M-05 Prepare Spec For BEI

Onsite Building Electrical Installation Level IV
Based on October, 2018, Version 2 Occupational standards
Unit of competence: Prepare Specifications for

installation Works
Module Title: Preparing Specifications for
installation Works
Module Code :EIS OBE4 M05 0121 V1

Learning Guide code: EIS OBE4 03 1118 LO
(1-3) LG (22-24)
Page 1 of 114 Federal TVET Agency TVET program title- On–site Building Version -1
Author/Copyright Electrical Installation Level IV
February 2021
Table of Contents
Lg #22...........................................................................................................................................................................8
Lo1: determine specification requirements...................................................................................................................8
Instruction sheet........................................................................................................................................................8
Information sheet 1: Examining project brief, working drawings, development approval and relevant documents9
• Electrical specification.................................................................................................................................9
• Importance of electrical guidelines..............................................................................................................9
Examining project brief.............................................................................................................................................9
1.1.1 Elements of project brief:-what goes into a project brief is ultimately up to you and depends on the
nature of your work with a company or client. Some collaboration will require a strict commitment up front on
all project elements, for example if there's a hard deadline or a meticulous (careful) client involved. Others
may not!...............................................................................................................................................................10
Nonetheless (however) most project briefs include the following elements:.....................................................10
Working drawings...................................................................................................................................................11
 What is a construction drawing?...................................................................................................................12
Electrical drawing...................................................................................................................................................12
Development approval................................................................................................................................................15
Relevant document of specification:-...................................................................................................................16
Essential information to be included in the specification.......................................................................................17
Purpose of job specification....................................................................................................................................17
Final stage of an electrical system...........................................................................................................................17
Purpose of Specifications........................................................................................................................................17
Elements of project manual................................................................................................................................17
Methods of specifications............................................................................................................................................18
Descriptive Specifications.......................................................................................................................................18
Performance Specifications :-.................................................................................................................................19
Reference Standard Specifications..........................................................................................................................19
Proprietary Specifications:-.....................................................................................................................................20
The four important sections for specification writing.............................................................................................21
Self-check 1.........................................................................................................................................................21
Information Sheet 2: Examining Standard specifications.......................................................................................22
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................23
Standards and Codes...............................................................................................................................................23
 STANDARDS.....................................................................................................................................................23
 CODES................................................................................................................................................................25
Standard specifications................................................................................................................................................27
Ethiopian Standard specifications............................................................................................................................27
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 What voltage and frequency in Ethiopia?..........................................................................................................31
Standard specification to use home appliances in Ethiopia........................................................................................31
Difference between Code, Standard and Specification...............................................................................................32
Electrical Installations – Standards & Regulation in Different Countries..............................................................32
Wiring Regulations.................................................................................................................................................33
Standard Heights of electrical sockets....................................................................................................................33
 Sockets above work surfaces.........................................................................................................................34
Types of estimates.......................................................................................................................................................34
Purposes of quantity surveying...................................................................................................................................35
Bill preparation........................................................................................................................................................35
Taking –off quantities.............................................................................................................................................35
Detailed specifications, which address specific components such as mechanical, structural, electrical or other
requirements................................................................................................................................................................40
1.2.1 . Types of specification......................................................................................................................................40
Self-check 2.........................................................................................................................................................48
INFORMATION SHEET 3: DEVELOPING N ON- STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR TECHNICAL ASPECTS REQUIRING
CLARIFICATION .......................................................................................................................................................49
1.1 A Simple Guide to Understand Non Standard Construction Property...........................................................49

Non-statutory regulations............................................................................................................................................49
Non standard outlet.....................................................................................................................................................49
Electrical Code Requirements by Room.....................................................................................................................50
 Bathrooms......................................................................................................................................................50
 Living Room, Dining Room, and Bedrooms.................................................................................................51
 Stairways........................................................................................................................................................51
 Hallways.........................................................................................................................................................52
 Closets............................................................................................................................................................52
 Laundry Room...............................................................................................................................................52
 Garage............................................................................................................................................................52
 Additional Requirements...............................................................................................................................52
Tam per-resistant (TR) receptacles.............................................................................................................................53
Commercial building Classifications:.........................................................................................................................53
Self-check 3.........................................................................................................................................................53
Written test..................................................................................................................................................................53
LG #23.....................................................................................................................................................................55
LO2 Assess nature and scope of the work..................................................................................................................55
Instruction sheet......................................................................................................................................................55
Information sheet 1: Conducting site inspections..................................................................................................56
Conducting site inspections.........................................................................................................................................56
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Site inspection checklist..........................................................................................................................................56
Electrical inspection checklist?...................................................................................................................................56
 Type of information do i need to complete an inspection report?.................................................................61
 Diagram of area.........................................................................................................................................61
 Hazardous product or chemical inventory.................................................................................................61
 Checklists...................................................................................................................................................61
 Reports.......................................................................................................................................................61
Inspection information requirements......................................................................................................................62
Preliminary site work or outline specifications...........................................................................................................65
 Components of Outline specification.............................................................................................................65
Recording site details and features........................................................................................................................65
 Records to be maintained at construction site.....................................................................................................65
Self-check 1.........................................................................................................................................................66
1. List some of inspection information requirements? (2pts)............................................................................66
Information sheet 2: Describing Prescriptive and performance requirements for specification.............................67
prescriptive requirements............................................................................................................................................67
Performance requirements...........................................................................................................................................67
Quality assurance......................................................................................................................................................67
A nominated sub-contractor........................................................................................................................................67
Contractual arrangement.............................................................................................................................................68
Allocation of preliminaries..........................................................................................................................................68
Self-check 2.........................................................................................................................................................71
Information sheet 3: Researching relevant data sources to establish appropriate schedules..................................71
Publications and journals: -.....................................................................................................................................71
What is Journal of construction engineering and management?.............................................................................72
Computer data files.................................................................................................................................................72
WHAT IS A .DATA FILE?........................................................................................................................................72
• How to open a data file?......................................................................................................................................72
Self-check 3.........................................................................................................................................................73
Written test..............................................................................................................................................................73
Information sheet 4: Tabulating and cross-referencing of details...........................................................................73
Cross Referencing...................................................................................................................................................73
Cross-referencing to drawings....................................................................................................................................74
Special area reference..................................................................................................................................................74
Elevation reference......................................................................................................................................................74
Cross-section reference...............................................................................................................................................74
Detail reference...........................................................................................................................................................75
Self-check 1.........................................................................................................................................................75
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Written test..............................................................................................................................................................75
1 Describe cross referencing? (2pts)......................................................................................................................75
2 Describe Cross-section reference in accordance with location drawing? (2pts).................................................75
Information sheet 5: Tabulating Details in the specification conform to industry codes of practice and relevant
statutory requirements.............................................................................................................................................76
Code of Practice..........................................................................................................................................................76
Industrial code of practice...........................................................................................................................................76
What are electrical codes?...........................................................................................................................................76
What is the purpose of an industry code?...................................................................................................................76
Model Code of Practice: Managing electrical risks in the workplace.........................................................................77
Self-check 5.........................................................................................................................................................77
Written test..............................................................................................................................................................77
Information sheet 6: Coordinating and adding Information requested from specialists, colleagues and clients to
the specifications where required............................................................................................................................78
Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................78
Purpose................................................................................................................................................................78
Super class and Interfaces.......................................................................................................................................78
Importing Information.................................................................................................................................................79
Client Data Model...................................................................................................................................................79
Examples.............................................................................................................................................................81
JavaClass Class Client Specifications.....................................................................................................................81
Purpose................................................................................................................................................................81
Table Interface Client Specifications......................................................................................................................81
Purpose................................................................................................................................................................81
TableIterator Module Client Specifications............................................................................................................81
Purpose................................................................................................................................................................81
Electrical Apprenticeships.......................................................................................................................................81
Self-check 6.........................................................................................................................................................82
Written test..........................................................................................................................................................82
LG #24.....................................................................................................................................................................83
LO3 Prepare specification document..........................................................................................................................83
Instruction sheet......................................................................................................................................................83
Information sheet 1: Identifying the contractual obligations and rights of the parties involved.............................84
Legal Definition of Contract:..................................................................................................................................84
The purposes of a contract..........................................................................................................................................84
Types of Construction Contract..................................................................................................................................84
Lump Sum Contract................................................................................................................................................85
Unit Price or Bill of Quantity..................................................................................................................................85
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Example of BOQ.....................................................................................................................................................85
Lump sum and scheduled contract..............................................................................................................................88
Cost plus..................................................................................................................................................................88
Combat or war.............................................................................................................................................................88
Cost plus Percentage of Cost Contract....................................................................................................................89
Contract Documents................................................................................................................................................89
Invitation to Tender.................................................................................................................................................89
Form of Tender........................................................................................................................................................89
Agreement...............................................................................................................................................................89
Conditions of Contract............................................................................................................................................89
General Conditions..............................................................................................................................................90
Supplementary Conditions of contract................................................................................................................90
Contractual obligations...........................................................................................................................................90
Main ingredients of a contract.....................................................................................................................................91
Elements / Contents of the Agreement....................................................................................................................91
Rights of the parties involved in specification............................................................................................................91
Ethiopia Conditions of Contract..................................................................................................................................91
No Breach of Contract.............................................................................................................................................93
Payment upon Termination.....................................................................................................................................94
Prohibition of Conflicting Activities.......................................................................................................................95
1.4. Duties and responsibility of an electrician...........................................................................................................98
General electrical installations and maintenance....................................................................................................99
An electrician must be able.....................................................................................................................................99
Access control systems..............................................................................................................................................100
 Closed circuit television systems (CCTV.........................................................................................................100
 Fault finding......................................................................................................................................................101
 How to diagnose electrical installations and identify problems........................................................................101
 How to use, test and calibrate measuring equipment........................................................................................101
 How to repair faults in electrical installations...................................................................................................101
Self-check 1.......................................................................................................................................................102
Information sheet 2: Completing Specification document for compliance with requirements.............................103
Document specification..........................................................................................................................................103
Compliance requirements..........................................................................................................................................104
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES............................................................................................104
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS...........................................................................................................................104
MODIFICATIONS...........................................................................................................................................104
FACILITY PERFORMANCE..............................................................................................................................104
Presenting specifications to the client.......................................................................................................................104
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SUBSTRUCTURE................................................................................................................................................104
Substructure comprises the following major elements:....................................................................................105
Foundations.......................................................................................................................................................105
Basements..........................................................................................................................................................105
ELECTRICAL POWER........................................................................................................................................106
ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION...........................................................................................................106
SERVICE AND DISTRIBUTION........................................................................................................................106
BRANCH CIRCUITS...............................................................................................................................................106
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING.....................................................................................................................................106
SITE SERVICES...................................................................................................................................................107
INTERIOR LIGHTING........................................................................................................................................107
EXTERIOR AREA LIGHTING...........................................................................................................................107
What are the useful references in specification writing....................................................................................108
Self-check 2.......................................................................................................................................................109
Information sheet 3: Presenting Specification to the client in the required format and timeframe......................110
Clients in Construction..............................................................................................................................................110
Types of client.......................................................................................................................................................110
Benefits and consequences of client..........................................................................................................................111

Duties of contractor...................................................................................................................................................112
Responsibilities of general manager.....................................................................................................................113
Self-check 3.......................................................................................................................................................114
Written test...........................................................................................................................................................114
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Lg #22 Lo1: determine specification requirements
Instruction sheet
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Project brief, working drawings, development approval and other relevant documents are
examined to identify the essential information to be included in the specification.
 Standard specifications are examined to determine suitability for adaptation to the current
project
 Non-standard requirements are developed and where technical aspects require
clarification, advice is sought from specialists.
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Examining project brief, working drawings, development approval and relevant
documents
 Examining standard specifications
 determine suitability for adaptation to the current project
 Developing standard requirements and technical aspects require clarification.
Learning instructions:
1. Read the specific objectives of this learning guide.

2. Follow the instructions described below.
3. Read the information written in the “information sheets”. Try to understand what are being
discussed. Ask your trainer for assistance if you have hard time understanding them.
4. Accomplish the “self-checks” which are placed following all information sheets.
5. Ask from your trainer the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your trainer to
correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished answering the self-
checks).
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Information sheet 1: Examining project brief, working drawings, development approval
and relevant documents
Introduction
• Specifications: - are the written requirements for a material, product, or service for a proposed
project, like a building, bridge or machine.
• In architectural projects, the specifications are art of the Contract Documents included with the
bidding and construction requirements and the drawings.
• A specification is a detailed description of the particulars of some projected work in any
scientific, manufacturing process or engineering discipline by stating the dimensions, material
content, quantities, and performance of the work.
• A specification defines the items that are to be produced, services provided, and the
performance required of them. The technical specifications also give the directions to be
followed by the designer, builder or constructor.
• Specification is a precise, explicit statement or enumeration of particulars as to size, shape,
quality, color, manner and procedures of making things right. Specification is a written
description of materials to be used, work to be done, mode of construction, and other
informative data needed, as well as statement of particulars not shown on the drawings stated in
full explicit terms.
• Electrical specification is the works comprise the supply and installation of new Electrical
Services within the refurbishment of an existing warehouse to form artists’ studios at Stoddard
Street, Newcastle. Refer to the Architect’s drawings and associated documentation for further
information.
• The Main Contractor shall employ an Electrical Services Contractor to undertake the works
detailed in this specification.
• The Electrical Contractor shall be a full member of the NICEIC/ECA with a broad Experience
of undertaking projects of a similar nature and value. This specification shall be read in
conjunction with the Architectural Specification and Drawings, the Electrical Drawings,
the Mechanical Services Specification and Drawings and the Structural
Engineers Specification and Drawings.
• Importance of electrical guidelines: - The Guidelines will also be useful for owners of
residential buildings or wiring installations to recognize the requirements of safe and
adequate electrical wiring. It is hoped that the Guidelines will ensure that electrical wiring will
be based on correct safety procedures and regulations and to avoid possible electrical accidents.
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Examining project brief
 Project briefs are common in many industries, whether it's design, engineering,
architecture, or any other sector where planning is an important part of the job.
 Project brief is that essential document, which defines the primary client's requirements
for the project.
 Typically, any project starts with project brief document.
 An executor sends the brief to the customer, who should concretize the project.
 Based on the data provided, you initiate the project realization run-up or further
discussion on the details.
 A project brief is that essential document, which defines the primary client's
requirements for the project. Typically, any project starts with this document. An executor
sends the brief to the customer, who should concretize the project. Based on the data provided,
you initiate the project realization run-up or further discussion on the details.
 A good brief should contain all the key information about the client’s project and
businesses an executor needs to evaluate and proceed with the project development.
1.1.1 Elements of project brief:-what goes into a project brief is ultimately up to you
and depends on the nature of your work with a company or client. Some collaboration will
require a strict commitment up front on all project elements, for example if there's a hard
deadline or a meticulous (careful) client involved. Others may not!
Nonetheless (however) most project briefs include the following elements:
 Summary
 Stakeholders
 Goals
 Timeline
 Budge
1.1.2 Purpose of the project brief”-the purpose of the project brief is to provide a firm
foundation for the initiation of the project. If approval is given to proceed to initiation, the
project brief is extended and refined into the project initiation document.
1.1.3 Importance of project brief: - the importance of a project brief. In a fast-paced business
environment, project briefs are an essential element to ensure a smooth running process from
start to finish. Particularly in the localization industry, assignments can often be complex, and
therefore require thorough instructions in order to deliver a high-quality project.
Most common questions find in any brief project :
 Company profile/ description of the client:
 Project description
 Technical requirements
 Project budget
 Project timeline and deadlines
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1.1.4 Preparation of the project profile
Preparation of the project brief is likely to be coordinated by the lead consultant. As well as

gathering information about physical requirements, the briefing process should:
 Verify the objectives and priorities of the project.

 Ensure space, time and budget parameters are aligned with the client’s vision and needs.
 Ensure expectations are reasonable and attainable.
 Clarify client roles and the project structure.
 Establish how much the client knows already and their level of experience; do they already
have a clear brief?
 Gather contextual information.
 Gather user information.
 Establish the building life span and flexibility requirements.
1.1.6 Project requirements

i. Planning requirements.
ii. Outcome of any consultation processes.
iii. Budget.
iv. Project programme and key milestones.
v. Known risks.
vi. Targets for post occupancy evaluation outcomes and other performance targets.
o The project brief will become increasingly detailed throughout the project
brief and concept design stages, and may ultimately include very specific information such
as room data information for each room.
The project brief should be frozen at the end of the concept design stage and change control

procedures introduced to prevent further changes without appropriate justification and
authorization.
Working drawings
 A working drawing is a drawing or blueprint based on explanations. It is completed with
a thorough plan and views (details, notes, and dimensions) to ensure the product
construction or replication without any additional information.
 Working drawing is a separate, exploratory drawing that develops an idea towards a
final work of art.
 A working drawing is a part of production information provided by the designers to the
construction team to help construct a project. Production information is of two types:
working drawing and construction drawing.
 Working drawings provide dimensioned, graphical information that can be used; by
a contractor to construct the works, or by suppliers to fabricate components of
the works or to assemble or install components.
 They may include architectural drawings, structural drawings, civil drawings,
mechanical drawings, electrical drawings, and so on.
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 Working drawings contains dimensions, title blocks, symbols, and notation. It is vital for
them to be consistent with the industry standards to make an impact.
 Tender/Construction drawings or working drawings are a detailed set of documents which
are prepared to help with the construction of a building. They are usually accompanied by a
book of specifications.
 They identify every aspect of the construction process. They demonstrate how the building
is put together, stating every material used and the method of construction. The detailed
drawings cover items such as such insulation types and finishes, and are fully dimensioned
at a larger scale. The working drawings and specifications sets a framework to ensure
everything is clearly defined and in full compliance with all building regulation
requirements.
 Working drawings and a book of specifications is the medium for you to communicate to
the builder what exact finishes and features you expect the building to have. They allow you
to describe exactly what you want your house to look like. They also can be used as
Building Control Compliance drawings.
NB. Construction drawing is slightly different from working drawing
 What is a construction drawing?
 Construction drawing is a set of drawings utilized for displaying the relation between
varied parts of the project. In construction, the drawing will display all the axes of
columns, all the dimensions including the ones needed to relate or assemble all the parts
altogether or locations such as in between the walls, openings, and components. These
are produced by the consultants.
 They are also known as installation or execution drawings. These are used on the site to
either build from scratch or see what has been built. These can be reviewed from time to
time.
1.2.1 Types of working drawing in construction
 What is working drawing in construction cannot be understood without knowing about
its types. In construction, working drawing is further of 5 types. These include the
following:
I. Architectural drawing
II. Structural drawing
III. Electrical drawing
IV. Plumbing and sanitary drawings
V. Finishing drawing
I. Architectural drawing
An architectural drawing offers a complete view of a building. It exhibits the location of a
building and all the parts of a building where they will be seen. Different architectural
drawings are known by different names such as elevation, section, plan, and so on.
II. Structural drawing
This kind of working drawing provides all the information regarding the structure such as the
strength of various structural components, grade, size, structural materials, placement of
reinforcement, etc.
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Electrical drawing
 Electrical drawings represent the details of electrical fixtures, location of switches, fan,
light and others. It also represents the load calculation, tapping for electricity, wiring
path and other interventions such as AC and UPS and its components
 This type of working drawing offers details and the location of electrical wiring, sub-
station, fixtures and so on. The electrical load calculation is also provided in the
drawing.
 What is electrical diagram?
 Electrical diagrams illustrate how electrical circuits are composed. It will consist of
electrical connections, power sources, switches, wire joints, etc.
 Electrical diagrams are used by professionals to design, construct, and maintain circuits
in rooms or structures. Students are also taught to use electrical diagrams to understand
basic principles of power and electricity.
 Benefit’s of electrical diagrams
 An electrical diagram's benefit lies in the fact that it acts as a universal guide about
circuit. It is particularly practical for electrical maintenance professionals who need to
understand and know exactly how the structure's circuits are laid out.
 What do we need to know about electrical installation drawing?

 For electrical installation, the main factor to complete the task with quality and in time, we
must make sure the detail and comprehensive drawing are provided.
 These drawing are important to show in clear view about position of electrical equipment,
access for electrical cable, switch and socket location and others important item.
 Electrical drawings and plc relay ladder logic program three common types of electrical
drawings are discussed. These include a one- line power distribution schematic, a wiring
diagram and electrical control drawings.
 What are the parts of an electrical plan?
 The major parts of an electrical plan include general and specialized electrical
requirements, lighting systems, and the electrical distribution system.
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 Every electrical plan must be designed to recognized industry standards, use appropriate
electrical symbols, and conform to all applicable codes.
Fig1 1 electrical plan
Fig2. Electrical Symbols
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III. Plumbing and sanitary drawings
This type of working drawings provides the location of piping for water supply, sanitary,
fixture and every process that connects it to every fixture and so on.
IV. Finishing drawing
Finishing drawings comprise of the details of finishing and the final look of the building and
this includes tiles, marbles, etc.
How can drawing solve problem
 Drawings as a tool for problem solving
 The drawings help the engineering process problem solving in the following ways:-
 It provides the geometric form of the design.
 It acts as a communication tool between the designers and the
manufacturing/construction personnel.
 It acts as an analysis tool and helps decide and calculate some of the unknown
dimensions and tolerances.
 It acts as a design simulator.
 It checks the completeness of the design and helps the designers identify the missing
parameters.
 Drawings as a tool used at various stages of working in an organization
The drawings help the engineering organization during the various stages as mentioned
below: -
 Tendering stage: it helps in transforming the needs of the client into the world of the
designer. It helps in procuring an accurate quote and also helps in avoiding future disputes
arising out of discrepancies due to lack of information.
 Design and engineering stage: the drawings at the designing stage are a tool for data
representation for the design engineers as the designer conveys the information in the form
of design. During detailed engineering stage the drawing helps the engineers work out the
detailed bill of materials which is further used by the procurement department.
 Construction or assembly stage: the drawings in this stage help the technical personnel at
the construction site or the assembly shop in carrying out the process smoothly and with
minimum ambiguity.
 Operation and maintenance stage: at this stage the drawings are the key help for the day
to day operation and maintenance for the technicians. It helps them identify any anomaly
occurring in the system quickly and carry out the rectifications.
Development approval
 What is a development approval?
 Approval is issued by the local government authority - with or without conditions or
not approved. (Note: development approval can also be referred to as development
permit or decision notice). Building approval (BA) – refers to how a building will be
constructed.
 What is development control?
 Development control is the process that regulates the development and use of land.
This includes the construction of new buildings, the extension of existing ones and the
change of use of buildings or land to another use.
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 Review and approval:-
 Anyone who reviews a specification should do so from the viewpoint of the contractor.
Additional time spent in writing, reviewing and approving the specification reduces
the chances of additional costs and equally costly delay of completion.
Relevant document of specification:-

 Great specification document is the how, what, and why of what you are looking to
develop, in detail. It is important to be clear and document your spec in as much detail
as possible. For larger applications these documents can be 100+ pages, so you can see
how important it is to spend the time to go into that level of detail.
 A technical specification document defines the requirements for a project, product,
or system. A specification is the information on technical design, development, and
procedures related to the requirements it outlines. This document provides
information to developers and other stakeholders on business requirements, internal
standards, and best practices.
 A technical requirement document, also known as a product requirement document,
defines the functionality, features, and purpose of a product that you’re going to
build.
 It is often the first phase of planning for product managers and serves a vital role in
communicating with stakeholders and ensuring successful outcomes. Companies
may have different technical requirements templates based on the technology and
methodology they’ll use to complete the project, the needs of internal and external
stakeholders, and other factors. However, there are some key items that are often
included in requirements documentation:-
Key items that are often included in requirements documentation

 Revision log: a record of document updates that designates that is responsible for the
updates, in order to track changes.
 Executive summary: an overview of the project or product with background
information, the business case for pursuing the project, a description of the target
audience, and high-level goals. You may also include the scope of the project in this
section, detailing what is in-scope and out-of-scope for the current stage of
documentation.
 Assumptions, risks, and dependencies: factors affecting the project and requirements.
These items may include constraints that present limitations to a project, a
description or diagram of the context and larger system in which a product exists or
is being created, and specific assumptions such as what technology, equipment, or
expertise may be available.
 Requirements: functional requirements should have sufficient detail so that designers
can work to meet all requirements and testers can confirm that they all have been
satisfied. You may include a numbered and prioritized list of requirements for
tracking and reference. There may also be a separate section for non-functional
requirements.
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 References: create a list of supporting documents and links to relevant artifacts.
 Glossary: a glossary can help stakeholders decipher technical and non-technical
terminology used in a requirements document.
Essential information to be included in the specification
 What is the importance of information in construction?

 Construction project generates the enormous and complex bulk of the information.
 Effectively managing information is an important managerial task to ensure the accuracy
of project success.
 Poor information can lead to project delays, uneconomical decisions, or even the
complete failure of the desired facility.
Purpose of job specification

 Purpose of Job Specification Described on the basis of job description, job specification
helps candidates analyze whether are eligible to apply for a particular job vacancy or
not.
Final stage of an electrical system

At the final stage, all switch boards, fans, lights, receptacles, heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) systems and external electrical items are installed. This stage is
technically the last one, since all electrical appliances are affixed where they will be needed, and
ready for use.
Purpose of Specifications: -
 To describe any type and quality of every product required for the project.
 To describe fabrication, erection, application, installation and finishing.
 To describe the quality of workmanship necessary for the project.
-This includes – All phases of creation and installation starting with:-
 Manufacturing
 Fabrication
 Application
 Installation
 Finishing and adjustment.
Specifications should include:-
 Any necessary codes and standards applicable to the project.
 Descriptions and procedures for alternate materials, products or services if necessary.
 The specification and project manual. •
 Contract Documents contain the bidding and construction requirements, drawings
and specifications.
 The Project manual is the bound written portion of the Contract Documents. •
 The project manual is typically organized according to Master Format.
Elements of project manual

i. Introductory Information
ii. Bidding Requirements
iii. Contracting Requirements
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iv. Specifications Appendices.
i. Introductory Information–are- Title Page, Certifications Page, Table of Contents,
and Guide to Use of the Project Manual.
ii. Bidding Requirements–are- Bid Solicitation:-Advertisement/Invitation to
Bid, Instructions to Bidders, Information Available to Bidders, Bid Forms
and Supplements
iii. Contracting Requirements –are- Agreement, General Conditions of the
Contract, Supplementary Conditions of the Contract, Bonds and Certificates.
Methods of specifications
• There are four methods of specifying. There is no defined rule for using one method over
another or about combining methods, but care should be taken to avoid redundancy or
contradictions. •
 The four methods are: –
1. Descriptive Specifications
2. Performance Specifications
3. Reference Standard Specifications
4. Proprietary Specifications
Descriptive Specifications
: - Under this method:-
 Specifying the exact properties of the materials and methods of installation are
described in detail without using proprietary or manufacturer's names.
 Commonly used for products for which no standards exist,
 on projects where using proprietary names is restricted,
 In situations where the Architect/Engineer want to exercise tight control over the
specified work.
There are five steps for preparing descriptive specifications:
1. Research available products
2. Research the important features required for the product.
3. Determine which features to describe in the specification and which features to show
in the drawings.
4. Describe the important features.
5. Specify quality assurance measures (i.e. submittals, certifications, testing or
inspection activities)
 Advantages to using descriptive specifications:-
 Descriptive specifications specify exactly what the design intends.
 They are applicable to all conditions, methods or situations of a project.
 They are applicable to all sizes and types of projects.
 They permit free competition because they do not restrict the use of specific
products or manufacturers.
 Disadvantages of descriptive specifications: :-
 They require the specifiers to take special care in describing the design intent in
order to achieve the desired results.
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 Tend to take up more space because they require more verbiage than other methods.
 More time consuming than other methods to create and write.
 They are being used less often as more complete reference standards are being
developed and implemented.
Performance Specifications :-
Under this method the required

 End results are specified along with the criteria by which the performance will be
judged and the method by which it can be verified.
 The contractor is free to choose the materials and methods that comply with the
performance specification. They are generally used to encourage the use of new and
innovative techniques that may lead to more economical construction.
 They are also used to supplement other specification methods.
 Advantages to using performance specifications: –
 Only the end result or design intent is specified, this gives the Contractor flexibility
in selecting and applying products.
 They permit free competition.
 They can be applicable in all types and sizes of projects.
 Performance specifications delegate the technical responsibilities to the
construction industry, where the Contractor instead of the
Architecture/Engineering firm is responsible for the results.
 Disadvantages to using performance specifications:-
 They can be time consuming to produce and may result in long, detailed
specifications.
 They are more difficult to enforce than other methods of specifying.
 They may be too elaborate for simple or minor projects.
 N.B  Performance specifications delegate the technical responsibilities to the
construction industry, where the Contractor instead of the
Architecture/Engineering firm is responsible for the results. (This is both an
advantage and disadvantage).
Reference Standard Specifications
Under this method

 Reference is made to an established standard defined by associations very
knowledgeable about a certain part or phase of construction.
 Reference standard specifications are used for "commodity" products in the
marketplace, where brand names are not important.
 Steps for preparing reference standard specifications are:
1. The standard must be recognized as authoritative by the industry.
2. The standard must be available to all parties involved in the project.
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3.The specifies must know the standard. Assure that the standard relates to
the current project and does not present duplicate or conflicting information.
4. Establish a date of the standard.
5. Incorporate the standard correctly into the specifications. 6. Enforce the
requirements of the standard
 Advantages to using reference standard specifications:
 The standard is usually widely known and accepted by the industry.
 They do not limit competition.
 They dramatically shorten the length of specifications.
 Disadvantages to using reference standard specifications: –
 There may be no appropriate standard to reference, because standards are written
for the most commonly used and generally available products.
Standards generally refer to the minimum requirements. – The standard may become
obsolete or out-of- date, because of advances and changes in technology and the creation
of new products. – They require a lot of research and care in use. – They must be
incorporated properly, including all supplementary information.
Proprietary Specifications:-
Under this method:-
 The actual brand names, model numbers and other proprietary information
are specified.
 They are primarily used for private commercial projects where the Owner knows
what products they want.
 There are two types of proprietary specifications those are closed and open.
 Primary difference between the two types concerns substitutions are,
Closed proprietary specifications:-
 Closed specifications generally prohibit substitutions.
 One or more products are specified, and no substitutions will be
considered.
Open proprietary specifications:–
 Open specifications permit substitutions.
 One or more products are specified, but other manufacturers will be
considered.
 It is necessary to specify the criteria the alternate manufacturers will
be judged by.
 Advantages to using proprietary specifications:–
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 They allow for close control of product selection.
 The drawings can be more complete and more detailed because they can be prepared
based on precise information from the selected manufacturer.
 The specification can be shorter.
 They simplify the bidding by narrowing competition and eliminating product pricing
as a major variable.
 Disadvantages to using proprietary specifications: –
 They reduce the competition.
 They may specify products the Contractor is not familiar with or has had little
experience with.
 Care should be taken to assure no error is made when specifying model numbers or
product designations.
Selecting a Method of Specifying:-The following questions are helpful to consider when
deciding.
i. Which method of specifying is most appropriate?
ii. What does the Owner require?
iii. What method best describes the design intent?
iv. What method is most appropriate for the project size and complexity?
v. What method will result in the best quality of work?
vi. What method will result in the best price for the work?
Specification Language:-
 Specification language should be precise.
 Vague and ambiguous text can be open to multiple interpretations.
 The following section covers how to be precise and clear when writing specifications and
it includes a few things to avoid and how to be concise and save space.
The four important sections for specification writing
1. Be Clear 2. Be Correct
3. Be Complete 4. Be Concise
1. Be Clear:-
1. Use proper grammar.
2. Chose precise words to convey the message.
2. Be Correct: -
1. Present information accurately.
2. Precisely using proper terminology.
3. Be Complete:-
1. Do not out important or necessary information.
2. Brevity at the expense of completeness should be avoided.
4. Be Concise:
1. Eliminate unnecessary words but at the expense of clarity, correctness,
completeness or grammar.
Written test
Self-check 1
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.
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 Test I describe briefly
1. What is specification? (2pts)
2. Describe electrical specification? (3pts)
3. What is the difference b/n working drawing and construction drawing? (2pts)
4. Define Project brief? (1pts)
5. Describe development approval briefly (2pts)
6. Describe briefly Architectural ,Structural ,Electrical, Plumbing ,Finishing And Sanitary
Drawings (5pts)
 Test II Short Answer Questions
1. List some of purpose of specifications:? (2pts)
2. List methods of specifications? (1pts)
3. List and describe types of working drawing in construction? .(2pts)
4. List the r/ship between construction drawing and specifications? (1pts)
5. List some of essential information to be included in the specification? (2pts)
 Test III Write True or False
1. The specifications are part of the contract documents included with the bidding and
construction requirements and the drawings.(1pts)
2. Under proprietary specifications the actual brand names, model numbers and other
proprietary information are specified. (1pts)
Note: Satisfactory rating - 25 points Unsatisfactory - below 25 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1._____________________2_______________________3_________________
4.__________________________5____________________6_______________
Test II
1.__________________________________2__________________________________
3.__________________________________4__________________________________
Test III
1.______________________2________________________
Information Sheet 2: Examining Standard specifications
February 2021
Introduction
Standards and Codes

Standards, codes, specifications are extremely important - often essential - technical documents
in engineering and related technical fields.
 STANDARDS:
 A Standard is a national or international document which sets out how a particular
item is to be designed, fabricated and tested so that it meets certain minimum
requirements for safety, product, service, and operation and allows “standardization”
of certain items to prevent multiple versions being used. ASTM, ISO is some examples
of the standard.
 A technical standard is an established norm or requirement. It is usually a formal
document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods,
processes and practices. The documents prepared by a professional group or
committee which are believed to be good and proper engineering practices and which
contain mandatory requirement.
Marks of conformity to the relevant national and international Standards The international
and national marks of conformity are reported in the following table, for information only:
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February 2021
Fig 3 standard symbol and specifications of different country
 CODES:-
 A code is a set of rules and specifications or systematic procedures for design,
fabrication, installation and inspection methods prepared in such a manner that it
can be adopted by legal jurisdiction. Codes can be approved by local, state or
federal governments and can carry the force of law. The main purpose of codes is to
protect the public by setting up the minimum acceptable level of safety for
buildings, products and processes.
 Code is a model that is adaptable by law. A standard becomes a Code when it has been
adopted by one or more Governmental bodies and is enforceable by law, or when it has
been incorporated into a business contract.
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Picture 1 standard electric cable color code
Difference between code and standard

The main difference between code and standard is that standard is a set of technical
definitions, specifications, and guidelines whereas code is a model that is established after
years of use. What is a Code When a standard has been adopted by governmental bodies and has
the force of law, it becomes a code.
 When does a standard become a code?

 When a standard has been adopted by governmental bodies and has the force of law, it
becomes a code.
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 A standard also becomes a code when it has been incorporated into a business contract.
 A code is a set of rules that experts in the field recommend people to follow; it is a
model. Although it is not a law, it can be adopted into law.
Standard specifications
 A specification is a document that gives contractors guidance during construction works.
During 2014 and 2015, a group of geotechnical specialists prepared some standard
specifications for small-scale ground improvement works typically required for single
residential properties.
The standard specifications are intended to:-
 Provide a guidance document for use by individuals and organizations involved in
designing and constructing ground improvement works.
 Lower overall industry costs to design works.
 Lower overall construction costs as techniques, specifications and materials are
standardized.
 Standardize and improve consistency in ground improvement design and construction
Support the MBIE guidance document on Repairing and rebuilding houses affected by
the Canterbury earthquakes.
Ethiopian Standard specifications
Ethiopia electrical outlet and plug types

Ethiopia uses power outlets and plugs of types C, E, F & L. Take a look at the pictures below to
see what these plugs and power sockets look like:
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 Type C - The standard European plug. Commonly used in Europe, South-America and Asia,
but also in quite a few other countries. Plugs of type E and F will also fit in a type C outlet.
 Type E - Mainly used in France, Belgium, Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Plug
types C and F also fit in a type E outlet.
 Type F - Used in almost all European countries and Russia. Also known as the Schuko plug.
Plugs of type C and E will also fit in a type F socket.
 Type L - From Italian origin, mainly used in Italy and Chile. Type C plugs also fit into a
type L outlet.
Electricity in Ethiopia - voltage and frequency
All power sockets in Ethiopia provide a standard voltage of 220V with a standard frequency of
50Hz.
Anyone can use all their equipment in Ethiopia if the outlet voltage in your own country is
between 220V-240V. This is the case in most of Europe, Australia, the United Kingdom and
most countries in Africa and Asia.
 If the standard voltage in your country is in the range of 100V-127V (which is most
common in the US, Canada and countries in South America) you might need a voltage
converter in Ethiopia.
 The standard frequency in Ethiopia is 50Hz.
 If this frequency differs from the frequency used in your home country, please use caution
when plugging in your devices.
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 Check the small print on the device to see if the device can handle the frequency. Please
note we regularly check our electricity information with the International Electro technical
Committee (IEC)
 Small print on the device or power adapter indicates what voltages the device can work
with.
 If you see 100-240V 50/60Hz printed, the adapter is rated to work on all voltages used
worldwide. Please note that power plug adapters only convert plug types and do not convert
voltages.
Picture 2 old and new cable color code

 From 1 Mar 09 onwards, all new electrical installations, including addition and alteration
to existing electrical installations, may use new color cables of brown, black, grey (for
line), blue (for neutral) and green-and-yellow (for earth) as set out in the amended SS
CP5: 1998.
February 2021
 A transition period of 24 months from 1 Mar 2009 to 28 Feb 2011 is given before the new
cable color becomes mandatory on 1 Mar 2011.
 During the transition period, either the old or new cable color code, but not both, may be
used.
 Starting from 1 Mar 2011, the new cable color code shall be used in all new electrical
installations, as well as addition and alteration to existing electrical installations.
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 What voltage and frequency in Ethiopia?
In Ethiopia the standard voltage is 220 V and the frequency is 50 Hz. You can use your electric
appliances in Ethiopia, if the standard voltage in your country is in between 220 - 240 V (as is in
the UK, Europe, Australia and most of Asia and Africa). Manufacturers take these small
deviations into account. If the standard voltage in your country is in the range of 100 V - 127 V
(as is in the US, Canada and most South American countries), you need a voltage converter in
Ethiopia. You can also consider a combined power plug adapter/voltage converter.
February 2021
If the frequency in Ethiopia (50 Hz) differs from the one in your country, it is not advised to use
your appliances. But if there is no voltage difference, you could (at your own risk) try to use the
appliance for a short time. Be especially careful with moving, rotating and time related
appliances like clocks, shavers or electric fan heaters.
To be sure, check the label on the appliance. Some appliances never need a converter. If the
label states 'INPUT: 100-240V, 50/60 Hz' the appliance can be used in all countries in the
world. This is common for chargers of tablets/laptops, photo cameras, cell phones, toothbrushes,
etc.
Standard specification to use home appliances in Ethiopia
 You can use your electric appliances in Ethiopia, if the standard voltage in your
country is in between 220 - 240 V (as is in the UK, Europe, Australia and most of Asia
and Africa).
 The standard specifications are intended to:
 Provide a guidance document for use by individuals and organizations involved in
designing and constructing ground improvement works.
 Lower overall industry costs to design works.
 Lower overall construction costs as techniques, specifications and materials are
standardized.
 Standardize and improve consistency in ground improvement design and construction
Support the MBIE guidance document on Repairing and rebuilding houses affected by
the Canterbury earthquakes.
Difference between Code, Standard and Specification
CODE STANDARD SPECIFICATION

Enforceable by Law or by Globally accepted “how to Must meet requirements by
contract instruction” Contracts
Written by government or Written by public Written by private companies
government approved body organization or by
government body
Guidelines for design, Set of technical definitions Additional requirements,
fabrication, construction and and guidelines for beyond code & standard
installation manufacturing
ASME, BS, IS, DIN ASTM, SAE, ISO Shell DEP, EIL Spec.
American society mechanical
engineers ,British standard ,
Deutsche Industrie Norm
February 2021
Electrical Installations – Standards & Regulation in Different Countries
The construction and the characteristics, performances and tests to be carried out on HV, MV
and LV (HV: High Voltage; V ≥ 60 kV.MV: Medium Voltage; 1 kV < V< 60 kV. LV: Low
Voltage; V ≤ 1 kV) installations, as well as the equipments used are subjected to national and
international technical standards and regulations.
The same way the manual operation of the equipments, for maintenance or network
reconfiguration purposes, and the obligations of the owners and the operation personnel, as well
the procedures to be followed, the documentation to be produced, the safety precautions to be
implemented, and the protection equipments and clothes that shall be used during the operation
are regulated by national and international standards and national laws.
Picture 3 Standards & Regulation in Different Countries
Wiring Regulations
Electrical Wiring Regulations are technical documents with an official character defining the
characteristics and safety measurements to be followed during the design, construction and
operation of an electrical power system.
Standard Heights of electrical sockets
UK Building Regulations Part M (Access to and use of buildings) states that wall mounted
switches and socket outlets for power, lighting and other equipment in new dwellings “..should
be located so that they are easily reachable.”
Part M of the Building Regulations (section 8) does not actually specify the required position
but does go on to suggest that in habitable rooms this will be achieved by mounting the switches
etc. Between 45cm and 1200mm above the floor level (see below). Unless the dwelling is
specifically designed for a person with limited reach, these requirements do not apply in garages
and kitchens.
February 2021
These rules do not apply to replacement switches/outlets nor to new switches/outlets in
extensions to a dwelling, or a dwelling which is being materially altered unless the dwelling
previously complied with Part M – however, there is nothing to prevent you from applying these
regulations should you so wish. Any alteration to an existing dwelling must not make it less
satisfactory than it was before.
Sockets above work surfaces
Where socket outlets are positioned above work surfaces or other obstructions, there needs to be
sufficient clearance to minimize risk of damage to the cable etc. Although no distance is
defined, a clearance of 15cm below the socket is recommended as a minimum (see below).
1.1 Developing specifications:-

1.1.1 How does a specification fit into the contract agreement?
 The template below shows where a standard specification document aligns with
other documents required for a contractual agreement before works begin on site.
1.1.2 Bill of Quantity Preparation
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Before starting any construction one has to have a thorough knowledge about the volume of
the work and the probable cost that may be required for the completion of the project.
Otherwise, the construction will be stopped before its completion due to shortage of money
or materials.
Types of estimates
1. Approximate/Rough estimate
 To get an idea for the probable expenditure in a short time
 To prepare a preliminary estimate before drawing up a detailed estimate for a
project
 This is made after knowing the costs of similar projects.
2. A detailed estimate
This is the best method and includes the quantities and cost of everything required for the
work.
 Requirements
 Drawings
 Specification
Therefore, quantity surveying may be defined as the process of calculating the quantities
and cost of various works required in connection with the project.
Purposes of quantity surveying
 To know the amount of money required

 To know the quantities of materials required
 To know the tools and equipment required for the construction
 To know the different workers to be employed
 To draw up the construction schedule and program
 To fix up the completion period
 To invite tenders
 To Obtain sanction of necessary funds from the concerned authority
 For valuation of an existing structure’
Bill preparation
There are three processes in the preparation of the completed bill of quantities.
a) Taking-off quantities
b) Abstracting or ‘working-up’
c) Billing
Taking –off quantities

