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2. a3(3(0)i(5<S5L<^1(0) (roa1riJCT)63r3(^ (Author Oriented Approaches)

3. (3ra)(rojo3c0jfiJc0iii (ro(a1aj(D6gBa3 (Reader Oriented Approaches)

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' Jaques Derrida, Structure Sign and Play. Contemporary Criticism - An

Anthology. Ed. V.S. Sethuraman (New Delhi: Macmillan India, 1989) p. 295-
296.

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aOO(03 (gT3oJ(Dl^(2206TDo 63(02 L<TJOra£lOaO(OT0)l6)a^ oJ3(Ul 6)6)c93CU(Oloe6)20no1^.

a0(S(U)J(3(VJD 6)CrOOQ)3l6)(T)(lojO&J20gaJ^c9O (0Ort^CSl0O)(2O0O) OJl(J0ce5eJ00633§2^S (0)eJ

(010)1(03 (3TariJoo1(3(2206m6)(aTa) LoJGOQ)o<x)1ce6)2ajo(r)ooo)1(02ano2 (O)o&irj(o^o. r.^(TDO(o3

6)(0)§1^2 <TJ06TOTO)0(O3 Goo)(o3a\)(3rycft)&jo(jooejoo)l6)ejoo)2o (saoenS (Brir)OnJda>1oi3cro1

^ Clarie Colebrook, New Literary Histories, (Manchester: Manchester University

Press, 1997). p.223.

12
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iiJlaTOOnJolaruoaj^fflooQ)! (arasjcoro) oolcisSceo^aT) Cnjoc^ ojDlfflooo^o ool^lcru al^ojo

tiDOa3§(200D2o ((3)(21(2l(03 GnJ0eJ]O @l(TT)((3)cft)§26n30QQ)l©2nnr)]. (i3ranJ(r>1(32I2fla5)lCQ)1«j3

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(3T3aj(3 (0)(^ooocQ)1(02anrn^.

cnl(3(2i2fl(0)lfl9O m^oSnJ a>o(3(2i2ilte3cao(D) a o ] croalojcno o^^ocucojo nJoeilfleoemofflcrD

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(BOCTS <^ejscT)00Dat5)oaj03lcft.c^ «5)(^OOOQQ)1^. raraojcS ajraooo^Lslooxaooajo ajol(.(o>cr)la

CrUceAifflOQQ)^o orajsm ((jraoJcnlcSaffioeTD ojoooxnajoS 0Dl^(^rLDl^«n.

cro2iiJcft.63T3g20s (roj(0)Laa>ej1ej ( F r e e p l a y ) (XKOSTD ruooo r^<rn Golralomo^

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fflosm ojejo^o ^(OTIOS (eaoemjiej. ^(OKOCOO 6)ca)^1faD0(06TDc6j(^ceo cejoaemo radlra

cxj>26)s 63O03^(sej6U0D(0T0)l6)a^ aJlaj^(aTa)(T)(aro)1(o3 ejlej (Play) tig)orD eojene

(raDOODcoKJ) croj(0)(.ao>ej1ej ( F r e e pla.y)n^cm 6)«J)(^OQQ)1 Giij^caTOanooemcm ffloo1cQ)oS

CaooenjcruaS ^ujensltaoogjonosnooo)! ojl.arol. (.ool^ci^ njoorojom]." fiC^^^^'^^'^ "^2^

CD)1(D3 njoro 6)oa36)ca>06Ti@ 6)(a)osooS (n)JO(0)coTO^ca1^o(OTO)(OT Gruooej CTV);^da.njejcr)

(ortnlGj^o iiJlej (macrojosncora^iSTOC/S orusjeuoilteooaj^aDcoooeTDorn (0)js(3cn5 (.^^l^ciS

oJocxx^onD^sne.

^ Christopher Norris, Deconstniction Theory and Practice. (London; Routledge,

1989). p . 9 1 .
'* Ojl.Orol. Ly0°l83a3, nj1(mCQ)l6)QJ 0JrUcQ>63B(/d. (Ga&OgODo: (DOoilSrrXOS STUJcSO (J}^0C/3, 2000).
oJJ. 45.

