Manual HTML

HTML Tutorial
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HTML or Hypertext Markup Language, is the most widely

used language on Web.
Technically, HTML is not a programming language, but

rather a markup language.
This tutorial gives a complete understanding on HTML.
HTML Introduction
Before your begin:
Before you begin, it's important that you know Windows or Unix. A working knowledge of
Windows or Unix makes it much easier to learn HTML.
You should be familiar with:
 Basic word processing using any text editor.

 How to create directories and files.
 How to navigate through different directories.
 Basic understaning on internet browsing using a browser like Internet Explorer or
Firefox etc.
Introducing HTML:
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used language to write
Web Pages. As its name suggests, HTML is a markup language.
 Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked
together. When you click a link in a Web page, you are using hypertext.
 Markup Language describes how HTML works. With a markup language, you simply
"mark up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure it to
display.
Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like
headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information
between researchers.
All you need to do to use HTML is to learn what type of markup to use to get the results you
want.
Creating HTML Document:

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Creating an HTML document is easy. To begin coding HTML you need only two things: a simple-
text editor and a web browser. Notepad is the most basic of simple-text editors and you will
probably code a fair amount of HTML with it.
Here are the simple steps to create a baisc HTML document:
 Open Notepad or another text editor.

 At the top of the page type <html>.
 On the next line, indent five spaces and now add the opening header tag: <head>.
 On the next line, indent ten spaces and type <title> </title>.
 Go to the next line, indent five spaces from the margin and insert the closing header
tag: </head>.
 Five spaces in from the margin on the next line, type<body>.
 Now drop down another line and type the closing tag right below its mate: </body>.
 Finally, go to the next line and type </html>.
 In the File menu, choose Save As.
 In the Save as Type option box, choose All Files.
 Name the file template.htm.
 Click Save.
You have basic HTML document now, to see some result put the following code in title and body
tags.
<html>
<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Document description goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>
Now you have created one HTML page and you can use a Web Browser to open this HTML file
to see the result. Hope you understood that Web Pages are nothing but they are simple HTML
files with some content which can be rendered using Web Browsers.
Here <html>, <head>,...<p>, <h1> etc. are called HTML tags. HTML tags are building blocks
of an HTML document nd we will learn all the HTML tags in subsequent chapters.
NOTE: One HTML file can have extension as .htm or .html. So you can use either of them
based on your comfort.
HTML Document Structure:
An HTML document starts and ends with <html> and >/html> tags. These tags tell the browser
that the entire document is composed in HTML. Inside these two tags, the document is split into
two sections:
 The <head>...</head> elements, which contain information about the document such
as title of the document, author of the document etc. Information inside this tag does
not display outside.
 The <body>...</body> elements, which contain the real content of the document that
you see on your screen.
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HTML Tags and Elements:
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HTML language is a markup language and we use many tags to markup text. In the above
example you have seen <html>, <body> etc. are called HTML tags or HTML elements.
Every tag consists of a tag name, sometimes followed by an optional list of tag attributes , all
placed between opening and closing brackets (< and >). The simplest tag is nothing more than
a name appropriately enclosed in brackets, such as <head> and <i>. More complicated tags
contain one or more attributes , which specify or modify the behaviour of the tag.
According to the HTML standard, tag and attribute names are not case-sensitive. There's no
difference in effect between <head>, <Head>, <HEAD>, or even <HeaD>; they are all
equivalent. But with XHTML, case is important: all current standard tag and attribute names are
in lowercase.
HTML is Forgiving?
A very good quality associated with all the browsers is that they would not give any error if you
have not put any HTML tag or attribute properly. They will just ignore that tag or attribute and
will apply only correct tags and attributes before displaying the result.
We can not say, HTML is forgiving because this is just a markup language and required to
format documents.
HTML Basic Tags

The basic structure for all HTML documents is simple and should include the following minimum
elements or tags:
 <html> - The main container for HTML pages

 <head> - The container for page header information
 <title> - The title of the page
 <body> - The main body of the page
Remember that before an opening <html> tag, an XHTML document can contain the optional
XML declaration, and it should always contain a DOCTYPE declaration indicating which version of
XHTML it uses.
Now we will explain each of these tags one by one. In this tutorial you will find the terms
element and tag are used interchangeably.
The <html> Element:
The <html> element is the containing element for the whole HTML document. Each HTML
document should have one <html> and each document should end with a closing </html> tag.
Following two elements appear as direct children of an <html> element:
 <head>
 <body>
As such, start and end HTML tags enclose all the other HTML tags you use to describe the Web
page.
The <head> Element:

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The <head> element is just a container for all other header elements. It should be the first
thing to appear after the opening <html> tag.
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Each <head> element should contain a <title> element indicating the title of the document,
although it may also contain any combination of the following elements, in any order:
 The <base> tag is used to areate a "base" url for all links on the page.
 The <object> tag is designed to include images, JavaScript objects, Flash animations,
MP3 files, QuickTime movies and other components of a page.
 The <link> tag is used to link to an external file, such as a style sheet or JavaScript file.
 The <style> tag is used to include CSS rules inside the document.
 The <script> tag is used to include JAVAScript or VBScript inside the document
 The <meta> tag includes information about the document such as keywords and a
description, which are particularly helpful for search applications.
Example:
Following is the example of head tag.
<head>
<title>HTML Basic tags</title>
<meta name="Keywords" content="HTML, Web Pages" />
<meta name="description" content="HTML Basic Tags" />
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="tp.css" />
<script type="text/javascript">
_uacct = "UA-232293";
urchinTracker();
</script>
</head>
The <title> Element:
You should specify a title for every page that you write inside the <title> element. This element
is a child of the <head> element). It is used in several ways:
 It displays at the very top of a browser window.

 It is used as the default name for a bookmark in browsers such as IE and Netscape.
 Its is used by search engines that use its content to help index pages.
Therefore it is important to use a title that really describes the content of your site. The <title>
element should contain only the text for the title and it may not contain any other elements.
Example:
Here is the example of using title tag.
<head>
</head>
The <body> Element:
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The <body> element appears after the <head> element and contains the part of the Web page
that you actually see in the main browser window, which is sometimes referred to as body
content.
A <body> element may contain anything from a couple of paragraphs under a heading to more
complicated layouts containing forms and tables.
Most of what you will be learning in this and the following five chapters will be written between
the opening <body> tag and closing </body> tag.
Example:
Here is the example of using body tag.
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph tag.</p>
</body>
Putting all together:
Now if we will put all these tags together, it will constitute a complete HTML document as
follows:
<html>
<head>
<meta name="Keywords" content="HTML, Web Pages" />
<meta name="description" content="HTML Basic Tags" />
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="tp.css" />
<script type="text/javascript">
_uacct = "UA-232293";
urchinTracker();
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph tag.</p>
</body>
</html>
To Become more comfortable
HTML Meta Tags

HTML lets you specify metadata - information about a document rather than document content -
in a variety of ways. The META element can be used to include name/value pairs describing
properties of the HTML document, such as author, Expiry Date, a list of key words, author etc.
The <meta> tag is an empty element and so does not have a closing tag, rather, <meta> tags
carry information within attributes, so you need a forward slash character at the end of the
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element.
Metadata provided by using meta tag is a very important part of the web. It can assist search
engines in finding the best match when a user performs a search. Search engines will often look
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at any metadata attached to a page - especially keywords - and rank it higher than another
page with less relevant metadata, or with no metadata at all.
Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents:
You can add metadata to your web pages by placing <meta> tags between the <head> and
</head> tags. The can include the following attributes:
Attribute Description
Name Name for the property. Can be anything. Examples include, keywords, description,
author, revised, generator etc.
content Specifies the property's value.
scheme Specifies a scheme to use to interpret the property's value (as declared in the
content attribute).
http- Used for http response message headers. For example http-equiv can be used to
equiv refresh the page or to set a cookie. Values include content-type, expires, refresh
and set-cookie.
NOTE: Core attributes for all the elements are discussed in next chapter.
Meta Tag Examples:

