Isabela Therese Dedel BSFi 2-3

INDUSTRY IMMERSION SUMMER OF 2022

AQUACULTURE QUESTIONAIRE
1. What are the types of aquaculture?

 Mariculture

Mariculture needs seawater. This type of aquaculture is done either by the ocean, a
segmented part of the ocean, or in ponds containing seawater. Mollusks, shellfish, prawn,
and seaweed are the marine organisms often bred in such parts of the oceans.

Another great fragment of mariculture is the seaweeds. These seaweeds and species are
used in cosmetics and jewelry manufacturing industries. For instance, collagen extracted
from seaweed is used in some facial creams whereas pearls are hand-picked from
molluscs and turned into stunning fashion accessories.

 Fish Farming

Needless to say that fish farming is the basic type of aquaculture. The process includes
the careful breeding of fish. It can be done in any freshwater, preferably seawater. This
method of breeding helps in creating a source for food and consumption.

Comparatively easier, the process of fish farming only needs proper water conditions and
temperatures. There is no need of a larger space for this type of farming as the breeding
species such as tilapia are way too small.

 Algaculture

Algaculture involves the farming of algae. As we all know, algae are microbial organisms
with resemblance to animal and plant characteristics. For economic viability, they are
harvested in huge numbers. Algae are used for various purposes. An example of such
application is the source of energy for smartphones. Exxon mobile is working towards
developing them as a new energy source.

 Open-net pen and Cage Systems

Open-net pen and Cage systems are another types of aquaculture which are implanted
offshore and in freshwater lakes.
 First, net cages of between 6 and 60 cubic feet (pens) are implanted in the water with the
fish inside it. With a high absorption of fish in the pens, water environments become
purified from chemicals, wastes, or parasites. The fishes in the net cages also entice
predacious animals and bigger fish, which are get trapped in the nets.

2. What is pond aquaculture?

Pond culture is a very popular aquaculture production method with many aquatic species
cultured in ponds. To have successful pond production, ponds must be properly sited and
built, with careful assessment of water availability, quantity, and quality. There are two
main types of pond systems: watershed and levee systems

3. Who is the father of aquaculture?

Emperor Fan Li

4. What are two types of aquaculture?

 Water-based systems - cages and pens, inshore/offshore

 Land-based systems - rainfed ponds, irrigated or flow-through systems, tanks and
raceways

5. What are two benefits of aquaculture?

Aquaculture offers an alternative option to unsustainable fishing in marine and

limnological settings as the animals and plants are reared in a controlled or semi-
controlled setting. It can also contribute to decreased pressures on natural marine life
populations.

6. How can we improve aquaculture?

 Invest in technological innovation and transfer

 Focus beyond the farm
 Shift incentives to reward sustainability
 Leverage the latest information technology
 Eat fish that are low on the food chain

7. What is fish farming called?

It is also called pisciculture which involves commercial breeding of fish, usually for food,
in fish tanks or artificial enclosures such as fish ponds.

8. Why fish farming is important?

 The demand for fish is so high that it would be difficult to meet just by
commercial fishing.
  Plus, if we did only fish for our fish, the natural populations would shrink way too
quickly to repopulate, making many fish go extinct.
 “Fish provides more than one billion poor people with most of their daily animal
protein,” according to The Importance of Fish.
 Fish supplies are failing to meet the high demand for it. So, there are shortages in
some poor countries where they are needed most. Aquaculture helps increase the
supply of fish.
 More than 250 million people make their livelihood in the fish farming industry.
So, fish farming creates a huge industry full of jobs.
 Overfishing, industrial development and water pollution have already
significantly reduced fish populations. Fish farming takes some of the burden off
of those populations and also provides an avenue for building them up.
 Fish farming has a smaller environmental footprint than other animal farming so
it’s an important way to provide people with sustainably sourced protein.
 About 50% of all seafood comes from aquaculture. Imagine if fish farming
disappeared overnight!
 It helps the environment. Farming mollusc and seaweed actually helps clean the
water. And algae from fish farming can be used as an alternative fuel source.
Source: Aquaculture: Types, Benefits and Importance (Fish Farming)
 Uses water that usually would be lost. Fresh water aquaculture often uses runoff,
stormwater and surface water. This reduces dependency on other, clean sources of
fresh water.

9. What is fish biodiversity?

The use of the term “biodiversity” in fisheries broadens the sector's perspective beyond
the resources available for harvesting so as to include all parts of nature including
components not intentionally harvested, but potentially contributing to ecosystem
structure and function.

10. What are the different types of fish ponds?

 Earthen fish pond

 Plastic tank fish pond
 Fibreglass tank fish pond
 Concrete fish pond
 Cage tank fish pond
 Synthetic leather fish pond

11. What are the types of pond?

 Fish Ponds
 Fish ponds are the most popular type of artificial pond, and can house various species,
including koi, goldfish, sturgeon, and orfe.