13
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aJlm(3(/D(r>aJ2o (O)i2ffi1(o3 aj^(0)j,o(n)ffl^6n3. y o - A g l o e j f^ejscDoa)oo)(oaJ03aJ1aa)(ii)<e6)jo

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(aT0)1(T)2o nj1cnD0OejQQ>06m (Daj^(Dl(.(0)(UOGo c95SaT>2aj(020rD(d). (T)OJiiJ(DlC(0)(U0GnJO

fflOQQ) ajl(2(3(/0dft)(3 cn)oecu63T36)gcQ)05rn cu(ru(0)^(0)dft>6)g(n)^ goJGCQ)0(Dlce6)2<^nD(?w.

cTQ)iDO^(oiD(ata)1(o3 cnscm orooeojssBg^os ailorDloej cn)(i3)^o (maola^^ea. oroocu^i^fflo^crD

CT)(u^(o1(.(0)(iio3lda>c/3 fla.(0j(O)^(TD^. (graaj(3 ^(ol(.(0)6)(aTO) G(06)jlQQ)moc(Q)o rujcoocoffloo

nJoao<2(X2)o c f e o e m j a D l ^ . ej(0)(0T!j)1(a3 cnlcrn (0)2S6(3T3l aj(3(aTO)(2)oaD(ata)1ejj6)s eoailoon

^ Hillis Miller, The function of Literary Theory at the Present time. Ed. Ralph
Cohen (London: Routledge, 1989).

14
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2 § 2 2 n^nmjo mdca^ oJlaojcrolceo^onDl^.

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ng)(TT> CDOffltejoemo oosomca).' n^oDocoS oracolm (D6n3j cutBoado ajorij i980-(o3

L(/)1a36i^o^ Lf^(rol(ju6)fys](ara)lcQ) ol6)6)or)croa3ao oorucaSoD (\DOoad(T)locn inoo mj(3 s j

Griadc£boruoJlQQ)(3 o ^ o D c9ji(0)lQQ)26)s (.'^J(T\)lfau1cfe(06mo (T)ajaJffllL(a)aj03aj1m(3aD(r>(aTa)1(^

(.rja)oor>6)aj§ 6i(ai crooeajffloconojonDj.

(najiiJo1(.(3)aj33o - orcmltYjcnssBC/S

g(0)jaj6)(OQQ)]6n§OCQn(D20m Ca)OnDl(D)jyOru1f3JDOaOT6iJB§lco3 ODIOTDJO rJOCS aj_}>(0)_5,

(ro(a)ao6m cnojiijolccoajosomanD orajooo aj1cro(3 r j o c m j c m j / crooLcnjoocQilea) erujfjul

KloJlcejC^ eic^OajgcOT^o caraseroiOTflK^fflocQ) (^emQiQS aJlrAiQQxgTOlcDjsglcsS

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(gra(ii(n)(06gT3(/3 (T\)^(T^s1^(0)06rD (T)cyjiiJ(olL(0)(ii03o (roo(.(Tii30QQ)1oft)Ol(a)1<eo (U(OJ(OTO)1(D)

(.nJ(0)^0<^ejO(0)63r3§1(03 (.aJa)OCr)6)qj§(0). r«^(TD0(03 (llj^ajarUlClOojl(0) 6TUJflDl83l(Ulcft.C^

^ 1 ) (3raoJoft.s(OTO)l6)(n(0)1o(D (Oo(/)(OTa)jaj(TD(0)0(Q)1 cu1oro(3 riJO(r»j(TD^. (roOfiDl(0)^cu2o

ffloarxulcej cu1oaiQQ)63r3§2o or)(UiiJffl1(.(a)cuo3lcft)§1{o3 cnlorD^o (3ranJca>so (^(TXDlsjonr)

(0)0(0)^0 (grdGm(o1e96)ci0 ffl2ej^63BC/3a6)2o c0jO(T)(Djc05C^o96)2o cnaj^(olL(a)ajo3o ootfo^j^o

cft.20rD(a)OCQ)2o irL\6)J\^0nS\n^. fflO(.(0)ffl^ (3Tdce6)03(Znc6b (T\)(22nf)(aTO)1(Z^ (3Td(d) aJl(30(/)1CQ)

^ Stephen Greenblatt, Introduction - Genere 1-2 (USA, 1982), p.6.

