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    Prob 07 Distributions 2

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    Papun Rout
    The document discusses concepts related to variance, standard deviation, and error calculation. It provides examples of calculating variance and standard deviation from sample data. It also discusses the Gaussian or normal distribution and how it relates to standard deviation and the empirical 68-95-99 rule regarding the percentage of values that fall within a certain number of standard deviations from the mean.

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    Prob 07 Distributions 2

    Uploaded by

    Papun Rout
    78 views10 pages
    The document discusses concepts related to variance, standard deviation, and error calculation. It provides examples of calculating variance and standard deviation from sample data. It also discusses the Gaussian or normal distribution and how it relates to standard deviation and the empirical 68-95-99 rule regarding the percentage of values that fall within a certain number of standard deviations from the mean.

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    probabilty distriubutiom

    Original Title

    prob_07_distributions_2

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    The document discusses concepts related to variance, standard deviation, and error calculation. It provides examples of calculating variance and standard deviation from sample data. It also discusses the Gaussian or normal distribution and how it relates to standard deviation and the empirical 68-95-99 rule regarding the percentage of values that fall within a certain number of standard deviations from the mean.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    78 views10 pages

    Prob 07 Distributions 2

    Uploaded by

    Papun Rout
    The document discusses concepts related to variance, standard deviation, and error calculation. It provides examples of calculating variance and standard deviation from sample data. It also discusses the Gaussian or normal distribution and how it relates to standard deviation and the empirical 68-95-99 rule regarding the percentage of values that fall within a certain number of standard deviations from the mean.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    Variance M1 M2

    150 mm
    140 mm
    110mm
    105mm

    100mm 100mm
    90mm 95mm 50 mm 40 mm

    How to define Error?


    10 mm + 5 mm + (−5 mm) + (−10 mm) = 0 mm

    (10 mm)2 + (5 mm)2 + (−10 mm)2 + (−5 mm)2 = 250 mm2 (50 mm)2 + (40 mm)2 + (−50 mm)2 + (−40 mm)2 = 8200 m
    250 8200
    Variance  = mm2 Variance  = mm2
    4 4
    250 8200
    Std dev  = mm Std dev  = mm
    4 4
    Variance M1 10 mm + 5 mm + (−5 mm) + (−10 mm) = 0 mm

    110mm (10 mm)2 + (5 mm)2 + (−10 mm)2 + (−5 mm)2 = 250 mm2
    105mm
    250
    Variance  = mm2
    100mm 4
    90mm 250
    95mm Std dev  = mm
    4

    (x1 − x̄)2 + (x2 − x̄)2 + (x3 − x̄)2 + (x4 − x̄)2


    Variance =
    4
    (x1 − x̄)2 + (x2 − x̄)2 + (x3 − x̄)2 + (x4 − x̄)2
    Std Dev =
    4
    x1 110
    x2 105
    x3 95 ∑i (xi − x̄)2
    x4 Std Dev = =σ
    90 n
    x̄ 100 ∑i (xi − x̄)2
    Variance = = σ2
    n
    The height of people is Gaussian with mean 65 inches and standard deviation 2.5 inches

    μ = 65
    σ = 2.5

    57.5 60 62.5 65 67.5 70 72.5


    μ − 3σ μ − 2σ μ − σ μ μ + σ μ + 2σ μ + 3σ
    Fraction of people whose height is between 62.5 and 67.5 is 68% P[62.5 < X < 67.5] = 0.68
    P[μ − σ < X < μ + σ] = 0.68
    Fraction of people whose height is between 60 and 70 is 95% P[60 < X < 70] = 0.95
    P[μ − 2σ < X < μ + 2σ] = 0.95
    Fraction of people whose height is between 57.5 and 72.5 is 99.7% P[57.5 < X < 72.5] = 0.997
    P[μ − 3σ < X < μ + 3σ] = 0.997
    Gaussian Empirical Rule or 68/95/99 Rule

    μ − 3σ μ − 2σ μ − σ μ μ + σ μ + 2σ μ + 3σ

    P[μ − σ < X < μ + σ] = 0.68

    P[μ − 2σ < X < μ + 2σ] = 0.95

    P[μ − 3σ < X < μ + 3σ] = 0.997


    The height of people is Gaussian with mean 65 inches and standard deviation 2.5 inches

    μ = 65
    σ = 2.5
    P[62.5 < X < 67.5] = 0.68
    P[60 < X < 70] = 0.95
    P[57.5 < X < 72.5] = 0.997

    57.5 60 62.5 65 67.5 70 72.5

    What is the fraction of people whose height is between 60 and 72.5?


    Between 60 and 65? 95
    = 47.5
    2
    Between 65 and 72.5? 99.7
    = 49.85
    2
    Totally, 47.5 + 49.85 = 97.35
    The height of people is Gaussian with mean 65 inches and standard deviation 2.5 inches

    μ = 65
    σ = 2.5
    P[62.5 < X < 67.5] = 0.68
    P[60 < X < 70] = 0.95
    P[57.5 < X < 72.5] = 0.997

    57.5 60 62.5 65 67.5 70 72.5

    What fraction of people are shorter than 67.5?

    What fraction of people are shorter 65? 50%

    What fraction of people are in between 65 and 67.5? 68/2 = 34%

    Totally 50 + 34 = 84% P[X < 67.5] = P[X < 65] + P[65 < X < 67.5] = 0.5 + 0.34 = 0.84
    The height of people is Gaussian with mean 65 inches and standard deviation 2.5 inches

    μ = 65
    σ = 2.5
    P[62.5 < X < 67.5] = 0.68
    P[60 < X < 70] = 0.95
    P[57.5 < X < 72.5] = 0.997

    57.5 60 62.5 65 67.5 70 72.5

    What fraction of people are shorter than 69.1?


    How many σ (std devs) away from 65 is this number? Z-Score
    65 + z (2.5) = 69.1 (x − μ)
    z=
    (69.1 − 65) σ
    z= = 1.64
    2.5
    To find this probability, we use the Z-table 94.9%
    Balls produced by manufacturer have mean 50 mm and std dev 2 mm

    44 46 48 50 52 54 56

    What fraction of balls are smaller than 53 mm?


    (53 − 50)
    z= = 1.5
    2

    From Z-table, we see that the answer is 93.32%


    Skaters take a mean of 7.42 seconds and std dev of 0.34 seconds for 500 meters.
    What should his speed be such that he is faster than 95% of his competitors?

    6.4 6.74 7.08 7.42 7.76 8.1 8.44

    Unlike earlier examples, here the fraction is given, and we have to find Z-score
    Let us use the Z-table We need the Z-score of the area corresponding to 0.05
    From Z-table, z-score is -1.65
    (x − μ) x = σ z + μ = (0.34) (−1.65) + 7.42 = 6.859
    z=
    σ
    A retail outlet sells around 1000 toothpastes a week, with std dev = 200.
    If the on-hand inventory is 1300, what is the need for replenishment within the week?

    400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600


    Let X denote the weekly sales. The questions asks for the probability that X > 1300
    What is the Z-score of 1300?
    1300 − 1000
    z= = 1.5
    200
    From Z-table, we see that P[X ≤ 1300] = 0.933
    P[X > 1300] = 1 − 0.933 = 0.067

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