CFE2 - ch01 - Final (KT14303)

Chapter One: Introduction
C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

Slides by Evan Gallagher Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved
Chapter Goals
• To learn about the architecture of computers

• To learn about machine languages and higher-level
programming languages
• To become familiar with your compiler
• To compile and run your first C++ program
• To recognize compile-time and run-time errors
• To describe an algorithm with pseudocode
• To understand the activity of programming

Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved
What Is Programming?
You have probably used a computer for work or fun.
Many people use computers for everyday tasks such

as electronic banking or writing a term paper.
Computers are good for such tasks.
They can handle repetitive chores, such as totaling

up numbers or placing words on a page, without
getting bored or exhausted.

Computers can carry out a wide range of tasks

because they execute different programs,
each of which directs the computer to work on
a specific task.
The computer itself is a machine that stores data

(numbers, words, pictures), interacts with devices
(the monitor, the sound system, the printer), and
executes programs.

A computer program tells a computer, in minute

detail, the sequence of steps that are needed to
fulfill a task.
Hardware
The physical computer and peripheral devices are
collectively called the hardware.
Software
The programs the computer executes are called
the software.

Programming
is the act of designing and
implementing computer programs.

The Anatomy of a Computer – The CPU
• The CPU (central processing unit)

– heart of the computer
– executes one operation at a time
– performs program control and data processing

• The CPU
– carries out arithmetic operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division
– fetches data from external memory or devices and
stores data back.
• All data must travel through the CPU whenever it is
moved from one location to another.

• The computer stores data and programs in memory

– Primary memory - memory chips
• Random access memory (RAM) (read-write memory)
• Read-only memory (ROM)
– Secondary storage devices
• disk drives
• CDs

The Anatomy of a Computer – Peripheral Devices
• The user is the human using a program that a

programmer wrote.
• The computer transmits information (called output) to the
user through a display screen, speakers, and printers.
• The user can enter information (called input) for the
computer by using a keyboard or a pointing device such
as a mouse.
squeak?

The Anatomy of a Computer – Schematic Design

What Is a Computer?
Yes, ALL that is ONE computer!

(except the people)

What Is a Computer?
The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

(The ENIAC)
Machine Code and Programming Languages
• Computer programs are stored as machine instructions

in a code that depends on the processor type.
• A typical sequence of machine instructions is
– 1. Move the contents of memory location 40000
into the CPU.
– 2. If that value is > 100, continue with the instruction
that is stored in memory location 11280.

Machine Code and Programming Languages
• Machine instructions are encoded as numbers so that

they can be stored in memory.
• On a Pentium processor, this sequence of instructions
from the previous slide is encoded as the sequence of
numbers
161 40000 45 100 127 11280
• On a processor from a different manufacturer, the

encoding would be different.

High-Level Languages and the Compiler
• High-level languages like C++ are independent of the

processor type and hardware. They will work equally
well:
– on an Intel Pentium and a processor
– in a cell phone
• The compiler
– a special computer program, that translates the higher-level
description (a program) into machine instructions for a particular
processor.
• Low-level language: the machine code for a specific CPU
– the compiler-generated machine instructions are different, but the
programmer who uses the compiler need not worry about these
differences.

The Evolution of C++
• Ancient history (pre 1972)
• C (1972)
• ANSI Standard C (1989)
• Meanwhile, Bjarne Stroustrup of AT&T adds features of
the language Simula (an object-oriented language
designed for carrying out simulations) to C resulting in:
• C++ (1985)

The Evolution of C++
• Ancient history (pre 1972)
• C (1972)
• ANSI Standard C (1989)
• Meanwhile, Bjarne Stroustrup of AT&T adds features of
the language Simula (an object-oriented language
designed for carrying out simulations) to C resulting in:
• C++ (1985)
• ANSI Standard C++ (1998)
• ANSI Standard C++ [revised] (2003)
• The present C++
– a general-purpose language that is in widespread use for
systems and embedded
– the most commonly used language for developing system
software such as databases and operating systems
… the future: another Standard (2010?)

Becoming Familiar with Your Programming Environment
• You will need to know how to log in (if needed),

• and, how to start your C++ development environment.
An IDE (integrated development environment) is
where you will most likely work.

• You will become a typist because you will use an editor

to type your C++ programs into the IDE.
Your program is called a source file.

• You will need to learn how to compile and run your

program in the IDE.

• There’s a lot going on behind the scenes in the IDE that

you don’t normally see:

• The compiler translates C++ programs into machine

code.
• The linker combines machine code with library code into

an executable program.
The Edit-Compile-Run Loop
This process
reflects the way
programmers work
(shown as a flowchart)

• You will need to know your computer’s file system:
files, folders, and extensions.
C++ program files typically have the extension:
.cpp (or .cc or .cxx or even .C).
• You should be organized by creating folders for
organizing your files.

and
you MUST know:
1. HOW TO BACK UP YOUR WORK.
2. HOW TO SAVE YOUR WORK

(same thing as backing up your work).
3. HOW TO SAVE YOUR WORK BY BACKING IT UP
(repeated so you will know this is very important).

