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    Hardness of Water

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    Mohd Afnaan
    This document describes a chemistry student's school project on the hardness of water. It includes an introduction that defines hard water as water that does not lather well with soap due to calcium and magnesium ions. The student's project determined the total, permanent, and temporary hardness of water samples using the EDTA titration method. The introduction outlines the causes and types of hardness. The procedure, observations, and results are included. The student thanks their teacher and others for guidance on the project.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Hardness of Water

    Uploaded by

    Mohd Afnaan
    166 views12 pages
    This document describes a chemistry student's school project on the hardness of water. It includes an introduction that defines hard water as water that does not lather well with soap due to calcium and magnesium ions. The student's project determined the total, permanent, and temporary hardness of water samples using the EDTA titration method. The introduction outlines the causes and types of hardness. The procedure, observations, and results are included. The student thanks their teacher and others for guidance on the project.

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    Original Title

    HARDNESS OF WATER

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    This document describes a chemistry student's school project on the hardness of water. It includes an introduction that defines hard water as water that does not lather well with soap due to calcium and magnesium ions. The student's project determined the total, permanent, and temporary hardness of water samples using the EDTA titration method. The introduction outlines the causes and types of hardness. The procedure, observations, and results are included. The student thanks their teacher and others for guidance on the project.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    166 views12 pages

    Hardness of Water

    Uploaded by

    Mohd Afnaan
    This document describes a chemistry student's school project on the hardness of water. It includes an introduction that defines hard water as water that does not lather well with soap due to calcium and magnesium ions. The student's project determined the total, permanent, and temporary hardness of water samples using the EDTA titration method. The introduction outlines the causes and types of hardness. The procedure, observations, and results are included. The student thanks their teacher and others for guidance on the project.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 12

    “HARDNESS OF WATER”

    Ratnesh Tiwari
    Class XII-A
    ROLL NO. -36
    CERTIFICATE

    This is to certify that Mr. RATNESH


    TIWARI of class XII has completed
    her chemistry project entitled
    “HARDNESS OF WATER” under my
    guidance during the academic year
    2022-23. The progress of the project
    had been reported from time to time
    and has been in my notice
    consistently.

    Teacher Incharge Principal


    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
    I sincerely thank my chemistry teacher Ms
    Sunita Bhandari for her guidance,
    encouragement, and support throughout
    the duration of the project. Without her
    help and motivation this project wouldn’t
    have been successful.
    I would also like to thank Rohit sir who had
    always been there to help and correct me
    and provide all the necessary material.

    Ratnesh Tiwari
    XII-A
    CONTENTS
     Certificate
     Acknowledgement
     Aim/objective
     Apparatus
     Introduction/Theory
     Experimental procedure
     Observation
     Result and analysis
     Precautions
     Bibliography
    INTRODUCTION/PRIOR
    KNOWLEDGE
    If soap does not give good lather in water, the water is
    said to be hard water. Calcium and Magnesium ions
    present in water make it hard. Soaps contain sodium salts
    of higher fatty acids that serve to form lather, however
    calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water react
    with these salts and form the corresponding calcium and
    magnesium salts.
    The resulting calcium and magnesium salts are not
    soluble in water ,they remain on the surface of water as
    precipitates commonly called scum, thus resulting in little
    lather . calcium and magnesium ions in hard water are
    present as the soluble salts of calcium and magnesium
    which may be thereby carbonates or chlorides or sulfates.
    TYPES OF HARDNESS
     TEMPORARY HARDNESS
     PERMANENT HARDNESS

    TEMPORARY HARDNESS:-
    When only by carbonates of calcium and magnesium
    are present in water the hardness of water is said to
    be temporary hardness of water caused by
    bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium is said to
    be temporary as it can be
    easily removed by simply boiling the water .

    PERMANENT HARDNESS:-

    The permanent hardness of water is caused due to


    the presence of chloride of sulfate salts of calcium
    and magnesium .the white coating seen on different
    surfaces like inside the electric kettles on showers and
    even inside utensils in which water is boiled is nothing
    but a deposit of these salts permanent hardness
    cannot be removed by merely boiling the hard water it
    can be removed by certain chemical methods.
    This hardness can be removed using certain agents.
    1. Treatment with washing soda (sodium
    carbonate): Washing soda reacts with soluble
    calcium and magnesium chlorides and sulphates
    in hard water to form insoluble carbonates.
    MSO4+Na2CO3MCO3(ppt)+Na2SO4

    MCl+Na2CO3MCO3(ppt)+2Na2Cl

    2. Calgon’s method: Sodium hexametaphosphate


    (Na6P6O18), commercially called ‘calgon’, when
    added to hard water, the following reactions take
    place.
    Na6P6O182Na++Na4P6O182-
    M2++Na4P6O182- [Na2MP6O18]2-+2Na+
    DETERMINE HARDNESS OF WATER BY
    EDTA METHOD
    Aim:
    Determine the total hardness of given water samples.

    Requirements:
     Water sample
     Burette 25-30ml
     Glass funnel
     Pipette 1ml
     Flask
     Dropper
     Measuring cylinder

    Reagents:
     EDTA
     Eriochrome Black-T
     NH2CL
     Ammonia Buffer
     Magnesium Carbonate
     90% ethyl alcohol
     Distilled water

    Reagent preparation:
    1. EDTA solution: 4gm EDTA and 0.1gm magnesium bicarbonate dissolve in 800 ml distilled water.

    2. Eriochrome Black-T: 0.4gm Ericrome Black T, 4.5 gm hydroxylmine hydrochloride add in 100ml 95%
    ethyl alcohol.

    3. Ammonia Buffer: Stock A: 16.9gm of NH4CL in 143ml of conc. NH4OH, Stock B: 1.25gm magnesium
    salt of EDTA dissolve in 50 ml distilled water. Mix both stock solutions and dilute to 250ml with DDW.
    Dilute 10ml of the solution to 100ml with DDW.
    Procedure:
    1. The burette is filled with standard EDTA solution to the zero level.

    2. Take 50ml sample water in flask. If sample having high Calcium content then take smaller volume and
    dilute to 50ml.

    3. Add 1ml Ammonia buffer.

    4. Add 5 to 6 drop of Ericrome black – T indicator. The solution turns into wine red colour.

    5. Note the initial reading.

    6. Titrate the content against EDTA solution. At the end point colour change from wine red to blue
    colour.

    7. Note the final reading and record it. Repeat the process till we get concordant value.

    8. Take 50ml sample in another flask and boiled it. (Add distilled water to get final volume of water.)

    9. Repeat step 3-7

    Calculation:
    INITIAL VALUE FINAL VALUE
    SNO. Water Sample (50 ml) Ml of EDTA
    1
    2
    3

    Total hardness of water mg/L (CaCO3 Scale) = ml of EDTA used (unboiled) *103 /ml of sample
    Permanent hardness of water mg/L (CaCO3 Scale) = ml of EDTA used (boiled) *103 /ml of sample
    Temporary hardness of water mg/L (CaCO3 Scale) = Total hardness of water - Permanent hardness of
    water

    Observation:
    The colour of soluble distilled water and R.O water instantly changed into blue while tap water and pond
    water turned wine red when Ericrome black T was added and therefore after turned blue when titrated
    against EDTA solution.

    Result:

    The collected water sample contains Total hardness = _____ppm

    Permanent hardness = _____ppm

    Temporary hardness = _____ppm


    Bibliography

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cNlBXd0xNU&ab
    _channel=Aasoka
     https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-
    school/science/hardness-
    water#:~:text=The%20simple%20definition%20of%20w
    ater,time%20you%20washed%20your%20hands.

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