^ Aram Veeser (Ed.) The New Historicism (London: Routledge, 1989). p. IX.

15
(.rJa\>laD6nSO(E!)l©2<TD 6)8i. nDl^VTO ffll^(3 Cn)0nDl(OT^(0Ta)l6)0l^ ^(Dl(.«J)3laO(D)lGej

c9Oj0g aj_?y(0)l(D)O(r)O(aTO) (U)o<Bef\(S) ( D e c r i e d ) 6)^(§)2ce5QQ)j6neoQQ)l. eangloj^ceag^o

LnjfflosTDSiJBgjo (a>i2mlej]g2 enjonjooroto) cnojiiJcolLcoxruoGo rardGaxocn^fflOceQ^^'aorD

SO] oileocfio (gQffionDj. ^SRn^oJdMdOTtrnoej a©] aJl(3oa)(2io<fi56)§ or)ai^(olL(0)aio3

(onnloq^ (T\)Oo(rOfi950(Dloa>aJ030(oro)QQ)2o (Culturalism) njooajoosxaroomjo

( T e x t u a l i s m ) (graailaojooroeoKnoes a j I d M d l ^ . ^esBooocm^gg aj^(0)^cn5(a)6TO§o(D)

(3Tael(.oJocQ)63t3a3 arujaJlfyiceo^onrxo) onaj^alLOPajoeo a o j o)(D(aia)lejj§g Gomosslajjo

cruocJo^ffloao^onDle^cTDOsm. oraonlcDocoS cDajiiJ(o1(.«J)ajo3o ajro^^onjcofflooo) ODjaJcejiJil

^o«5to) 6}(02nJ36Tuoru)ao6)6nr)(m aj1(T\)(3 rUOcxsjaDj. O^OTDOCOS rarod) L^JGOOOO

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anom^o (Historicality) mc^ (.oJ6TuejLrJ(a)j^cQ)aDO(n5c(0)63Bg2'a3CQ)2§2 raraKnloo^

snjorvuoj^o ^Crijotp^o ojlojoGooiadSjiaoern.

aj1cro(3 CDaj^(Dl(.(a)aj036)(aTa) n^GcftiOrJInjIceojonD wdem G(0j(.^(.rdGaQQ)63T3a3

(oraaKOTalryiceo^anDjsns. B O ] OoJOKnjcrolfaDOCTOrarcnlao^Qffi^o 6)r>jo«j)^(.oJGCQ)0(/)(o1(0)lcx2)2

cruj^iJlfyiceQjonD^. g o j (O)0(a3ce6)oenda.o ( T e n t a t i v e ) aoLcooioem. ^(OKnaronrnej^gg

Aram Veeser (Ed.) T he New Historicism (London: Routledge, 1989). P. XI.

16
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^ o l c o x u j o (n)arir)l(a)^(U2o

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o)(Bajo(oiDomo\)OnDl(0)_5>aJoo)(Ooa)(OTa) o)1ejo)1aDlo2onD(d) (Bar30(3(2iej1(j5^ o\)G©3(0)6gi3§2

aJGQQ)OCnl^6)c6>06Tie2gg O)1(02oJ6n)Ol(0)1(2)0(I»lO2OT>J. (3r3aj(r»O<036)§ (ft.^(0)l6)(n)

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CQ)(U0(n)O)cejC/3<e6)0CQ)1O2OD2 (.riJOa^eU^JiO. (3rarJO)1(3(2I2l06rD(OTO)l6)0^ (TJ0Ol20L(0)(U036)(0r0)

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CQ)oo{0)ooDj(a1^) - iiJo1(.(0)(OTa)1oo^ o)1a5u1(0)ffiocD) (gT9)aj(/o^tft)(a)(i»1(o3 cn\cm ojp

G(OT0)ce6) CU(0003 O\)0nDl(a)_J^aj1(2(3(/DO)6)(0r0) CLnJOlojI^J. oJOO(aTa)l6)(1^ ((jraO)1(/3Ul(0)

fflOCE!) (3t5)(D0363T3glGeJceO 0\)JCQ)G(2nj g g g g(^(Uei1CQ)eJ06m (319(0)1 eJ25)S ODoSdJl^

(OT.'