Let's see few important usage of Meta Tags.
Specifying Keywords:
We specify keywords which will be used by the search engine to search a web page. So using
following tag you can specify important keywords related to your page.
<head>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, meta tags, metadata" />
</head>
Document Description:
This is again important information and many search engine use this information as well while
searching a web page. So you should give an appropriate description of the page.
<head>
<meta name="description" content="Learn about Meta Tags." />
</head>
Document Revision date:

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This information tells about last time the document was updated.
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<head>
<meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 6/12/2006" />
</head>
Document Refreshing:
You can specify a duration after which your web page will keep refreshing. If you want your
page keep refreshing after every 10 seconds then use the following syntax.
<head>
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="10" />
</head>
Page Redirection:
You can specify a page redirection using Meta Tag. Following is an example of redirecting
current page to another page. You can specify a duration after which page will be redirected.
<head>
<meta http-equiv="refresh"
content="10; url=http://www.tutorialspoint.com" />
</head>
If you don't provide a duration then page will be redirected immediately.
Setting Cookies:
You can use Meta Tag to store cookies on client side later information can be used by then Web
Server to track a site visitor.
<head>
<meta http-equiv="cookie" content="userid=xyz;
expires=Wednesday, 08-Aug-00 23:59:59 GMT; />
</head>
If you do not include the expiration date and time, the cookie is considered a session cookie and
will be deleted when the user exits the browser.
Setting Author Name:
You can set an author name in a web page using Meta Tag. See an example below:
<head>
<meta name="author" content="Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
</head>
If you do not include the expiration date and time, the cookie is considered a session cookie and
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will be deleted when the user exits the browser.
HTML Attributes
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Attributes are another important part of HTML markup. An attribute is used to define the
characteristics of an element and is placed inside the element's opening tag. All attributes are
made up of two parts: a name and a value:
 The name is the property you want to set. For example, the <font> element in the
example carries an attribute whose name is face, which you can use to indicate which
typeface you want the text to appear in.
 The value is what you want the value of the property to be. The first example was
supposed to use the Arial typeface, so the value of the face attribute is Arial.
The value of the attribute should be put in double quotation marks, and is separated from the
name by the equals sign. You can see that a color for the text has been specified as well as the
typeface in this <font> element:
<font face="arial" color="#CC0000">
Many HTML tags have a unique set of their own attributes. These will be discussed as each tag
is introduced throughout the tutorial. Right now we want to focus on a set of generic attributes
that can be used with just about every HTML Tag in existence.
Core Attributes:
The four core attributes that can be used on the majority of HTML elements (although not all)
are:
 id
 title
 class
 style
The id Attribute:
The id attribute can be used to uniquely identify any element within a page ( or style sheet ).
There are two primary reasons that you might want to use an id attribute on an element:
 If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier it is possible to identify just

that element and its content.
 If you have two elements of the same name within a Web page (or style sheet), you
can use the id attribute to distinguish between elements that have the same name.
We will discuss style sheet in separate tutorial. For now, the id attribute could be used to
distinguish between two paragraph elements, like so:
<p id="html">This para explains what is HTML</p>

<p id="css">This para explains what is Casecading Style Sheet</p>
Note that there are some special rules for the value of the id attribute, it must:
 Begin with a letter (A.Z or a.z) and can then be followed by any number of letters,
digits (0.9), hyphens, underscores, colons, and periods.
 Remain unique within that document; no two attributes may have the same value
within that HTML document.
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The title Attribute:
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The title attribute gives a suggested title for the element. They syntax for the title attribute is
similar as explained for id attribute:
The behavior of this attribute will depend upon the element that carries it, although it is often
displayed as a tooltip or while the element is loading.
For example:
<h4 title="Hello HTML!">Titled Heading Tag Example</h4>
Above code will generate following result:
Titled Heading Tag Example
Now try to bring your cursor over "Titled Heading Tag Example" and see the result.
The class Attribute:
The class attribute is used to associate an element with a style sheet, and specifies the class of
element. You learn more about the use of the class attribute when you will learn Casecading
Style Sheet (CSS). So for now you can avoid it.
The value of the attribute may also be a space-separated list of class names. For example:
class="className1 className2 className3"
The style Attribute:
The style attribute allows you to specify CSS rules within the element. For example:
<p style="font-family:arial; color:#FF0000;">Some text...</p>
Internationalization Attributes:
There are three internationalization attributes, which are available to most (although not all)
XHTML elements.
 dir
 lang
 xml:lang
The dir Attribute:
The dir attribute allows you to indicate to the browser the direction in which the text should
flow.The dir attribute can take one of two values, as you can see in the table that follows:
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Value Meaning
ltr Left to right (the default value)
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rtl Right to left (for languages such as Hebrew or Arabic that are read right to left)
Example:
<html dir=rtl>
<head>
<title>Display Directions</title>
</head>
<body>
This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text.
</body>
</html>
When dir attribute is used within the <html> tag, it determines how text will be presented
within the entire document. When used within another tag, it controls the text's direction for
just the content of that tag.
The lang Attribute:
The lang attribute allows you to indicate the main language used in a document, but this
attribute was kept in HTML only for backwards compatibility with earlier versions of HTML. This
attribute has been replaced by the xml:lang attribute in new XHTML documents.
When included within the <html> tag, the lang attribute specifies the language you've generally
used within the document. When used within other tags, the lang attribute specifies the
language you used within that tag's content. Ideally, the browser will use lang to better render
the text for the user.
The values of the lang attribute are ISO-639 standard two-character language codes.Check
HTML Language Codes: ISO 639 for a complete list of language codes.
Example:
<html lang=en>
<head>
<title>English Language Page</title>
</head>
<body>
This page is using English Language
</body>
</html>
The xml:lang Attribute:
The xml:lang attribute is the XHTML replacement for the lang attribute. The value of the
xml:lang attribute should be an ISO-639 country code as mentioned in previous section.
Generic Attributes:
Here's a table of some other attributes that are readily usable with many of HTML's tags.
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Attribute Options Function
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align right, left, center Horizontally aligns tags
valign top, middle, bottom Vertically aligns tags within an HTML element.
bgcolor numeric, hexidecimal, RGB Places a background color behind an element

values
background URL Places an background image behind an element
id User Defined Names an element for use with Cascading Style

Sheets.
class User Defined Classifies an element for use with Cascading Style
Sheets.
width Numeric Value Specifies the width of tables, images, or table

cells.
height Numeric Value Specifies the height of tables, images, or table

cells.
title User Defined "Pop-up" title for your elements.
We will see related examples as we will proceed to study other HTML tags.
For a complete list of HTML Tags and related attributes please check reference to HTML Tags
List.
HTML Formatting Tags

If you want people to read what you have written, then structuring your text well is even more
important on the Web than when writing for print. People have trouble reading wide, long,
paragraphs of text on Web sites unless they are broken up well.
This section will teach you basic text formatting elements like heading elements and paragraph
elements.
Whitespace and Flow:

Before you start to mark up your text, it is best to understand what HTML does when it comes
across spaces and how browsers treat long sentences and paragraphs of text.
You might think that if you put several consecutive spaces between two words, the spaces
would appear between those words onscreen, but this is not the case; by default, only one
space will be displayed. This is known as white space collapsing. So you need to use special
HTML tags to create multiple spaces.
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Similarly, if you start a new line in your source document, or you have consecutive empty lines,
these will be ignored and simply treated as one space. So you need to use special HTML tags to
create more number of empty lines.
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Create Headings - The <hn> Elements:
Any documents starts with a heading. You use different sizes for your headings. HTML also have
six levels of headings, which use the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and <h6>.
While displaying any heading, browser adds one line before and after that heading.
Example:
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>

