Class 9 Force and Law of Motion Notes

A force is an effort that changes the state of an object at rest or at motion.
It can change an object’s direction

and velocity. Force can also change the shape of an object.
Force is vector quantity as it has both magnitude as well as direction.

The SI unit of force is Newton.
Opening and closing the door by push or pull is the example of Force.
Effect of force:
Force can make a stationary body to move. It can stop a moving body.
By applying force we can change the direction of moving body.
Speed of a body can be changed by action of force.
The shape, size of a body can be changed by action of force.
Examples: A ball at rest when kicked acquires motion, brake applied in moving vehicle stops it.
Push is defined as an action of force which causes an object to move from its place. The following are the
examples of push:
• Opening and closing of the door.

• Pushing the table.
• Pushing a car.
• Pushing of the thumb pins.
• Walking
Pull is defined as an action to make move by either tugging or dragging. The following are the examples of pull:
• Plucking the string of a guitar.

• Pulling ropes while playing tug of war.
• Opening the drawer.
Balanced force:
When all the applied forces in different directions, nullify each other then it is said to be balanced forces.
Body at rest remains at rest and moving object keeps moving.
Shape or size may change.
As in a rope game, the rope remains at rest as the magnitude of force applied on each ends are equal.
Unbalanced force:
If the resultant of all the applied force becomes greater than zero then it is said to be unbalanced forces.
Stationary object can be brought into motion.
A moving object can acquire more speed on applying unbalanced force.
It can decrease the speed of moving speed.
It can stop a moving object.
Unbalanced forces change the shape and size of an object.
Net force
When multiple forces act on a body, they can be resolved into one component known as the net force acting on
the object. The net force decides the direction of motion.
Are there any other type of forces?
There are many forces which exist in nature:
Gravitational forces -gravitation is the force that pulls two masses toward each other.
Muscular force -Muscular force is a type of contact force ( any force which act after contact ) . when
any force applied by using of muscles like arms or legs is known as muscular force .
Frictional force -Friction is the force that resists motion when the surface of one object comes in contact with
the surface of another.
Air resistance- describes the forces that are in opposition to the relative motion of an object as it passes
through the air.
What is motion?
The change in position of an object with respect to time is said to be motion.
Flying of bird, movement of train, running of child etc. are some examples of motion.
Distance, displacement, speed, velocity etc. are the terms related to motion
Laws of motion:
Galileo’s observation on motion:
Galileo mainly observed motion in inclined plane.
The velocity of an object when rolled in an inclined plane its velocity increases.
He first said that if an object is moving on a frictionless surface then it will continue to move forever at
the same speed.
There are many force (air resistance, Atmospheric pressure and many other small forces) that exist in
nature and acts upon object.
Newton’s law of motion:

Newton after observing Galelio’s studies and the research and expanding it, he proposed three laws of
motion. These laws of motion resulted in the foundation of classical mechanics. These laws explains the
relationship between body and the force acting upon it.
Newton’s first law of motion (law of inertia):

According to Newton’s first law of motion, an object will either remain at rest or move in uniform motion
on a straight line unless acted upon by an external force which can change its state of rest or motion.
Every object in this universe resists the change in its state.
Inertia
Basically, all objects have a tendency to resist the change in the state of motion or rest. This tendency is called
inertia. All bodies do not have the same inertia. Inertia depends on the mass of a body. Mass of an object is the
measure of its inertia.
More the mass → more inertia and vice versa.
Inertia of Rest
An object stays at rest, and it remains at rest until an external force affects it. Example: When a car accelerates,
passengers may feel as though their bodies are moving backward. In reality, inertia is making their bodies stay in
place as the car moves forward.
Inertia of Motion
An object will continue to be in motion until a force acts on it. Example: A hockey puck will continue to slide
across the ice until acted upon by an outside force.
When a bus starts moving the person in the bus falls backward. This condition arises because when
bus starts moving the legs also move with it but the rest part of the body has tendency to remain at rest.
When driver of a bus applies brake suddenly then person standing in it falls in forward direction.
This condition arises because the person standing in the moving bus is also in motion along the bus, but
when brake is applied suddenly the legs in contact with the bus stops with the bus but rest part of the
body has the tendency to be in motion.
On a carom board if we hit the pile of coin, then only the pile present at bottom moves leaving rest
of the coin of pile at its place. This happens because when striker hits the bottom coin, induce motion
in it but rest of the coin of pile has tendency to remain at rest.
Wet clothes when jerked before putting in sunlight makes it easy to dry. This happens because the
droplets present in the cloth pores has tendency to remain at rest but when jerked the cloth acquires
motion. This makes water droplets to move out of it so clothes easily dry out.

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A force is an effort that changes the state of an object at rest or at motion.

It can change an object’s direction

Force is vector quantity as it has both magnitude as well as direction.

• Opening and closing of the door.

• Plucking the string of a guitar.

Newton’s law of motion:

Newton’s first law of motion (law of inertia):

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