In the first instance quantities need to be extracted from drawings, together with an
appropriate description. This process - known as booking dimensions or taking-off
quantities - involves the measurer in either reading or scaling dimensions from the
drawings. There are two distinct parts to this. The first involves the recording of quantities,
February 2021
whilst the second required a written description to accompany the quantity. The sequence
adopted by measurers in this initial stage bears little relation to the eventual order of the
finished bill of quantities. This is because ‘taking-off’ has been devised in order to assist
the measurer with both the speed and accuracy of recording dimensions.
Dimensions are taken from a drawing and recorded on specially lined paper known as
dimension paper.
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
The format of standard dimension paper
The A4 page is divided vertically into two identical halves each comprising a set of four
columns. These are labeled for the purpose of identifications. The extra column on the
extreme left is called the binding margin and would not normally be used for recording
dimensions.
The purpose of each column

Column 1 is called the ‘timesing column’ in which multiplying figures are entered when there
is more than one of the particular items being measured.
Column 2 is called the ‘dimension column’ in which the actual dimensions, as scaled or taken
direct from the drawings, are entered. There may be one, two or three lines of dimensions in
an item depending on whether it is linear, square or cubic.
Column 3 is called the ‘squaring column’ in which the length, area or volume obtained by
multiplying together the figures in columns 1 and 2 is recorded, ready for transfer to the
abstract or bill.
Column 4 is called the ‘description column’ in which the written description of each item is
entered. This column is frequently used to accommodate preliminary calculations and other
basic information.
 General principles of taking-off
1. Entering dimensions
 Dimensions are entered in the dimension column in meters to two places of
decimals.
 The four principal units of measurement are:

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 Enumeration (nr. or pcs.)
 Length (m)
 Area (m2)
 Volume (m3)
For enumerated items whole numbers are entered in the dimension column, with a line
drawn horizontally beneath each single entry.
 The order of recording dimensions is:
 Length
 Width/breadth
 Vertical height/depth
Abbreviations
Many of the words entered in the description column are abbreviated in order to save space
and time in entering the item by highly skilled technical staff. Many abbreviations have
become almost standard and are of general application; for this reason there is a list of the
more common abbreviations.
Grouping of dimensions
Where more than one set of dimensions relate to the same description, the dimensions
should be suitably bracketed so that this shall be made clear.
Where the same dimensions apply to more than one item, the best procedure is to separate
each of the descriptions by an ampersand ‘&’ sign and to bracket the descriptions.
Adjustment of openings and voids
When measuring areas with openings or voids, the most convenient practice is usually to
measure the full area in the first instance, and to subsequently adjust for any voids or
openings.
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Order of taking off
The order of taking off largely follows the order of construction to simplify the work and to
reduce the risk of items being missed.
Abstracting or ‘Working up’ bill of quantities
The sequence adopted by measurers follows construction operations as they occur on site.
However, once the take-off is complete, these measured items need to be collated, like
items must be merged and deduction adjustments made. This process, known as abstracting
or working-up quantities, is carried out on specially lined A3 size paper.
At the head of each abstract a work section heading is recorded. Each measured item is
copied from the dimension column and transferred to the abstract. In an effect to avoid
double transfer, or the omission of an item, each description is lined through on the
dimension sheet as it is transferred.
Descriptions are copied spanning two columns on the abstract and a horizontal line is
drawn below each transferred description. The squared quantity is entered below this line,
additions on the left and deductions on the right. To provide a cross-reference to the
dimension page, each squared quantity is labeled with its source (i.e., the dimension page
number)
Related work section items from different parts of the take-off will appear on the same
abstract. The abstracted items should be well spaced apart, allowing the later insertion of
omitted items. Once all measured items have been transferred to the abstract, the quantities
are totaled and rounded to the nearest whole unit.
Layout and spacing of a completed abstract
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Billing
This is the final stage in the preparation of the completed bill of quantities. The effort of
assembling and ordering was completed at the abstracting stage and all that remains is for
the descriptions and quantities to be presented in a structured and consistent fashion.
There are three levels of heading and they have the following titles:
Level 1: Group (eg. Substructure)
Level 2: Sub-group (eg. Earthwork)
Level 3: work section (eg. Site clearance)
Item Description Unit Qty Rate Amount
A. SUB-
1.1 STRUCTURE 1.
1.2 Earthwork
1.3
1.4
Total carried to summary 2.

2.1 Concrete Work
2.2
2.3
Total carried to summary
Draft bill of quantities with levels of heading
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Detailed specifications, which address specific components such as mechanical, structural,
electrical or other requirements
1.2.1 . Types of specification
Specifications may be grouped in one or more categories and can exist under different names.
o General specification/ brief specification
o Detailed specification
 GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
In general specifications, nature and class of works and names of materials that should be used are described.
Only a brief description of each and every item is given. It is useful for estimating the project. The general
specifications do not form a part of contract document.
Example, Foundation Concrete: Cement concrete 1:4:8 using 40 mm size blue granite broken stone.
 DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS
The detailed specifications form a part of a contract document. They specify the qualities, quantities and
proportions of materials and the method of preparation and execution for a particular item of works in a
project. The detailed specifications of the different items of the work are prepared separately and they describe
what the work should be and how they shall be executed. While writing the detailed specifications, the same
order sequence as the work is to be carried out is to be maintained.
The detailed specifications form a part of the contract document. The detailed specification of an item of work
specifies the qualities and quantities of materials, the proportion of mortar, workmanship, the method of
preparation and execution and the method of measurement.
The detailed specifications of different items of work are prepared separately which describe what the work
should be and how they should be executed and constructed.
Detailed specifications are written to express the requirements clearly in concise form avoiding repetition and
ambiguity.
The detailed specifications are arranged as for as possible in the same sequence or order as the work is carried
out.
Examples of Detailed Specifications of Materials

Detailed Specification for sand for mortar
The Sand used for mortar shall be clean, sharp, heavy and gritty. It should be free from clay, salt, mica and
organic impurities. It shall not contain harmful chemicals in any form. Medium and fine sand are to be used in
mortars. Coarse sand shall be sifted through 600 micron sieve and used in mortars for plastering works.
The following provisions are made in the detailed specifications.
 The GENERAL CONDITIONS and
 The TECHNICAL SECTIONS.
a. General provisions/ General Conditions
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Describe briefly and in detail the scope of work of the Technical Section concerned and makes reference to the
Contract Documents as being part of the requirements of that section of work. Each section is numbered
according to the order of the technical description.
These are also known as conditions of contract and they apply to the work as a whole. In this document, the
conditions governing the contract are written.
The following groups of conditions of contract are generally accommodated under the general provisions.
 Conditions a relating to documents

 Conditions relating to the general obligations of the contractor:
 Conditions a relating to labor and personnel:
 Conditions a relating to the execution of the work
 Conditions a relating to measurements and payments
 Conditions a relating to default and non-completion
 Conditions a relating to settlement of dispute
b. Technical Provisions/ Technical Section
It is a unit of work consisting of carefully worded description of materials and explains the method of
construction or application, method of fabrication and testing requirements and other technical details. These
specifications describe the technical requirements of each type of constructions. The technical provisions
contain detailed instructions regarding the desired quality of the final product.
The technical provisions are of three types.
Specifications for materials and workmanship

Specifications for performance
Specifications for proprietary commodities
Commercial products which are standardized or patented are called proprietary commodities.
1.2.2 Mechanical and electrical specification
Mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) systems are an important part of building services and can have

many different functions.
Typically designed by specialized consultants and contractors, MEP systems can present complex challenges in

terms of coordination and detailing. They must satisfy multiple objectives and criteria
for design, installation, commissioning, operation, and maintenance.
Some of the challenges involved include:
 Spatial co-ordination; avoiding hard and soft clashes.

 Multiple parts functioning effectively together as a single system.
 Complex installation, testing operation and maintenance procedures.
Mechanical
February 2021
Mechanical systems most commonly relate to heating ventilation and air conditioning systems, but they can
also relate to transportation systems such as lifts and escalators, elements of infrastructure, industrial plant and
machinery, and so on.
Heating ventilation and air conditioning can be used in buildings to:
 Maintain internal air quality.

 Regulate internal temperatures.
 Regulate internal humidity.
 Building heating systems.
 Cooling systems for buildings..
Electrical
Electrical systems
might include:
 Power supply and distribution.

 Information and telecommunications systems.
 Control systems.
 Security and access systems.
 Detection and alarm systems.
 Interior and exterior lighting.
Clearly there is a great deal of overlap between mechanical and electrical systems, with

many systems including both mechanical and electrical components, hence the term M&E (mechanical and
electrical).
For more information, see:
 Building management systems (BMS)

 Building automation and control system (BACS).
 Fire detection and alarm system.
 Access control in buildings.
 CCTV.
 Mechanical and electrical.
 Electrical engineer.
 Mechanical and electrical specification
ELECTRICAL Lighting is provided low energy 2x26 watt ceiling recessed fluorescent fittings
using providing a 100 lux. Light fittings are controlled by ceiling mounted PIR
infra-red beam detectors which turn off the lights when there is no activity.
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY The building is fed from two 630KVA sub-station at ground level provided by
ESB Networks. A client switch room is located adjacent to the substation. A
400V three phase power supply will be distributed from the client switch room to
February 2021
the client offices via distribution cabling to the local distribution board. From
their power is distributed to the final socket power outlets and lighting circuits.
TELECOM SUPPLY External Telecom services are taken directly to the intake rooms by the Telecom
suppliers. From their multi core telecom cables are run to the client’s offices.
Broadband services are available from a number of suppliers.
FIRE DETECTION The Landlord shall provide an automatic fire detection system covering all
SYSTEM AND ALARM common areas. The system shall be fully addressable and shall comply with the
requirements of Irish Standard IS 3218:2009 and the requirements of the Fire
Officer. Each Tenant shall be provided with an interface unit to enable
connection to the Landlord’s Fire Detection and Alarm System. Tenants will be
required to connect their system to this interface unit using the Landlords selected
contractor but at the Tenants expense. The Tenant fire alarm equipment shall be
fully compatible with the landlords system and should preferably be identical to
the Landlords equipment. The fire detection and alarm systems will be monitored
and controlled by the Landlord from the security room. On completion of the
installation the tenant will be required to furnish to the Landlord a full set of
design, installation and commissioning certificates as set down in IS 3218 2009.
Fire Alarm heat detector tape to be provided in the car park to comply with fully
with the requirements of Irish Standard IS3218 2009. Code of Practice for Fire
Detection and Alarm Systems for Buildings-System Design, Installation,
Servicing and Maintenance.
WATER SUPPLY A 22mm metered Mains Water supply will be brought to the Tenants Unit. This
supply will come from a metered manifold in the basement and will be connected
to the Cork City Council water main. The Tenant will be responsible for their
own internal plumbing installation. An external Fire main is provided around the
building. This is fitted with Fire Hydrants suitably located to meet the Building
Regulations. It also provides a metered City mains water supply to the building
with a mains water meter for each Client.
ACCESS SYSTEM A computerized Landlord access control system is installed providing access
control to designated areas including stairwells. This can be programmed and
extended to suit the Clients requirements.
CCTV SYSTEM A Closed circuit CCTV System is provided covering the Landlord open areas and
the lobby areas and car parks. This system is wired back to the Landlord control
room for monitoring and can also be viewed on the Web.
BMS A Landlord building management system is installed in Landlord Areas. This

BMS monitors various systems and creates alarms as required. These systems
include water pumping systems, water heating, lighting control, Air Conditioning
Systems, landlord generator monitoring and metering of power consumption.
This BMS is located in the Landlord Security Office
LIGHTING The Stairwells are fitted with decorative wall lights these are controlled by PIR
detectors which turn off the lights when there is no activity. Car park Lightning to
be provided by twin florescent fittings to provide 150 lux and will be controlled
by the BMS System. External lighting will be provided around the perimeter. It
will be a low energy and low glare system controlled by photocell and BMS
System. Emergency lighting will be provided throughout the building complying
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with the requirements of Irish Standard IS 3217 2008 Code of Practice for
Emergency Lighting.
LIFTS
PASSENGER LIFTS 6no Schindler 5500 2.5m/s passenger lifts servicing basement to upper floor
levels. Lifts include for Schindler port technology and are finished with Shanghai
red back painted glass, brushed stainless steel ceiling and doors.
FIREMAN LIFTS 1no Schindler 5500 and 1no Schindler 3300 1m/s fireman lifts servicing ground
to upper floor levels. Lifts are finished with brushed stainless steel walls, ceiling
and doors.
1.3 Building information modeling

What is Building Information Modeling?
 Within the construction phase many problems and errors occur due to difficulties in communication,
coordination and standardization. This interoperability issue can be aided with the adoption of
Building Information Modeling (BIM), which is said to be most likely a technology-led change to
deliver the highest impact to the construction sector. (Kymmell, 2008). (Azhar et al., 2008b) & (Stine,
2011).
 Building information modeling (BIM) is a process supported by various tools, technologies and
contracts involving the generation and management of digital representations of physical and functional
characteristics of places.
 Building Information Modeling (BIM), also called n-D Modeling or Virtual Prototyping Technology, is
a revolutionary development that is quickly reshaping the Architecture Engineering-Construction
(AEC) industry.
 BIM is both a technology and a process. The technology component of BIM helps project
stakeholders to visualize what is to be built in a simulated environment to identify any potential design,
construction or operational issues. The process component enables close collaboration and encourages
integration of the roles of all stakeholders on a project.
Understanding BIM
BIM as a Technology From technology perspective, a building information model is a project
simulation consisting of the 3D models of the project components with links to all the required
information connected with the project planning, design, construction or operation The BIM technology
hailed from the object-oriented parametric modeling technique. The term “parametric” describes a
process by which an element is modified and an adjacent element or assembly (e.g. a door attached to a
wall) is automatically adjusted to maintain a previously established relationship.
February 2021
 Why is BIM important to construction managers?
• BIM is most associated with the design team. Construction managers (CM) may not usually be
involved in model authoring but they do play a vital role in making sure the key elements needed
to deliver a successful project are present and correct. Construction managers need to understand
the processes and tools that are used throughout a project's lifecycle, beyond the design phase.
There is a need to manage the asset from inception through to operation and end of life.
Construction managers need to understand, interrogate, contribute and validate BIM data, to
maximize its benefits. They need to harness the value of data by using model information and new
ways of working to better support new construction techniques, scheduling, cost, quality,
coordination, fabrication, sequencing and facilities management to name but a few. To be able to
tackle this expanded role of the construction manager he needs to consider new tools, processes
and skill sets.
 A building information model can be used for the following purposes:
 Visualization: 3D renderings can be easily generated in-house with little additional effort.
 Fabrication/shop drawings: it is easy to generate shop drawings for various building systems, (e.g.,
the sheet metal ductwork shop drawing can be quickly produced once the model is complete.
 Code reviews: fire departments and other officials may use these models for building projects review.
 Forensic analysis: a building information model can easily be adapted to graphically illustrate potential
failures, leaks, evacuation plans, etc.
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 Facilities management: facilities management departments can use BIM for renovations, space
planning, and maintenance operations.
 Cost estimating: BIM software(s) have built-in cost estimating features. Material quantities are
automatically extracted and changed when any changes are made in the model.
 Construction sequencing: a building information model can be effectively used to create material
ordering, fabrication, and delivery schedules for all building components.
 Conflict, interference and collision detection: because BIM models are created, to scale, in 3D space,
all major systems can be visually checked for interferences. This process can verify that piping does not
intersect with steel beams, ducts or walls.
 Building Information Modeling (BIM) Benefits
The key benefit of BIM is its accurate geometrical representation of the parts of a building in an
integrated data environment. Other related benefits are: -
BIM and Project Design

The architects and engineers can take advantage of BIM applications at different stages of project
design namely schematic design (SD), detailed design (DD) and construction detailing (CD). Table 1
illustrates specific BIM applications in each stage of project design.
How to Develop a Building Information Model?

 BIM software applications available in the market.
 The Top Three Soft Ware Are As Follows: -
1. Autodesk Revit
February 2021
2. Graphisoft Constructor
3. Bentley Architecture
1. Autodesk Revit: - is building information modeling software for architects, landscape architects,
structural engineers, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing engineers, designers and contractors.
 The Rivet software package includes three software applications: - A). Rivet Architecture,
B). Rivet MEP, and C). Rivet Structure. A). Revit Architecture has the 2- D capabilities of
AutoCAD, as well as the 3-D modeling design functions. AutoCAD files can be imported to
produce models. For estimating functions, information can be exported to other estimating
programs which have been designed to work with Revit Architecture.
B). Revit MEP: - is used for the design and modeling of mechanical/electrical/plumbing
systems.
C). Revit Structure:-is a modeling and drafting program that can model all types of materials and
structural systems. All of the Revit programs use a centralized database so all changes is updated
universally.
1 Graphisoft Constructor(Graphisoft Archi CAD)
Graphisoft ArchiCAD, introduced in 1984, was the first product among these solutions to create a virtual
model. Now in its ninth version, Archi CAD's bidirectional associative models keep all the data in one PLN
file that can hold a 60,000-square-foot building--including all construction documents--in a 30MB file. Archi
CAD uses the GDL (geometric description language) model creation language. GDL contains all the
information necessary to completely describe building elements as 2D CAD symbols, 3D models and text
specifications for use in drawings, presentations and quantity calculations. The program also ships with the
RCC (Richard Creveling database) that can be interpreted by Timberline software to instantly create Level 2
cost estimates.
ArchiCAD is a rare program--Vector Works ARCHITECT is another--that is offered on the Macintosh as well
as Windows platform. This is an excellent BIM program, and because it's been around the longest, it may have
the most routines dedicated to architecture and construction. It's very popular in Europe and is used by prolific
firms widely.
 Shadows in Open GL 3D View
 Extended Options for Doors & Windows
 Dimension Text Prefix & Suffix
 Improved Handling of Schedules
 Direct Import of Site-Survey Data
 Performance Optimizations
Besides ArchiCAD, Graphisoft offers ArchiFM for facilities management and recently introduced a complete
new product line for design/build firms, construction firms, engineering firms and consultants. This product
set, which includes GS Constructor and GS Estimator, allows companies to perform model-based calculations
for scheduling, estimating and purchasing and provides a comprehensive platform with which they can manage
an entire construction project. Constructor also includes a next-generation MEP modeling environment as well
as a structural modeling library.
2 Bentley Architecture
 Bentley Architecture is an advanced, yet intuitive and easy-to-use architectural building information
modeling (BIM) application that empowers architects and designers to create with unlimited freedom,
to explore more design options, to make better informed design decisions, and to predict costs and
performance.
1.4 INDUSTRY STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS : -
Industry standards are voluntary agreements that establish requirements for products, practices, or operations
in a given field. In the United States most standards development occurs within the private sector.
February 2021
 Industry standards are a set of criteria within an industry relating to the standard functioning and
carrying out of operations in their respective fields of production.
 Industry standards facilitate global as well as domestic competitiveness. It is a crucial tool for
developing and meeting industry goals.
 Why Have Industry Standards?
 It offers an established norm, a set of rules or requirements related to a specific system which is usually
documented to signify reliable criteria, methods, processes, and practices.
 Purpose of industry standards
 The main purpose for industry standards is to make different products compatible with each
other and to ensure customers that they can safely mix and match products from different
brands. They drive industry innovation, cost reductions and enable a variety of cost-effective,
simple-to-use, holistic solutions.
 Why do we use industry standards?
 Standards provide people and organizations with a basis for mutual understanding, and are
used as tools to facilitate communication, measurement, commerce and
manufacturing. Standards are everywhere and play an important role in the economy, by:
facilitating business interaction.
Written test
Self-check 2
Name…………………………………………… id………………………… date…….