And, finally…

Back up your work

Analyzing Your First Program

• At this point we will analyze the classic first program that

everyone writes: Hello World!
– (yes, everyone who is anyone started with this one)
• Its job is to write the words Hello World!
on the screen.
ch01/hello.cpp
1 #include <iostream>
2
3 using namespace std;
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 cout << "Hello, World!" << endl;
8 return 0;
9 }


• The first line tells the compiler to include a service for

“stream input/output”. Later you will learn more about
this but, for now, just know it is needed to write on the
screen.
ch01/hello.cpp
2
4
5 int main()
6 {
8 return 0;
9 }

• The second line tells the compiler to use the “standard

namespace”. Again more later but for now, this is used in
conjunction with the first line to output – and we certainly
want “standard” output – nothing fancy yet.
ch01/hello.cpp
2
4
5 int main()
6 {
8 return 0;
9 }

• The next set of code defines a function.

The name of this function is main.
ch01/hello.cpp
2
4
5 int main()
6 {
8 return 0;
9 }

• The main function “returns” an “integer” (that is, a whole

number without a fractional part, called int in C++)
with value 0. This value indicates that the program
finished successfully.
ch01/hello.cpp
2
4
5 int main()
6 {
8 return 0;
9 }

• To show output on the screen, we use an entity called

cout.
• What you want seen on the screen is “sent” to the cout
entity using the << operator (sometimes called the
insertion operator): << "Hello, World!"
ch01/hello.cpp
2
4
5 int main()
6 {
8 return 0;
9 }

• You can display more than one thing by re-using the <<
operator: << "Hello, World!" << endl;
ch01/hello.cpp
2
4
5 int main()
6 {
8 return 0;
9 }

The output statement
cout << "Hello World!" << endl;

is an output statement.

• To display values on the screen, you send them to

an entity called cout.

• To display values on the screen, you send them to

an entity called cout.
• The << operator denotes the “send to” command.

• "Hello World!" is called a string.

• You must put those double-quotes around strings.
• The endl symbol denotes an end of line marker which

causes the cursor to move to the next screen row.

• Each statement in C++ ends

in a semicolon.
ch01/hello.cpp
2
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 cout << "Hello, World!" << endl ;
8 return 0 ;
9 }

Errors
ARGH!!!!

Common Error – Omitting Semicolons
Common error
Oh No!
Omitting a semicolon (or two)
2
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 cout << "Hello, World!" << endl
8 return 0;
9 }

Errors
Without that semicolon you actually wrote:

7 cout << "Hello, World!" << endl return 0;
8 }
which thoroughly confuses the compiler!
This is a compile-time error or syntax error.
A syntax error is a part of a program that does not

conform to the rules of the programming language.

Errors
Suppose you (accidentally of course) wrote:
cot << "Hello World!" << endl;
• This will cause a compile-time error and the compiler will

complain that it has no clue what you mean by cot.
The exact wording of the error message is dependent on
the compiler, but it might be something like
“Undefined symbol cot”.

Errors – How Many Errors?
• The compiler will not stop compiling, and will most likely
list lots and lots of errors that are caused by the first one
it encountered.
• You should fix only those error messages that make
sense to you, starting with the first one, and then
recompile (after SAVING, of course!).

Errors
C++
– has free-form layout

–
int main(){cout<<"Hello, World!"<<endl;return 0;}
–
– will work (but is practically impossible to read)

A good program is readable.

Errors
Consider this:
cout << "Hollo, World!" << endl;
• Logic errors or run-time errors are errors in a program

that compiles (the syntax is correct), but executes
without performing the intended action.
not really an error?

Errors
cout << "Hollo, World!" << endl;
• No, the programmer is responsible for inspecting and

testing the program to guard against logic errors.
really an error!

Errors
Some kinds of run-time errors are so severe that they

generate an exception: a signal from the processor that
aborts the program with an error message.
For example, if your program includes the statement
cout << 1 / 0;
your program may terminate with a “divide by zero”

exception.

Errors
• Every C++ program must have one and only one

main function.
• Most C++ programs contain other functions besides

main (more about functions later).

Errors
C++
– is case sensitive. Typing:
int Main()
will compile but will not link.
A link-time error occurs here when the linker cannot

find the main function – because you did not define a
function named main. (Main is fine as a name but it
is not the same as main and there has to be one
main somewhere.)

Algorithms
Not just any cook — an algorithmic cooker

Algorithms
No!
An algorithm is a
RECIPE

The Software Development Process
For each problem

the programmer goes
through these steps

Describing an Algorithm with Pseudocode
Pseudocode
• An informal description
• Not in a language that a computer can understand, but
easily translated into a high-level language (like C++).

The method described in pseudocode must be

• Unambiguous
– There are precise instructions for what
to do at each step
– and where to go next.
• Executable
– Each step can be carried out in practice.
• Terminating
– It will eventually come to an end.

Consider this problem:
• You have the choice of buying two cars.

• One is more fuel efficient than the other, but also more
expensive.
• You know the price and fuel efficiency (in miles per
gallon, mpg) of both cars.
• You plan to keep the car for ten years.
• Assume a price of gas is $4 per gallon and usage of
15,000 miles per year.
• You will pay cash for the car and not worry about
financing costs.
Which car is the better deal?