(ig)OT)0(o3 (3iraGo_|o<P2o njco\i(JS)6)(ans) nJolcnemlaojoD o e r e ailffl(3aoo)CJDOOc03g2

eneocono^oT)]. da)i(a)1cft>g1(o3 (3Td(0)l6)o^ ajoejf^ejgo ot)2«5)oo^fflOQQ)1 Lr>J(0)1ri£ieJlce6)2'^^

(OOQCBI oru89j(o3rJl^ (3Td(0)l6)(D aj1cro8lcft)Ol<06)ejo6m ajla(3(^cft>cjo(3(2mo r^ar>(3)](si

^ Louis A. Montrose, Professing the Renaissance: The Poetics and Politics of

Culture. The New historicism. (New York: Routledge, 1989). p. 16.

17
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®^9K'^Ri2i> 1989), a^l. 82.

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'^ Stephen Greenblatt, Towards a Cultural Poetics - The New Historicism. A.

Veeser (Ed.). (London; Routledge, 1989), p. 1-15.

24
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( T e l e o l o g y ) (inDay)^ajo3o ( C a s u a l i t y ) Kn^serolooxueoQ) (a)l(ocroc9>(ol^] o^oDCOToem

'^ Stephen Greenblatt. Towards a Cultural Poetics - The New Historicism. A

Veeser (Ed.) (London: Routledge, 1989) p. 15.

27
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cfeQCB^o (m)(X)icn\sy CQ)2<0(O)l6)(i2) CTo^o^slceQ^cejCDjo 6)^(^2cej(r»06rD (iJTd(0)1eJ26)s aruoe

cul^(i3). CT)(BaJO(a)oo(r) <e3oej'^GJ§(aKJ)1ejjo au)j)OQ)jco((3Ta)leJ2o ajl(cra)tefflo/coo(3sTU2(ii)l

o^cTD ecu(3(0)1(Dl(ii g6n30(D)lojaDl^.

'^ Michel Foucauh , Madness and Civilizations: A History of Insanity in the Age of
Reason. (New York : Vintage, 1994)

29
(iio(/a3ajej1^o1(3>o ( G e n e a l o g y )

ojoODoajejI^colcOTo aj_j,ajnr)0(io(a)®fflOQa) o^ojIajoeTDegBog andcaDJoadSTDail

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ceooo-js^oDCOT. aj^ajauDCQ)]6)s oolcaomfflajlajOTerncaTcnloDnj^oo ajooooajejlnjcolo)

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rif)0O63t3a3 (KOTSJOTD Q0nD0QC!)l(0lce6)6TDo iiJOlLanOiiJOD. iiJ(0lL(O)cft)O(DOl3 ej(0)tft)Oej(OTOl{03

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^ . r»0orDO(o3 cejjsjojxoS cejO^Gconnoloo) BOJ ajcScoToxaooDo (Tu^r.^sl(e6)2OJ0a3 crooco^mo

ajjoD Bfflj e;(0)cejoejo orajOilo^ceoalcsceoeTiecOTjeni. 'Discipline and Punish'" 'The

History of SexuaHty' (Vol. i)'°. o^cml cej^Knlceaglejosm ajooooajejIaJolconJoaiocQ)

ajo(/oo(uej1^(Dl(a>(aia)l(o3 grUGOJOcno, croocrooDo (OT^searslcnxiJocQ) Gnioruilfyi

(SO^aJooDoem nnjccfioo iUQ(L\ss)iar)(is). (3ia(jDlca.o(Do, (OToejrJcoj^o, ^ ^ n^nmlajcrDosm

g(OTl(a3 ClflOOajeJCDo OiiJC^JOajSJOnDCCD. nJ^CO0C0«J)l6)(D)ce6)2Ol.y a\)JCQ)0 6)(a)§ldj