Directions: answer all the questions listed below.
1. Describe preliminary or outline specifications? (2pts)

2. Define BIM (3pts)
 Test ii short answer questions
1. List the benefits of BIM? (2pts)
2. List BIM software applications available in the market? (2pts)
 Test iii write true or false
1. Outline specification is an itemized list, using brief, concise statements, of significant materials, systems,
and equipment and their criteria and levels of quality (3pts)
2. a non standard construction is simply a property that does not conform to the standard definition. (2pts)
answer sheet
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ date: _______________
TEST I
1._____________________2_____________________________
TEST II
February 2021
1.______________________2________________________
TEST III
1._____________________2_____________________________
INFORMATION SHEET 3: DEVELOPING NON-STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR TECHNICAL ASPECTS

REQUIRING CLARIFICATION
1.1 A Simple Guide to Understand Non Standard Construction Property
 A non standard construction is simply a property that does not conform to the standard definition.
 Nonstandard construction
 A non standard construction is simply a property that does not conform to the standard definition. In
order to confirm to standard definition, the walls of a property are constructed either with stone or
bricks and the roofs with tile or slates. If a property does not confirm to above then it’s considered as
non standard construction property.
Non-statutory regulations: -
 Statutory laws and regulations are written in a legal framework.
 Statutory laws and regulations are written in a legal framework, some don’t actually tell us how to
comply with the laws at an everyday level.
 Non-statutory regulations and codes of practice interpret the statutory regulations telling us how we
can comply with the law.
 Non-statutory regulations and codes of practice interpret the statutory regulations telling us how we
can comply with the law.
Non standard outlet

Non standard outlets prevented those people living there using the sockets for their own purposes, such as
connecting a long extension lead and using the building owners electricity rather than paying for their own.
Alternative voltage those with dual fuses such as the Walls all type have been used on circuits with voltages
other than 240V.
February 2021
 What size electrical outlet do I need for my Kitchen?
Kitchens must have at least two 20-amp 120-volt "small appliance" circuits serving the receptacles in the
countertop areas. These are for portable plug-in appliances. An electric range/oven requires its own dedicated
120/240-volt circuit.
Electrical Code Requirements by Room

Electrical codes are in place to protect you, the homeowner. These general guidelines will give you the basics of
what electrical inspectors are looking for when they review both remodeling projects and new installations.
Most local codes are based on the National Electrical Code (NEC), a document that lays out required practices
for all aspects of residential and commercial electrical installation. The NEC is revised every three years—2014,
2017 and so forth—and occasionally there are important changes to the Code. So make sure that your sources of
information are based on the most recent Code. The code requirements listed here are based on the 2017 NEC.
Most local codes follow the National Electrical Code (NEC), but there can be variances. The local code always
takes precedence over the NEC when there are differences, so be sure to check with your local building
department for the specific code requirements for your situation.
Much of the NEC involves requirements for general electrical installation that apply to all situations, but there
are also specific requirements for individual rooms.
Bathrooms
 Because of the presence of water, bathrooms have very carefully defined requirements. With their
lights, vent fans, and outlets that may power hairdryers and other appliances, bathrooms use a lot of
power and may need more than one circuit.
February 2021
 The outlet receptacles must be served by a 20-amp circuit. The same circuit can supply the entire
bathroom (outlets plus lighting), provided there are no heaters (including vent fans with built-in
heaters) and provided the circuit serves only a single bathroom and no other areas. Alternatively, there
should be a 20-amp circuit for the receptacles only, plus a 15- or 20-amp circuit for the lighting.
 Vent fans with built-in heaters must be on their own dedicated 20-amp circuits.
 All receptacles in bathrooms must have ground-fault circuit-interrupter (GFCI) protection.
 A bathroom requires at least one 120-volt receptacle within 3 feet of the outside edge of each sink
basin. Duel sinks can be served by a single receptacle positioned between them.
 Light fixtures in the shower or bath area must be rated for damp locations unless they are subject to
shower spray, in which case they must be rated for wet locations.
 Kitchen applicants:-The kitchen uses the most electricity of any room in the house. Fifty years ago, a
kitchen might have been served by a single electrical circuit, but today, a newly installed kitchen with
standard appliances requires at least seven circuits and often more.
 Kitchens must have at least two 20-amp 120-volt "small appliance" circuits serving the receptacles in the
countertop areas. These are for portable plug-in appliances.
 An electric range/oven requires its own dedicated 120/240-volt circuit.
 The dishwasher and garbage disposal both require their own dedicated 120-volt circuits. These can be 15-
amp or 20-amp circuits, depending on the electrical load of the appliance (check the manufacturer's
recommendations; usually 15-amps is sufficient). The dishwasher circuit requires GFCI protection, but the
garbage disposal circuit does not—unless the manufacturer stipulates it.
 The refrigerator and microwave each require their own dedicated 120-volt circuits. The amperage rating
should be appropriate to the electrical load of the appliance; these should be 20-amp circuits.
 All countertop receptacles and any receptacle within 6 feet of a sink must be GFCI-protected. The
countertop receptacles should be spaced no more than 4 feet apart.
 Kitchen lighting must be supplied by a separate 15-amp (minimum) circuit.
 Living Room, Dining Room, and Bedrooms

 Standard living areas are relatively modest power users, but they have clearly defined electrical
requirements. These areas are generally served by standard 120-volt 15-amp or 20-amp circuits that
may serve more than one room.
 These rooms require that a wall switch is placed beside the entry door of the room so that you can light
the room upon entering it. This switch can control a ceiling light, a wall light, or a receptacle for
plugging in a lamp. The ceiling fixture must be controlled by a wall switch rather than a pull chain.
 Wall receptacles may be placed no farther than 12 feet apart on any wall surface. Any wall section
wider than 2 feet must have a receptacle.
 Dining rooms usually require a separate 20-amp circuit for one outlet used for a microwave,
entertainment center, or window air conditioner.
 Stairways
 Special care is needed in stairways to ensure all of the steps are lighted properly to minimize the hazard
fo falling.
 Three-way switches are required at the top and bottom of each flight of stairs so that lights can be
turned on and off from both ends.
 If the stairs turn at a landing, you may need to add additional lighting fixtures to make sure all areas are
illuminated.
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 Hallways
 These areas can be long and need adequate ceiling lighting. Be sure to place enough lighting so
shadows are not cast when walking. Remember, hallways often serve as escape routes in the event of
emergencies.
 A hallway over 10 feet long is required to have an outlet for general purpose use.
 Three-way switches are required at each end of the hallway, allowing the ceiling light to be turned on
and off from both ends.
 If there are more doors served by a hallway, such as for a bedroom or two, you may want to add a four-
way switch near the door outside of each room.
 Closets
 Closets come with many rules regarding fixture type and placement.
 Fixtures with incandescent light bulbs (which get very hot) must be enclosed with a globe or other
cover and cannot be installed within 12 inches of any clothes storage areas (or 6 inches for recessed
fixtures).
 Fixtures with LED bulbs must be at least 12 inches from storage areas (or 6 inches for recessed).
 Fixtures with CFL (compact fluorescent) bulbs may be within 6 inches of storage areas.
 All surface-mounted (not recessed) fixtures must be on the ceiling or the wall above the door.
 Laundry Room
 The electrical needs of a laundry room will vary, depending on if the clothes dryer is electric or gas.
 A laundry room needs at least one 20-amp circuit for receptacles serving laundry equipment; this circuit
can supply a clothes washer or a gas dryer.
 An electric dryer needs its own 30-amp, 240-volt circuit wired with four conductors (older circuits
often have three conductors).
 All receptacles must be GFCI-protected.
 Garage
 As of the 2017 NEC, newly constructed garages need at least one dedicated 120-volt 20-amp circuit
that serves only the garage. This circuit may also power receptacles mounted on the exterior of the
garage.
 Inside the garage, there should be at least one switch controlling lighting. It is recommended that three-
way switches be installed for convenience between the doors.
 Garages must have at least one receptacle, including one for each car space.
 All garage receptacles must be GFCI-protected.
 Additional Requirements
– AFCI requirements. The NEC now requires that virtually all branch circuits for lighting and receptacles
in a home must have arc-fault circuit-interrupter (AFCI) protection. This is a form of protection that
guards against sparking (arcing) and thereby reduces the chance of fire. Note that the AFCI requirement
is in addition to whatever GFCI protection is required—an AFCI does not replace or eliminate the need
for GFCI protection.
– AFCI requirements are enforced mostly in new construction—there is no requirement that an existing
system must be updated to comply with new-construction AFCI requirements. However, as of the 2017
NEC revision, when homeowners update or replace failing receptacles or other devices, they are
required to add the AFCI protection at that location. This can be done in several ways:
February 2021
– A standard circuit breaker can be replaced with a special AFCI circuit breaker. This is a job for a
licensed electrician. Doing so will create AFCI protection for the entire circuit.
– A failing receptacle can be replaced with an AFCI receptacle. This will create AFCI protection to only
the receptacle being replaced.
– Where GFCI protection is also required (such as kitchens and bathrooms), a receptacle can be replaced
with a dual AFCI/GFCI receptacle.
Tam per-resistant (TR) receptacles

 All standard receptacles must be tamper-resistant (TR) type. These include a built-in safety feature
that prevents children from sticking items into the receptacle slots.
Commercial building Classifications:
The commercial buildings category include many types of buildings vary from traditional buildings like
offices, Retail, Multi Family, self storage, etc. and Non-Traditional buildings like Auto Repair Shops, Hotels &
Motels, Pharmacies, Daycare Centers, Outdoor Entertainment Centers, etc.
However, the commercial buildings can be classified to main five categories included in the following table:
Self-check 3
Written test
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….


1. What is non standard construction? (2pts)
2. Define BIM (2pts)
1. List the benefits of BIM? (2pts)
2. List BIM software applications available in the market? (2pts)
3. List the two types of proprietary specifications? (2pts)
February 2021
 Test III Write True or False
1. Kitchens must have at least two 20-amp 120-volt "small appliance" circuits serving the receptacles
in the countertop areas. (2pts)
2. Autodesk revit is building information modeling software for architects, landscape architects,
structural engineers, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing engineers, designers and contractors.
(2pts)
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1._____________________2_____________________________
Test II
1.______________________2________________________3___________
Test III
1_____________________________2_______________________
LG #23
LO2 Assess nature and scope of the work
Instruction sheet
 A site inspection is conducted to establish site layout and preliminary site-work
requirements and site details and features are recorded
 Specification includes all relevant details at a level necessary to describe clearly the nature
and scope of the work, including prescriptive and performance requirements
 Research is undertaken to establish appropriate schedules, using relevant data sources.
 Details are tabulated and cross-referenced to ensure consistency between the design brief,
the working drawings and the specifications.
 Details in the specification conform to industry codes of practice and relevant statutory
requirements.
 Information requested from specialists, colleagues and clients is coordinated and added to
the specifications where required.
Coordinating and adding Information requested from specialists, colleagues and clients to the
specifications.
February 2021
 Conducting site inspections
 Prescriptive and performance requirements for Specification
 Researching relevant data sources to establish appropriate schedules.
 Tabulating and cross-referencing of details.
 Conforming details in the specification to industry codes of practice and relevant
statutory requirements.
 Coordinating and adding Information requested from specialists, colleagues and clients to
the specifications.
Learning Instructions:
1 Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.

2 Follow the instructions described below.
3 Read the information written in the “Information Sheets”. Try to understand what are being
4 Accomplish the “Self-checks” which are placed following all information sheets.
5 Ask from your trainer the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your trainer to
correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished answering the Self-
checks).
Information sheet 1: Conducting site inspections
Conducting site inspections

 How to conduct an inspection besides a site visit?
If there is an alternate way to conduct inspections besides a site visit, you should explore that option. It
could involve a phone interview, sending documents for inspectors to review, or a video chat tour of the
facility. It may be possible to gather the information by asking for pictures of facilities or log books.
Electrical visual inspection

 A visual electrical inspection is a survey of your electrical wiring system. It is used to identify defects,
damage or deterioration of the electrical installation and to determine whether it complies with the current
BS7671 electrical safety standard.
 A regular visual inspection should be carried out in all electrical installations. A visual inspection of
this type does not necessarily need to be carried out by an electrician, but it should reveal any areas which are
obviously in need of attention.
Site inspection checklist

A site inspection checklist helps event planners remember every little detail, no matter how small, when
visiting a venue. It also helps to keep uniform records of site inspections as a future reference for both
yourself and other team members.
February 2021
Electrical inspection checklist?
 Electrical inspection checklists (checking, verifying and reviewing electrical installations) the
checklists are intended to help inspectors keep track of the numerous aspects of an electrical installation that
must be checked, verified, reviewed, determined, or otherwise examined for NEC compliance.
 The checklists are also intended to serve as an organizational tool for contractors, project managers, or
anyone who conducts, receives, or is responsible for electrical inspections, or who may wish to perform self-
inspections, of electrical installations.
 An electrical inspection checklist is an essential tool to determine if your workers and worksite
conditions adhere to electrical compliance safety rules. Electrical equipment should undergo quality and
safety checks before operating. Inadequate checks and poor training can lead to serious electrical injuries and
fatalities.
February 2021
Fig5. Electrical inspection checklists (checking, verifying and reviewing electrical installations)
February 2021
Fig6.visual critical home safety check list
February 2021
Fig7.Electrical inspection check list
February 2021
What is an electrical period inspection?
Periodic inspection and testing should be carried out only by electrically competent persons, such as
registered electricians. They will check the condition of the electrics against the uk standard for the safety of
electrical installations, bs 7671 – requirements for electrical installations (IET wiring regulations).
 How often should electrical equipment be inspected?(ከዚ ቡሃላ) ኢይ
Tests are also carried out on wiring and fixed electrical equipment to check that they are safe. A schedule of
circuits is also provided, which is invaluable for a property. How often is a periodic inspection required? Your
electrics should be inspected and tested every: 10 years for an owner-occupied home. 5 years for a rented
home.
Purpose of electrical safety inspection:-

 The purpose of an electrical safety inspection is to:-
• Confirm, so far as reasonably practicable that the electrical installation, fixtures, fittings or appliances
are in a satisfactory condition for continued service.
• Identify any work which relates to electrical installations, fixtures, fittings or appliances which needs
to be done to ensure that they are in a satisfactory condition for continued service, a reasonable state of repair
and in proper working order.
 The electrical safety inspection has two separate elements: - an electrical installation condition report
(EICR) on the safety of the
• Electrical installations, including a visual inspection of fixtures and fittings, plus fixed electrical
equipment test.
• A portable appliance test (pat) on portable appliances.
 Electrical installation condition report (EICR)
 An EICR must be completed by a suitably competent person. “Competent person” means a skilled
person (electrically) as defined in amendment 3 of bs7671. This means that they must be:-
 Employed by a firm that is a member of an accredited registration scheme operated by a recognized
body.
 A self-employed member of an accredited registration scheme operated by a recognized body.
 Able to complete the checklist.
 In Scotland, this will usually mean that they are a registered with NICEIC, a member firm of the
electrical contractors' association of Scotland (select), or a member of the national association of professional
inspectors and testers (NAPIT).
 bs7671 provides forms for recording an EICR
 The EICR must cover – installations for the supply of electricity, electrical fittings, including.
 The consumer units, switches, socket outlets. Light fittings, any visible wiring, and, any areas where
electrical equipment may be installed, for example lofts with supplies to renewable energy sources.
 Visual inspection of fixed electrical equipment, including :-

 Fixed electrical heating equipment e.g. Storage or panel heaters,
 electric showers and over/under-sink water heaters
 Boilers and other heat producing equipment, and o hard-wired smoke and fire detectors.
 The person carrying out the inspection must complete the eicr which must be legible and clearly set out
 The date of the inspection
 The full address of the house inspected
 The name and address of the landlord or their agent
 The name and address of the person carrying out the inspection
 Evidence that person completing the inspection report is a suitably competent person.
February 2021
 Who inspects construction sites?
 As one of the most dangerous working environments in the world, construction sites can be routinely
inspected by the health and safety executive (HSE), who have the right to enter your worksite without giving
you notice.
 Why are workplace inspections important?
 Workplace inspections help prevent incidents, injuries and illnesses. Through a critical examination of
the workplace, inspections help to identify and record hazards for corrective action. Health and safety
committees can help plan, conduct, report and monitor inspections. Regular workplace inspections are an
important part of the overall occupational health and safety program and management system, if present.
What is the purpose of inspections?

Inspections are important as they allow you to:
 Listen to the concerns of workers and supervisors
 Gain further understanding of jobs and tasks
 Identify existing and potential hazards
 Determine underlying causes of hazards
 Recommend corrective action
 Monitor steps taken to eliminate hazards or control the risk (e.g., engineering controls, administrative
controls, policies, procedures, personal protective equipment).
 Type of information do i need to complete an inspection report?
 Diagram of area
Use drawings of the plant layout or floor plans to help you draw a diagram. Divide the workplace into areas
based on the process. Visualize the activities in the workplace and identify the location of machinery,
equipment and materials. Show the movement of material and workers, and the location of air ducts, aisles,
stairways, alarms and fire exits. Appendix a shows a sample diagram. Use several simple diagrams if the area
is large. Ask workers and supervisors for their comments on the information - they know the area better than
anyone else.
Equipment inventory
Know what type of machinery or equipment is present. Review technical data sheets, or manufacturers'
safety manuals. Read work area records to become familiar with the hazards of the equipment.
 Hazardous product or chemical inventory
Determine which products are used in the workplace and whether safety data sheets are available. Find out if
all sources of exposure are properly controlled. Make sure that all workers have received education and
training in how to safely use, handle and store the products they work with. Check that all hazardous products
are labeled appropriately according to workplace hazardous materials information system (WHMIS)
requirements.
 Checklists
A checklist helps to clarify inspection responsibilities, controls inspection activities and provides a report of
inspection activities. Checklists help with on-the-spot recording of findings and comments but be careful. Do
not allow the inspection team to become so intent on noting the details listed in the checklist that it misses
other hazardous conditions. Use checklists only as a basic tool. Refer to the related documents for sample
checklists that you can use as a guide to develop a checklist that is customized for your workplace.
 Inspection checklists - general information
 Inspection checklists - sample checklist for manufacturing facilities
 Inspection checklists - sample checklist for offices
 Inspection checklist - sample checklist for chemical or product inventory
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 Inspection checklist - sample checklist for outdoor areas
 Reports
Keeping inspection records is important. Past inspection records show what has been previously identified.
They also show what an earlier inspection team concentrated on and what areas it did not inspect. Do not
simply repeat or copy previous inspection results. Use the older inspection reports to help look for issues, and
then determine whether recommendations were implemented. Note if the changes have been effective.
Inspection information requirements

 Basic layout plans showing equipment and materials used
 Process flow
 Information on chemicals
 Storage areas
 Work force size, shifts and supervision
 Workplace rules and regulations
 Job procedures and safe work practices
 Manufacturer's specifications
 Personal protective equipment (ppe)
 Engineering controls
 Emergency procedures - fire, first aid and rescue
 Incident and investigation reports
 Worker complaint reports regarding particular hazards in the workplace, including psychosocial
hazards
 Recommendations of the health and safety committee
 Previous inspections
 Maintenance reports, procedures and schedules
 Regulator inspection reports or other external audits (insurance, corporate specialist)
 Monitoring reports (levels of chemicals, physical or biological hazards)
 Reports of unusual operating conditions
 Names of inspection team members and any technical experts assisting
Establishing site layout planning
What is site layout planning?

• In fact, site layout planning is one of the preplanning tasks to be accomplished in a construction project.
This task has an interactive relationship with the other planning tasks such as scheduling, selection of
construction method, procurement and material planning, manpower and equipment planning, and financial
planning.
• Layout planning, in general, can be viewed as a complex optimization problem that has many
engineering applications ranging from the layout of manufacturing plants to the layout of computer chips on a
board. Since the early 1960's, the problem has been extensively analyzed in the industrial engineering and
operational research communities. However, it has not been satisfactory analyzed in the construction domain.
• There are two general objectives which planners should seek to meet through careful organization of
the site for construction. First, the site must be designed to maximize efficiency of operations in order to
promote worker productivity, to shorten project time and to reduce cost. Second, the final plan must create a
project with a good work environment in order to attract and retain the best personnel and thus contribute to
better work quality and productivity. The problem of site layout planning has been solved by researchers
using two distinctly techniques: optimization and heuristics. Mathematical optimization procedures have been
designed to produce the optimum solutions. The heuristic methods, on the other hand, used to produce good
February 2021
but not optimal solutions. However, the first category cannot be adopted for large projects, and the second
category is the only available mean for solving the complex real life projects.
 What are the problems with site layout?
 Problems caused by poor site layout planning can include: inappropriate storage which can result in
damage to products and materials. Poor sitting of plant. Poor sitting of welfare facilities. Inadequate space
provision. Unsatisfactory access.
 The problem
• Failure to plan the site layout in advance is a prime cause of operational inefficiency, and can increase
the overall cost of a project substantially. In the absence of a precise site layout plan, the following problems
may occur:-
A. Material stacks wrongly located. Materials arriving on site are off-loaded into what someone guesses to
be the correct location. This problem may involve double or triple handling of materials to another location.
For example: -
 They may stock over a drainage line or near the edge of excavation.
 they are too far from the work area;
 they are too remote from the hoist or not within the radius of the crane;
 They impede the smooth flow of work traffic across the site.
 their delivery was wrongly phased and they are not needed until much later in the project;
 They are fragile.
B. Plant and equipment wrongly located. For example.
 The mixer is inaccessible for the delivery of materials; not enough room for the storage of aggregates
 Fixed cranes are unable to reach all parts of the works
 Hoists have insufficient capacity or height to handle the loads or badly located in relation to the floor
layout.
C. Inadequate space allowed. Where inadequate space is allowed for the stacking of materials or activities
 Materials may be stacked to high or stacked on roadways causing hazards.
 Working areas may become too cramped or additional areas may have o be allocated with the
consequent waste of time caused by having to travel between them.
D. Site huts wrongly located in relation to their effective use, such as: -
 Site office located too near noisy activities such as mixer, or located too near to site roads in dusty
conditions, or too remote with insufficient overview of the site.
 Warehouses having inadequate access for loading and unloading or located in insecure area. Therefore,
before moving on to a site, it is necessary to prepare a detailed site plan, showing the positions to be taken by
every item of equipment, accommodation, ancillary work areas and materials storage areas.
 Present practice
• In construction, field practitioners manually mark up a single site drawing to include major temporary
facilities needed on site throughout the duration of the project. They depend on knowledge of years of
experience, common sense, and adoption of past layouts in determining positions of temporary facilities on
site. But, they cannot keep track of all factors that could affect the selection, location, and interactions of all
facilities to be positioned.
• In fact, site layout planning is one of the preplanning tasks to be accomplished in a construction project.
This task has an interactive relationship with the other planning tasks such as scheduling, selection of
construction method, procurement and material planning, manpower and equipment planning, and financial
planning. So, it becomes a task as important as other tasks that project managers have to accomplish.
 Site layout planning elements: - well planned site including all temporary facilities and utilities lead to:
1) increasing productivity and safety, 2) reducing area(s) needed for temporary construction, and 3)
maximizing utilization.
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• The following points should be considered in good site layout.
1. Safety
- Fire prevention: fire is a major cause of damage on construction sites. Fire extinguishers are basic
requirements on a construction project.
- Medical services: on construction project a first aid kit is a must. In remote projects a well-equipped
medical room with a doctor and nurse is important.
- Construction safety clothing: basic safety supplies like safety shoes, hard hats, gloves, and goggles must
be used by workers.
2. Site accessibility easy accessibility will keep the morale of the equipment and vehicle drivers high
minimize the chance of accidents, and save time in maneuvering to arrive at and leave the project. In case of
large projects, proper planning is required to layout the roads leading from the nearest highway. Internal roads
are necessary for easy flow of work. Also, parking lots are provided for the owner, office, and craft personnel,
but this facility must be planned where space does exist.
3. Information signs –
– Site map: it should locate details of the project, and displayed in the office of the site superintendent or
project manager and posted at the entrance gate.
– Traffic regulatory signs: for large projects, traffic regulatory signs help in guiding the traffic on the site
and avoid accidents to a considerable extent.
– Display of labor relations’ policy and safety rules: this will help in eliminating disputes between labor
and management.
– Emergency routes and underground services: it is important to display the emergency escape routes on
every floor as the building progresses. Locations of underground services should be marked to prevent its
damage.
3. Security –
– Entrance: it is necessary to have a proper guard entrance to the site provided by a booth. 4. Also, it is
necessary to keep track of all visitors to the project.
– Lighting: it is necessary to have a standby generator to maintain site lighting.
– Fencing: the boundary should be fenced off from a security point of view.
5. Accommodation on large construction projects, it is necessary to provide camp accommodation for all
type of staff involved in the project.
6. Offices -the offices should be close together, close to the site, and in a safe area. Also, provide the offices
with proper office equipment. The offices at the site may include job office, general contractor office, and
sub-contractors and consultants offices.
7. Water supply and sanitation- it is necessary to have water and toilet facilities in convenient locations to
accommodate the work force.
8. Material handling -one third or more of all construction operations can be classified as material handling.
The use of proper equipment for material handling and advance planning for minimizing multiple handling
will result in direct cost and time savings.
9. Storage and site cleaning -it is necessary to plan and reserve storage areas for materials so that multiple
movement of material is avoided.
– Lay down areas: areas reserved for storage of large materials and equipment and it can be short-term or
long-term.
– Warehouses: they are sheltered storage facilities where materials are stored until they have disbursed to
the job.
– Material staging areas: they used when materials are stored near the work on a short-term basis. They
are generally as close to work as possible.
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– Site cleaning: it is necessary at a work place and especially where the extent of debris produced is high.
Regular disposal of debris is necessary.
10. Craft change-houses craft change-houses provide sheltered space for craft personnel to change and store
clothes, wash, and rest during waiting periods.
11. Batch plant and fabrication shops -batch plants are provided on projects where it is more economical to
produce concrete on site than to buy a ready mix. Aggregate storage piles, cement silos and admixture tanks
will accompany an on-site batch plant. Shops are used where materials and equipment are fabricated on site.
This includes electrical, mechanical, carpentry, and paint shops. Also, testing shops used to house the
necessary testing equipment and personnel for the project.
Preliminary site work or outline specifications.

 Outline specification is an itemized list, using brief, concise statements, of significant materials,
systems, and equipment and their criteria and levels of quality.
 Outline specification
 The first stage in the development of a specification is the preparation of an outline
specification.
 An outline specification is a brief description of the main components to be used

in construction. They should be described in sufficient detail to allow the cost consultant to
prepare some approximate quantities.
 Components of Outline specification:-
 Substructure.
 Superstructure.
 Cladding (including external windows and doors).
 Roofing.
 Internal walls and partitions.
 Internal doors.
 Ceilings.
 Flooring.
 Finishes.
 Building services (including lighting, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, water
supply and drainage and other special installations).
 Fixtures and fittings (such as sanitary fittings).
Recording site details and features.

 The construction record is the bi-weekly, award winning, national construction news podcast for the
daily commercial news and the journal of commerce. The podcast has been ranked among the top construction
podcasts on the web by feed spot and it finished second in construction junkie’s North American best podcast
competition.
 Records to be maintained at construction site
 Records to be maintained at construction sites play important role in construction activities. It is a
document required to prove any construction activity has taken place at site during billing or any other claims.
February 2021
 These records have all the data of various construction activities carried out at site. If any additional
work has been carried out and it is claimed during billing, these documents need to be produced as a proof.
 Maintenance of records also helps during audits of construction projects at any point of time. These
documents helps to defend any claims such as liquidated damages or false claims or violations of any
guidelines by authorities or clients.
Written test
Self-check 1
Name…………………………………………… id………………………… date…….

1. Describe a visual electrical inspection? (2pts)

2. Define site inspection(2pts)
3. Define detailed specifications(2pts)
4. What is site layout planning (2pts)
5. What is the purpose of inspections(2pts)
 Test ii short answer questions
1. List some of inspection information requirements? (2pts)

1. List various records that need to be maintained at construction site? (2pts)
2. List at least five site layout planning elements (2pts)
 Test iii write true or false
o Detailed specifications specify the qualities, quantities and proportions of materials and the method of
preparation and execution for a particular item of works in a project(3pts)
o
You can ask your teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
answer sheet
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ date: _______________
Test i
1._____________________2_____________________________
Test ii
1.______________________2________________________
Test iii
1._____________________2_____________________________
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Information sheet 2: Describing Prescriptive and performance requirements for
specification
prescriptive requirements
 Prescriptive requirement is a building code that specifies construction requirements according to particular
materials and construction methods, rather than to performance criteria. Same as a specification code. See
performance code. A prescriptive provision sets out a rigid specification for compliance. Include
 Detail relating to materials and quality of work,

 Quality assurance,
 Nominated subcontractors,
 Provision of site access/facilities and costs
Performance requirements.
 Performance requirements are a building code that specifies construction requirements according to
performance criteria rather than to specific building materials, products, or methods of construction. See
specification code, and prescriptive code. Performance-based provision sets out the performance required
or the objective to be achieved without prescribing how it is to be achieved. Include
 standards of work,
 Work schedules and
 Milestones
Quality assurance
Quality assurance: the planned and systematic activities implemented in a quality system so that quality
requirements for a product or service will be fulfilled.
 Provides a documented process by which quality commitments are meet

 Establishes a benchmark
 Systematic and reproducible
 Provides a mean of continuous improvement
A nominated sub-contractor
 A nominated sub-contractor is one that is selected by the client to carry out an element of

the works. Nominated sub-contractors are imposed on the main contractor after the main contractor has
been appointed.
 The mechanism for nominating is an instruction in relation to a prime cost sum to which the main
contractor is entitled to add mark up and attendance costs. It allows the client to have direct
separate negotiations with major suppliers of goods or services and feed
February 2021
their appointment and design input into the contract after works by the main contractor have
commenced.
 There are mutual benefits to the client and sub-contractor using the nomination route. The client can

select the specialist contractor it wants, obtain design and value engineering input and have
direct access during the progress of works. The sub-contractor benefits by having much
greater certainty of payment.
 Examples of situations where sub-contractors might be nominated could include:
 Long delivery items where ordering is necessary before the appointment of a main contractor. For
example, lifts, switchgear or refrigeration plant.
 Where specialist design input is required in the early stages of design development. For example, for
a cladding system.
 Where the client directly orders a preferred item on which design is to be based. For
example complex or specialist industrial plant or equipment.
Contractual arrangement
 The contractual arrangements allowing nomination are very complicated, attempting to cover all

possible eventualities both between the client and the main contractor and also between the main
contractor and the nominated sub-contractor. This may include; objections by the main contractor to
the nomination, insolvency of the nominated sub-contractor, the need for re-nomination, and so on.
 The contractor may or may not be held responsible for failure of the nominated sub-contractor to

perform, depending on the exact wording of the specific contract used. However, as the subcontractor is
being imposed on them, the contractor will generally be allowed the right to object to
the subcontractor under certain conditions. If the client still wishes to use the subcontractor,
some contracts allow them to indemnify the main contractor against the possible consequences of this.
 In addition, as the contract for the nominated sub-contractor is with the main contractor, not with

the client, the client may wish to ensure that they have a direct warranty with the nominated sub-
contractor to guarantee performance and to indemnify them against any possible losses.
 Nomination is still common on international projects, but some forms of contract (such as joint

contracts tribunal (jct) contracts) no longer include provision for nomination because of the
complexities involved. The use of named sub-contractors, or named specialists is generally considered
to be a simpler alternative.
 Payment
 The cost consultant values the work of the nominated sub-contractor separately and the amount due is

shown on interim certificates and is notified to the nominated sub-contractor. The contract may allow
the client to pay the nominated sub-contractor directly if the main contractor fails to do so.
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Allocation of preliminaries
The allocation of preliminaries between the main contractor and sub-contractor depends on whether the

the nominated sub-contractor is appointed before or after the main contractor.
Normally the main contractor is appointed first. In this case it is wise to get the main contractor to specify the

general preliminaries available to the sub-contractor, such as
welfare buildings, site security, hoists, water, power and lighting and general scaffolding, etc., but also to set
out specific items of preliminaries to be provided by the sub-contractor, such as site offices and stores,
special scaffolding or cranes and waste disposal to a certain point.
Before any order is placed the main contractor should be consulted as to whether the sub-contractor's
proposals are acceptable including matters relating to preliminaries.
If the sub-contractor is appointed before the main contractor, it is wise to send them the

proposed preliminaries requirements to be imposed on the main contractor and request that the sub-
contractor clearly states in their tender what preliminaries are included in their bid and
what preliminaries they anticipate will be provided by the main contractor
The following are the various records that need to be maintained at construction site:
1. Contract agreement:
 Contract agreement documents including all sets of drawings, including amendments, a copy of
approval of municipality, corporation or urban development authorities need to be maintained at construction
sites till the completion of construction projects. These documents provide permission and guidelines for all
the activities carried out at the construction site.
2. Time and progress charts or CPM charts:
 These charts help in tracking the construction activities from time to time and help in effective
planning, scheduling and controlling the construction projects activities. These charts need to be approved
from the concerned authorities.
3. Work orders book:
 All the orders given by clients to the contractors need be maintained with serial numbers, signatures
and dates. These orders should be specific for works. This order should also have a compliance column.
4. Works diary:
 Works diary of a construction project should indicate contract agreement number, name of work,
amount of contract, date of commencement of work, date of completion and extension time granted.
 All the relevant details need be entered daily in the works diary. This diary serves as an authentic
record.
 Following details need to be entered in this diary with due care:
1. Weather at site
2. Labors employed
3. Important materials brought to site with their approximate quantity
4. Types of transport working at site
5. Types of tools and plants being used at site
6. Important items of works completed and passed on the particular date
7. Visits of VIPs and their remarks if any.
5. Works passing records:
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This record maintains all the activities to be carried out at construction site. It consists of an index page with
details of all items of works to be done under the contract and other pages with details of progress of each
works. This helps in tracking the progress of each activity of construction and helps in pre-planning for other
remaining activities which starts after completion of current activity. This also helps in acquiring approvals
before time for activities to be started.
6. Tests results record:
This is also an important record to be maintained at construction site as a proof for construction quality. This
record consists of tests of various materials such as cement, sand, aggregates, water, steel reinforcement used
at construction site, test records of concrete cubes, concrete cylinders, slump tests etc.
These records are arranged as an index page with details of each materials, page numbers of records etc.
Individual pages consists of each materials, with their test dates, results etc.
All the tests carried out at site or in laboratory are recorded in the this record book. Some of the tests carried
out at construction sites for civil works are:
 Cube tests for concrete works for each location or structural members.
 Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates, impact or abrasion tests.
 Sieve analysis of coarse sand for concrete works, masonry sands for masonry works, plastering and
pointing works etc.
 Tests for impurities of aggregates and sands.
 Bulking of sand test for concrete and masonry works.
 Slump tests and compacting factor tests for concrete works.
 Crushing strength test, tolerance, and water absorption test, efflorescence tests of bricks, stones or
masonry work.
 Moisture contents of timber.
 Manufacturer tests reports provided by the vendors for admixtures, reinforcing steels etc.
 And any other tests are required by the contract documents.
7. Cement register:
This record is maintained with details of receipts, daily consumptions and remaining balance at site. This
record also consists of manufacturing dates of cement, date of receipt and test reports of cement at site or
manufacturers test reports.
8. Register for approval of samples:
This record provides details of all the samples for construction materials that has been approved or rejected
by the clients. Approvals from the client are necessary for the construction materials to be used before
commencement of the project. All the samples approved by the clients need to be kept separately along with
their tests reports with approvals of the clients and contractors till the completion of the work.
9. Records of changes, deviation orders and amendments:
Many a times during the construction projects, there are deviations or changes or amendments to the
contract documents and work activities from time to time during construction project as required by the
clients. These changes can be in a drawing, specifications or additional works.
A record of all such deviation orders and amendments to contract agreement together with their financial
effect should be maintained along with approval or signatures from the clients. If these changes involves in
any extension of time of the contract, these should also be recorded.
10. Measurement books:
The measurement book is a record for all the construction activities carried out and approved by the client.
These records are important for a contractor to maintain and help during billing claims. Any extra work done
is also recorded in this book with notes.
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Self-check 2 Written test
Name…………………………………………… id………………………… date…….

 Test I Describe briefly
1. Define prescriptive requirements? (2pts)

2. Define performance requirements (2pts)
3. Define project brief? (2pts)
4. Define a nominated sub-contractor(2pts)
5. Define quality assurance(2pts)
answer sheet
Score = ___________
Name: _________________________ date: _______________
Test I Rating: ____________
1._____________________2________________3_____________4_______________5_______________
Information sheet 3: Researching relevant data sources to establish appropriate

schedules.
Publications and journals: -

 Journal of Building Construction and Planning Research (JBCPR) is an open access, scholarly peer
reviewed and refereed journal published in electronic form as well as print form. The JBCPR publishes
original research, state-of-the-art review articles, discussion papers, innovative industrial application,
insightful case studies, and book reviews from experts in the field of building construction and
planning. The extensive knowledge, experimental findings, and practical information produced by the
journal have become significant resources for innovations in building construction and planning. The
journal aims to promote technical and scientific advances in building construction and planning among
February 2021
academia, professionals, consultants and students by stimulating research, encouraging academic
exchange and enhancing professional development. The editors welcome high-quality contributions
from all over the world.
What is Journal of construction engineering and management?

The Journal of Construction Engineering and Management is a multidisciplinary forum for research-based
engineering and technical information related to building engineering design.
Computer data files

A data file is a computer file which stores data to be used by a computer application or system, including input
and output data. A data file usually does not contain instructions or code to be executed (that is, a computer
program ). Most of the computer programs work with data files.
WHAT IS A .DATA FILE?
Files saved in the DATA format are used by the Analysis Studio software, and this application stores in these
DATA files the details used for offline analysis. This data can be entered into the associated DATA file by an
Analysis Studio user. Generally classified as data files, these DATA files are affixed with the .data extension
and are more specifically called Analysis Studio offline data files. Appricon developed the DATA format and
the Analysis Studio software to provide users with offline data storage and analytical functionalities helpful
instatistical data research, storage, management and analysis. The content of these DATA files can include data
encoded in plain text or in tab-delimited formats. Analysis Studio file headers may also be included in these
DATA files by Analysis Studio users. A user disconnected from an Analysis Studio server usually accesses
these DATA files in offline mode, though the Analysis Studio software also provides user access to the content
of these DATA files even in online mode. The content of these DATA files may also be imported from other
databases like Microsoft SQL Server and Microsoft Access databases. The Analysis Studio software associates
a DATA file to a corresponding STP file, and the content of these STP files is comprised of object metadata
and project schema details. A Microsoft Windows user can remove the Analysis Studio header file of the
DATA file to open and view its content using the Microsoft Excel 2010 spreadsheet application.
• How to open a data file?
Launch a .data file, or any other file on your PC, by double-clicking it. If your file associations are set up
correctly, the application that's meant to open your .data file will open it. It's possible you may need to
download or purchase the correct application. It's also possible that you have the correct application on your
PC, but .data files aren't yet associated with it. In this case, when you try to open a .data file, you can tell
Windows which application is the correct one for that file. From then on, opening a .data file will open the
correct application.
Statutes
In the construction (interpretation) of statutes, the principle aim of the court must be to carry out the "Intention
of Parliament", and the English courts developed three main rules (plus some minor ones) to assist them in the
task. These were: the mischief rule, the literal rule, and the golden rule.
1.4 Statistical summaries
 What is a construction statistic?

The statistic is a reassuring sign that even if you’re not the most technologically inclined construction manager,
you are far from alone in the world of construction if you barely have an IT budget.
Why are statistics important in construction? We’re all aware of general trends, but statistics, when used as
a supporting point, really help cement which trends are important and which is just noise. And when you step
February 2021
back and look at the broader picture in construction management, five statistics stand out. The construction
industry is growing at a healthy clip.
1.1 Local, state or territory, and federal government documents and registers. Refer =>EBCS 10 & Ethiopian
building proclamation no 624/2009.
Name…………………………………………… id………………………… date…….

 Test I Describe briefly
1. What are Publications and journals? (2pts)

2. Computer data files ?(2pts)
3. What is a construction statistic? (2pts)
4. Define states construction? (2pts)
5. Describe EBCS 10 and Ethiopian building proclamation no 624/2009.
answer sheet
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ date: _______________
Test I
1._____________________2_____________________________
3.__________________________4____________________5_______________
Information sheet 4: Tabulating and cross-referencing of details
Cross Referencing
Cross Referencing Cross referencing of competencies and activities applies to applications via the Graduate
and Mature Entry Route to the grade of Member only. The purpose of cross referencing is to give the review
examiner some examples of where details in the documentation (detailed CV, experience report and CPD
records) directly match some of the activity statements within a competency. Cross referencing is a
requirement for the core and specialist competencies but optional for the general competencies (although it is a
good idea to cross reference some of them). Only one reference is need per competency (the competency is the
main heading, the subheadings are known as ‘activities’). You may choose to do a reference covering the
whole of the competency or one that refers to one or more of the activities within it. The cross reference will be
February 2021
more specific if taken against one or two activities. However it might be appropriate to cross reference a whole
competency against a large area of responsibility that has been described in the detailed CV. Careful choice of
cross references can help your examiners and also help you to draw out particular strengths and interests. The
cross reference consists simply of the competency/activity notation typed into the detailed CV, experience
report or, on occasion, CPD records. Example An example of cross referencing would read: ‘Analysis of
drawings, technical reports and the contract pricing document (CM Core 3 B & E), subcontract procurement
including sending notification to the client (CM Core 2 A&B), valuation of applications including variations
and compensation events, preparing payment certificates and notifications (CM/QS 5 B & E)’
Cross-referencing to drawings
On some drawings and plans you can use an arrow to identify the location and/or direction of the specific item
if necessary. Some common drawing cross-reference examples are shown below.
Special area reference
Areas on location drawings that require additional information should be cross-referenced to special area
drawings by the use of the cross-referencing symbol. The upper segment of the circle contains the room
number or area code, and the lower segment has the special area drawing number (or sheet reference/number)
in it, as shown below.
 Drawing or detail number
 Special area drawing or sheet number/reference
Elevation reference
Location drawings can be coded to identify specific elevations, and cross-referenced to elevation drawings by
the use of the cross-referencing symbol. This symbol may be used independently, or in conjunction with an
orientation reference such as North elevation.
As per the example shown below, for this one the upper segment of the circle should contain the block code
and the sequential elevation number for the block and the lower segment of the circle has the elevation drawing
number (or sheet reference/number) in it.
Cross-section reference
Location drawings should be coded to identify specific cross-sections, and cross referenced to the section
drawings by the use of the appropriate symbol. As shown in the example below, the upper segment of the
circle contains the block code and the sequential section number for the block, and the lower segment holds the
section drawing number (or sheet reference/number).
Block code + section sequential number) =Section drawing (number)
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For clarity, 'S' may be included in the section designation.
Detail reference
Location drawings should be coded to identify specific positions where detailed construction information is
required, and cross-referenced to construction or assembly detail drawings. For this symbol the upper segment
of the circle contains a sequential detail number, and the lower segment contains the specific detail drawing
number (or sheet reference.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

1 Describe cross referencing? (2pts)

2 Describe Cross-section reference in accordance with location drawing? (2pts)
 Test II Write True or False
1. Location drawings should be coded to identify specific positions where detailed construction information
is required, and cross-referenced to construction or assembly detail drawings .(2pts)
2. Location drawings should be coded to identify specific cross-sections, and cross-referenced to the section
drawings by the use of the appropriate symbol. (2pts)
3. Location drawings can be coded to identify specific elevations, and cross-referenced to elevation
drawings by the use of the cross-referencing symbol. (2pts)

Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1.______________________________________2____________________________
Test II
1._________________________________________________________
2____________________________________________________________
3_______________________________________________________________
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Information sheet 5: Tabulating Details in the specification conform to industry
codes of practice and relevant statutory requirements
Code of Practice
 Codes of practice are practical guides to achieving the standards of health, safety and welfare required
under the WHS Act and the WHS Regulations in a jurisdiction. To have legal effect in a jurisdiction a
model Code of Practice must be approved as a code of practice in that jurisdiction. To determine if a
model Code of Practice has been approved in a particular jurisdiction, check with the relevant WHS
regulator. Under a WHS Act in a jurisdiction, approved codes of practice are admissible in court
proceedings. Courts may regard an approved code of practice as evidence of what is known about a
hazard, risk or control and may rely on the code in determining what is reasonably practicable in the
circumstances to which the code relates.
Industrial code of practice
 An industrial code of practice is set of enforceable rules and regulation and standard measure which
put in place of regulate the industrial conduct. Its main purpose is to improve industrial standard by
providing low cost and flexible form of regulation and protect intended between business and customer.
What is a model code in construction?
 This model Code should be read in conjunction with other codes of practice on specific hazards and
control measures relevant to the construction industry including: Managing noise and preventing
hearing loss at work How to manage and control asbestos in the workplace How to safely remove
asbestos.
What are electrical codes?

 An electrical code is a set of regulations for the design and installation of electrical wiring in a building.
The intention of a code is to provide standards to ensure electrical wiring systems that are safe for people
and property. Such wiring is subject to rigorous safety standards for design and installation.
What is the purpose of An electrical code?
 An electrical code is an official set of guidelines that specifies how various aspects of an electrical
system should be installed. Most local residential electrical codes are based on the NEC—the National
Electrical Code—a model code that provides guidelines on which local communities can model their own
residential codes.
What is the purpose of an industry code?