 Wildlife Ponds

Wildlife ponds may not contain fish, but they’re great for attracting native insects, birds,
newts, frogs, and even plants.

 Mini Ponds/Bowl Ponds

Mini ponds can be created from small pre-formed plastic, bowls, wash basins, or even
pots. The smallest are suitable for patios and can even be brought indoors in winter.

 Swimming Ponds

Swimming ponds can be converted pools or fish ponds, and need to be maintained to
keep away algae, sludge, and pests.

 Ephemeral Ponds (Vernal Ponds)

Ephemeral ponds, or vernal pools, are formed from snow-melt and typically only last a
few months of the year.

 Kettle Ponds

Kettle ponds, or potholes, are formally from retreating glaciers which leave behind deep
depressions which fill with water.

 Spring-Fed Ponds

Spring-fed ponds are generally very clean and rich in minerals, with clean water being
pumped from deep underground.

 Meadow-Stream Ponds

Meadow-stream ponds form alongside streams, and provide valuable water and foods
sources for various animals.

 Mountain Ponds

As the name suggests, mountain ponds form around mountains, typically at the base or
within the cracks of the mountain itself.
12. Why is aquaculture bad?
Fish farms, or “aquafarms,” discharge waste, pesticides, and other chemicals directly into
ecologically fragile coastal waters, destroying local ecosystems. And aquaculture farms that
raise fish directly in fenced-in areas of natural waters kill off thriving natural habitats by
overloading them far beyond their capacity. Waste from the excessive number of fish can
cause huge blankets of green slime on the water’s surface, depleting oxygen and killing much
of the life in the water.

13. What is the difference between aquaculture and pisciculture?

The key difference between aquaculture and pisciculture is that aquaculture is the process of
breeding, rearing and harvesting aquatic flora and fauna with commercial value in salt water
or fresh water while pisciculture is the culturing of fish (fish farming) to obtain fish and fish
products as food. Aquaculture is the process which produces commercially valuable flora and
fauna while pisciculture is fish farming which produces fish and fish related products as a
food source. Also, one more significant difference between aquaculture and pisciculture is
that in aquaculture, aquatics plants are also grown along with fish, crustaceans, and mollusks.
But, pisciculture only produces fish such as cod, carp, salmon, catfish, and tilapia.

14. How does aquaculture affect the environment?

The primary effect of aquaculture effluents on running waters is to increase ammoniacal

nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the water immediately downstream of the
discharge. In lakes cage culture can cause long-term elevations of carbon, nitrogen and
phosphorus levels.
15. Is aquaculture considered agriculture?

Defined broadly, agriculture includes farming both animals (animal husbandry) and plants
(agronomy, horticulture and forestry in part). Similarly, aquaculture covers the farming of
both animals (including crustaceans, finfish and molluscs) and plants (including seaweeds
and freshwater macrophytes). Aquaculture is not considered as agriculture but it is the
aquatic equivalent of agriculture. Aquaculture, simply put, is farming in water.

16. How does aquaculture work?

Freshwater aquaculture is carried out either in fish ponds, fish pens, fish cages or, on a
limited scale, in rice paddies. Brackishwater aquaculture is done mainly in fish ponds located
in coastal areas. Marine culture employs either fish cages or substrates for molluscs and
seaweeds such as stakes, ropes, and rafts.

17. What is aquaculture technology?

Various technologies have been or are in development to enhance productivity, safety,

environmental and economic outcomes for aquaculture. Aquacultural Engineering focuses on
developing these technologies. Extension focuses on appropriate emplacement and safe use
of these technologies. Basic techniques like pond culture are still very effective for growing
catfish and striped bass, for example, while Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) use
filtration and disinfection technologies to clean the water and put it back into tanks or cages
to grow fish in optimal conditions. These technologies can apply to finfish (RAS); shellfish
(floating cage systems for oysters); algae; or other species. Critical focus is on energy
conservation, efficient use of water and careful reuse of nutrients, to make aquaculture even
more efficient and environmentally friendly.

18. What is water-based aquaculture?

They are aquaculture systems that are based on water such as cages and pens and can be both
inshore or offshore.

19. What is intensive aquaculture?

Intensive aquaculture relies on technology to raise fish in artificial tanks at very high
densities. Aquaculturalists must have a thorough understanding of the targeted species so that
water quality, temperature levels, oxygen levels, stocking densities, and feed are set at the
optimal level to promote growth, reduce stress, control disease, and reduce mortality. Due to
the complete control of these factors, intensive aquaculture produces high yields and since it
can be done throughout the year, it can be planned to correspond with foreseeable shortages
in desired fish. Intensive aquaculture has a very high start-up cost and requires much labor
and currently, only rich countries have developed this into a profitable business. Research is
being done to find viable species which can thrive in an aquaculture setting.

20. What are the benefits of aquaculture?

 Alternative Food Sources that is Healthy

Fish and other seafood are great protein food sources adding nutrition with the presence of
natural oils like omega 3 fatty acids. Being white meat, they also bring down cholesterol
levels considerably in the blood as compared to other red meat like beef, mutton. They are
also easier to breed and convert to protein more productively than other livestock producing
meat.

 Increased Employment

Aquaculture adds to the annual incomes of people in underdeveloped countries by providing

extra employment through the process of building and maintaining Aquaculture farms.
Automated and mechanized fish farming can eliminate the need to spend hours at open sea
without the promise of quantity.

 Creates a Pollution Barrier

Aquaculture creates a pollution barrier that protects the nearby seas, oceans from land waste
dumping. Advantages to the economy make it imperative for countries to preserve their
marine environments which generate additional revenue and employment.

 Reduced Fishing Pressure

Aquaculture provides a different food source by rearing and breeding fish types in farms,
ponds. Overexploitation of natural schools of fish, seafood in seas, oceans through processes
like bottom trawling has led to dwindling catches leading to danger of extinction of fish
species. These species can be bred, reared artificially in aqua farms, ponds thus allowing the
wild fish species to rejuvenate and increase in numbers. Fishermen can now change to fish
farming and get better income as the time and labour required for the same output is lesser.
They have better control of fish supply and can earn more by controlling the produce as
required in different situations.

 Water Usage

Aquaculture uses water for production from runoffs, storm and surface water which does not
spoil other natural water sources. Further, the ponds retain the water in the soil nearby thus
not affecting natural water supplies in the surrounding areas.
21. How is fish farming sustainable?

For a fish farm to be sustainable, fish are grown in a healthy environment, avoiding the use
of chemicals and the overuse of antibiotics. As such, they farm fish more naturally without
using unsustainable practices to mass-produce fish quickly, including artificial means to
expedite their growth. Sustainable fish farms cultivate fish to minimize the environmental
impact of more intensive agricultural processes. Sustainable fish farms also manage fish
waste sustainably, recycling, reusing, and discarding with environmental care.
22. Why are fishes important to humans?

They are important as food and are a source of income and employment to many developing
regions and in low-income food-deficit countries. They are also a good source of nutrients
since protein in fish and shellfish is very easy to digest and research shows that the amino
acids in fish are more bioavailable (your body can absorb and use them more readily) than
beef, pork or chicken. Fish are also rich in unsaturated fat which provide protection against
cardiovascular diseases. Fish can also assist in controlling diseases like malaria, yellow fever
and other dreadful diseases that are spread through mosquitoes. Fish is also rich in two very
important minerals which can be challenging to get in sufficient quantities from other foods:
iodine and selenium. These are essential for thyroid gland functioning and thyroid hormone
biosynthesis and metabolism.

23. How do fish benefit the environment?

Fish play an important role in nutrient cycles because they store a large proportion of
ecosystem nutrients in their tissues transport nutrients farther than other aquatic animals and
excrete nutrients in dissolved forms that are readily available to primary producers.

Fish play a far more important role as contributors of nutrients to marine ecosystems than
previously thought. They use the reef for shelter during the day and as a hunting ground by
night. Recent studies have shown that coral reefs rely on fish too. Fish excrete ammonium an
essential nutrient for coral growth through their gills. Fish urine contains phosphorus, another
key nutrient. Herbivory by fishes has been identified as a key ecological process shaping
coral reefs through time.
24. What are the five different types of ponds?

 Nursery pond
 Transition pond
 Production or rearing pond
 Catching pond
 Food growing pond

25. What is the difference between apiculture and sericulture?

Apiculture is the keeping and maintenance of bees for commercial reasons while sericulture
is the rearing of silkworms for the production of silk.

26. What is the difference between capture fishery and culture fishery?

Capture fishery is capturing of aquatic animals (both fin fish and shell fish) from the natural
water bodies like Sea, River, Lake, Pond, Estuary etc. for our food/ornamental and other
purposes. Human beings do not have any control over the breeding, spawning and
recruitment of young ones to the fishery.

Eg: Capture of Tuna from the sea

Culture fishery is fishery that is based on the culture of that respective aquatic animal under
the confined environment. This kind of fishery is only possible for those fishes which are
having well developed breeding & hatchery technology.

Eg: Culture of Shrimp in pond

27. What are the methods of fish farming?

 Open-Pond Aquaculture (OPA)

In OPA, you use a pond to raise your fish. You want to make sure that the pond is big
enough to support the number of fish you want to raise. When using OPA, keep in mind
that there will be no filtration because the water is open and constantly replaced. Also, if
runoff occurs, it will be directly into your fish pond. This means that you will have to
treat this water and make it safe for use. With OPA, you can raise several different types
of fish and accomplish everything from food to medicine.
 Closed Aquaculture (CA)

This method uses a burrow system, one of the oldest ways to raise fish in the world. This way
conserves water since there is no need for surface water. This sustainable system does not
depend on inputs like nutrients, feed, or pesticides. It is very cost-effective in that it provides
food, fish oil, and fertilizer from the same water. It can be used for farmed fish, shrimp, oysters,
and other animals.
 Recirculating Aquaculture (RAS)

RAS uses the natural process of farming using a recirculating system. The tank is kept partially
full, so the water never stops flowing. It is a closed-loop system that provides oxygen to the tank
while cleaning out toxins like ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates at the same time. This is a very
efficient system that does not use extra water for waste. It also uses a small amount of feed to
help with the cleaning process, which reduces the cost of production and allows for higher
yields. The only drawback to this system is the cost of equipment, which can be expensive.

 Cage Aquaculture

This is when you put fish in a cage or net and then place it in the water where they are grown.
This method works well in warmer climates since it needs water greater than 15 degrees Celsius.
The fish will be in the open air, designed to cycle oxygen and water as it mixes. This method is
relatively simple, but it has dangers such as predators and pollution. It would help if you were
careful that your fish are not too crowded, but they can still move around in the tank.

 Indoor Recirculating Aquaculture (RAS)

Indoor recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) work similarly to RAS, except enclosed. If you
do not want to raise fish in cages, this is the best way to go.

This method works great for small farms that only raise a few fish. Before you install your
recirculating system, make sure that it will work with the temperature and size of the fish tank so
that they can all be happy.
  Channel Aquaculture

Channel aquaculture is also known as channel-cultured fish. This method is used to channel into
a tank and trap the fish there. The fish are raised in deep fresh or saltwater, which happens to be
the ideal conditions for them. When using this method, you will want to put a pump at the
bottom of the channel to move water from the surface of the tank top underneath. It takes about 3
days for this water to clean before it reaches your fish again.

 Rope-Cultured Fish

Rope cultured fish is also known as vertical aquaculture. This method is best for small ponds 100
feet in length or less. If you have a larger pond, you should consider channel aquaculture instead.
It works by suspending the fish vertically in the water, where they will grow and develop at an
ideal pace.

The downside to this method is that you need to modify your pond to make it suitable for rope
culture before you begin.

 Fish Ponds

Fish ponds are a good choice if you do not have the money or space to use other methods. The
problem with this method is that it has fewer benefits and can be very dangerous.

For a pond to be successful, it needs to be properly aerated, which is different from a pond with
natural water circulation. You can have problems with oxygen depletion, fish diseases, and
parasites.

 Open Water Aquaculture

Open Water Aquaculture (OWA) is a method that uses open ponds to raise fish. The fish are kept
in the open water to eat and grow as they need to, which happens to be a very healthy
environment.

There are different types of OWA systems. One type of OWA is passive aeration, where the
system is designed without any pumps, while an active aeration system will have its pump. Both
of these systems produce oxygen while cleaning the water simultaneously.
  Pondless Aquaculture

Is a good way to reduce your expense, but it is not as feasible as other methods. Since there is no
need for a pond, you will save money on equipment and purchase feed locally instead of
importing it from outside of the country.

The downside to this is the cost of labor and electricity to keep the water clean. The benefit of
this method is that you can grow many different types of fish without much waste.

 Hatchery-Reared Fish

This form of aquaculture uses fish you have already collected to produce more in your pond.
Hatchery-reared fish are well-suited for aquaculture because they are already accustomed to
eating small amounts of food and ready for their new environment.

This is the least expensive aquaculture method and is usually used when you are trying to grow
fish that are already in your pond. It is also a great way to help eliminate predators.

28. What is Open System aquaculture?

Open system culture generally refers to fish farming in natural water bodies such as oceans,
bays, estuaries, coastal lagoons, lakes, or rivers.

29. Does aquaculture cause water pollution?

Yes, wastes such as fish feces and uneaten food in effluents and in sediments from cages have
high BODs and contain large amounts of particulate matter.

30. What are the negative effects of aquaculture?

Fish farms can impact wild fish populations by transferring disease and parasites to migrating
fish. Aquaculture can also pollute water systems with excess nutrients and fecal matter due to the
large numbers and concentrations of farmed fish. Sometimes equipment used in aquaculture can
be problematic.