(T)C03oft>JOnD iiJ(0l(.(a)OrO©jeJaJ6)(OW) rJ©IU)6TT)lce6)0(051(Ol<fl6)2oa>QQ)Jo ai(5(OT0)(21O(D(OTa)l6)(l^

i3j(o1(.(OTo ffl^aoDol 6)ajc66)2oft>QQ)2o fl^ajc^jcm^. aj(3(aKJ)fflooD6)«jra) g^KncoKnloo^ Q*!-^

c93]Soa3 aJc^ocoTO) (jn^s^^coocnfl tejoerDjoml^. O^CTDOOS crooccnj30(D)1cej ^olcoxo'ijcn

r4)gjo ca)oeaj6gT3e)§QQ)2o crojogoaJlcfcfflociDjo {(3)o^ce6)lea>i2ocQ)jo aj(3(ara)fflocn(aKJ)lGejo90

(DOQilceo^aD^. oJoODoaiejIiiJolccDcfeooaS (§1aD«5)cft>6)g(D)2o oracolcejOcoajriTnexi^ eaiejco)

(.aa)63T36)g(Q)2o cejoemlaojoD]. IIJ(O1(.(OTO aj^ajnDoo(.<TJG(r2)0(n63T3g2S)S ailc^Giaoern.

ojocronjoo QKoroolceo^orD (/Oo9(in1cft)g2^s cft.glci})O0Q)1raracOTaoojcTDj. nnjccsoo ruo

'^ Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish. The Birth of the Prison. (New York:
Vintage, 1995).
'* Michel Foucault. The History of Sexuality: An Introduction Vol. 1 (^QV'f York:
Vintage, 1990).

30
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cejcu^o ( r o i o ^ s l o j o c u ^ a o e m . (u_5^ce(0)lcft>a3, (U^(U(IDO(063B(/3, (ru£iOoJ(T>63T3(/3 orooedj

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(oro)l6)(i^ (.fiJ<^(3(ora)(D(oro>lGJ]6)SQQ)06rn.

(n)j«njo^rij1tft>osiT)o

orxsojofiTiDOOOteDoejocoTfncrDjo orajco^orflcft) <BiOQie)<ms)<xi)io (roj(0)J02(iJlda>ra6TT)

cma)l6)(i^ (ro2c0i9dfflciilcyj(O6TD(2O6m LO'lnSeigyop 'oooocDorooiScro oorooSnD nnooajODlocn

'^ Michel Foucault. Language, Counter-Memory, Practice, Selected Essays and

Interviews. D.F. Bouchart (Ed.) translated by D.F. Bouchart and S. Simon
(Ithaca Cornell, 1977). p. 150.

31
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^scxj)1(o3 iijejlceojcnr)].

20
William Shakespeare. The Tempest. (London: Routecige, 1999).

33
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^' Stephen Orgel. Nobody's Perfect: Or Why did the English Stage takes boys for
Women South Atlantic Quaterly (88-1), 1989), p. 7-29.

34
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(Q)jss ( D o m i n a n t ) crojanJCfURnloDlcDoaDocaTa) crojIoeiolceojajooD^gg oooja^eu^j^ffloem.

crooocroceooffllcft) (DjojaJcoSaoaemeroog (ol(3(2i2(2fflOQQ)1 oJdlceojaJOODjgg Q O J LOJOJ

srrxOT cnlejojlejjsng. n^anooraS cruoaDl(a)^oJlia(3c/D(r)o Gcfeojejojlajaemegnaaceoqjjoo

oj^o6u_5,ocr>(oran6)oi^ Cr»J®(3>CD6!jr3§06rD n^ftc^sjGceoengcOT. o o l e j a j l e j ^ g g OOO^LSICD)

Lcft>fflo aJlao3lceD(ol<e6)^om alKnlcnnej^gg Lf^arnoDlcDocogsraoa (Representations)

La5(26)(CJK5) arn6[2i2ilce6)janD(0)O(H)l§o6m (T)ajaJo1c(0)OJ03lcft.a3 oilceAilteojaDCOT. ratacjoloo

(.rUCOlODlCDOODeroC^ceO OilO^faixaOCQ) (m3aJ(0LnJ«J)lCDlCJDOCn63t3a3, (3raaJOoft>l£lt95a3

carascrDOgOajs^OTrojaDjene.