 The purpose of an industry code is to ensure industry compliance with an agreed upon set of objectives
that benefit workers, employers and consumers. These objectives usually concern the promotion of best
industry practice, improving safety standards and enhancing consumer confidence.
What is an industry code of practice and what are the aims of such codes?
 An industrial code of practice is set of enforceable rules and regulation and standard measure which put
in place of regulate the industrial conduct. Its main purpose is to improve industrial standard by
providing low cost and flexible form of regulation and protect intended between business and customer.
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 Industrial codes of conduct are two types:- the first one is mandatory which means compulsory
enforceable which protect the consumer from the business and it is bound by code and the second one is
voluntary code which is self-regulated code of practice and flexible.
The aims of these codes are:
 Protect consumer from business and provide a safeguard.
 Resolve consumer complaints.
 Improve management and awareness regarding health & safety issue.
 Improve the industry standard.
 Providing customer benefit beyond the minimum standard.
Model Code of Practice: Managing electrical risks in the workplace

This model Code of Practice has been developed to provide practical guidance for persons conducting a
business or undertaking on managing electrical risks in the workplace. It applies to all workplaces where a
person conducting a business or undertaking:
 has management or control of electrical equipment, including electrical installations, or
 carries out electrical work on or near energised electrical equipment, including electrical installations.
To have legal effect in a jurisdiction, the model Code of Practice must be approved as a code of practice in that
jurisdiction. To determine if this model Code of Practice has been approved as a code of practice in a particular
jurisdiction, check with the relevant regulator.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

1. What is Codes of practice? (2pts)
2. Describe Industrial code of practice? (2pts)
3. What are electrical codes? (2pts)
4. What is the purpose of An electrical code?(2pts)
5. What is a model code in construction? (2pts)
6. Describe managing electrical risks in the workplace? (2pts)
1. List some of the purpose of an industry code (3pts)
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1._____________________2_______________________3_________________
4.__________________________5____________________6_______________
Test II
1.____________________________________________________________________
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Information sheet 6: Coordinating and adding Information requested from specialists,
colleagues and clients to the specifications where required
Introduction
The class client specifications are the final product of the client-oriented design phase for the class. These
specifications contain the following sections.
 Purpose
 Super class and Interfaces
 Importing Information
 Client Data Model
 Public Methods
For some classes, you may want to add sections that deal with information that does not fall into these
categories.
The concepts of cohesion and coupling are important consideration in the design of a class. You should aim for
a class that is easily used and understood without having to understand the implementation. Good design and
good documentation are both necessary to acheive this goal.
Purpose
The objective of this section is to assist a specifications user who is browsing for a class that they need to work
with. The user may be
 looking for a class that provides services needed for implementing a different class, or
 trying to determine where changes are needed for maintenance, or
 trying to find a class that can be reused in a new program.
This section should be brief. Consider the following questions. From the answers, select a few sentences that
serve best to help a programmer identify the kind of role that the class plays.
 What needs does the class fulfill?

 What is the purpose of the class or its objects?
 What are the responsibilities of the class and its objects?
 What is the functionality of its objects?
 What kind of information do its objects deal with?
Super class and Interfaces

This section should provide links to the client documentation for the super class of this class and for all
interfaces that this class implements, except when the super class is class Object.
For Java programming, a class can extend one other class, which is called its super class. A class may also
implement any number of interfaces. To avoid duplication of information and the resulting maintenance
headaches, the documentation for a class usually only describes new features and new behavior added by the
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class to features inherited from the super class or interfaces. Then client specification readers will need links to
the super class and interface documentation.
Importing Information
When you are writing code for a class, it will often play the role of a client for another class, which plays the
role of a server class. The Importing Information section for the server class should show all of the import
statements that the client code needs to use the server class.
Client Data Model

This is an important section. Its objective is to present a mental image of how the class and its objects are used
to meet the client’s needs. When writing this section, put yourself in the client's shoes. Start by thinking in
terms of the needs of the client, gradually refining those needs into use cases. This is a good place to define
terms that are used in method specifications.
The model that you present should not contain implementation-dependent concepts. When methods are
mentioned in the client data model, you can put in HTML links to the method specifications below.
Here are some questions to consider when describing the client data model.
How is an object created?

In Java, special methods called constructors are used to create objects. A class can have any number of
constructors, each with different parameter types. The constructors can contain code to initialize data features
of objects in the class.
Achieving data integrity requires coordination between constructors and other methods. The

constructors have the responsibility of creating objects that meet data integrity constraints. Other
methods must be designed to maintain the constraints.
What are the attributes of an object?

An attribute is simple data that the client needs to access, such as the balance for a checking account object, the
amount of a check object, or the name of a person object.
A class will often provide getter and/or setter methods for each object attribute. A getter returns the
value of an attribute and a setter sets its value. If it is desirable to make an attribute read only or its
value is computed from other object attributes then its setter should be omitted. For consistency, is is
best to use the names get Attribute for getter methods and set Attribute for setter methods,
where Attribute is the name of the attribute with its first letter capitalized.
 What relationships between an object of this class and other objects are important for the client.
Take care with this question. If you start thinking too early about how the class will be implemented,
you will often create new classes to aid with the work of this class. The relationship of collaboration is
important in object-oriented design, but you need to ask yourself if a client needs to be aware of it. If
so, it should be mentioned here. If not, make a note of the relationship, but save it for implementation
documentation.
 What kind of implicit state information does an object maintain on behalf of a client?
State information refers to information about an object that is required in order to understand the
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behavior of an object but is not directly accessible. For example, the position for a file or iterator object
and the contents of a table object are state information.
The following questions should also be considered. It is usually easier to understand a client data model if
these questions are dealt with as separate concerns.
 What kind of limitations and constraints does the class impose on its objects?
Classes often need to impose constraints on objects in order to ensure data integrity. In the design-by-
contract methodology [Meyer92a] these constraints take the form of method preconditions and object
invariants. The invariants are maintained by internal code, but the preconditions are imposed on the
client. Thus preconditions are an important part of the client model.
How does the class deal with errors?

Documentation for a class is not complete without a description of method behavior when preconditions are
not met. There are occasions when methods need not make any effort to handle these errors, but it is usually
best to terminate the program with an error message that indicates the nature of the error. In Java, and many
other object-oriented languages, there is an exception mechanism for dealing with the errors. When
preconditions are violated, the method can throw an exception.
An exception will generate an error message and terminate the program unless some method in the current
active chain of calls catches the exception. This results in a flexible mechanism for handling errors - the server
detects the error, but is not forced to handle the error by itself. Clients, direct or indirect, can intervene,,
allowing the decision of how to handle the error to be made at a level where more context is available.
It is extremely useful for a method to check if its preconditions are met and to throw an exception if the
preconditions are violated. The primary reason for this is that clients make mistakes, calling methods
incorrectly. The clients will get much better feedback about an error if the server immediately throws an
exception. Otherwise, symptoms of the error may not appear until much later, when it is no longer clear what
component is causing the problem.
The client usually makes no attempt to catch precondition violation exceptions, so that the program terminates
with an error message. This error message is not intended for viewing by the users of a program. It is a sanity
check that informs writers of client code that there is a problem.
When the client is testing software, it may be desirable to catch precondition violation exceptions. For test
software it is often useful to be able to continue the testing in spite of errors.
Sometimes, when run time is an important consideration, precondition violation checks may be omitted from
the production version of software. Even then, it is usually best to include the checks during development.
Public Methods
This section should contain precise specifications for each method that is intended for use by a client. These
methods are usually declared as public in Java. Clarity, precision, and conciseness are important qualities to
consider in this section. When writing the method specifications, put yourself in the clients shoes. Describe
what the method is doing rather than how it is doing it. It can be helpful to divide the methods into categories
of related methods.
The quality of method specifications is dependent on the design of the methods as well as the words that you
use to describe them. You should spend considerable time working on the design before writing the
specifications. Before filling out this section, you may find it easier to work with index cards for your methods.
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Pay particular attention to cohesion. If you find that you cannot precisely specify a method in a sentence or two
then you are probably trying to do too much with it. Reevaluate it to see if it can be broken up into more
primitive methods.
You can often make method specifications clear and concise without sacrificing precision by using concepts
defined in the Client Data Model section. If you find that there are repeated lengthy phrases in the method
specifications then introduce terminology in the client data model section to simplify the repetition.
Your class may have methods that are intended for internal use. These methods should not be mentioned here.
They will be included in the class implementation specifications.
Examples
 Java Class Class Client Specifications

 Table Class Client Specifications
 TableIterator Class Client Specifications
JavaClass Class Client Specifications

Purpose
A JavaClass object contains documentation, package and file information, and feature definitions for a Java
class. These objects represent Java classes in a CASE tool for developing software in Java.
Table Interface Client Specifications

Purpose
The Table interface defines methods common to all table implementations. A table provides storage and
random access retrieval and removal of data associated with keys. The association between keys and data is
established when data is added to a Table. A related interface Dictionary should be used when entries contain
their own keys.
TableIterator Module Client Specifications

Purpose
The TableIterator module provides a mechanism for constructing loops that step through the entries in a Table.
Electrical Apprenticeships
An apprenticeship is the preferred route into the electrical industry. You’ll earn while you learn and train to
industry standards, building your skills and knowledge over time. In England, apprenticeship funding is
available for all ages.
The electrical industry presents a whole host of opportunities. From electrician to Chartered Engineer, with an
electrical apprenticeship under your belt you can move up the career ladder and, if you wish, progress into a
variety of specialist areas such as fire and security, network cabling, data communications and building energy
management systems.
February 2021
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

7. What is Codes of practice? (2pts)
8. Describe Industrial code of practice? (2pts)
9. What are electrical codes? (2pts)
10. What is the purpose of An electrical code?(2pts)
11. What is a model code in construction? (2pts)
12. Describe managing electrical risks in the workplace? (2pts)
2. List some of the purpose of an industry code (3pts)
Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1._____________________2_______________________3_________________
4.__________________________5____________________6_______________
Test II
1.____________________________________________________________________
LO3 Prepare specification document

LG #24
Instruction sheet
 Specification clearly identifies the contractual obligations and rights of the parties
involved.
 Specification document is complete, checked thoroughly for compliance with requirements
and edited.
 Specification is presented to the client in the required format and timeframe
Coordinating and adding Information requested from specialists, colleagues and clients to the
specifications.
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 Identifies the contractual obligations and rights of the parties involved
 complete, Specification document for compliance with requirements
 presenting Specification to the client in the required format and time frame.
Learning Instructions:
1 Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.

2 Follow the instructions described below.
3 Read the information written in the “Information Sheets”. Try to understand what are being
4 Accomplish the “Self-checks” which are placed following all information sheets.
5 Ask from your trainer the key to correction (key answers) or you can request your trainer to
correct your work. (You are to get the key answer only after you finished answering the Self-
checks).
Information sheet 1: Identifying the contractual obligations and rights of the parties
involved
1.1 Principles of Contract Law
 Contract is a written agreement between or among two or more parties whereby each party promises to
do or not to do something and agrees to terms (conditions and Warranties) set out in the contract.
 Conditions of Contract are terms in which parties in the contract are governed.
Legal Definition of Contract:

 According to the Civil Code of Ethiopia, Art.1675:-
 A contract is an agreement whereby two or more persons as between themselves create, vary or
extinguish obligations of a proprietary nature.
 Payment for the Promise:- Consideration
 Constitute two parts:- Offer and Acceptance
 Parties enter into Agreement:- Agreement
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 Lawful and Capable is to mean they are legally allowed to enter into contract and provides statements
of facts and obligation.
 Intent is willingness or consent by the contracting parties to create a legal contract.
 Legal and Distinct is a description of both the promises and considerations
 Standards can be conditions, forms formats, schedules, instructions, etc
 Consideration can simply be interpreted as ‘price for the promise’ which involves a benefit.
 Offer is an indication that one party is willing to be bound by specific terms set out in the contract.An
offer can remain open unless conditioned for termination using the following ways:
Refusal or Counter Offer
 Closure of the Offering organization
 Non – Acceptance within the offer time
 Failure of the offer condition
 Acceptance is the key for the formation of a contract which must be absolute indication of consent.
 Agreement though proves the existence of a contract; there are situations where it can be considered as
there isn’t.
The purposes of a contract

 To describe scope of work
 To establish time frame
 To establish cost & payment provisions
 To Set forth obligations & relationships
 To Manage multiple risks
 To Establish control mechanisms
 To Minimize disputes
 To Improve economic return on investment
Types of Construction Contract
 Lump sum contract

 Unit rate contract
 Lump sum and schedule contract
 Cost plus fixed fee contract
 Cost plus percentage of cost contract
Lump Sum Contract

 Used for buildings.
 The qualities of the materials required can be calculated with sufficient accuracy.
 is more suitable for works for which contractors have prior construction experience.
 This type of contract is not suitable for difficult foundations, excavations of uncertain charter, and
projects.
 One price for the whole contract
 Lump sum includes costs plus overheads and profits
 Higher risk to contractor
 Price quoted is a guaranteed price as per contract documents.
 Payment based on a scheduled percentage scheme (monthly progress claims)
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 The contractor is free to use means and methods to complete the work and responsible for proper
performance
 Work must be well defined at bid time.
 Fully developed plans and specifications
Unit Price or Bill of Quantity
 Quote Rates / Prices by units

 No total final price
 Re-negotiate for rates if the quantity or work considerably exceeds the initial target
 Payment to contractor is based on the measure
 Unbalanced bids
 Higher risk to owner
 Ideal for work where quantities cannot be accurately established before construction starts.
 Require sufficient design definition to estimate quantities of units
 Contractors bid based on units of works
 Time & cost risk (shared)
Bill of Quantity
 The unit price contracts are usually presented in the Bill of Quantity.
 The item rate contract is most commonly used for all type of engineering works financed by public or
government bodies.
 This type of contract is suitable for works which can be divided into various items and quantities
Example of BOQ
No Description and specification Unit Quantity Rate Amount

ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES
Quantify and fill on the bill of quantities
1 Power Intake
1.1 identify the size and measure the length of
PVC conduit
a)29 mm diameter for power Intake. 23

5-7m is the answer
2 Low Voltage System Earthing
2.1 2400mm length diameter of 16mm bar 2100
earthing rods (If earthing resistance is
greater than 5 ohm, additional earthling
rods shall be buried, quantity to be
determined by contractor on site to get
earthling resistance less than 5 ohm and
distance between rods should not be less
than the length of earthing rod)

3 Write the necessary specification and
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bill of quantities for the Main
Distribution Board
and estimate the price
3.1 Main Distribution Board (MDB IP42) in
sheet steel enclosure, floor standing with
lockable door including bus bars of 40Amp,
1Phase rating, neutral and earth bars,
connection terminals, complete and
consisting of:-
3560

4 Feeder Power Cables
Multi-core power cable with copper 164
conductors, PVC insulated PVC sheathed,
color coded, type SIEMENS NYY 0.6/1KV
or equivalent to be drawn inside PVC
conduit connected and tested all as
specified as shown on the drawing.
4.1 Indicate the size and length of cable from
Kwhm up to MDB
3x6sq.mm 108

5 Count all Light Points

5.1 Flush mounted light points fed through 164
PVC insulated conductors of 3x2.5 mm²
inside PVC conduits of 16mm diameter,
including junction boxes with covers
insulating screw cap Connectors.
6 Quantify and write the specification for
the Socket outlet points
6.1 10-16A/1P flush mounted socket outlets 172
point fed through PVC insulated conductors
of 3x2.5mm² inside PVC conduits of 16mm
diameter including junction boxes with
covers and insulating screw cap connectors
6.2 Ditto but twin 176
6.3 ditto but for water heater 176
6.4 ditto but for 3X4mm² inside PVC conduit 590

of 29mm for Enjera mitad

7 Quantify the Extra Over socket points

For : -

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7.1 Flush mounting socket outlet of 55
10-16A/1P,
7.2 Flush mounting socket outlet twin of 10- 150
16A/1P,
7.3 Flush mounting socket outlet for enjera 370
mitad of 25A/1P,
7.4 Flush mounting socket outlet for water 298
heater of 10-16A/1P,
8 Quantify the Extra Over Light points
For : -
8.1 On/off switch 35
8.2 Double pole switch/two circuit switch 55
8.3 Two way switch 55
8.4 Dimmer switch 65

9 Identify the type and write the exact
quantities for the Light fittings and
lamps
Connected and tested including lamps and
accessories
complete, all as specified or described in
lighting fittings
Schedule and as shown on the drawings.
9.1 TYPE 1. RZB 2211042.96x+TC-D 18W 450
9.2 TYPE 2. RZB 45131.002+1X40W 690
9.3 TYPE 3. Philips TMS 012/118+1X18W 550

9.4 TYPE 4. RZB 58131.002+A60 60W 980

10 TV (Write the price and quantity for the
installation of TV)
10.1 Flush mounted TV points fed through 175
coaxial cable 75 ohm inside PVC conduit
of 16mm diameter including junction boxes
with covers insulating screw cap connector
Connectors.
10.2 T V outlet 55

11 Write the quantity and price for the
Telecom Points/Outlets

11.1 RJ 11 outlets category 6 with 8 contacts 225
complete with clip on support frame +cover
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plate
11.2 Telephone point fed through (category 5 480
UTP cable) inside PVC conduit of 20mm
diameter.

Total carried to summary
Lump sum and scheduled contract

 This is similar to the lump sum contract but schedule of rates is also included in the contract
agreement.
 The contractor offers to do a particular work at a fixed sum within a specified time as per plans and
detailed specifications.
 The type of contract is more suitable for construction works for which contractors have prior work
experience & realistic esti.
Cost plus
 Cost plus contracts are used in situations that make it difficult or impossible for either the owner or
the contractor to predict their costs during the negotiation, bid, and award process.
Factors that may make the calculation of costs impossible include unpredictable and extreme are:-
 weather conditions such as would be encountered in the Antarctic,
 known transportation requirements to remote locations,
Combat or war,
1. Cost plus Fixed Fee Contact
2. Cost plus Percentage of Cost Contract
Cost plus Percentage of Cost Contract

 Instead of awarding the work on lump sum or item rate basis, it given on certain percentage over the
actual cost construction.
 The contractor agrees to do the work in accordance with the drawings, specifications and other
conditions of contract.
 Materials and labor are arranged between the client and the contractor
Contract Documents
 The main contract documents are

 Invitation to tender,
 Instruction to tender,
 Form of tender,
 The Agreement,
 Condition of contract( General and Particular),
 Specification (General and Particular),
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 Bill of Quantities,
 Drawings,
 Addenda and
 Appendix to Tender
Invitation to Tender: -
 An initiation letter to the contractor to participate in the tender with an acknowledgment attached.
Instruction to Tenders: -
 The contractor is given directive of what is required of tenders. It includes:
 Tendering procedures, bid bond, data, space, time
Form of Tender
This is a document where the contractor:
 Confirms, that he has examined the entire tender doc.
 Confirms that he will perform the work
 Promises that the validity of the tender is open for a certain period
 Shows his understanding that the lowest bid or any after may be rejected
 States that part of the work may only be accepted
 Confirms that he will enter into an agreement if awarded
Agreement
 The agreement is the document that represents and reflects the legal contract between the owner and the
contractor.
 It is simply a letter that constitutes legal evidence that a contract exists, and forms the basis for its
enforcement
Conditions of Contract
 It includes General and
 Supplementary or Special/Particular conditions of contract.
General Conditions
 It is an essential part of the contract.
 Defines the responsibilities of the parties involved in the contract- the owner and the general contractor.
 It describes the guidelines that will be used in the administration of the contract.
 Implying that the same documents are standard to all contracts.
 These forms are familiar to all parties concerned, and the wording is not only clearly understood, but
has also been tested in the courts.
Supplementary Conditions of contract

 Are sometimes known as Special Provisions or Special/Particular Conditions.
 Its purpose is to provide an extension of the General Provisions of the contract to fit the specific project
at hand.
Items included in the Supplementary Conditions:-
Are entirely subject to the discretion of the owner, it includes:

 The number of copies of contract documents to be received by the contractor
 Survey information to be provided by the owner
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 Materials provided by the owner
 Changes in insurance requirements
 Phasing requirements
 Site visit
 Start date of the construction
 Requirements for security and temporary facilities
 Procedures for submittal and processing of shop drawings.
 Cost and schedule reporting requirements
 Traffic control and street cleaning requirements
 Responsibilities for testing of materials
 Actions to be taken in the event of discovery of artifacts or items of historical value
Contractual obligations
Contractual Obligations Overview The best way to define contractual obligations is to say that they are
the legal responsibilities of each party involved in a contractual agreement. In a contract, both parties
will exchange an item or service of value, but certain expectations must be met in order for the exchange to
be properly completed.
 In short, a contractual obligation is simply a contract, which is simply an agreement. In the state of
Texas, making a verbal promise to somebody is legally a “contract,” which entails a contractual
obligation to fulfill the terms of the contract.
What is contract?
 A contract as an agreement enforceable by law made between two or more persons by whom rights
are acquired by one or more to acts or forbearances of the part of the other or others.
 The construction contract: is a legally binding agreement between two parties on the details and
cost of a construction project. This type of contract covers very expensive, complex projects and
simple renovations
 A Construction Contract is a legal document that specifies the what, when, where, how, how much,
and by whom for a construction project. This contract includes mechanisms for dispute resolution,
description of the work, time-lines, schedules, payment details, and warranties. This document
contains the standard terms and conditions used for this type of agreement.
Main ingredients of a contract:-
o The OFFER, that includes quality, cost & schedule issues, the identification of both parties
to the contract & the certainty of the terms;
o The ACCEPTANCE, indicating the serious intent by both parties to be bound by the formal
agreement including the formal communication of acceptance of the offer;
 The CONSIDERATION, indicating the capacity of both offeror and offeree, the lawful purpose of
the contract, the genuine intention of both parties placed in the form
Elements / Contents of the Agreement

o Contains the ff:
 Tile of the Contract that reflects the type or subjected matter of the contract;
 Party Names and Details, making it possible to report on contracts with particular suppliers,
customers or partners;
 Project Name and Locations;
 Contract Duration;
 Scope of Work of the construction contract;
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 Price and Payment Terms;
 Governing Law
Rights of the parties involved in specification
Ethiopia Conditions of Contract