Algorithms
What is the
algorithm?

Step 1 Determine the inputs and outputs.
In our sample problem, we have these inputs:
• purchase price1 and fuel efficiency1

the price and fuel efficiency (in mpg) of the first car
• purchase price2 and fuel efficiency2
the price and fuel efficiency of the second car
We simply want to know which car is the better buy.

That is the desired output.

Step 2 Break down the problem into smaller tasks.
What will we do for each car?
1. The total cost for a car is

purchase price + operating cost
2. We assume a constant usage and gas price for ten
years, so the operating cost depends on the cost of
driving the car for one year.
The operating cost is
10 x annual fuel cost
3. The annual fuel cost is
price per gallon x annual fuel consumed
4. The annual fuel consumed is
annual miles driven / fuel efficiency

Step 3 Describe each subtask in pseudocode.

You will need to arrange the steps so that any intermediate
values are computed before they are needed in other
computations.
For each car, compute the total cost as follows:

annual fuel consumed = annual miles driven / fuel efficiency
annual fuel cost = price per gallon x annual fuel consumed
operating cost = 10 x annual fuel cost
total cost = purchase price + operating cost
If total cost1 < total cost2

Choose car1
Else
Choose car2

Algorithms
Now we’re
cookin’ with
algorithms!

Step 4 Test your pseudocode by working a problem.

Use these sample values:
• Car 1: $25,000, 50 miles/gallon
• Car 2: $20,000, 30 miles/gallon
FIRST CAR:
annual fuel consumed = 1500 / 50 = 300
annual fuel cost = 4 x 300 = 1200
operating cost = 10 x 1200 = 12000
total cost = 25000 + 12000 = 37000
SECOND CAR:
(let’s assume you can do the math) total cost = 40000
If total cost1 < total cost2 …
The algorithm says: choose the FIRST CAR

Chapter Summary
Define “computer program” and programming.

• Computers execute very basic instructions in rapid succession.
• A computer program is a sequence of instructions and
decisions.
• Programming is the act of designing and implementing
computer programs.
Describe the components of a computer.

• The central processing unit (CPU) performs program control
and data processing.
• Storage devices include memory and secondary storage.

Chapter Summary
Describe the process of translating high-level
languages to machine code.
• Computer programs are stored as machine instructions in a

code that depends on the processor type.
• C++ is a general-purpose language that is in widespread use
for systems and embedded programming.
• High-level programming languages are independent of the
processor.

Chapter Summary
Become familiar with your C++ programming environment.

• Set aside some time to become familiar with the programming
environment that you will use for your class work.
• An editor is a program for entering and modifying text, such as
a C++ program.
• C++ is case sensitive. You must be careful about
distinguishing between upper and lowercase letters.
• Develop a strategy for keeping backup copies of your work
before disaster strikes.
• The compiler translates C++ programs into machine code.

• The linker combines machine code with library code into
an executable program.
Chapter Summary
Describe the building blocks of a simple program.

• Every C++ program contains a function called main.
• Use cout and the << operator to display values on the screen.
• Enclose text strings in quotation marks.
• Use + to add two numbers and * to multiply two numbers.
• Send endl to cout to end a line of displayed output.
• End each statement with a semicolon.
Write pseudocode for simple algorithms.

• Pseudocode is an informal description of a sequence of steps
for solving a problem.
• An algorithm for solving a problem is a sequence of steps that
is unambiguous, executable, and terminating.

Chapter Summary
Classify program errors as compile-time and
run-time errors.
• A compile-time error is a violation of the programming
language rules that is detected by the compiler.
• A run-time error causes a program to take an action that
the programmer did not intend.
• The programmer is responsible for inspecting and testing
the program to guard against run-time errors.

End Chapter One

Slides by Evan Gallagher Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved

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Chapter One: Introduction

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

• To learn about the architecture of computers

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

You have probably used a computer for work or fun.

Many people use computers for everyday tasks such

Computers are good for such tasks.

They can handle repetitive chores, such as totaling

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

Computers can carry out a wide range of tasks

The computer itself is a machine that stores data

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

A computer program tells a computer, in minute

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

• The CPU (central processing unit)

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

• The computer stores data and programs in memory

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

• The user is the human using a program that a

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

Yes, ALL that is ONE computer!

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

• Computer programs are stored as machine instructions

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

• Machine instructions are encoded as numbers so that

• On a processor from a different manufacturer, the

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

• High-level languages like C++ are independent of the

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

… the future: another Standard (2010?)

• You will need to know how to log in (if needed),

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

• You will become a typist because you will use an editor

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

• You will need to learn how to compile and run your

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

• There’s a lot going on behind the scenes in the IDE that

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

• The compiler translates C++ programs into machine

• The linker combines machine code with library code into

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

1. HOW TO BACK UP YOUR WORK.

2. HOW TO SAVE YOUR WORK

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

Back up your work

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

• At this point we will analyze the classic first program that

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann

• The first line tells the compiler to include a service for

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann