered the popular
language to become proverbs, such as "À l'œuvre, on connaît l'artisan."[A workman is known by his
chips].[379]
Jean Racine, whose incredible mastery of the alexandrine and the

French language has been praised for centuries, created plays such as
Phèdre or Britannicus. He is, along with Pierre Corneille (Le Cid) and
Molière, considered one of the three great dramatists of France's golden
age. Molière, who is deemed to be one of the greatest masters of comedy
in Western literature,[381] wrote dozens of plays, including Le
Misanthrope, L'Avare, Le Malade imaginaire, as well as Le Bourgeois
gentilhomme. His plays have been so popular around the world that the
French language is sometimes dubbed as "the language of Molière" (la
langue de Molière),[382] just like English is considered "the language of
Shakespeare".
French literature and poetry flourished even more in the 18th and 19th
centuries. Denis Diderot's best-known works are Jacques the Fatalist
and Rameau's Nephew. He is however best known for being the main
redactor of the Encyclopédie, whose aim was, to sum up all the French literary figures. Clockwise
knowledge of his century (in fields such as arts, sciences, languages, and from top left: Molière is the most
philosophy) and to present them to the people, to fight ignorance and played author in the Comédie-
obscurantism. During that same century, Charles Perrault was a prolific Française;[380] Victor Hugo is one of
writer of famous children's fairy tales including Puss in Boots, the most important French novelist
Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty and Bluebeard. At the start of the 19th and poet; 19th-century poet, writer
century, symbolist poetry was an important movement in French and translator Charles Baudelaire;
literature, with poets such as Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine and 20th-century philosopher and
Stéphane Mallarmé.[383] novelist Jean-Paul Sartre
The 19th century saw the writings of many renowned French authors.
Victor Hugo is sometimes seen as "the greatest French writer of all time"[384] for excelling in all literary
genres. The preface of his play Cromwell is considered to be the manifesto of the Romantic movement. Les
Contemplations and La Légende des siècles are considered "poetic masterpieces",[385] Hugo's verse has
been compared to that of Shakespeare, Dante and Homer.[385] His novel Les Misérables is widely seen as
one of the greatest novels ever written[386] and The Hunchback of Notre Dame has remained immensely
popular. Other major authors of that century include Alexandre Dumas (The Three Musketeers and The
Count of Monte-Cristo), Jules Verne (Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea), Émile Zola (Les Rougon-
Macquart), Honoré de Balzac (La Comédie humaine), Guy de Maupassant, Théophile Gautier and Stendhal
(The Red and the Black, The Charterhouse of Parma), whose works are among the most well known in
France and the world. The Prix Goncourt is a French literary prize first awarded in 1903.[387]
In the early 20th century France was a haven for literary freedom.[388] Works banned for obscenity in the
US, the UK and other Anglophone nations were published in France decades before they were available in
the respective authors' home countries.[388] The innate French regard for the mind meant that France was
disinclined to punish literary figures for their writing, and prosecutions were rare.[388] Important writers of
the 20th century include Marcel Proust, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Albert Camus, and Jean-Paul Sartre.
Antoine de Saint Exupéry wrote Little Prince, which has remained popular for decades with children and
adults around the world.[389] As of 2014, French authors had more Literature Nobel Prizes than those of
any other nation.[390] The first Nobel Prize in Literature was for a French author, while France's latest
Nobel prize in literature is for Patrick Modiano, who was awarded the prize in 2014.[390] Jean-Paul Sartre
was also the first nominee in the committee's history to refuse the prize in 1964.[390]
Philosophy
Medieval philosophy was dominated by Scholasticism until the emergence of Humanism in the
Renaissance. Modern philosophy began in France in the 17th century with the philosophy of René
Descartes, Blaise Pascal and Nicolas Malebranche. Descartes was the first Western philosopher since
ancient times to attempt to build a philosophical system from the ground up rather than building on the
work of predecessors.[391][392] His Meditations on First Philosophy changed the primary object of
philosophical thought and raised some of the most fundamental problems for foreigners such as Spinoza,
Leibniz, Hume, Berkeley, and Kant.
French philosophers produced some of the most important political works of

the Age of Enlightenment. In The Spirit of the Laws, Baron de Montesquieu
theorised the principle of separation of powers, which has been implemented
in all liberal democracies since it was first applied in the United States. Voltaire
came to embody the Enlightenment with his defence of civil liberties, such as
the right to a free trial and freedom of religion.
19th-century French thought was targeted at responding to the social malaise

following the French Revolution. Rationalist philosophers such as Victor
Cousin and Auguste Comte, who called for a new social doctrine, were opposed
by reactionary thinkers such as Joseph de Maistre, Louis de Bonald and
Félicité Robert de Lamennais, who blamed the rationalist rejection of
René Descartes, founder of
traditional order. De Maistre, together with the Englishman Edmund Burke,
modern Western
was one of the founders of European conservatism. Comte was the founder of
philosophy[393]
positivism, which Émile Durkheim reformulated as a basis for social research.
In the 20th century, partly as a reaction to the perceived excesses of positivism,

French spiritualism thrived with thinkers such as Henri Bergson and it influenced American pragmatism
and Whitehead's version of process philosophy. Meanwhile, French epistemology became a prominent
school of thought with Jules Henri Poincaré, Gaston Bachelard, Jean Cavaillès and Jules Vuillemin.
Influenced by German phenomenology and existentialism, the philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre gained a
strong influence after World War II, and late-20th-century-France became the cradle of postmodern
philosophy with Jean-François Lyotard, Jean Baudrillard, Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault.
Music
France has a long and varied musical history. It experienced a golden age in the 17th century thanks to
Louis XIV, who employed many talented musicians and composers in the royal court. The most renowned
composers of this period include Marc-Antoine Charpentier, François Couperin, Michel-Richard Delalande,
Jean-Baptiste Lully and Marin Marais, all of them composers at the court. After the death of the "Roi
Soleil", French musical creation lost dynamism, but in the next century the music of Jean-Philippe Rameau
reached some prestige, and today he is still one of the most renowned
French composers. Rameau became the dominant composer of French
opera and the leading French composer of the harpsichord.[394]
French composers played an important role in the music of the 19th and
early 20th centuries, which is considered to be the Romantic music era.
Romantic music emphasised a surrender to nature, a fascination with
the past and the supernatural, the exploration of unusual, strange and
surprising sounds, and a focus on national identity. This period was also
a golden age for operas. French composers from the Romantic era
included: Hector Berlioz (best known for his Symphonie fantastique),
Georges Bizet (best known for Carmen, which has become one of the
most popular and frequently performed operas), Gabriel Fauré (best
known for his Pavane, Requiem, and nocturnes), Charles Gounod (best
known for his Ave Maria and his opera Faust), Jacques Offenbach (best
Claude Debussy known for his 100 operettas of the 1850s–1870s and his uncompleted
opera The Tales of Hoffmann), Édouard Lalo (best known for his
Symphonie espagnole for violin and orchestra and his Cello Concerto in
D minor), Jules Massenet (best known for his operas, of which he wrote more than thirty, the most
frequently staged are Manon (1884) and Werther (1892)) and Camille Saint-Saëns (he has many
frequently-performed works, including The Carnival of the Animals, Danse macabre, Samson and Delilah
(Opera), Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso and his Symphony No. 3).
Later came precursors of modern classical music. Érik Satie was a key member of the early-20th-century
Parisian avant-garde, best known for his Gymnopédies. Francis Poulenc's best-known works are his piano
suite Trois mouvements perpétuels (1919), the ballet Les biches (1923), the Concert champêtre (1928) for
harpsichord and orchestra, the opera Dialogues des Carmélites (1957) and the Gloria (1959) for soprano,
choir and orchestra. Maurice Ravel and Claude Debussy are the most prominent figures associated with
Impressionist music. Debussy was among the most influential composers of the late 19th and early 20th
centuries, and his use of non-traditional scales and chromaticism influenced many composers who
followed.[395] Debussy's music is noted for its sensory content and frequent usage of atonality. The two
composers invented new musical forms[396][397][398][399] and new sounds. Ravel's piano compositions,
such as Jeux d'eau, Miroirs, Le tombeau de Couperin and Gaspard de la nuit, demand considerable
virtuosity. His mastery of orchestration is evident in the Rapsodie espagnole, Daphnis et Chloé, his
arrangement of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition and his orchestral work Boléro (1928).
More recently, in the middle of the 20th century, Maurice Ohana, Pierre Schaeffer and Pierre Boulez
contributed to the evolution of contemporary classical music.[400]
French music then followed the rapid emergence of pop and rock music
in the middle of the 20th century. Although English-speaking creations
achieved popularity in the country, French pop music, known as
chanson française, has also remained very popular. Among the most
important French artists of the century are Édith Piaf, Georges
Brassens, Léo Ferré, Charles Aznavour and Serge Gainsbourg.[401]
Although there are very few rock bands in France compared to English-
speaking countries,[402] bands such as Noir Désir, Mano Negra,
Niagara, Les Rita Mitsouko and more recently Superbus, Phoenix and Serge Gainsbourg, one of the
Gojira,[403] or Shaka Ponk, have reached worldwide popularity. world's most influential popular
musicians
Other French artists with international careers have been popular in
several countries, most notably female singers Dalida, Mireille Mathieu,
Mylène Farmer,[403] Alizée and Nolwenn Leroy,[404] electronic music pioneers Jean-Michel Jarre, Laurent
Garnier and Bob Sinclar, later Martin Solveig and David Guetta. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade),
electronic duos Daft Punk, Justice and Air also reached worldwide
popularity and contributed to the reputation of modern electronic
music in the world.[403][405][406]
Among current musical events and institutions in France, many are

dedicated to classical music and operas. The most prestigious
institutions are the state-owned Paris National Opera (with its two sites
Palais Garnier and Opéra Bastille), the Opéra National de Lyon, the
Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris, the Théâtre du Capitole in Toulouse and
Daft Punk, pioneers of the French
the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux. As for music festivals, there are several
house movement
events organised, the most popular being Eurockéennes (a word play
which sounds in French as "European"), Solidays and Rock en Seine.
The Fête de la Musique, imitated by many foreign cities, was first launched by the French Government in
1982.[407][408] Major music halls and venues in France include Le Zénith sites present in many cities and
other places in Paris (Paris Olympia, Théâtre Mogador, Élysée Montmartre).
Cinema
France has historical and strong links with cinema, with two Frenchmen, Auguste
and Louis Lumière (known as the Lumière Brothers) credited with creating
cinema in 1895.[413] The world's first female filmmaker, Alice Guy-Blaché, was
also from France.[414] Several important cinematic movements, including the late
1950s and 1960s Nouvelle Vague, began in the country. It is noted for having a
strong film industry, due in part to protections afforded by the Government of
A Palme d'Or from the
France. France remains a leader in filmmaking, as of 2015 producing more films
Cannes Film Festival,
than any other European country.[415][416] The nation also hosts the Cannes
one of the "Big Three"
Festival, one of the most important and famous film festivals in the
film festivals alongside
world.[417][418] the Venice Film Festival
and Berlin International
Apart from its strong and innovative film tradition, France has also been a
Film Festival[409][410][411]
gathering spot for artists from across Europe and the world. For this reason,
French cinema is sometimes intertwined with the cinema of foreign nations.
Directors from nations such as Poland (Roman Polanski, Krzysztof Kieślowski,
Andrzej Żuławski), Argentina (Gaspar Noé, Edgardo Cozarinsky), Russia
(Alexandre Alexeieff, Anatole Litvak), Austria (Michael Haneke) and Georgia
(Géla Babluani, Otar Iosseliani) are prominent in the ranks of French cinema.
Conversely, French directors have had prolific and influential careers in other
countries, such as Luc Besson, Jacques Tourneur or Francis Veber in the United
States.
Although the French film market is dominated by Hollywood, France is the only
nation in the world where American films make up the smallest share of total film
revenues, at 50%, compared with 77% in Germany and 69% in Japan.[419] French Louis de Funès, often
films account for 35% of the total film revenues of France, which is the highest called "France's
percentage of national film revenues in the developed world outside the United favourite actor", has
States, compared to 14% in Spain and 8% in the UK.[419] France is 2013 the 2nd played over 130 roles in
exporter of films in the world after the United States.[420] film and over 100 on
stage.[412]
France historically was the cultural centre of the world,[308] although its
dominant position has been surpassed by the United States. Today, France takes
steps in protecting and promoting its culture, becoming a leading advocate of cultural exception.[421] The
nation succeeded in convincing all EU members to refuse to include culture and audiovisuals in the list of
liberalised sectors of the WTO in 1993.[422] Moreover, this decision was confirmed in a vote by UNESCO in
2005: the principle of "cultural exception" won an overwhelming victory with 198 countries voting for it
and only 2 countries, the United States and Israel, voting against it.[423]
Fashion
Fashion has been an important industry and cultural export of France since
the 17th century, and modern "haute couture" originated in Paris in the
1860s. Today, Paris, along with London, Milan, and New York City, is
considered one of the world's fashion capitals, and the city is home or
headquarters to many of the premier fashion houses. The expression Haute
couture is, in France, a legally protected name, guaranteeing certain quality
standards.
The association of France with fashion and style (French: la mode) dates
largely to the reign of Louis XIV[424] when the luxury goods industries in
France came increasingly under royal control and the French royal court
became, arguably, the arbiter of taste and style in Europe. But France
Chanel's headquarters on
renewed its dominance of the high fashion (French: couture or haute
Place Vendôme, Paris
couture) industry in the years 1860–1960 through the establishment of the
great couturier houses such as Chanel, Dior, and Givenchy. The French
perfume industry is the world leader in its sector and is centred on the town
of Grasse.[425]
In the 1960s, the elitist "Haute couture" came under criticism from France's youth culture. In 1966, the
designer Yves Saint Laurent broke with established Haute Couture norms by launching a prêt-à-porter
("ready to wear") line and expanding French fashion into mass manufacturing. With a greater focus on
marketing and manufacturing, new trends were established by Sonia Rykiel, Thierry Mugler, Claude
Montana, Jean-Paul Gaultier and Christian Lacroix in the 1970s and 1980s. The 1990s saw a
conglomeration of many French couture houses under luxury giants and multinationals such as LVMH.
According to 2017 data compiled by Deloitte, Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessey (LVMH), a French brand, is
the largest luxury company in the world by sales, selling more than twice the amount of its nearest
competitor.[426] Moreover, France also possesses 3 of the top 10 luxury goods companies by sales (LVMH,
Kering SA, L'Oréal), more than any other country in the world.[426]
Media
Best-selling daily national newspapers in France are Le Parisien Aujourd'hui

en France (with 460,000 sold daily), Le Monde and Le Figaro, with around
300,000 copies sold daily, but also L'Équipe, dedicated to sports
coverage.[428] In the past years, free dailies made a breakthrough, with
Metro, 20 Minutes and Direct Plus distributed at more than 650,000 copies
respectively.[429] However, the widest circulations are reached by the regional
daily Ouest-France with more than 750,000 copies sold, and the 50 other The Parisian headquarters of
regional papers have also high sales.[430][431] The sector of weekly magazines Agence France-Presse, one
is stronger and diversified with more than 400 specialised weekly magazines of the world's oldest and
published in the country.[432] leading news agencies[427]
The most influential news magazines are the left-wing Le Nouvel

Observateur, centrist L'Express and right-wing Le Point (more than 400,000 copies),[433] but the highest
circulation for weeklies is reached by TV magazines and by women's magazines, among them Marie Claire
and ELLE, which have foreign versions. Influential weeklies also include investigative and satirical papers
Le Canard Enchaîné and Charlie Hebdo, as well as Paris Match. Like in most industrialised nations, the
print media have been affected by a severe crisis in the past decade. In 2008, the government launched a
major initiative to help the sector reform and become financially independent,[434][435] but in 2009 it had
to give 600,000 euros to help the print media cope with the economic crisis, in addition to existing
subsidies.[436]
In 1974, after years of centralised monopoly on radio and television, the

governmental agency ORTF was split into several national institutions,
but the three already-existing TV channels and four national radio
Le Figaro was founded in 1826;
stations[438][439] remained under state control. It was only in 1981 that
many of France's most prominent
authors have written in its columns
the government allowed free broadcasting in the territory, ending the
over the decades, and it is still state monopoly on radio.[439] French television was partly liberalised in
considered a newspaper of the next two-decade with the creation of several commercial channels,
record.[437] mainly thanks to cable and satellite television. In 2005 the national
service Télévision Numérique Terrestre introduced digital television all
over the territory, allowing the creation of other channels.
The four existing national channels are owned by the state-owned consortium France Télévisions, funded
by advertising revenue and TV licence fees. Public broadcasting group Radio France runs five national
radio stations. Among these public media are Radio France Internationale, which broadcasts programmes
in French all over the world, as well as Franco-German TV channel TV5 Monde. In 2006, the government
created the global news channel France 24. Long-established TV channels TF1 (privatised in 1987), France
2 and France 3 have the highest shares, whilst radio stations RTL, Europe 1 and state-owned France Inter
are some of the least listened to.
Society
According to a BBC poll in 2010, based on 29,977 responses in 28 countries,

France is globally seen as a positive influence in the world's affairs: 49% have a
positive view of the country's influence, whereas 19% have a negative
view.[440][441] The Nation Brand Index of 2008 suggested that France has the
second best international reputation, only behind Germany.[442] A global
opinion poll for the BBC saw France ranked the fourth most positively viewed
nation in the world (behind Germany, Canada and the United Kingdom) in Admittance of Germaine
2014.[443] Tillion, Geneviève de
Gaulle-Anthonioz, Pierre
According to a poll in 2011, the French were found to have the highest level of Brossolette and Jean Zay at
religious tolerance and to be the country where the highest proportion of the the Pantheon, a
population defines its identity primarily in term of nationality and not mausoleum for
religion.[444] As of 2011, 75% of French had a favourable view of the United distinguished French
States, making France one of the most pro-American countries in the people, in 2015
world.[445] As of 2017, the favourable view of the United States had dropped to
46%.[446] In January 2010, the magazine International Living ranked France
as "best country to live in", ahead of 193 other countries, for the fifth year running.[447]
The OECD Better Life Index states that "France performs well in many measures of well-being relative to
most other countries in the Better Life Index".[448]
The French Revolution continues to permeate the country's collective memory. The tricolour flag of
France,[449] the anthem "La Marseillaise", and the motto Liberté, égalité, fraternité, defined in Title 1 of
the Constitution as national symbols, all emerged during the cultural ferment of the early revolution, along
with Marianne, a common national personification. In addition, Bastille Day,

the national holiday, commemorates the storming of the Bastille on 14 July
1789.[450]
A common and traditional symbol of the French people is the Gallic rooster. Its
origins date back to Antiquity since the Latin word Gallus meant both "rooster"
and "inhabitant of Gaul". Then this figure gradually became the most widely
shared representation of the French, used by French monarchs, then by the
Revolution and under the successive republican regimes as representation of
the national identity, used for some stamps and coins.[451]
France is one of the world leaders of gender equality in the workplace: as of

2017, it has 36.8% of its corporate board seats held by women, which makes it
the leader of the G20 for that metric.[452] It was ranked in 2019 by the World
Sculpture of Marianne, a
Bank as one of the only six countries in the world where women have the same
common national
work rights as men.[453] personification of the
French Republic
France is one of the most liberal countries in the world when it comes to LGBT
rights: a 2020 Pew Research Center poll found that 86% of the French think
that same-sex relationships should be accepted by society, one of the highest
acceptance rates in the world (comparable to that of other Western European nations).[454] France
legalised same-sex marriage and adoption in 2013.[455] The government has used its diplomatic clout to
support LGBT rights throughout the world, notably in the United Nations.[456]
In 2020, France was ranked fifth in the Environmental Performance Index (behind the United Kingdom),
out of 180 countries ranked by Yale University in that study.[457] Being the host country of the 2015 Paris
Climate Change Conference, the French Government was instrumental in securing the 2015 Paris
Agreement, a success that has been credited to its "openness and experience in diplomacy".[458]
Cuisine
French cuisine is renowned for being one of the finest in the

world.[459][460] According to the regions, traditional recipes are
different, the North of the country prefers to use butter as the preferred
fat for cooking, whereas olive oil is more commonly used in the
South.[461] Moreover, each region of France has iconic traditional
specialties: Cassoulet in the Southwest, Choucroute in Alsace, Quiche in
the Lorraine region, Beef bourguignon in the Bourgogne, provençal
Tapenade, etc. France's most renowned products are wines,[462]
including Champagne, Bordeaux, Bourgogne, and Beaujolais as well as French wines are usually made to
a large variety of different cheeses, such as Camembert, Roquefort and accompany French cuisine.
Brie. There are more than 400 different varieties.[463][464]
A meal often consists of three courses, hors d'œuvre or entrée (introductory course, sometimes soup), plat
principal (main course), fromage (cheese course) or dessert, sometimes with a salad offered before the
cheese or dessert. Hors d'œuvres could include terrine de saumon au basilic, lobster bisque, foie gras,
French onion soup or a croque monsieur. The plat principal could include a pot au feu, soufflé or steak
frites. The dessert could be mille-feuille pastry, a macaron, an éclair, crème brûlée, mousse au chocolat,
crêpes, far Breton or café liégeois.
French cuisine is also regarded as a key element of the quality of life and the attractiveness of France.[447] A
French publication, the Michelin guide, awards Michelin stars for excellence to a select few
establishments.[465][466] The acquisition or loss of a star can have dramatic effects on the success of a
restaurant. By 2006, the Michelin Guide had awarded 620 stars to French
restaurants, at that time more than any other country, although the guide also
inspects more restaurants in France than in any other country (by 2010, Japan was
awarded as many Michelin stars as France, despite having half the number of
Michelin inspectors working there).[467][468]
Some French cheeses
In addition to its wine tradition, France is also a major producer of beer and rum.
with fruits
The three main French brewing regions are Alsace (60% of national production),
Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Lorraine. France produces rum via distilleries located on
islands such as Reunion Island in the southern Indian Ocean.
Sports
France hosts "the world's biggest annual sporting event", the Tour de
France.[470] Other popular sports played in France include: football,
judo, tennis,[471] rugby union[472] and pétanque. France has hosted
events such as the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups,[473] the 2007
Rugby World Cup,[474] and will host the 2023 Rugby World Cup. The
country also hosted the 1960 European Nations' Cup, UEFA Euro 1984,
UEFA Euro 2016 and 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. The Stade de
France in Saint-Denis is France's largest stadium and was the venue for Starting in 1903, the Tour de France
the 1998 FIFA World Cup and 2007 Rugby World Cup finals. Since is the oldest and most prestigious of
1923, France is famous for its 24 Hours of Le Mans sports car Grands Tours, and the world's most
endurance race.[475] Several major tennis tournaments take place in famous cycling race.[469]
France, including the Paris Masters and the French Open, one of the
four Grand Slam tournaments. French martial arts include Savate and
Fencing.
France has a close association with the Modern Olympic Games; it was a
French aristocrat, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, who suggested the Games'
revival, at the end of the 19th century.[476][477] After Athens was awarded the
first Games, in reference to the Olympics' Greek origins, Paris hosted the
second Games in 1900.[478] Paris was the first home of the International
Olympic Committee, before it moved to Lausanne.[479] Since 1900, France has
hosted the Olympics on 4 further occasions: the 1924 Summer Olympics, again
in Paris[477] and three Winter Games (1924 in Chamonix, 1968 in Grenoble
and 1992 in Albertville).[477]
Similar to the Olympics, France introduced Olympics for the deaf people
(Deaflympics) in 1924 with the idea of a French deaf car mechanic, Eugène
Rubens-Alcais who paved the way to organise the inaugural edition of the
Pierre de Coubertin, father Summer Deaflympics in Paris.[480]
of the modern Olympic
Games Both the national football team and the national rugby union team are
nicknamed "Les Bleus" in reference to the team's shirt colour as well as the
national French tricolour flag. Football is the most popular sport in France,
with over 1,800,000 registered players and over 18,000 registered clubs.[482] The football team is among
the most successful in the world, with two FIFA World Cup victories in 1998 and 2018,[483] one FIFA
World Cup second place in 2006,[484] and two UEFA European Championships in 1984[485] and 2000.[486]
The top national football club competition is Ligue 1. France has produced some of the
greatest players in the world, including three-time FIFA World Player of the Year
Zinedine Zidane, three-time Ballon d'Or recipient Michel Platini, record holder for most
goals scored at a World Cup Just Fontaine, first football player to receive the Légion
d'honneur Raymond Kopa, and the record goalscorer for the French national team
Thierry Henry.[487]
The French Open, also called Roland-Garros, is a major tennis tournament held over two Zidane was
weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris. It is the named the best
premier clay court tennis championship event in the world and the second of four annual European
Grand Slam tournaments.[488] footballer of the
past 50 years
Rugby union is popular, particularly in Paris and the southwest of France.[489] The in a 2004 UEFA
national rugby union team has competed at every Rugby World Cup; it takes part in the poll.[481]
annual Six Nations Championship.
See also
Outline of France
Footnotes
I. The current Constitution of France does not specify a national emblem.[1] This emblem is used by the
President, Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs,[2] and is on the cover of French passports. For other
symbols, see National symbols of France.
II. For information about regional languages see Languages of France.
III. European Union since 1993
IV. French National Geographic Institute data, which includes bodies of water.
V. French Land Register data, which exclude lakes, ponds and glaciers larger than 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or
247 acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.
VI. Whole of the except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.
VII. French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.
VIII. Time zones across the span from UTC−10 (French Polynesia) to UTC+12 (Wallis and Futuna).
IX. Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and Saint Pierre and Miquelon only.
X. The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the French telephone numbering plan, but have
their own country calling codes: Guadeloupe +590; Martinique +596; French Guiana +594; Réunion
and Mayotte +262; Saint Pierre and Miquelon +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French
telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: New Caledonia +687; French Polynesia
+689; Wallis and Futuna +681.
XI. In addition to .fr, several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas départements and territories:
.re, .mq, .gp, .tf, .nc, .pf, .wf, .pm, .gf and .yt. France also uses .eu, shared with other members of the
European Union. The .cat domain is used in Catalan-speaking territories.
XII. French Guiana is in South America; Guadeloupe and Martinique are in the Caribbean Sea; and
Réunion and Mayotte are in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Africa. All five are considered integral
parts of the French Republic. France also comprises Saint Pierre and Miquelon in North America; Saint
Barthélemy and Saint Martin in the Caribbean; French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna
and Clipperton Island in the Pacific Ocean; and the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.
XIII. INSEE definition: an immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at
birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still
considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign
citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants. Changes in immigrant numbers
result from: arrivals of new immigrants - (departures + deaths in France).
XIV. The last sacre was that of Charles X, 29 May 1825.
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kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0F91F33FE0903F10&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=102CDD40F14C6
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466. Beale, Victoria; Boxell, James (16 July 2011). "Falling stars" (http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ve
r=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:UKNB:FINB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft
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Times.
467. "Michelin 3 Star Restaurants around the world" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100724032127/http://ww
w.3starrestaurants.com/michelin-restaurants-star-guide.asp). Andy Hayler's 3 Star Restaurant Guide.
Archived from the original (http://www.3starrestaurants.com/michelin-restaurants-star-guide.asp) on 24
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468. Gilles Campion (25 November 2010). "Japan overtakes France with more Michelin-starred restaurants".
Agence France-Presse.
469. "Union Cycliste Internationale" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121114060844/http://www.uciprotour.co
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19 May 2012.
470. "Tour De France 2019: Everything you need to know" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/18769169).
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471. (in French) Les licences sportives en France (http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=NATTEF
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485. 1984: Platini shines for flamboyant France (http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/season=1984/index.ht

ml). UEFA Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120507185106/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/histor
y/season%3D1984/index.html) 7 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
486. 2000: Trezeguet strikes gold for France (http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/season=2000/index.htm
l). UEFA Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111028011653/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/
season%3D2000/index.html) 28 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
487. "Thierry Henry calls end to France career" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/8826244.stm). BBC
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488. Clarey, Christopher (30 June 2001). "Change Seems Essential to Escape Extinction: Wimbledon:
World's Most Loved Dinosaur" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071016123550/http://iht.com/articles/200
1/06/30/a20_16.php). International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original (http://www.iht.com/article
s/2001/06/30/a20_16.php) on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
489. Rugby (https://web.archive.org/web/20090615002946/http://www.123voyage.com/realsw/tosee/rugby.ht
m). 123 Voyage
Further reading
"France." in Europe, edited by Ferdie McDonald and Claire Marsden, Dorling Kindersley (Gale, 2010),
pp. 144–217. online (https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX1644200020/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=3
062efe1)
Topics
Carls, Alice-Catherine. "France." in World Press Encyclopedia, edited by Amanda C. Quick, (2nd ed.,
vol. 1, Gale, 2003), pp. 314–337. online coverage of press and media (https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/C
X3409900079/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=59dd8c94)
Chabal, Emile, ed. France since the 1970s: History, Politics and Memory in an Age of Uncertainty
(2015) Excerpt (https://www.amazon.com/dp/1472509773)
Gildea, Robert. France Since 1945 (2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2002).
Goodliffe, Gabriel, and Riccardo Brizzi, eds. France After 2012 (Bergham, 2015)
Haine, W. S. Culture and Customs of France (Greenwood Press, 2006).
Kelly, Michael, ed. French Culture and Society: The Essentials (Oxford University Press, 2001).
Raymond, Gino. Historical Dictionary of France (2nd ed. Scarecrow, 2008).
Jones, Colin. Cambridge Illustrated History of France (Cambridge University Press, 1999)
Ancient maps (https://merhav.nli.org.il/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,france%20%20maps&
tab=default_tab&search_scope=Local&sortby=lso01&vid=NLI&mfacet=tlevel,include,online_resources,
1&mfacet=rtype,include,Maps,1&mfacet=topic,include,France,1&lang=en_US&offset=0&came_from=so
rt) of France from the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel
External links
France (http://www.oecd.org/france) at Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
France (https://web.archive.org/web/20090207004853/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/fran
ce.htm) at UCB Libraries GovPubs
France (https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/France) at Curlie
France (http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/member-countries/france/index_en.htm) at the EU
Wikimedia Atlas of France
Geographic data related to France (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1403916) at
OpenStreetMap
Key Development Forecasts for France (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=FR)

from International Futures
Economy
INSEE (https://www.insee.fr/en/accueil)
OECD France statistics (http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?QueryId=14594)
Government
France.fr (in English) (http://www.france.fr/en) Official French tourism website
(in French) Official Site of the Government (http://www.gouvernement.fr)
Official site of the French public service (https://web.archive.org/web/20120103101721/http://service-pu
blic.fr/langue/english) – Links to various administrations and institutions
Official site of the National Assembly (http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/index.asp)
Culture
Contemporary French Civilization (http://www.french.uiuc.edu/cfc), journal, University of Illinois.
FranceGuide (http://us.franceguide.com) – Official website of the French Government Tourist Office
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France&oldid=1123219358"
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11/24/22, 1:24 PM France - Wikipedia

Coordinates: 47°N 2°E

France (French: [fʁɑ̃s] ), officially the French Republic

Germany, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Andorra, and Spain in

Brazil in the Americas via its overseas territories in French

which are overseas) span a combined area of 643,801 km2

Inhabited since the Palaeolithic era, the territory of

empire, which by the 20th century would become the second-

Contemporary period (1946–present) Gini (2020) 29.3[11]

Geology, topography and hydrography very high · 28th

Environment Currency Euro (€) (EUR)[VI]

Culture overseas regions separately, whose areas

Etymology and pronunciation

Prehistory (before the 6th century BC)

Antiquity (6th century BC–5th century AD)

Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)

High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)

The French nobility played a prominent role in most Crusades to

Early modern period (15th century–1789)

The French Renaissance saw spectacular cultural development and the

Louis XIV, the "Sun King",

In early August 1789, the National Constituent Assembly abolished the

On 10 August 1792, an angry crowd threatened the palace of King

Napoleon and 19th century (1799–1914)

The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the July

France had colonial possessions, in

Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)

In 1940, France was invaded and quickly defeated by Nazi Germany.

Contemporary period (1946–present)

France, it was the watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal

Location and borders

Corsica. Metropolitan France is situated mostly between latitudes 41°

five have the same status as mainland France's regions and

Geology, topography and hydrography

France was one of the first countries to create an environment

Since 2016, France is mainly divided into 18 United Kingdom

Martinique, Mayotte, and Réunion) are in Aquitaine Rhône-Alpes

(DOMs), enjoy the same status as Suriname Côte d'Azur Ligurian

metropolitan departments and are an Sea

integral part of the European Union. Brazil Sea

Overseas territories and collectivities

one island possession in the Pacific Ocean (Clipperton Island).

Name Constitutional status Capital

French Designated as an overseas land (pays

Wallis and Overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-

Government and politics

France is a representative democracy organised as a unitary, semi-

the Government of France. The President has the power to dissolve

The legislature consists of the French Parliament, a bicameral body

France is a founding member of the United Nations and serves as one of

France is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO),

France retains strong political and economic influence in its former

In 2017, France was the world's fourth-largest donor of development

The French Armed Forces (Forces armées françaises) are the

France's economy is highly diversified; services represent two-thirds of

France has historically been one of the world's major agricultural

France is the world's sixth-biggest exporter of agricultural products, generating a trade

Relative to other developed countries, agriculture is an important sector of France's

Other protected areas

Ukraine derive a majority of electricity from nuclear power, at roughly