Section 7. General Conditions of Contract
A. General Provisions
Definitions 1.1
Unless the context otherwise requires, the following terms whenever used in this Contract have the following
meanings:
“Contract” means the Agreement entered into between the Parties and includes the Contract Documents.
“Contract Documents” means the documents listed in GCC 2.1, including all attachments, appendices, and all
documents incorporated by reference therein, and shall include any amendments thereto.
“Contract Price” means the sum stated in the Agreement representing the maximum, total or estimated amount
payable for the provision of the Services.
“Days” are calendar days; “months” are calendar months.
“Eligible Countries” means the countries and territories eligible as listed in the SCC.
“General Conditions of Contract”, hereinafter referred to as “GCC”, means the conditions in this section of the
Contract, which shall govern the Contract, except where amended by the SCC or Contract Agreement .
“Government” means the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
“Lump Sum contract” means a contract under which the Services are performed for an all inclusive fixed total
amount.
"Member", in case the Supplier consists of a joint venture of more than one entity, means any of these entities;
"Members" means any of these entities, and "Member in charge" means the entity specified in the SCC to act
on their behalf in exercising all the Suppliers’ rights and obligations towards the Procuring Entity under this
Contract. "Party" means the Procuring Entity or Supplier, as the case may be, and "Parties" means both of
them.
“Personnel” means persons engaged by the Supplier or by any Sub-consultant as employees and assigned to the
performance of the Services or any part thereof; “Foreign Personnel” means such persons who at the time of
being so engaged had their domicile outside the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; “Local Personnel”
means such persons who at the time of being so engaged had their domicile inside the Federal Democratic
Republic of Ethiopia; and “Key Personnel” means those Personnel that are regarded by the Supplier as
essential to the successful completion of the Services and related tasks. “Procuring Entity” means the entity
purchasing the Services, as specified in the Agreement. Special Conditions of Contract”, hereinafter referred to
as “SCC”, means the conditions attached to the Contract Agreement, which shall govern the Contract and shall
prevail over these General Conditions of Contract.
“Services” means the consultancy services to be performed by the Supplier as described in the contract.
above, whose proposal to perform the Contract has been accepted by the Procuring Entity and is named as such
in the Agreement, and includes the legal successors or permitted assigns of the Supplier. “Sub-consultant”
means any natural person, private or government entity, or a combination of the above, including its legal
successors or permitted assigns, to whom any part of the Services to be provided is subcontracted by the
Supplier. “Time-Based contract” means a contract under which the Services are provided on the basis of fixed
fee rates and payments are made on the basis of time actually spent. 2. Corrupt Practices 2.1 It is the
Government’s policy to require that Procuring Entities, as well as Bidders and Suppliers under Government
financed contracts, observe the highest standards of ethics during the procurement and execution of such
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contracts. In pursuit of this policy, the Government: (a) Defines, for the purposes of this provision, the terms
set forth below as follows: (i) "Corrupt practice" means the offering, giving, receiving or soliciting, directly or
indirectly, of anything of value to influence the action of a public official in the procurement process or in
contract execution; (ii) "Fraudulent practice" means a misrepresentation or omission of facts in order to
influence a procurement process or the execution of a contract; (iii) “Collusive practices” means a scheme or
arrangement between two or more Bidders, with or without the knowledge of the Procuring Entity, designed to
establish prices at artificial, noncompetitive levels; and (iv) “Coercive practices” means harming or threatening
to harm, directly or indirectly, persons or their property to influence their participation in a procurement
process, or affect the execution of a contract. (b) Will debar a Bidder from participation in public procurement
for a specified period of time if it at any time determines that the firm has engaged in corrupt, fraudulent,
collusive or coercive practices in competing for, or in executing, a contract. 2.2 The Supplier shall permit the
Government to inspect the Supplier’s accounts and records relating to the performance of the Supplier and to
have them audited by auditors appointed by the Government, if so required by the Government. 2.3 In pursuit
of the policy defined in GCC Clause 2.1, the Procuring Entity may terminate a Contract in accordance with
GCC Clause 16 if it at any time determines that corrupt, fraudulent, collusive or coercive practices were
engaged in by representatives of the Procuring Entity or of a Supplier, during the procurement or the execution
of that contract. 3. Contract Documents 3.1 The documents forming the Contract shall be interpreted in the
following order of priority: (a) Agreement, including all appendices; (b) Special Conditions of Contract; (c)
General Conditions of Contract; and (d) Any other document listed in the SCC as forming part of the Contract.
3.2 All documents forming the Contract are intended to be correlative, complementary, and mutually
explanatory. 3.3 No amendment, modification or other variation of the Contract shall be valid unless a
Modification to Contract is made in writing, is dated, expressly refers to the Contract, and is signed by a duly
authorised representative of each party thereto. 3.4 If any provision or condition of the Contract is prohibited or
rendered invalid or unenforceable, such prohibition, invalidity or unenforceability shall not affect the validity
or enforceability of any other provisions and conditions of the Contract. 3.5 Any action required or permitted
to be taken, and any document required or permitted to be executed, under the Contract by the Procuring Entity
or the Supplier may be taken or executed by the authorised representatives specified in the SCC. 3.6 The
Contract constitutes the entire agreement between the Procuring Entity and the Supplier and supersedes all
communications, negotiations and agreements (whether written or oral) of parties with respect thereto made
prior to the date of Contract. No agent or representative of either Party has authority to make, and the Parties
shall not be bound by or be liable for, any statement, representation, promise or agreement not set forth herein.
4. Law Governing the Contract 4.1 This Contract, its meaning and interpretation, and the relation between the
Parties shall be governed by the laws of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. 5. Language 5.1 This
Contract has been executed in English, which shall be the binding and controlling language for all matters
relating to the meaning or interpretation of this Contract. 6. Notices 6.1 Any notice, request, or consent made
pursuant to this Contract shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been made when delivered to an
authorized representative of the Party at the address specified in the SCC. 7. Location 7.1 The Services shall be
performed at such locations as are specified in the Terms of Reference and, where the location of a particular
task is not so specified, at such locations, whether in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia or
elsewhere, as the Procuring Entity may approve. 8. Authorized Representatives 8.1 Any action required or
permitted to be taken, and any document required or permitted to be executed, under this Contract by the
Procuring Entity or the Supplier may be taken or executed by the authorized representatives specified in the
SCC. 9. Taxes and Duties 9.1 Unless otherwise specified in the SCC, the Supplier, Sub-consultants, and their
Personnel shall pay such taxes, duties, fees, and other impositions as may be levied under the law of the
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, the amount of which is deemed to have been included in the
Contract Price. 10. Eligibility 10.1 The Supplier and its Sub-consultants shall have the nationality of an eligible
country. A Supplier or Sub-consultant shall be deemed to have the nationality of a country if it is a citizen or
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laws of that country. 10.2 The Supplier and its Sub-consultants shall provide Personnel who shall be citizens of
eligible.
B. Commencement, Completion, Modification and Termination of Contract
11. Effectiveness of Contract
 11.1 This Contract shall come into effect on the date the Contract is signed by both parties and such
other later date as may be stated in the SCC.
12. Commencement of Services
 12.1 The Supplier shall begin carrying out the Services thirty (30) days after the date the Contract
becomes effective, or at such other date as may be specified in the SCC.
13. Expiration of Contract
 13.1 Unless terminated earlier pursuant to Clause 16, this Contract shall terminate at the end of such
time period after the Effective Date as is specified in the SCC.
14. Modification
 14.1 Modification of the terms and conditions of this Contract, including any modification of the scope
of the Services or of the Contract Price, may only be made by written agreement between the Parties.
15. Force Majeure
 15.1 For the purposes of this Contract, “Force Majeure” means an event which is beyond the reasonable
control of a Party and which makes a Party’s performance of its obligations under the Contract
impossible or so impractical as to be considered impossible under the circumstances.
No Breach of Contract
 15.2 The failure of a Party to fulfil any of its obligations under the contract shall not be considered to be
a breach of, or default under, this Contract insofar as such inability arises from an event of Force
Majeure, provided that the Party affected by such an event (a) has taken all reasonable precautions, due
care and reasonable alternative measures in order to carry out the terms and conditions of this Contract,
and (b) has informed the other Party as soon as possible about the occurrence of such an event.
Extension of Time 15.3 Any period within which a Party shall, pursuant to this Contract, complete any
action or task, shall be extended for a period equal to the time during which such Party was unable to
perform such action as a result of Force Majeure. Payments 15.4 During the period of their inability to
perform the Services as a result of an event of Force Majeure, the Supplier shall be entitled to continue
to be paid under the terms of this Contract, as well as to be reimbursed for additional costs reasonably
and necessarily incurred by it during such period for the purposes of the Services and in reactivating the
Service after the end of such period.
16. Termination
By the Procuring Entity
1.1 The Procuring Entity may terminate this Contract, by not less than thirty (30) days’ written notice of
termination to the Supplier, to be given after the occurrence of any of the events specified in
paragraphs (a) through (e) of this Clause 16.1 and sixty (60) days’ in the case of the event referred to
in (f): (a) If the Supplier does not remedy a failure in the performance of its obligations under the
Contract, within thirty (30) days after being notified or within any further period as the Procuring
Entity may have subsequently approved in writing; (b) If the Supplier become insolvent or bankrupt;
(c) The Supplier fails to comply with any final decision reached as a result of dispute settlement
proceedings pursuant to GCC Clause 37; (d) The Supplier, in the judgement of the Procuring Entity,
has engaged in corrupt, fraudulent, collusive or coercive practices in competing for or in executing the
Contract; (e) If, as the result of Force Majeure, the Supplier is unable to perform a material portion of
the Services for a period of not less than sixty (60) days; or (f) If the Procuring Entity, in its sole
discretion, decides to terminate the Contract.
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By the Supplier
1.2 The Supplier may terminate this Contract, by not less than thirty (30) days’ written notice to the
Procuring Entity, such notice to be given after the occurrence of any of the events specified in
paragraphs (a) and (b) of this Clause 16.2: (a) If the Procuring Entity fails to pay any monies due to the
Supplier pursuant to this Contract an not subject to dispute pursuant to Clause 7 within forty-five (45)
days after receiving written notice from the Supplier that such payment is overdue; (b) If the Procuring
Entity is in material breach of its obligations pursuant to the Contract and has not remedied the same
within forty-five days (or such longer period as the Supplier may have subsequently approved in
writing) following the receipt by the Procuring Entity of the Supplier’s notice specifying such breach;
(c) If, as the result of Force Majeure, the Supplier is unable to perform a material portion of the
Services for a period of not less than sixty (60) days; or (d) If the Procuring Entity fails to comply with
any final decision reached as a result of dispute settlement proceedings pursuant to GCC Clause 37.
Payment upon Termination

1.3 Upon termination of this Contract pursuant to Clauses 16.1 or 16.2, the Procuring Entity shall make
the following payments to the Supplier: (a) Remuneration pursuant to Clause 31 or 32 for Services
satisfactorily performed prior to the effective date of termination; (b) Except in the case of termination
pursuant to paragraphs (a) to (d) of Clause 16.1, reimbursement of any reasonable cost incident to the
prompt and orderly termination of the contract, including the cost of the return travel of the Personnel
and their eligible dependents.
C. Obligations of the Supplier
17. General
17.1 The Supplier shall perform the Services and carry out its obligations with all due diligence,
efficiency, and economy, in accordance with generally accepted professional techniques and practices,
and shall observe sound management practices, and employ appropriate advanced technology and safe
methods. The Supplier shall always act, in respect of any matter relating to this Contract or to the
Services, as a faithful adviser to the Procuring Entity, and shall at all times support and safeguard the
Procuring Entity’s legitimate interests in any dealings with Subconsultants or third parties.
18. Conflict of Interests
Supplier Not to Benefit from Commissions, Discounts etc
18.1 The remuneration of the Supplier pursuant to Clause 31 or 32 shall constitute the Supplier’s sole
remuneration in connection with this Contract or the Services, and the Supplier shall not accept for its
own benefit any trade commission, discount, or similar payment in connection with activities pursuant to
this Contract or to the Services or in the discharge of its obligations under the Contract, and the Supplier
shall use its best efforts to ensure that the Personnel, any Subconsultants, and agents of either of them
similarly shall not receive any such additional remuneration.
Supplier and Affiliates Not to Be Otherwise Interested in Project
18.2 The Supplier agrees that, during the term of this Contract and after its termination, the Supplier and
its affiliates, as well as any Sub-consultant and any of its affiliates, shall be disqualified from providing
goods, works, or services (other than the Services and any continuation thereof) for any project resulting
from or closely related to the Services.
Prohibition of Conflicting Activities

18.3 Neither the Supplier nor its Sub-consultants nor the Personnel shall engage, either directly or
indirectly, in any of the following activities: (a) During the term of the Contract, any business or
professional activities in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia which would conflict with the
activities assigned to them under the Contract; or (b) After the termination of this contract, such other
activities as may be specified in the SCC.
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19. Confidentiality
19.1 The Procuring Entity and the Supplier shall keep confidential and shall not without the written
consent of the other party hereto, divulge to any third party any reports or data, or other information
furnished directly or indirectly by the other party hereto in connection with the Contract, whether such
information has been furnished prior to, during or following completion or termination of the Contract.
Notwithstanding the above, the Supplier may furnish to its Subconsultant such documents, data, and other
information it receives from the Procuring Entity to the extent required for the Sub-consultant to perform
its work under the Contract, in which event the Supplier shall obtain from such Sub-consultant an
undertaking of confidentiality similar to that imposed on the Supplier under the Contract.
20. Insurance to Be Taken Out by the Supplier
20.1 The Supplier shall take out and maintain, and shall cause any Sub-consultants to take out and
maintain, at its (or the Sub-consultants’, as the case may be) own cost but on terms and conditions
approved by the Procuring Entity, insurance against the risks, and for the coverage, as shall be specified
in the SCC.
20.2 The Supplier, at the Procuring Entity’s request, shall provide evidence to the Procuring Entity showing
that such insurance has been taken out and maintained and that the current premiums have been paid.
21. Supplier’s Actions Requiring Procuring Entity’s Prior Approval
21.1 The Supplier shall obtain the Procuring Entity's prior approval in writing before taking any of the
following actions : (a) Entering into a subcontract for the performance of any part of the Services; (b)
Appointing such members of the of the personnel not listed by name in the Contract; and (c) Any other action
that may be specified in the SCC.
22. Reporting Obligations
22.1 The Supplier shall submit to the Procuring Entity the reports and documents specified in the Terms of
Reference in the form, in the numbers, and within the periods set forth in the said Terms of Reference.
23. Documents Prepared by the Supplier to Be the Property of the Procuring Entity
23.1 All plans, drawings, specifications, designs, reports, and other documents and software submitted by the
Supplier in accordance with the Contract shall become and remain the property of the Procuring Entity, and the
Supplier shall, not later than upon termination or expiration of this Contract, deliver all such documents and
software to the Procuring Entity, together with a detailed inventory thereof. The Supplier may retain a copy of
such documents and software. Restrictions about the future use of these documents, if any, shall be specified in
the SCC.
D. Supplier’s Personnel
24. Description of Personnel
24.1 The titles, agreed job descriptions, minimum qualifications, and estimated periods of engagement in the
carrying out of the Services of the Supplier’s Key Personnel are described in the Contract. The Key Personnel
and Sub-consultants listed by title as well as by name in Contract are hereby approved by the Procuring Entity.
25. Removal and/or Replacement of Personnel
25.1 Except as the Procuring Entity may otherwise agree, no changes shall be made in the Key Personnel. If,
for any reason beyond the reasonable control of the Supplier, it becomes necessary to replace any of the Key
Personnel, the Supplier shall provide as a replacement a person of equivalent or better qualifications. 25.2 If
the Procuring Entity finds that any of the Personnel have (i) committed serious misconduct or have been
charged with having committed a criminal action, or (ii) have reasonable cause to be dissatisfied with the
performance of any of the Personnel, then the Supplier shall, at the Procuring Entity’s written request
specifying the grounds therefor, provide as a replacement a person with qualifications and experience
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acceptable to the Procuring Entity. 25.3 The Supplier shall have no claim for additional costs arising out of or
incidental to any removal and/or replacement of Personnel.
E. Obligations of the Procuring Entity
26. Assistance and Exemptions
26.1 Unless otherwise specified in the SCC, the Procuring Entity shall use its best efforts to ensure that the
Government shall: (a) Provide the Supplier, Sub-Consultants and Personnel with work permits and such other
documents as shall be necessary to enable the Supplier, Sub-Consultants or Personnel to perform the Services.
(b) Arrange for the Personnel and, if appropriate, their eligible dependents to be provided promptly with all
necessary entry and exit visas, residence permits, exchange permits and any other documents required for their
stay in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (c) Facilitate prompt clearance through customs of any
property required for the Services and of the personal effects of the Personnel and their eligible dependents. (d)
Issue to officials, agents and representatives of the Government all such instructions as may be necessary or
appropriate for the prompt and effective implementation of the Services. (e) Exempt the Supplier and the
Personnel and any Sub-Consultants employed by the Supplier for the Services from any requirement to register
or obtain any permit to practice their profession or to establish themselves either individually or as a corporate
entity in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (f) Grant to the Supplier, any Sub-Consultants and the
Personnel of either of them the privilege, pursuant to the laws of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia,
of bringing into the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia reasonable amounts of foreign currency for the
purposes of the Services or for the personal use of the Personnel and their dependents and of withdrawing any
such amounts as may be earned therein by the Personnel in the execution of the Services. (g) Provide to the
Supplier, Sub-Consultants and Personnel any such other assistance as may be specified in the SCC.
27. Change in Laws
27.1 Unless otherwise specified in the SCC, if after the date of the Request for Proposals, any law, regulation,
ordinance, order or bylaw having the force of law is enacted, promulgated, abrogated, or changed in the
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (which shall be deemed to include any change in interpretation or
application by the competent authorities) that subsequently affects the period for completion of the Services
and/or the Contract Price, then such time period and/or Contract Price shall not be correspondingly increased
or decreased.
28. Services and Facilities
28.1 The Procuring Entity shall make available to the Supplier the Services and Facilities listed in the Contract.
F. Payments to the Supplier
29. Contract Price and Currency 29.1 The Contract Price shall be expressed as a specific amount in the
Agreement representing: (a) The total amount payable for a Lump Sum contract; or (b) The estimated amount
for a Time-Based contract. 29.2 Payments shall be made in Ethiopian Birr.
30. Type of Contract
30.1 In consideration of the Services performed by the Supplier under the Contract, the Procuring Entity shall
make to the Supplier such payments in such manner as is provided by the Contract.
30.2 The type of contract shall be as specified in the SCC and payment shall be in accordance with the
provisions of: (a) GCC Clause 30, Option 1 in the case of Lump Sum contracts; or
(b) GCC Clause 31, Option 2 in the case of Time-Based contracts.
31. Option 1 – Payments in respect of Lump Sum Contracts
31.1 The Contract Price shall be a fixed total lump sum including all Personnel costs, Subconsultants’ costs,
printing, communications, travel, accommodation, and all other costs required to carry out the Services
described in the Contract.
31.2 The Contract Price may only be increased through amendment of the Contract in accordance with GCC
Clause 14.
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31.3 The price for any additional services, as may be agreed in accordance with GCC Clause 14, shall be
determined using the Breakdown of Contract Price in the Contract.
32. Option 2 – Payments in respect of Time-Based Contracts
32.1 The Contract Price shall be an estimated amount, based on the Breakdown of Cost Estimates in the
Contract. 32.2 Payment shall be made for the time actually spent and for reimbursable expenses actually
incurred by the Supplier in the performance of the Services. 32.3 Fees for the Personnel shall be determined on
the basis of time actually spent by the Personnel in the performance of the Services after the date determined in
accordance with the Commencement Date of the Services, or such other date as the Parties may agree in
writing, and at the rates specified in the Contract. Personnel time spent in the performance of the Services shall
include time for necessary travel via the most direct route, at the rates detailed in the Contract, unless otherwise
specified in the SCC. 32.4 Reimbursable expenditures shall include costs actually and reasonably incurred by
the Supplier in the performance of the Services, as specified in the Contract. 32.5 The Supplier’s total
remuneration shall not exceed the ceiling amount stated in the SCC. The Supplier shall notify the Procuring
Entity as soon as cumulative charges incurred for the Services have reached 80% of the ceiling amount. 32.6
Separate invoices shall be submitted for fees and for reimbursable expenditure. Invoices shall be supported by
the documentation specified in accordance with GCC 34.2. 32.7 A final payment shall be made against
submission by the Supplier of a final statement, identified as such and approved by the Procuring Entity. The
final statement shall be deemed approved by the Procuring Entity ninety calendar days after receipt by the
Procuring Entity unless the Procuring Entity, within this period, gives written notice to the Supplier specifying
in detail deficiencies in the Services, the deliverables or the final statement. 32.8 Any amount which the
Procuring Entity has paid or caused to be paid which is in excess of the amounts actually payable in
accordance with the provisions of the Contract, shall be reimbursed by the Supplier to the Procuring Entity
within thirty days after receipt by the Supplier of a notice thereof. Any such claim by the Procuring Entity for
reimbursement must be made within twelve months after receipt by the Procuring Entity of a final statement
approved by the Procuring Entity.
33. Payment Schedule and Advance Paymen
33.1 All payments under the Contract shall be made in accordance with the payment schedule specified in the
SCC. 33.2 Unless otherwise stated in the SCC, where any payment is made in advance of any deliverables as
an advance payment, the payment shall be made against the provision by the Supplier of a bank guarantee for
the same amount, and shall be valid for the period stated in the SCC. 33.3 Should the advance payment
guarantee cease to be valid and the Supplier fails to re-validate it, a deduction equal to the amount of the
advance payment may be made by the Procuring Entity from future payments due to the Supplier under the
contract. 33.4 If a Contract is terminated for any reason, the guarantee securing the advance may be invoked in
order to recover the balance of the advance still owed by the Supplier.
34. Payment Terms
34.1 Unless otherwise specified in the SCC, payments shall be made by the Procuring Entity, no later than
sixty days after submission of a request for payment by the Supplier. 34.2 The Supplier’s request for payment
shall be made to the Procuring Entity in writing, accompanied by invoices and supporting documents. The
supporting documentation required shall be as specified in the SCC. 34.3 The Procuring Entity shall notify the
Supplier of the inadmissibility of a request for payment due to an error, discrepancy, omission or any other
reason so that the Parties may resolve such error, discrepancy, omission or other fault and agree a solution to
enable payment of the corrected request for payment. The Procuring Entity shall not unreasonably withhold
payment of any undisputed portion of a request for payment. Should any discrepancy be found to exist between
actual payment made and costs authorised to be incurred by the Supplier, the Procuring Entity may add or
subtract the difference from any subsequent payments. 34.4 If the Procuring Entity has delayed payments
beyond fifteen (15) days after the due date stated in the SCC, interest shall be paid to the Supplier for each day
of delay at the rate stated in the SCC.
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35. Price Adjustments
35.1 Prices charged by the Supplier for the Services performed under the Contract shall not vary from the
prices quoted in the Contract, with the exception of any price adjustments authorised in the SCC.
G. Settlement of Disputes
36. Amicable Settlement
36.1 The Parties shall use their best efforts to settle amicably all disputes arising out of or in connection with
this Contract or its interpretation.
37. Dispute Settlement
37.1 Any dispute between the Parties as to matters arising pursuant to this Contract that cannot be settled
amicably within thirty (30) days after receipt by one Party of the other Party’s request for such amicable
settlement may be submitted by either Party for settlement in accordance with the provisions specified in the
SCC.
1.4. Duties and responsibility of an electrician

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION ELECTRICAL IINSTALLATION
1.1 Description of skill
A professional Electrician is to provide a safe and reliable electrical service which ensures all work complete
is in accordance with the relevant codes. An electrician’s scope of work includes assembling, installing, testing
and maintaining electrical or electronic wiring, equipment, appliances, apparatus and fixtures. An electrician
must also diagnose and repair malfunctioning systems, apparatus, and components when a fault is present.
Today’s electrician must also be capable of programming and commissioning home and building automation
systems.
1.2 Scope of application
1.2.1 Every Expert and Competitor must know this Technical Description.
1.2.2 In the event of any conflict within the different languages of the Technical Descriptions, the English
version takes precedence.
1.3 Associated documents
1.3.1 As this Technical Description contains only skill-specific information it must be used in association with
the following:
 WSI - Competition Rules
 WSI - Online resources as indicated in this document
 Host Country - Health and Safety regulations
2 COMPETENCY AND SCOPE OF WORK
The Competition is a demonstration and assessment of the competencies associated with this skill. The Test
Project consists of practical work only.
2.1 Competency specification.
General electrical installations and maintenance

An electrician must be able:-
 Demonstrate knowledge of different wiring systems for commercial, domestic and industrial use:-
 Install cables directly to a surface.
 Attach cables to a surface in a secure way.
 Maintain even radius bends, without distortion to cable.
 Correct termination adaptors used for entry of cables into ducts, boards, equipment boxes etc.
 Install single and double insulated cables inside ducts, conduits and flexible conduits.
 Install and securely fix double insulated cables onto cable ladder and cable tray.
 Install metal and plastic ducting (trunking).
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 Measure and cut duct at specified lengths and specified angles.
 Assemble pieces of duct without distortion to joints and to accepted tolerances.
 Assemble different termination adaptors, such as glands onto duct.
 Attach ducts of different types, in a secure way onto a surface.
 Install metal and plastic conduits
 Attach conduits onto a surface in a secure way.
 Maintain even radius bends, without distortion to conduit.
 Correct termination adaptors used for entry of conduits into boxes, boards, ducts, etc.
 Install metal and plastic flexible conduits
 Attach flexible conduits onto a surface in a secure way.
 Maintain even radius bends, without distortion to flexible conduits.
 Correct termination adaptors used for entry of flexible conduits into boxes, boards,
ducts, etc.
 Install cable-ladders, cable-trays
 Attach different types of cable ladder and cable tray to a surface in a secure way.
 Demonstrate a competent understanding of different types of electrical switchboards used for
commercial, domestic and industrial uses:
 Install electrical switchboards onto a surface in a secure way.
 Assemble switchboard apparatus (examples listed below), in a switchboard as per given instructions
(layout drawings etc).
 Main switches
 RCDs
 MCBs
 Controlling equipment such as relays, timers, etc.
 KNX components: - KNX is an open standard for commercial and domestic building automation.
KNX devices can manage lighting, blinds and shutters, HVAC, security systems, energy
management, audio video, white goods, displays, remote control, etc.
KNX evolved from three earlier standards; the European Home Systems Protocol, BatiBUS, and
the European Installation Bus.
 Fuses
 Terminate and install wiring inside a switchboard according to circuit drawings.
 Demonstrate a competent understanding of different types of electric lighting and heating systems
for commercial, domestic and industrial use.
 Demonstrate a competent understanding of different control devices and socket outlets used for
commercial, domestic and industrial uses.
 Control Device’s E.g., Photo Cell, Motion Detector, Thermostats, Switches etc.
 Outlet E.g., 1 Phase, 3 Phase, etc
 Install and connect equipment as per instructions provided.
 Demonstrate a competent understanding of different types of telecommunication systems such as:
 Structured cabling systems (SCS)
 Fire alarm systems
 Conventional fire alarm systems
 Addressable fire alarm systems
 Evacuation control systems
 Audio devices
 Optical devices
 Control and monitoring system
February 2021
 Burglar alarm systems
 Conventional burglar alarm systems
 Addressable burglar alarm systems
Access control systems

 “Stand alone” access control systems
 “Network supervised” access control systems
Closed circuit television systems (CCTV)
 Cameras, lenses and attachment components
 Recorders, monitors, etc.
 Install and construct equipment listed above as per instructions provided.
Select and use appropriate tools.
 Read, interpret and revise drawings and documentation such as
 Layout drawings.
 Circuit drawings.
 Written instructions
 Plan, install, test and commission electrical installations in a safe and professional manner.
• Plan installation work using drawings and documentation provided.
• Install equipment and wire ways as per drawings and documentation provided.
• Test installations before energizing to ensure personal and electrical safety:-
 Insulation resistance test.
 Earth continuity test
 Correct Polarity
 Visual Inspection
 Test installations when energized:
 Check complete function on all equipment installed to ensure correct operation of new installation
as per instructions provided.
 Equipment setup:
 Use the necessary software for programming programmable relays, bus-system, etc.
 Make necessary settings on devices such as timers, overload relays etc.
 Program programmable relays
 Download and import any application required for the product so the specified task can be achieved.
Fault finding
An electrician needs to know and understand:
How to troubleshoot electrical installations and identify faults such as:

 Short circuits
 Open circuits
 Incorrect polarity
 Insulation resistance faults
 Earth continuity faults
 Incorrect settings on equipment
 Incorrect program on programmable devices
 How to diagnose electrical installations and identify problems such as:-
February 2021
 Bad connections
 Incorrect wiring
 High fault loop impedance
 Equipment failure
 How to use, test and calibrate measuring equipment such as:-
 Insulation resistance testers
 Continuity testers
 Installation testers
 Multi meters
 Clamp meters
 Network cable testers
 How to repair faults in electrical installations.
 Repair faulty components
 Replace faulty components
 Rewire faulty installations
• Perform all competencies listed above in a professional manner so personal and electrical safety is
achieved.
2.2 Theoretical knowledge
2.2.1 Theoretical knowledge is required but not tested explicitly.
• The theoretical knowledge is limited to that necessary to carry out the practical work: the programming of
electronic and electromechanical components (not programmable logic controllers) such as timers,
programmable relays and KNX components, reading drawings, sketches and schematic diagrams.
2.2 Practical work
• The Competitor must be able to demonstrate a range of skills in the installation of electrical equipment,
wiring systems and Structured Cabling Systems (SCS).
• The Competitor must be able to carry out all required inspection, testing and commissioning for all relevant
modules. When the Test Project is completed, it must be tested by the Competitor and the results submitted
in writing.
The following picture illustrates the Permanent link and the Channel.
All installation faults must be determined in accordance with “General Instructions & Specifications”.
Figure 1.1 is the standard symbols to be used for Installation Testing.
February 2021
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….


1. What is contract? (2pts)
2. Define contractual obligations? (2pts)
3. What is the difference b/n Agreement and contract? (2pts)
4. Write Duties and responsibility of an electrician(2pts)
1. List purposes of a contract (2pts)
2. List Types of Construction Contract?(2pts)
3. List and describe Types of Construction Contract? (4pts)
4. List and describe some of the Contract Documents? (2pts)
5. List the two types of Conditions of Contract?(2pts)
6. List and describe Main ingredients of a contract? (2pts)
7. List Elements / Contents of the Agreement? (2pts)
8. What is the purpose of using Force Majeure contract? (2pts)

Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
Page 102 of 114 Federal TVET Agency TVET program title- On–site Building
Rating: Version -1
____________
February 2021
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1._____________________2_____________________________
3.__________________________4____________________5_______________
Test II
1.______________________2________________________3___________
4.______________________5________________________6______________
7.______________________8______________9.______________________10_______________
Information sheet 2: Completing Specification document for compliance with

requirements
Document specification
These types of documents define how a specific document should be written, which may include, but is not
limited to, the systems of a document naming, version, layout, referencing, structuring, appearance, language,
copyright, hierarchy or format, etc. Very often, this kind of specifications is complemented by a designated
template
Compliance requirements
guidelines for compliance with the hundreds of laws and regulations applicable to the specific type assistance
used by the recipient, and their objectives are generic in nature due to the large number of federal programs.
Each compliance requirement is identified by a letter, in alphabetical order.
Completing and checking specifications documents.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES

This section describes procedures to be followed by the owner and design-builder during both design and
construction. In addition, this is the place to locate any general scope requirements that relate to construction
operations, such as temporary facilities, etc.
Although this section may be applicable to construction subcontracts, it is specifically addressed to the design-
builder rather than to the construction entity or entities. Section X01, on the other hand, is directed specially
to the construction entity and includes more detail than is normally necessary in this section.
February 2021
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
This section includes a complete bibliographic citation for each document referenced elsewhere in the text.
Include this section if the complete citation is necessary to assure complete understanding of the source of the
referenced requirements. That might be the case if the edition date has not been included in the original
reference (see File Menu, Summary Info, for the setting to include the edition dates or not). Inclusion of a
reference document in this section does not constitute a binding requirement u n l e s s t h e d o c u m e n t i s
r e f e r e n c e d elsewhere for a particular purpose. For example, Section 111 - Facility Performance, lists
many documents as part of the definition of the "code," both those that are required by law and those
that are the owner's option.
MODIFICATIONS
This section is a blank document for use in preparing project-specific addenda after receipt of proposals.
It may be desirable, as well as practical, to make a cumulative modification document, with the
text of each subsequent modification added at the end, clearly numbered and dated
FACILITY PERFORMANCE
This sectionANDcovers important andPROCEDURES
fundamental requirements, of both performance and prescriptive
types, that apply to the project as a whole or to every element of the project.
Important topics covered include the following:
• Codes and laws affecting design and construction
• Non-regulatory criteria documents
• Global performance requirements that apply to more than one group of elements
• Selection of products and elements from the options allowed
• hand Substantiation
directed to construction and more than normally
requirements that apply to all elements and products
Presenting specifications to the client
SUBSTRUCTURE
This section includes requirements for all building elements that are below grade or in direct contact with the
ground, up to the back side of interior finishes, which are covered in Volume C - Interiors. Requirements
include provisions for excavation that are necessary to put substructure in place, but do not include other
types of excavation, such as site grading and excavation for site utilities.
Substructure comprises the following major elements:
Foundations: All types of building foundations, including spread footings, foundation walls, elevator
pits, slabs on grade, and components such as shoring and underpinning, piles, cofferdams, and
dewatering systems, if included as part of permanent construction
Basements: All elements necessary to enclose space below grade, including
February 2021
excavation, backfill, and compaction of earth adjacent to basements. Basements comprise all elements of
below-grade wall and floor construction, including thermal insulation, waterproofing and damp
proofing, and sub drainage.
ELECTRICAL POWER
This section includesmore .
February 2021
ELECTRICAL POWER
This section includes more detailed requirements that apply to all electrical power elements
electrical power (as a service) is defined as all the power required to properly operate the
electrically operated devices required by the project program and those required for operation of
other services.
Electrical power elements include electrical energy generation (normal, emergency, and
standby), service and distribution, and branch circuits.
Traditional "electrical" services such as lighting, telecommunications, and special systems are
covered in other sections.
ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION

This section includes more detailed requirements for generation of electrical energy. Specific
elements included are emergency and standby power systems
involving emergency and standby generators, uninterruptible power supplies,
and batteries.
Normal power requirements are referenced to Section D - Services, for commercial power
(power furnished by the electric power utility company), or to Section G34 – Electrical Power,
for major private generation or site transmission.
SERVICE AND DISTRIBUTION

This section includes more detailed requirements for the distribution of electrical power from
the source to branch circuit panel boards. If the source is from a utility company, this section
will cover high- and medium- voltage transformers, which can be furnished either by the
utility company or the owner. Inside the building, equipment that may be involved includes
main switchboards, transformers, panel boards, and circuit breakers and other devices.
See Section G34 - Electrical Power for both overhead and underground distribution lines
outside the building, as well as substations and other major equipment that normally is found
outdoors.
BRANCH CIRCUITS
This section includes more detailed requirements for branch circuits, including receptacles and
fixtures.
OTHER ELECTRICAL POWER ELEMENTS

This section is an outline for specifying other elements of electrical power systems that do not
fit in other sections. Currently no specific elements are identified for this section.
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
This section includes requirements for all types of artificial lighting. Artificial lighting includes
the following:
•Interior Lighting: General lighting, accent lighting, and emergency lighting (including
exit signs).
 Portable lamps, if acceptable for required lighting, would also be included.
•Exterior Area Lighting: Roadway, walkway, and parking lighting
•Athletic Lighting: Recreation and sports, both interior and exterior
February 2021
•Other Artificial Lighting: Specialpurpose lighting, including,
theatrical, stage, operating rooms, darkrooms, underwater, decorative or outline.
•Portable lamps required for purposes not defined in this section should be specified in
Section E21 - General Furnishings.
SITE SERVICES
This section covers requirements for site elements of services systems. Only those elements that
occur only out-of-doors or in non-habitable site structures are included. It is necessary to
include Section D - Services, at least, in order to provide a
complete description of the services. Site HVAC distribution,
lighting, telecommunications, and security controls are completely covered in Volume D.
It is assumed that this section will be required only for projects involving multiple buildings
in a campus setting served by centrally produced services or involving major or extensive
built elements performing services functions. For the typical hook-up of a single building to
public utilities, see Section D - Services. Section D is the primary services section, regardless
of whether site services are included or not. Other D sections may be necessary as well.
Some examples of major site services elements are as follows:
• Water and waste treatment facilities (other than the buildings that house them)
• Large water and fuel storage tanks
• Electrical power transmission lines and towers
INTERIOR LIGHTING
This section covers interior lighting, including fixtures and lighting control. Elements
included are general lighting, accent lighting, emergency lighting, and lighted exit signs.
Interior lighting of athletic activities is in Section D63 - Athletic Lighting. Other special
purpose interior lighting may be specified in Section D69 - Other Artificial Lighting Elements.
EXTERIOR AREA LIGHTING

This section covers lighting for outdoor areas such as roadways, parking lots, walkways, and
general open areas, both for general illumination purposes and for improved security.
Lighting for exterior athletic activities is covered in Section D63.
Decorative structure and landscape lighting, intended primarily for enhancing the nighttime
appearance of buildings, plantings, and landscape features, would be covered in Section
Artificial Lighting Elements.

ATHLETIC LIGHTING
This section covers exterior and interior lighting for athletic activities.
Because of advances in illuminating engineering design and technology, sporting events are
increasingly played and attended at night. Light source efficacies have more than doubled in the
last decade, permitting reduced energy costs even with higher illumination levels.
OTHER ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ELEMENTS
February 2021
This section is an outline for specifying other elements of artificial lighting that do not fit in
other sections. Special requirements to ensure effectiveness of security surveillance should be
covered in Section D92 - Surveillance and Security Controls.
Some types of special purpose lighting that might be specified in this section are as follows:
• Darkroom lighting, if not included with darkroom equipment in Section E19 –
Other Equipment
Underwater lighting, at pools and fountains
• Theatrical and stage lighting, if not included with theater and stage equipment in
Section E14 - Institutional Equipment
• Operating room lighting, if not included with medical equipment in Section E14 •
Decorative structure and landscape lighting, intended primarily for enhancing the nighttime
appearance of buildings, plantings, and landscape features.
Portable lighting elements, such as table and floor lamps, should be specified in the appropriate
section in
Volume E. Section E21 - General Furnishings would be most likely.
What is a specification document?
 A specification document is a key element in any construction project, yet writing a good
one is not as simple as you might think. Some builders lament the demise of the good
specification, saying they have become vague, irrelevant or entirely inadequate for the
job at hand. (Nick Helm, Freelance Writer, Ten Point Ltd, Wellington.)
 A great specification document is the how, what, and why of what you are looking to
develop, in detail. It is important to be clear and document your spec in as much detail as
possible. For larger applications these documents can be 100+ pages, so you can see how
important it is to spend the time to go into that level of detail.
 Specifications play an important role in the ultimate success of any construction project.
It is important that all of the goals and intents for the project are considered in the
specifications including those of the client, a fully integrated design team, the builder and
the eventual tenants. Specifications that are clear, well written and organized according to
Master Format can result in greater bid accuracy, reduced complications in the field,
quantifiable measures of the projects success and clarity of the client’s requirements and
desires throughout the project lifecycle.
 Specifications should be clear, concise, and brief descriptions of what is required to
execute the proposed trade of work
 Specifications describe the nature and the class of the work, materials to be used in the
work, workmanship etc. and is very important for the execution of the work. The cost of
a work depends much on the specifications. Specifications should be clear
 Specifications generally describe the following: -
 Type and quality of materials, equipments, labor or workmanship
 Methods of fabrication, installation and erection
 Standards, codes and tests
 Allowance, submittals and substitutions
 Cost included, insurance and bonds
 Project records and site facilities.
 Construction methods
What are the useful references in specification writing?
February 2021
 The following are useful references in Specification Writing: -
1. Codes and ordinances of governments, cities, or municipalities. For example, EBCSs

2. Standards prepared by distinct societies and government agents. For example, ACI
Standards, ASTM standards, BS, ES.
3. Standards o r model specifications p r e p a r e d by manufacturers, professional
societies, and government bodies.
4. Master specifications and previously written specifications.
5. Information or experience acquired by personal observation and contact with trained
or experienced people in the construction industry.
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….


1. What are the useful references in specification writing? (2pts)
2. Define contractual obligations? (2pts)
3. What is exterior area lighting in D63? (2pts)
4. Describe interior lighting in D63 and other artificial lighting element (2pts)
1. List Important topics FACILITY PERFORMANCE(2pts)

Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1._____________________2_____________________________
3.__________________________4____________________5_______________
Test II
1.______________________2________________________3___________
February 2021
Information sheet 3: Presenting Specification to the client in the required format
and timeframe
Clients in Construction
Types of client
February 2021
Benefits and consequences of client
The involvement of the Client and the correct fulfilment of the Client’s statutory duties can have
a direct impact on the safe working practices on construction projects. The infl uence of the
Client is not just limited to their statutory compliance. Clients need to be assured that the persons
or organisations they engage or appoint for their construction project have the necessary qualifi
cations, training and experience. They also need to be assured, that those same persons or
organisations are aware of their own duties as assigned under the relevant Act or Regulation.
This will ensure a reduction in the likelihood of injuries or fatalities and a reduction to the
overall risk to the project.
Clients need to be informed and ask the right questions.
February 2021
Duties of contractor
February 2021
Responsibilities of general manager
February 2021
Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….


5. Write some responsibility of general manager? (2pts)
6. Write some duties of contractor? (2pts)
7. What are Benefits and consequences? (2pts)
8. Who is a client?(2pts)
2. List and describe types of client (2pts)

Answer Sheet
Score = ___________
Rating: ____________
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
Test I
1._____________________2_____________________________
3.__________________________4____________________5_______________
Test II
1.______________________2________________________3___________
February 2021

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Onsite Building Electrical Installation Level IV

Based on October, 2018, Version 2 Occupational standards

Unit of competence: Prepare Specifications for

Module Code :EIS OBE4 M05 0121 V1

1.1 A Simple Guide to Understand Non Standard Construction Property...........................................................49

Benefits and consequences of client..........................................................................................................................111

1. Read the specific objectives of this learning guide.

Nonetheless (however) most project briefs include the following elements:

Preparation of the project brief is likely to be coordinated by the lead consultant. As well as

 Verify the objectives and priorities of the project.

1.1.6 Project requirements

The project brief should be frozen at the end of the concept design stage and change control

 What do we need to know about electrical installation drawing?

Fig1 1 electrical plan

Fig2. Electrical Symbols

Relevant document of specification:-

Key items that are often included in requirements documentation

Essential information to be included in the specification

 What is the importance of information in construction?

Purpose of job specification

Final stage of an electrical system

Elements of project manual

Under this method the required

Reference Standard Specifications

Under this method

Under this method:-

Name…………………………………………… ID………………………… Date…….

Information Sheet 2: Examining Standard specifications

Standards and Codes

Difference between code and standard

 When does a standard become a code?

Ethiopian Standard specifications

Ethiopia electrical outlet and plug types

Electricity in Ethiopia - voltage and frequency

 The standard frequency in Ethiopia is 50Hz.

Picture 2 old and new cable color code

Standard specification to use home appliances in Ethiopia

Difference between Code, Standard and Specification

CODE STANDARD SPECIFICATION

Picture 3 Standards & Regulation in Different Countries

Standard Heights of electrical sockets

Sockets above work surfaces

1.1 Developing specifications:-

1.1.2 Bill of Quantity Preparation

Purposes of quantity surveying

 To know the amount of money required

Taking –off quantities

The format of standard dimension paper

The purpose of each column

 General principles of taking-off

 The four principal units of measurement are:

 The order of recording dimensions is:

Adjustment of openings and voids

Abstracting or ‘Working up’ bill of quantities

Layout and spacing of a completed abstract

Item Description Unit Qty Rate Amount

Total carried to summary 2.

Draft bill of quantities with levels of heading

1.2.1 . Types of specification

Name: ___________ date: _