(.riJccnloajOOTiaoajaj^o anejcrijoaj^o (urojoa) (.oJCcrsocnfflosrD (Tuoooruce6)odlo9> (ruj(0)j

cn)OL«noaJlajffl5TD63t3a3, orajOTmoajiDd^c^ (0)js63t3lQQ)aj6)(n) L<^^(06TDrj©6)fflGcmo L^JO)^

QQ)ooooroc«5)<TJ(06)(2Gonoo ojoetmo) fflogloojcceoengojcragj. (stdcniA aJ1aja1<e6)2om

cruocrucSOOoocaTa) (T)l(3(2Qno96)^orD((3)l«33 aigo© anejaJcaroacD) ojfflb oraojomceojerB.

oro(2]riO(T:n(3(2i206nr)(aTa)lej]o orooffl^nrncft) emaxuearag^os oJolsTDoacoranej^o (.rJ(5)loDlcDO

(T)6m3a3a96) QjeJlOQ) nJ8a.J6Tie. OTaCDOTOfflOCQ) (.nJ(ailCT)la)0(T)(.fl9>'265T303 ca.R33nJ(T)ceDgJ

oscEs^o ailflft>o(063T3g26)S0Q)2o a\)o'^GJ(3riii(aTa)1(iej(36)nj§ Qj^ajorunoQQ) geLcnLdlteoocn^o

cr)1(D)Lao)1c96)Ocr)ji2j6ig (.nJ(a)1ca.o«raicft. (.(^oiggRgosm. (.oJ«y)1flft.63r3e)g ©njoco^ojooo)!

35
a^<ej1ce5(ol(e6)2(sofuoa3 oruoarooeoocDOOTa) (ojajanLjsjKJKnjonD enioD^coej grueomo

COSangJo (.<^((XnGOOa>63I3gJo genJdMdlcBOaajS^O. ffl^COeJOglcOKno QJ^OUl^y (3(0)0(0)1

e j ^ g g (.riJ(0)1(DlU)0(D63I3§26'S (/Oio6UeJO(.aJ(U(8(at3)(n(aTO)leJ26)SQQ)06nn CrOJ(SO(U(U(03fl96)(Dl

ceo6)ojsj(TD((3). aj(0)ejo§l(ora)(S(OTO)oes LnJ(0)1(TncjDO(D63i3§26)s caj(/)((3rg)1ejj0g oi^aD

cnoiio iiJoLcejfflemaj^o (.(^GOuajxaocH) (3Td)Ga)o§(0)ejcaJoa)0(D_?^o eocejOJol^]."

(3ra)GCnO§aflaJ6TDlCQ)26)S ^ro cft)Oej(aTO) CU(3fJJDl^ (B(O)O(0)1(O3 OJ^OoJOOOJ^O 6Tlilo6Tll63t3

g j o s aJoLcft)(2i6n)(^i2o (DSceo^OTDjeng.

aJ0O(DT0)l6)(ig 0319(3(0)00(010) (aTaGoojoailceojcn) rJ<poQ) o1(0)1(ejC/3 aD(UiU(olL(0)

(U03o 06)ce30(^oa'l6TaTO)1o1<e6)2orD2. C9J^(0)1C9O OJI(TD1(O3 aoj (T\)2^1(0)O (Signified)

goenecTD^gg ojlc/ojonroo CDajiiJ(o1(,(0)ajo3lcft)a3(e6)1^. (3raaj(DG0DJoin<66)2f^^ cft.^(0)1

f>^63T36)(ncD)06m (.tijaj(3(oia)1<66)2(TD(b) o ^ c m o e m . rJQO(oto)1or)^gg1(o3 nfflao)O6n)j0g(O)

r»^(TDCCDJ(Tiilce6)2rm{D)1a) nJc&oo, <^^^(^^S6) jiJigi^i^^ mg njooeoraogom^o (rooeajssra

ogcjDjffloem a)(^ajo1(.(0)ajo3o aJO(naJl(sa)CQ)i20(e6)2(TD(d). ^(OTO)(OO oraccnojrtadeTT)

esadisQ enjon^Gjoj^o (lilelcmoj^fflod)) g(aTO)063T3§ociJ2o ojglceojcej. cruo^(0)Dce3i2ocD)

Q(DJ &Jc0iil^(OrO)1(2QJceO r>J2C(OOa)(2nce6)2(TD (S06)J1CQ)(UJO n^cftaJJCaOCQ) ijJ(0lL(0)Cr08a>&inJo

06)ce36)(^o*plde6)6)rij§lo1<e6)2fTD^. ej§l(0)(ao(EB croa3(3eo, (i3T3(3(0)Oo (0)2S6iJBlcQ) croagjeuoj

63r3gJo <6j0&Jar)O6TD6)(T-|§J.

fiDlCOJlc^QCPJo Lr>J(0)1onn(JDOCD(aTO)l6)(1^ (OOo^LSlcrBCUJo ng)Cm CeJ6)J(D(OTO)l(08 nq)dd.

n^cro. (2oa)cii6)(i^ nrflcDJlc^ (^OHD fla)i£i(D)l6)ej Lr>J(0)1cDla)0(T)(aro)l6)a^ (.'^a5(T)63r3glGej<eo

(.aoGf3JD(D)fflocD) i j l e j (T)1(o1ceiaj6rD63T3(/3 f i ^ o . s l . (grdoScroool (T)S(aro)j(TT)26n3. nD\(ni\(^

(B)l(03 (Dl(3(22l6):^S2ce6)2(TD 0D0CQ)<e5toJ(0)1CD0CQ)d9> <6>lClOnJOL(0)63T36)g Cr»J(0)1cr)lU)0a)

(0)0)16)0^ O2r>J(U(a3(fl6)(06rD(^2ia0(Hn 6nJCrU)6)aJ§ (OOoMCSlaDQI^o 6)6)(TU(lU0(TO)1cft.(TJ^l20(D)

cro©3&]rUCD63T3g26)s (gras1cra£io(r)(OTO)1(o3 oj^j^osu^jyOcrxoraloD aj1(B(JDCQ)i2iOce6)2flft.(D)06rD

(3Tdri^(TOO(ol Onjc^i^crrxo). aejcQ)og oilat^aacn (TU0ar)1(D)_5^fflo(/)(0Ta) nJooi2ioc(0)aJlffl(3c/o(D

CrO(.(TU30CQ)(aTa)l6)(ni^ OOn£LSlOQ>Orin1(0)aJ2o ^(Dl(.(0)(OnDl(0)aJjmOCQ) 6)6)(JDejl gCnJ<0iifl^

^^ Stephen Greenblatt, Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World.

(Oxford Clarendon Press, 1988), p.6.

36
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^ro nJOODo (DS(ma)lQQ)((3). Cn)0nr)1(0)_J,C<^J«nl0DlcU0(n63T3a3 (rUOffl2nDl(0>(JDO(O6n)cft.6)g

geUoJOralojlteO^cejaD^o nJ](r>(0^QJnJ03lryi<e6)JcejCD)]o (3ra)6)6TDCrD mUGqnDo nJOQQ)^^-"

(Srfldc)^(rOrJlCQ)(3 c0j^((J>1CQ)OCD) OdJOOloroloej CU^0oJ0(0lQQn(a3''' S?JO)(.rJ(0)l0DlCJD0

aD6)(oto) LrU(0)l(D0(D)cej(D2o (Qj^fjciJOglcro^fflocD)! ^1(.(a)1c03(Dl^(O)1(n ojl(TDl6)ej crooooruaoo

(O1C9D (0On^(.s1cQ)6)(anj)<e6)p1^ (rooo(ruceoo(olce5e'D(0)1ceDCUo3lcQ)ocQ) (mdoidb