This will display following result:
This is heading 1
This is heading 2
This is heading 3
This is heading 4
This is heading 5
This is heading 6
To Become more comfortable -
Create Paragraph - The <p> Element:

The <p> element offers a way to structure your text. Each paragraph of text should go in
between an opening <p> and closing </p> tag as shown below in the example:
<p>Here is a paragraph of text.</p>

<p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>
This will produce following result:
Here is a paragraph of text.
Here is a second paragraph of text.
Here is a third paragraph of text.
You can use align attribute to align your paragraphs.
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<p align="left">This is left aligned.</p>
<p align="center">This is center aligned.</p>
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<p align="right">This is right aligned.</p>
<p align="justify">This is jutified. This works when you have multiple lines in your paragraph
and you want to justfy all the lines so that they can look more nice.</p>
This is left aligned.
This is center aligned.
This is right aligned.
This is jutified. This works when you have multiple lines in your paragraph and you want to
justfy all the lines so that they can look more nice.
Create Line Breaks - The <br /> Element:

Whenever you use the <br /> element, anything following it starts on the next line. This tag is
an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as there is
nothing to go in between them.
Note: The <br /> element has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you
omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss the
forward slash character and just use <br> it is not valid XHTML
Example:
Hello<br />
You come most carefully upon your hour.<br />
Thanks<br />
Mahnaz
Hello
You come most carefully upon your hour.
Thanks
Mahnaz
Centring Content - The <center> Element:

You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell.
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Example:
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<p>This is not in the center.</p>
<center>
<p>This is in the center.</p>
</center>
This is not in the center.
This is in the center.
Nonbreaking Spaces:
Suppose you were to use the phrase "12 Angry Men." Here you would not want a browser to
split the "12" and "Angry" across two lines:
A good example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."
In cases where you do not want the client browser to break text, you should use a nonbreaking
space entity ( ) instead of a normal space. For example, when coding the "12 Angry Men"
paragraph, you would use something similar to the following code:
<p>A good example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."</p>
Soft Hyphens:
Occasionally, you will want to allow a browser to hyphenate long words to better justify a
paragraph. For example, consider the following code and its resulting output.
<p style="text-align: justify;"> The morbid fear of the number 13, or triskaidekaphobia, has
plagued some important historic figures like Mahamiya and Nanao.</p>
In cases where you want a client browser to be able to hyphenate a word if necessary, use the
soft hyphen entity () to specify where a word should be hyphenated. So above example
should be written as follows:
<p style="text-align: justify;"> Example for soft hyphen - The morbid fear of the number 13, or
triskaidekaphobia, has plagued some important historic figures like Mahamiya
and Nanao.</p>
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Example for soft hyphen - The morbid fear of the number 13, or triskaidekaphobia, has plagued
some important historic figures like Mahamiya and Nanao.
NOTE: This may notwork with some web browsers.
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Preserve Formatting - The <pre> Element:
Sometimes you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written in the HTML
document. In those cases, you can use the preformatted tag (<pre>).
Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag will preserve the
formatting of the source document.
<pre>
function testFunction( strText ){
alert (strText)
}
</pre>
function testFunction( strText ){

alert (strText)
}
Horizontal Rules - The <hr /> Element

Horizontal rules are used to visually break up sections of a document. The <hr> tag creates a
line from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks the line
accordingly.
For example you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as follows:
<p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>

<hr />
<p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>
This is paragraph one and should be on top
This is paragraph two and should be at bottom
Again <hr /> tag is an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and
closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.
Note: The <hr /> element has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you
omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss the
forward slash character and just use <hr> it is not valid XHTML
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Presentational Tags:
If you use a word processor, you are familiar with the ability to make text bold, italicized, or
underlined; these are just three of the ten options available to indicate how text can appear in
HTML and XHTML.
Bold Text - The <b> Element:

Anything that appears in a <b>...</b> element is displayed in bold, like the word bold here:
<p>The following word uses a <b>bold</b> typeface.</p>
The following word uses a bold typeface.
Italic Text - The <i> Element:

Anything that appears in a <i>...</i> element is displayed in italicized, like the word italicized
here:
<p>The following word uses a <i>italicized</i> typeface.</p>
The following word uses a italicized typeface.
Underlined Text - The <u> Element:

Anything that appears in a <u>...</u> element is displayed with underline, like the word
underlined here:
<p>The following word uses a <u>underlined</u> typeface.</p>
The following word uses a underlined typeface.
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Strike Text - The <strike> Element:
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Anything that appears in a <strike>...</strike> element is displayed with strikethrough, which
is a thin line through the text:
<p>The following word uses a <strike>strikethrough</strike> typeface.</p>
The following word uses a strikethrough typeface.
To Become more comfortable -
Monospaced font - The <tt> Element:

The content of a <tt> element is written in monospaced font. Most fonts are known as variable-
width fonts because different letters are of different widths (for example, the letter m is wider
than the letter i). In a monospaced font, however, each letter is the same width.
<p>The following word uses a <tt>monospaced</tt> typeface.</p>
The following word uses a monospaced typeface.
Superscript Text - The <sup> Element:

The content of a <sup> element is written in superscript; the font size used is the same size as
the characters surrounding it but is displayed half a character.s height above the other
characters.
<p>The following word uses a <sup>superscript</sup> typeface.</p>
superscript
The following word uses a typeface.
Subscript Text - The <sub> Element:

The content of a <sub> element is written in subscript; the font size used is the same as the
characters surrounding it, but is displayed half a character.s height beneath the other
characters.
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<p>The following word uses a <sub>subscript</sub> typeface.</p>
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The following word uses a subscript typeface.
Larger Text - The <big> Element:

The content of the <big> element is displayed one font size larger than the rest of the text
surrounding it.
<p>The following word uses a <big>big</big> typeface.</p>
The following word uses a big typeface.
Smaller Text - The <small> Element:

The content of the <small> element is displayed one font size smaller than the rest of the text
surrounding it.
<p>The following word uses a <small>small</small> typeface.</p>
The following word uses a small typeface.
Grouping - The <div> and <span> Elements :

The <div> and <span> elements allow you to group together several elements to create
sections or subsections of a page.
For example, you might want to put all of the footnotes on a page within a <div> element to
indicate that all of the elements within that <div> element relate to the footnotes. You might
then attach a style to this <div> element so that they appear using a special set of style rules.
The <div> element is used to group block-level elements together:
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<div id="menu" align="middle" >
<a href="/index.htm">HOME</a> |
<a href="/about/contact_us.htm">CONTACT</a> |
<a href="/about/index.htm">ABOUT</a>
</div>
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<div id="content" align="left" bgcolor="white">
<h5>Content Articles</h5>
<p>Actual content goes here.....</p>
</div>
HOME | CONTACT | ABOUT
Content Articles
Actual content goes here.....
The <span> element, on the other hand, can be used to group inline elements only. So, if you
had a part of a sentence or paragraph you wanted to group together you could use the <span>
element.
<div><p>This is the example of <span style="color:green">span tag</span> and the <span

style="color:purple">div tag</span> alongwith CSS</p></div>
This is the example of span tag and the div tag alongwith CSS
These tags are commonly used with CSS to allow you to attach a style to a section of a page.
HTML Phrase Tags

While some of these phrase elements are displayed in a similar manner to the <b>, <i>,
<pre>, and <tt> elements you have already seen, they are designed for specific purposes. For
example, the <em> and <strong> elements give text emphasis and strong emphasis
respectively and there are several elements for marking up quotes.
We will see all phrase tags in this section with examples.
Emphasized Text - The <em> Element:

The content of an <em> element is intended to be a point of emphasis in your document, and it
is usually displayed in italicized text. The kind of emphasis intended is on words such as "must"
in the following sentence:
<p>You <em>must</em> remember to close elements in XHTML.</p>
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You must remember to close elements in XHTML.
Strong Text - The <strong> Element:

The <strong> element is intended to show strong emphasis for its content; stronger emphasis
than the <em> element. As with the <em> element, the <strong> element should be used
only when you want to add strong emphasis to part of a document.
<p>You <strong>must</strong> remember to close elements in XHTML.</p>
You must remember to close elements in XHTML.
Text Abbreviation - The <abbr> Element :

You can indicate when you are using an abbreviated form by placing the abbreviation between
opening <abbr> and closing </abbr> tags.
<p>I have a friend called <abbr title="Abhishek">Abhy</abbr>.</p>
I have a friend called Abhy.
Using Acronym - The <acronym> Element :

The <acronym> element allows you to indicate that the text between an opening <acronym>
and closing </acronym> element is an acronym.
When possible use a title attribute whose value is the full version of the acronyms on the
<acronym> element, and if the acronym is in a different language, include an xml:lang attribute
in XHTML documents.
<p>This chapter covers marking up text in <acronym title="Extensible Hypertext Markup

Language">XHTML</acronym>.</p>
This chapter covers marking up text in XHTML.
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At present, the major browsers do not change the appearance of the content of the <acronym>
element.
Special Terms - The <dfn> Element :

The <dfn> element allows you to specify that you are introducing a special term. Its use is
similar to the words that are in italics in the midst of paragraphs in this book when new key
concepts are introduced.
Typically, you would use the <dfn> element the first time you introduce a key term and only in
that instance. Most recent browsers render the content of a <dfn> element in an italic font.
<p>This tutorial teaches you how mark up your documents for the web using
<dfn>XHTML</dfn>.</p>
This tutorial teaches you how mark up your documents for the web using XHTML.
To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice
Quoting Text - The <blockquote> Element :

When you want to quote a passage from another source, you should use the <blockquote>
element.
Text inside a <blockquote> element is usually indented from the left and right edges of the
surrounding text, and sometimes uses an italicized font.
<p>The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:</p>
<blockquote> XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on from
earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0. </blockquote>
The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:
XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on from earlier work on
HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.
You can use the cite attribute on the <blockquote> element to indicate the source of the quote.
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<p>The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:</p>
<blockquote cite="http://www.w3.org/markup/"> XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first

Recommendation for XHTML, following on from earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2
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and HTML 2.0. </blockquote>
Short Quotations - The <q> Element :

The <q> element is intended to be used when you want to add a quote within a sentence rather
than as an indented block on its own.
<p>Amit is in Spain, <q>He is their at my home. I think I am wrong</q>.</p>
Amit is in Spain, He is their at my home. I think I am wrong.
The <q> element can also carry the cite attribute. The value should be a URL pointing to the
source of the quote.
Citations - The <cite> Element :

If you are quoting a text, you can indicate the source placing it between an opening <cite> tag
and closing </cite> tag
As you would expect in a print publication, the content of the <cite> element is rendered in
italicized text by default.
<p>This HTML Tutorial is derived from <cite>World Wide Web Standard for HTML</cite>.</p>
This HTML Tutorial is derived from World Wide Web Standard for HTML.
Computer Code - The <code> Element :

Any code to appear on a Web page should be placed inside a <code> element. Usually the
content of the <code> element is presented in a monospaced font, just like the code in most
programming books.
<h1> <code>This is inside code element</code></h1>
This is inside code element
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Keyboard Text - The <kbd> Element :
When you are talking about computers, if you want to tell a reader to enter some text, you can
use the <kbd> element to indicate what should be typed in, as in this example.
The content of a <kbd> element is usually represented in a monospaced font rather like the
content of the <code> element.
<h1> <kbd>This is inside kbd element</kbd></h1>
This is inside kbd element
Programming Variables - The <var> Element :

This element is usually used in conjunction with the <pre> and <code> elements to indicate
that the content of that element is a variable that can be supplied by a user.
<p><code>document.write("<var>user-name</var>")</code></p>
document.write("user-name")
Program Output - The <samp> Element :

The <samp> element indicates sample output from a program, script, or the like. Again, it is
mainly used when documenting programming concepts. For example:
<p>Result produced by the program is <samp>Hello World</samp></p>
Result produced by the program is Hello World
Addresses - The <address> Element :

The <address> element is used to contain any address. For example:
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<address>304, Menna Colony, Hyderabad - INDIA, 500032</address>
304, Menna Colony, Hyderabad - INDIA, 500032
Block and Inline Elements:

We can categories all the elements into two sections:
 Block-level elements - Block-level elements appear on the screen as if they have a

carriage return or line break before and after them. For example the <p>, <h1>,
<h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6>, <ul>, <ol>, <dl>, <pre>, <hr />, <blockquote>,
and <address> elements are all block level elements. They all start on their own new
line, and anything that follows them appears on its own new line.
 Inline elements - Inline elements, on the other hand, can appear within sentences
and do not have to appear on a new line of their own. The <b>, <i>, <u>, <em>,
<strong>, <sup>, <sub>, <big>, <small>, <li>, <ins>, <del>, <code>, <cite>,
<dfn>, <kbd>, and <var> elements are all inline elements.
The elements which we have not discussed till now, will be discussed in subsequent chapters.
HTML Comments
Comments are piece of code which is ignored by any web browser. It is good practice to
comment your code, especially in complex documents, to indicate sections of a document, and
any other notes to anyone looking at the code. Comments help you and others understand your
code.
HTML Comment lines are indicated by the special beginning tag  placed
at the beginning and end of EVERY line to be treated as a comment.
Comments do not nest, and the double-dash sequence "--" may not appear inside a comment
except as part of the closing --> tag. You must also make sure that there are no spaces in the
start-of-comment string.
For example: Given line is a valid comment in HTML

But following line is not a valid comment and will be displayed by the borwser. This is because
there is a space between the left angle bracket and the exclamation mark.
< !-- This is commented out -->
Be careful if you use comments to "comment out" HTML that would otherwise be shown to the
user, since some older browsers will still pay attention to angle brackets inside the comment
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and close the comment prematurely -- so that some of the text that was supposed to be inside
the comment mistakenly appears as part of the document.
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Multiline Comments:
You have seen how to comment a single line in HTML. You can comment multiple lines by the
special beginning tag  placed before the first line and end of the lastline
to be treated as a comment.
For example:

Conditional Comments :
Conditional comments only work in Explorer on Windows, and are thus excellently suited to give
special instructions meant only for Explorer on Windows. They are supported from Explorer 5
onwards, and it is even possible to distinguish between 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0.
Conditional comments work as follows:

 Their basic structure is the same as an HTML comment (). Therefore all other
browsers will see them as normal comments and will ignore them entirely.
 Explorer Windows, though, has been programmed to recognize the special 
</script>
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Similarly if you are using Casecading Style Sheet in your HTML code then it is recommended to
put that style sheet code inside proper HTML Comments to make old browser works properly.
For example:
<style>

</style>
NOTE: To become familiar with JAVA Script and Cascading Style Sheet you need to refer
different tutorial.
HTML Fonts
Font face and color depends entirely on the computer and browser that is being used to view
your page. But the <font> tag is used to add style, size, and color to the text on your site. You
can use a <basefont> tag to set all of your text to the same size, face, and color.
The font tag is having three attributes called size, color, and face to customize your fonts.
To change any of the font attributes at any time within your page, simply use the <font> tag.
The text that follows will remain changed until you close with the </font> tag. You can change
any or all of the font attributes at the one time, by including all the required changes within the
one <font> tag.
NOTE: The font and basefont tags are deprecated and it is supposed to be removed in
a future version of HTML. So it should not be used. Its is suggested to use css styles to
manipulate your font.
Font Size:
You can set the size of your font with size attribute. The range of accepted values is from
1(smallest) to 7(largest). The default size of a font is 3.
Example:
<font size="1">Font size="1"</font>

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Font size="1"
Font size="2"
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Font size="3"
Font size="4"
Font size="5"
Font size="6"
Font size="7"
SPECIFY THE RELATIVE FONT SIZE. <font size="+n"> or <font size="-n">:
You can specify how many sizes larger or how many sizes smaller than the preset font size
should be.
Example:
<font size="-1">Font size="-1"</font>

<font size="+1">Font size="+1"</font>
Font size="-1"
Font size="+1"
Font size="+2"
Font size="+3"
Font size="+4"
Font Face:
You can set any font you like using face attribute but be aware that if the user viewing the page
doesn't have the font installed, they will not be able to see it. Instead they will default to Times
New Roman of your font with size attribute. See below few examples on using different font face
Example:
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<font face="Times New Roman" size="5">Times New Roman</font>
<font face="Verdana" size="5">Verdana</font>
<font face="Comic sans MS" size="5">Comic Sans MS</font>
<font face="WildWest" size="5">WildWest</font>
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<font face="Bedrock" size="5">Bedrock</font>
Times New Roman

Verdana
Comic Sans MS
WildWest
Bedrock
Specify alternate font faces:
A visitor will only be able to see your font if they have that font installed on their computer. So,
it is possible to specify two or more font face alternatives by listing the font face names,
separated by a comma.
Example:
<font face="arial,helvetica">
<font face="Lucida Calligraphy,Comic Sans MS,Lucida Console>
When your page is loaded, their browser will display the first font face that it has available. If
none of your selections are installed....then it will display the default font face Times New
Roman.
Font Color:
You can set any font color you like using color attribute. You can specify the color that you want
by either the color name or hexadecimal code for that color. Check a complete list of HTML
Example:
<font color="#FF00FF">This text is hexcolor #FF00FF</font>

<font color="red">This text is red</font>
This text is hexcolor #FF00FF

This text is red
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The <basefont> Element:
The <basefont> element is supposed to set a default font size, color, and typeface for any parts
of the document that are not otherwise contained within a <font> element. You can then use
the <font> elements to override the <basefont> settings.
The attributes that the <basefont> element takes are exactly the same as for the <font>
element. You can also set the size of fonts relative to the size of the <basefont> by giving them
a value of +1 for a size larger or -2 for two sizes smaller
NOTE: This element is deprecated in HTML 4 and will be removed from HTML, the preferred
option is to use CSS styles. Your browser may not have support for this tag.
Example:
<basefont face="arial, verdana, sans-serif" size="2" color="#ff0000">
<p>This is the page's default font.</p>
<h2>Example of the <basefont> Element</h2>
<p><font size="+2" color="darkgray">Here is some darkgray text
two sizes larger</font></p>
<p><font face="courier" size="-1" color="#000000">Here is a courier
font, a size smaller, in black</font></p>
This is the page's default font.
Example of the <basefont> Element
Here is some darkgray text

two sizes larger
Here is a courier
font, a size smaller, in black
As you can see, the default font now takes on the properties specified in the <basefont>
element. It is red, size 2, and uses the Arial typeface.
The paragraph after the <h2> element uses a font size two sizes larger than the default size
and is gray text, whereas the following paragraph uses a font one size smaller than the default
font. You can also see that the color of this font is black (overriding the default).
HTML Images
Images are very important to beautify as well as to depicts many concepts on your web page.
Its is true that one single image is worth than thuasands of words. So as a Web Developer you
should have clear understanding on how to use images in your web pages.
Insert Image - The <img> Element:

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You will insert any image in your web page by using <img> tag. Following is the simple syntax
to use this tag.
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<img src="image URL" attr_name="attr_value"...more attributes />
Image Attributes:
Following are most frequently used attributes for <img> tag.
 width: sets width of the image. This will have a value like 10 or 20%etc.
 height: sets height of the image. This will have a value like 10 or 20% etc.
 border: sets a border around the image. This will have a value like 1 or 2 etc.
 src: specifies URL of the image file.
 alt: this is an alternate text which will be displayed if image is missing.
 align: this sets horizontal alignment of the image and takes value either left, right or
center.
 valign: this sets vertical alignment of the image and takes value either top, bottom or
center.
 hspace: horizontal space around the image. This will have a value like 10 or 20%etc.
 vspace: vertical space around the image. This will have a value like 10 or 20%etc.
 name: name of the image with in the document.
 id: id of the image with in the document.
 style: this will be used if you are using CSS.
 title: specifies a text title. The browser, perhaps flashing the title when the mouse
passes over the link.
 ismap and usemap: These attributes for the <img> tag tell the browser that the
image is a special mouse-selectable visual map of one or more hyperlinks, commonly
known as an image map. We will see how to use these attributes in Image Links
chapter.
A Simple Example:
<img src="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/images/html.gif" alt="HTML Tutorial" />
Image Attributes - width, height, title, border and align:
Now let us try to set some more attributes:
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<img src="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/images/html.gif"
alt="HTML Tutorial" width="100" height="100"
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border="2" align="right" title="HTML Tutorial" />
Remember that all the images will have a border by default. In our examples its not showing
because our global style sheet has set img {border:0px;} which means that no border will be
displayed till it is mentioned explicitly.
You can remove an image border by setting border="0" or through CSS by setting img
{border:0px;}.
Wrapping text around images:
Example 1:
<p>This is the first paragraph that appears above the paragraph with the image!</p>
<p><img src="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/images/html.gif" width="75" height="75"

alt="HTML Tutorial" align="right">
The image will appear along the right hand side of the paragraph. As you can see this is very
nice for adding a little eye candy that relates to the specified paragraph.</p>
<p>The left and right image-alignment values tell the browser to place an image against the
left or right margin, respectively, of the current text flow. The browser then renders subsequent
document content in the remaining portion of the flow adjacent to the image. The net result is
that the document content following the image gets wrapped around the image. </p>
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This is the first paragraph that appears above the paragraph with the image!
The image will appear along the right hand side of the paragraph. As you can see
this is very nice for adding a little eye candy that relates to the specified
paragraph.
The left and right image-alignment values tell the browser to place an image
against the left or right margin, respectively, of the current text flow. The browser
then renders subsequent document content in the remaining portion of the flow adjacent to the
image. The net result is that the document content following the image gets wrapped around
the image.
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Example 2:
You can use vspace or hspace attributes if you want to keep some distance between text and
image. Let us revise above example:
<p>This is the first paragraph that appears above the paragraph with the image!</p>
<p><img src="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/images/html.gif" vspace="10" hspace="15"

width="75" height="75" alt="HTML Tutorial" align="right">
The image will appear along the right hand side of the paragraph. As you can see this is very
nice for adding a little eye candy that relates to the specified paragraph.</p>
<p>The left and right image-alignment values tell the browser to place an image against the
left or right margin, respectively, of the current text flow. The browser then renders subsequent
document content in the remaining portion of the flow adjacent to the image. The net result is
that the document content following the image gets wrapped around the image. </p>
This is the first paragraph that appears above the paragraph with the image!
The image will appear along the right hand side of the paragraph. As you can
see this is very nice for adding a little eye candy that relates to the specified
paragraph.
The left and right image-alignment values tell the browser to place an image
against the left or right margin, respectively, of the current text flow. The
browser then renders subsequent document content in the remaining portion of the flow
adjacent to the image. The net result is that the document content following the image gets
wrapped around the image.
HTML Text Links

Web pages can contain links that take you directly to other pages and even specific parts of a
given page. These links are known as hyperlinks.
Hyperlinks allow visitors to navigate between Web sites by clicking on words, phrases, and
images. Thus you can create hyperlinks using text or images available on your any web page.
In this tutorial you will learn how to create text links between the different pages of your site,
links within pages of your sites, and how to link to other sites ( or external sites). If you want to
know more about URL then
Linking Documents - The <a> Element:

A link is specified using the <a> element. This element is called anchor tag as well. Anything
between the opening <a> tag and the closing </a> tag becomes part of the link and a user can
click that part to reach to the linked document.
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Following is the simple syntax to use this tag.
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<a href="Document URL" attr_name="attr_value"...more attributes />
Anchor Attributes:
Following are most frequently used attributes for <a> tag.
 href: specifies the URL of the target of a hyperlink. Its value is any valid document
URL, absolute or relative, including a fragment identifier or a JavaScript code fragment.
 target: specify where to display the contents of a selected hyperlink. If set to "_blank"
then a new window will be opened to display the loaded page, if set to "_top" or
"_parent" then same window will be used to display the loaded document, if set to
"_self" then loads the new page in current window. By default its "_self".
 name & id: attributes places a label within a document. When that label is used in a
link to that document, it is the equivalent of telling the browser to goto that label.
 event: attributes like onClick, onMouseOver etc. are used to trigger any Javascript ot
VBscript code.
 title: attribute lets you specify a title for the document to which you are linking. The
value of the attribute is any string, enclosed in quotation marks. The browser might use
it when displaying the link, perhaps flashing the title when the mouse passes over the
link.
 accesskey: attribute attribute provides a keyboard shortcut that can be used to
activate a link. For example, you could make the T key an access key so that when the
user presses either the Alt or Ctrl key on his keyboard (depending on his operating
system) along with the T key, the link gets activated.
A Simple Example:
<a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" target="_blank" >TP Home</a> |
<a href="http://www.amrood.com/" target="_self" >AMROOD Home</a> |
<a href="http://www.change-images.com/" target="_top" >Change Images Home</a>
This will produce following result, Click and come back to proceed with rest of the tutorial:
Base Path for Links:

It is not required to give a complete URL for every link. You can get rid of it if you will use
<base> tag in your header. This tag is used to give a base path for all the links. So your
browser will concatenate given relative path to this base path and will make a complete URL.
For example we have used following base tag in all the pages at tutorialspoint.com:
<head>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
</head>
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So now if you will use <a href="/html/index.htm" then it will be considered as <a
href="http://www.phptpoint.com/html".
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Linking to a Page Section:
You can create a link to a particular section of a page by using name attribute. Here we will
create three links with-in this page itself.
First create a link to reach to the top of this page. Here is the code we have used for the title
heading HTML Text Links
<h1>HTML Text Links <a name="top"></a></h1>
Now you have a place where you can reach. To reach to this place use the following code with-
in this document anywhere:
<a href="/html/html_text_links.htm#top">Go to the Top</a>
This will produce following link and you try using this link to reach to the top of this page:
Go to the Top
NOTE: Here we are using relative path. You can give complete URL and then # and then link
name eg. http://www.tutorialspoint.com/html/html_text_links.htm#top
You can use this type of URL in any other page to reach directly to a particular section.
Setting Link Colors:

You can set colors of your links, active links and visited links using link, alink and vlink
attributes of <body> tag. But it is recommended to use CSS to set colors of links, visited links
and active links.
Following is the example we have used for our web side tutorialspoint.com
a:link {color:#900B09; background-color:transparent}

a:visited {color:#900B09; background-color:transparent}
a:active {color:#FF0000; background-color:transparent}
a:hover {color:#FF0000; background-color:transparent}
You can refer to Style Sheet Tutorial for a complete understanding on CSS.
Otherwise you can use <body> tag to set link colors. Here is the syntax.
<body alink="#FF0000" link="#900B09" vlink="#900B09">

.......
</body>
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Create Download Links:
You can create text link to make your PDF, or DOC or ZIP files downloadable. This is very
simple, you just need to give complete URL of the downloadable file as follows:
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<a href="http://www.example.com/file.pdf">Download File</a>
This will produce following link and will be used to download a file.
Download File
You can not make an image download able until you follow the following procedure.
How To Raise a "File Download" Dialog Box ?
Sometime it is desired that you want to give option where a use will click a link and it will pop
up a "File Download" box to the user in stead of displaying actual content. This is very easy and
will be achived through HTTP header.
This HTTP header will be different from the header mentioned in previous section.
For example,if you want make a FileName file downloadable from a given link then its syntax
will be as follows.
#!/usr/bin/perl
# HTTP Header
print "Content-Type:application/octet-stream; name=\"FileName\"\r\n";
print "Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"FileName\"\r\n\n";
# Actual File Content will go hear.

open( FILE, "<FileName" );
while(read(FILE, $buffer, 100) )
{
print("$buffer");
}
HTML Image Links

Previous chapters has tought you how to create hyper text link using text and how to use
images in your web page. Now we will learn how to use images to create hyper links. See
example below:
<a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/index.htm" target="_self" >

<img src="/images/home.gif" alt="Tutorials Point Home" border="0"/>
</a>
This will create following hyperlink at tutorialspoint.com home.
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This was the simpletest way of creating hyperlinks using images. Next we will see how we can
create Mouse-Sensitive Image Links.
Mouse-Sensitive Images:
The HTML and XHTML standards provide a feature that lets you embed many different links
inside the same image. Clicking different areas of the image causes the browser to link to
different target documents. Such mouse-sensitive images known as image maps.
There are two ways to create image maps:
 A server-side image maps: is enabled by the ismap attribute for the <img> tag and
requires access to a server and related image-map processing applications.
 A client-side image maps: is created with the usemap attribute for the <img> tag,
along with corresponding <map> and <area> tags.
Server-Side Image Maps:
You add an image to an anchor simply by placing an <img> tag within the body of the <a> tag.
Make that embedded image into a mouse-sensitive one by adding the ismap attribute to the
<img> tag. This special <img> attribute tells the browser that the image is a special map
containing more than one link.
When the user clicks some place within the image, the browser passes the coordinates of the
mouse pointer along with the URL specified in the <a> tag to the document server. The server
uses the mouse-pointer coordinates to determine which document to deliver back to the
browser.
When ismap is used, the href attribute of the containing <a> tag must contain the URL of a
server application like amap file or cgi script etc. to process the incoming request based on the
passed coordinates.
The coordinates of the mouse position are screen pixels counted from the upper-left corner of
the image, beginning with (0,0). The coordinates, preceded by a question mark, are added to
the end of the URL.
For example, if a user clicks 50 pixels over and 30 pixels down from the upper-left corner of the
image displayed from the following link:
<a href="/cgi-bin/logo.map" target="_self" >

<img ismap src="/images/html.gif"
alt="HTML" border="0"/>
</a>
Then the browser sends the following search parameters to the HTTP server which can be
processed by cgi script or map file and you can link whatever you like to these coordinates:
/cgi-bin/logo.map?50,30
NOTE: Converting the coordinates into a specific document is handled by the server side
application, either cgi programme or special map files provided by seb server.
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Client-Side Image Maps:
Client side image maps are enabled by the usemap attribute for the <img /> tag and defined by
special <map> and <area> extension tags.
The image that is going to form the map is inserted into the page using the <img /> element as
normal, except it carries an extra attribute called usemap. The value of the usemap attribute is
the value of the name attribute on the <map> element, which you are about to meet, preceded
by a pound or hash sign.
The <map> element actually creates the map for the image and usually follows directly after
the <img /> element. It acts as a container for the <area /> elements that actually define the
clickable hotspots. The <map> element carries only one attribute, the name attribute, which is
the name that identifies the map. This is how the <img /> element knows which <map>
element to use.
The <area> element specifies the shape and the coordinates that define the boundaries of each
clickable hotspot. Here's an example from the image map:
<img src=/images/html.gif alt="HTML Map" border="0" usemap="#html"/>


