▪ Microvilli – increase the free surface are

TISSUES ▪ Cilia – propel materials

▪ A group of cells with similar structure and function ▪ Goblet Cells – specialized mucus-producing cells
that have similar extracellular substances located
between them. Cell Connections
▪ Tight Junctions - bind adjacent cells together and
Histology form permeability barriers; prevent the passage
The microscopic study of tissue structure of materials between epithelial cells
▪ Desmosomes – mechanical links that bind cells
Epithelial Tissue together
▪ Covers external and internal surfaces;
⮚ Hemidesmosomes - anchor cells to the
▪ Has a basement membrane, basement membrane
▪ Little EM (extracellular matrix),
▪ Gap Junctions – allow small molecules and ions to
▪ No blood vessels.
pass

Functions of Epithelial Tissues (PAPSA)

Glands
1. Protecting underlying structures.
Glands – secrete substances onto a surface
2. Acting as a barrier.
a. Exocrine – secrete through ducts
3. Permitting the passage of substances.
⮚ Unicellular
4. Secreting substances.
⮚ Multicellular
5. Absorbing substances.
❖ Simple – non branched
❖ Compound - branched
Classification of Epithelium
• Tubular
Accdg. To Layers
o Straight
1. Simple E. – single layered
o Coiled
2. Stratified E. – multi-layered
• Acinus (grapelike) or
3. Pseudostratified Columnar E – single layered but
Alveolus (small cavity)
appears to be stratified
4. Transitional E – stratified x can be greatly Mode of Secretion
stretched
⮚ Merocrine – products are released but no
actual cellular material is lost;
Accdg. To Shape
pancreas
1. Squamous – flat
⮚ Apocrine – secretory products are released
a. Non-keratinized - in the deepest and
as fragments; mammary glands
outermost layers, moist
⮚ Holocrine - shedding of entire cells;
b. Keratinized - composed of dead cells
sebaceous glands
containing the protein keratin; durable,
moisture-resistant, dry character.
b. Endocrine - release hormones that are absorbed
2. Cuboidal – cube-like
directly into the blood
3. Columnar – tall and thin
Connective Tissue
Functional Characteristics
▪ Large amounts of EM
Cell Layers and Cell Shapes
▪ Simple E. - diffusion, filtration, secretion, or
Functions of Connective Tissue (EC2S2PT)
absorption; found in organs: to move materials ▪
1. Enclosing and separating other tissues.
Stratified E. - protection
2. Connecting tissues to one another.
▪ Squamous Cells - diffusion and filtration ▪
3. Supporting and moving parts of the body. 4.
Cuboidal and Columnar Cells – secretion and
Storing compounds.
absorption
5. Cushioning and insulating.
6. Transporting.
Free Surfaces
7. Protecting.
▪ Smooth free surface – reduces friction
 Morano, M. A.
Cells of Connective Tissue 1. Cartilage
▪ Blast (germ) – froms the matrix ▪ Composed of chondrocytes, in spaces called
▪ Cyte (cells) – maintains lacunae
▪ Clast (break) – breaks down ▪ Flexibility and strength
▪ Provides support
▪ Adipocytes – contain large amount of lipids ▪ a. Hyaline – most abundant, covers the ends
Macrophages – WBCs that move about and ingest of bones, can withstand repeated
foreign substances compressions
▪ Mast Cells – play an important role in b. Fibro – more collagen, able to resists
inflammation pulling or tearing, found in disks
▪ Mesenchymal Cells – have the potential to between vertebrae and some joints
differentiate to form adult cell types (knee and jaw)
c. Elastic – contains elastic fibers, able to
Extracellular Matrix recoil to its original, external ear,
▪ Protein Fibers epiglottis, auditory tube
⮚ Collagen Fibers – microscopic ropes;
flexible but resist stretching 2. Bone
⮚ Reticular Fibers – fine, short that branch; ▪ Hard connective tissue
support network ▪ Consists of living cells, mineralized matrix ▪
⮚ Elastic Fibers – coiled; can recoil back to Osteocytes (bone cells), are located within lacunae
shape ▪ Support and protect other organs
▪ Ground Substance – shapeless background where a. Spongy
cells and collagen fibers can be seen; highly b. Compact
structured molecules
⮚ Proteoglycans – pine trees: branches = III. Fluid Connective Tissue
proteins, pine needles = a. Blood – liquid matrix: enables blood to
polysaccharides; trap large quantities of flow rapidly; carry nutrients, oxygen,
water waste products
▪ Fluid ⮚ RBCs
⮚ WBCs
Classification of Connective Tissue
⮚ Platelets
Adult Connective Tissue
b. Hemopoietic - forms bloods cells
I. Connective Tissue Proper
1. Loose Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue
▪ Few protein fibers, numerous spaces ▪ Has the ability to contract.
a. Areolar – EM: collagen fibers and few
▪ Muscle fibers – resemble tiny threads
elastic fibers
b. Adipose – consists of adipocytes (fat cells): Types of Muscular Tissue
contain large amounts of lipid (for
I. Skeletal (striated voluntary)
energy storage); EM: loose arranged
▪ Large, long, cylindrical cells
collagen and reticular fibers, scattered ▪ Multinucleated
elastic fibers ▪ Attached to bones
c. Reticular ▪ Responsible for body movement

2. Dense Connective Tissue II. Cardiac (striated involuntary)

▪ Large amount of protein fibers ▪ Cylindrical cells
a. Collagenous – EM: collagen fibers ▪ Branched and connected to one another by
b. Elastic – abundant elastic fibers (stretch intercalated disks
and recoil) in its collagen fibers ▪ Single nucleated
II. Supporting Connective Tissue
 ▪ Found in the heart ▪ Pumps the blood

Morano, M. A.
III. Smooth (nonstriated involuntary) Tissue Damage and Inflammation
▪ End tapered cells Inflammation – occurs when tissues are damaged
▪ Single nucleated
▪ Found in hollow organs: stomach, intestine; skin, Histamine & Prostaglandins – chemical mediators of
eyes inflammation
▪ Regulates size of organs, forces fluid through tubes,
controls the amount of light entering the eye, Edema - swelling
produces ‘goose bumps’
Neutrophil – phagocytic WBC that fights infection
Nervous Tissue
▪ Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves ▪ Pus – mixture of dead neutrophils, other cells, fluid
Responsible for coordinating and controlling
Chronic Inflammation
Action potentials – ability of nervous tissue cells to ▪ Results when the agent causing injury is not
communicate with one another by means of electric removed or something else interferes with the
signals healing process

Neurons – responsible for conducting action potentials ⮚ Tissue Repair

Cell Body – contains the nucleus; site of general cell ▪ Substitution of viable cells for dead cells ▪
functions Can occur by regeneration or by fibrosis
⮚ Dendrites – receive electric impulses
⮚ Axon – conduct electric impulses Regeneration – new cells are the same type as those that
were destroyed
Membranes
▪ A thin layer of tissue that covers a structure ▪ Mostly Fibrosis/Replacement – a new type of tissue develops
consists of epithelium and connective tissue that eventually causes scar production

I. Mucous Membrances Stem Cells – self-renewing, undifferentiated cells that

▪ Consists of epithelium and loose connective tissue continue to divide throughout life
▪ Line the digestive, respiratory, reproductive tracts
▪ Protection, absorption, secretion Clot – contains protein fibrin (binds the edges of a wound
together and stops the bleeding)
II. Serous Membranes
▪ Simple squamous epithelium and loose connective Scab – dried surface of a clot; seals the wound and helps
tissue prevent infection
▪ Line the trunk cavities and cover the organs within
it Granulation Tissue – delicate, granular appearing
▪ Serous fluid prevents damage from abrasion connective tissue that consists of fibroblasts, collagen,
capillaries
a. Pleural – lungs
b. Pericardial – heart Effects of Aging on Tissues
c. Peritoneal – abdominopelvic cavity ▪ Cells divide more slowly.
▪ Injuries heal more slowly.
III. Synovial Membranes ▪ EM containing collagen & elastic fibers becomes
▪ Formed by connective tissue less flexible and less elastic.
▪ Line the inside of joint cavities ▪ Skin wrinkles.
▪ Synovial fluid – reduce friction to allow smooth ▪ Elasticity in blood arteries is reduced.
movement within the joints ▪ Bones break more easily.
Morano, M. A.