<map name="html">
<area shape="circle"
coords="154,150,59" href="link1.htm" alt="link 1"
target="_self" />
<area shape="poly"
coords="272,79,351,79,351,15,486,15,486,218,272,218,
292,166,292,136,270,76" alt="link 2"
href="link2.htm" target="_self" />
<area shape="rect"
coords="325,224,488,286" alt="link 3"
href="link3.htm" target="_self" />
</map>
The actual value of coords is totally dependent on the shape in question. Here is a summary, to
be followed by detailed examples:
rect = x1 , y1 , x2 , y2
x1 and y1 are the coordinates of the upper left corner of the rectangle; x2 and y2 are the
coordinates of the lower right corner. Therefore, a rectangle which goes from 10,5 to
20,25 would have the attribute coords="10,5,20,25". A rectangle which defines the
upper-left quarter of an image might use coords="0,0,50%,50%".
circle = xc , yc , radius
xc and yc are the coordinates of the center of the circle, and radius is the circle's radius.
A circle centered at 200,50 with a radius of 25 would have the attribute
coords="200,50,25"; one centered at the image's center and having a diameter of half
the image would be defined by coords="50%,50%,25%".
poly = x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 , x3 , y3 , ... xn , yn
The various x-y pairs define vertices (points) of the polygon, with a "line" being drawn
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from one point to the next point. A diamond-shaped polygon with its top point at 20,20
and 40 pixels across at its widest points would have the attribute
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coords="20,20,40,40,20,60,0,40". A "line" is always drawn from the coordinates of the
last point to the coordinates of the first point in order to close the polygon.
All coordinates are relative to the upper-left corner of the image (0,0). Each shape has a related
URL.You can use any image software to know the coordinates of different positions.
HTML Tables
Tables are very useful to arrange in HTML and they are used very frequently by almost all web
developers. Tables are just like spreadsheets and they are made up of rows and columns.
You will create a table in HTML/XHTML by using <table> tag. Inside <table> element the table
is written out row by row. A row is contained inside a <tr> tag . which stands for table row. And
each cell is then written inside the row element using a <td> tag . which stands for table data.
Example:
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</table>
Row 1, Column 1 Row 1, Column 2
NOTE: In the above example border is an attribute of <table> and it will put border across all
the cells. If you do not need a border then you cal use border="0". The border attribute and
other attributes also mentione din this session are deprecated and they have been replaced by
CSS. So it is recommended to use CSS instead of using any attribute directly.
Table Heading - The <th> Element:

Table heading can be defined using <th> element. This tag will be put to replace <td> tag
which is used to represent actual data. Normally you will put your top row as table heading as
shown below, otherwise you can use <th> element at any place:
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<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
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<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
This will produce following result. You can see its making heading as a bold one:
Name Salary
Ramesh Raman 5000
Shabbir Hussein 7000
NOTE: Each cell must, however, have either a <td> or a <th> element in order for the table to
display correctly even if that element is empty.
Table Cellpadding and Cellspacing:

There are two attribiutes called cellpadding and cellspacing which you will use to adjust the
white space in your table cell. Cellspacing defines the width of the border, while cellpadding
represents the distance between cell borders and the content within. Following is the example:
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5">

<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
Name Salary
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Ramesh Raman 5000
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Colspan and Rowspan Attributes:
You will use colspan attribute if you want to merge two or more columns into a single column.
Similar way you will use rowspan if you want to merge two or more rows. Following is the
example:
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell 1</td></tr>
</table>
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Row 1 Cell 1 Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3
Row 3 Cell 1
Tables Backgrounds
You can set table background using of the following two ways:
 Using bgcolor attribute - You can set background color for whole table or just for one
cell.
 Using background attribute - You can set background image for whole table or just for
one cell.
NOTE:You can set border color also using bordercolor attribute.
Here is an example of using bgcolor attribute:
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<table border="5" bordercolor="green" bgcolor="gray">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<td bgcolor="red">Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell 1</td></tr>
</table>
Row 3 Cell 1
Here is an example of using background attribute:
<table border="1" background="/images/home.gif">

<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<td bgcolor="red">Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3" background="/images/pattern1.gif">
Row 3 Cell 1
</td></tr>
</table>
Row 3 Cell 1
Table height and width:

You can set a table width and height using width and height attrubutes. You can specify table
width or height in terms of integer value or in terms of percentage of available screen area.
Following is the example:
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<table border="1" width="400" height="150">
<tr>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</table>
Using Table Caption:

The caption tags will serve as a title or explanation and show up at the top of the table. This tag
is depracated in newer version of HTML/XHTML.
<table border="1">
<caption>This is the caption</caption>
<tr>
<td>row 1, column 1</td><td>row 1, columnn 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
This is the caption
row 1, column 1 row 1, columnn 2
Using a Header, Body, and Footer:

Tables can be divided into three portions: a header, a body, and a foot. The head and foot are
rather similar to headers and footers in a word-processed document that remain the same for
every page, while the body is the main content of the table.
The three elements for separating the head, body, and foot of a table are:
 <thead> - to create a separate table header.

 <tbody> - to indicate the main body of the table.
 <tfoot> - to create a separate table footer.
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A table may contain several <tbody> elements to indicate different pages or groups of data. But
it is notable that <thead> and <tfoot> tags should appear before <tbody>
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<table border="1" width="100%">
<thead>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the head of the table</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the foot of the table</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
...more rows here containing four cells...
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
This is the head of the table
This is the foot of the table
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4
Nested Tables:
You can use one table inside another table. Not only tables you can use almost all the tags
44 | P a g e
inside table data tag <td>.
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Following is the example of using another table and other tags inside a table cell.
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>This is another cell</li>
<li>Using list inside this cell</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</table>
Name Salary  This is another cell

 Using list inside this cell
Ramesh Raman 5000
HTML Colors
Colors are very important to give a good look and feel to your website. You can specify colors on
page level using <body> tag or you can set colors for individual tags.
The <body> tag has following attributes which can be used to set different colors:
 bgcolor: Sets a color for the background of the page.

 text: Sets a color for the body text.
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 alink: Sets a color for active links or selected links.
 link: Sets a color for linked text.
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 vlink: Sets a color for visited links - that is, for linked text that you have already
clicked on.
NOTE: It is recommended to use CSS to set background or text colors.
HTML Color Coding Methods:

There are following three different methods to set colors in your web page:
 Color names: You can specify color names directly like green, blue or red.
 Hex codes: A six-digit code representing the amount of red, green, and blue that make
up the color.
 Color decimal or percentage values: : This value is specified using the rgb( )
property.
Now we will see these coloring schemes one by one.
HTML Colors - Color Names:

You can sepecify direct a color name to set text or background color. W3C has listed 16 basic
color names that will validate with an HTML validator but there are over 200 different color
names supported by Netscape and IE. Check a complete list of HTML Color Name.
W3C Standard 16 Colors:
Here is the list of W3C Standard 16 Colors names and it is recommended to use them.
Black Gray Silver White
Yellow Lime Aqua Fuchsia
Red Green Blue Purple
Maroon Olive Navy Teal
HTML Colors - Hex Codes:

A hexadecimal is a 6 digit representation of a color. The first two digits(RR) represent a red
value, the next two are a green value(GG), and the last are the blue value(BB).
A hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe Photoshop, Jasc
Paintshop Pro or even using Advanced Paint Brush.
Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign #. Following are the examples
to use Hexadecimal notation.
Color Color HEX
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#000000
#FF0000
#00FF00
#0000FF
#FFFF00
#00FFFF
#FF00FF
#C0C0C0
#FFFFFF
HTML Colors - RGB Values:

This color value is specified using the rgb( ) property. This property takes three values, one
each for red, green, and blue. The value can be an integer between 0 and 255 or a percentage.
NOTE: All the browsers does not support rgb() property of color so it is recommended not to
use it.
Following is the example to show few colors using RGB values.
Color Color RGB
rgb(0,0,0)
rgb(255,0,0)
rgb(0,255,0)
rgb(0,0,255)
rgb(255,255,0)
rgb(0,255,255)
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rgb(255,0,255)
rgb(192,192,192)
rgb(255,255,255)
Building Color Codes:

You can build millions of color codes using our Color Code Builder.
Browser Safe Colors:

Here is the list of 216 colors which are supposed to be most safe and computer independent
colors. These colors very from hexa code 000000 to FFFFFF. These color are safe to use because
they ensure that all computers would display the colors correctly when running a 256 color
palette:
000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF
003300 003333 003366 003399 0033CC 0033FF
006600 006633 006666 006699 0066CC 0066FF
009900 009933 009966 009999 0099CC 0099FF
00CC00 00CC33 00CC66 00CC99 00CCCC 00CCFF
00FF00 00FF33 00FF66 00FF99 00FFCC 00FFFF
330000 330033 330066 330099 3300CC 3300FF
333300 333333 333366 333399 3333CC 3333FF
336600 336633 336666 336699 3366CC 3366FF
339900 339933 339966 339999 3399CC 3399FF
660000 660033 660066 660099 6600CC 6600FF
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663300 663333 663366 663399 6633CC 6633FF
666600 666633 666666 666699 6666CC 6666FF
669900 669933 669966 669999 6699CC 6699FF
990000 990033 990066 990099 9900CC 9900FF
993300 993333 993366 993399 9933CC 9933FF
996600 996633 996666 996699 9966CC 9966FF
999900 999933 999966 999999 9999CC 9999FF
CC0000 CC0033 CC0066 CC0099 CC00CC CC00FF
CCCC00 CCCC33 CCCC66 CCCC99 CCCCCC CCCCFF
CCFF00 CCFF33 CCFF66 CCFF99 CCFFCC CCFFFF
FF0000 FF0033 FF0066 FF0099 FF00CC FF00FF
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FFCC00 FFCC33 FFCC66 FFCC99 FFCCCC FFCCFF
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FFFF00 FFFF33 FFFF66 FFFF99 FFFFCC
HTML Forms
HTML Forms are required when you want to collect some data from the site visitor. For example
registration information: name, email address, credit card, etc.
A form will take input from the site visitor and then will post your back-end application such as
CGI, ASP Script or PHP script etc. Then your back-end application will do required processing on
that data in whatever way you like.
Form elements are like text fields, textarea fields, drop-down menus, radio buttons,
checkboxes, etc. which are used to take information from the user.
A simple syntax of using <form> is as follows:
<form action="back-end script" method="posting method">

form elements like input, textarea etc.
</form>
Most frequently used form attributes are:
 name: This is the name of the form.

 action: Here you will specify any script URL which will receive uploaded data.
 method: Here you will specify method to be used to upload data. It can take various
values but most frequently used are GET and POST.
 target: It specifies the target page where the result of the script will be displayed. It
takes values like _blank, _self, _parent etc.
 enctype: You can use the enctype attribute to specify how the browser encodes the
data before it sends it to the server. Possible values are like:
o application/x-www-form-urlencoded - This is the standard method most
forms use. It converts spaces to the plus sign and non-alphanumeric characters
into the hexadecimal code for that character in ASCII text.
o mutlipart/form-data - This allows the data to be sent in parts, with each
consecutive part corresponding the a form control, in the order they appear in
the form. Each part can have an optional content-type header of its own
indicating the type of data for that form control.
There are different types of form controls that you can use to collect data from a visitor to your
site.
 Text input controls

 Buttons
 Checkboxes and radio buttons
 Select boxes
 File select boxes
 Hidden controls
 Submit and reset button
HTML Forms - Text Input Controls:

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There are actually three types of text input used on forms:
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 Single-line text input controls: Used for items that require only one line of user
input, such as search boxes or names. They are created using the <input> element.
 Password input controls: Single-line text input that mask the characters a user
enters.
 Multi-line text input controls: Used when the user is required to give details that
may be longer than a single sentence. Multi-line input controls are created with the
<textarea> element.
Single-line text input controls:

Single-line text input controls are created using an <input> element whose type attribute has a
value of text.
Here is a basic example of a single-line text input used to take first name and last name:
<form action="/cgi-bin/hello_get.cgi" method="get">

First name:
<input type="text" name="first_name" />
<br>
Last name:
<input type="text" name="last_name" />
<input type="submit" value="submit" />
</form>
First name:
Last name:
submit
Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag.
 type: Indicates the type of input control you want to create. This element is also used
to create other form controls such as radio buttons and checkboxes.
 name: Used to give the name part of the name/value pair that is sent to the server,
representing each form control and the value the user entered.
 value: Provides an initial value for the text input control that the user will see when the
form loads.
 size: Allows you to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of characters.
 maxlength: Allows you to specify the maximum number of characters a user can enter
into the text box.
Password input controls::

This is also a form of single-line text input controls are created using an <input> element whose
type attribute has a value of password.
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Here is a basic example of a single-line password input used to take user password:
50 | P a g e

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HTML Tutorial

HTML or Hypertext Markup Language, is the most widely

Technically, HTML is not a programming language, but

This tutorial gives a complete understanding on HTML.

Before your begin:

You should be familiar with:

 Basic word processing using any text editor.

Creating HTML Document:

Here are the simple steps to create a baisc HTML document:

 Open Notepad or another text editor.

HTML Document Structure:

HTML Basic Tags

 <html> - The main container for HTML pages

The <html> Element:

Following two elements appear as direct children of an <html> element:

The <head> Element:

Following is the example of head tag.

The <title> Element:

 It displays at the very top of a browser window.

Here is the example of using title tag.

The <body> Element:

Here is the example of using body tag.

Putting all together:

To Become more comfortable

HTML Meta Tags

Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents:

content Specifies the property's value.

Meta Tag Examples:

Document Revision date:

If you don't provide a duration then page will be redirected immediately.

Setting Author Name:

<font face="arial" color="#CC0000">

 If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier it is possible to identify just

<p id="html">This para explains what is HTML</p>

<h4 title="Hello HTML!">Titled Heading Tag Example</h4>

Above code will generate following result:

Titled Heading Tag Example

The class Attribute:

class="className1 className2 className3"

The style Attribute:

<p style="font-family:arial; color:#FF0000;">Some text...</p>

The dir Attribute:

ltr Left to right (the default value)

The lang Attribute:

The xml:lang Attribute:

bgcolor numeric, hexidecimal, RGB Places a background color behind an element

background URL Places an background image behind an element

id User Defined Names an element for use with Cascading Style

width Numeric Value Specifies the width of tables, images, or table

height Numeric Value Specifies the height of tables, images, or table

title User Defined "Pop-up" title for your elements.

HTML Formatting Tags

Whitespace and Flow:

<h1>This is heading 1</h1>

This will display following result:

To Become more comfortable -

Create Paragraph - The <p> Element:

<p>Here is a paragraph of text.</p>

This will produce following result:

Here is a paragraph of text.

<p>A good example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."</p>