(nJla^aDl(o3(VJO culdJolceo^onD^sng." i s - o o <T>;(^06n3 m2(0)(a3 (U(3(aKJ)iaooDc63oejo cue)©

822(0)0210(3 dfl^OaOOOCH)! (3ra)(li1rt9d<e6)(Dlcfi6)6)fL|S2e9>QQ)OQQ)l(OJOrT)2. (grtlJc^OrUfiJlCISOJO ^T)

arooaoor)j)CJDO(06n)6)CQ) oJ^orxDjcOToJOGlfyiceo^cejCffioem 6)nJW(!S)(d).

CSrfldd^OrOojlcxyOO aOJ aJo(/DlCQ)(U03lQQ)0QQ)l iJlL(0)1ce>(DlceOJ(U00DJgg (.(^fflffi^

g(b). sor)63i3(/3 n ^ ^ o ce50o^6)(aT0)ce6)p1^2o c u g o o aj^(tJ)^on5(o>i20QQ)l jxJlorol^lrajonD

B(Dj «9}Oej(aK5)06rn raidCBgnDo ^ I n i l a o ^ ' ^ c x j ^ o n^<P2(0)2ca)CEB^o si^c^asxn). cird(S)QqaOo

( u g o o (§0(01(0)000)1 OiiJcmGS)].'' cug6)(0(e6)oeji2ioQQ)1 (0)^S(3aT)j djo^ono sjj(0)(.oJ{a)1or)1(JDO

0D63T3§2OS (.<TJ(3>1(T)OQQ)(ft)rU((38(fi6)(06TDO(i3ia) ( 0 ) p o m ce>0§2oft> fflOL(0)2106rD (0)000 6 ) - ^ ^ 2

aD6)(0)ono (nilo0ruDl(o3(iiJ oJOd^^orD].

nd\(f)i\(^ n^6)o cuo(r»1c96)6)<xjsooDjo 94-6)ej r»j(OT0(oog?o0 (3ia(uo(3(\Jo cft>ooruDao

c96)oor)jo a);(^06rT3l6)ej alceD^ OJOKJ)] ajiCceigloGJOODOcxjil fflejcQ)o§ czKSODOoffl ^(0)100)

(HTdo(/)1c93(olo96)ooo2o CQJOOSTDO 6)(uojo ce^ejoffljej^^m^ o^onooem o ^ o . s l . (3T3a3oruo(o1

QQ)26)S oraelCKOo." (gre(D) oooia^es o93oejf^GJ§(oro)l6)oi^ 6)OJO(0)JCJDOO6TDQQ)2O 31(/D(Q)2O

095^(0)^(2000)1 (3Ta)(lJlr)^cft>(Dlce6)2ca>0Q)2o (3I5)U)O(0fflO0Q)(O)1OO (3rda)1c0>OO(Sfflcft>2o CUlU)0 (.fiJ(0)1

•^^ n ^ o . s i . (mdO(3orooo1, 'nr)1coj1(:^'oQ)2o CrU(0)1oo1(JDoa)(OTa)l6)a^ oori^(.s1oQ)(ujo, oDlcnJlg

n0ip^(atU)^o mdWlca^OaCU^o ((Bcft)0>p1Cc)96)OS, ( S n O O o G o J ^ , 1999).

24 William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice. (London: Routledge, 1994).

•^^ Alan Sinfield, Cultural Politics- Queer Reading. (London: Routledge, 1994),
p.287.
^^ Ibid., p.287.
27 n ^ O . s i . (gTda3orOO(Ol, nOl<X>jlg n^fPJOJWJO (37dWlca>O0QJJo. •^^no 31

37
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(TOOfirn(a)j>aj^ajrir)O(063r3a3ce6)<jft.(i3Ti3> oro^ri9ds1«96)6)aj§aj6)CQ)onD ODlejQQ)1eJ06m

a)1aj(3^1oro^oD2o s e r ^ o o j o GLijorvnaoenelom^o oroailcoonad aJlaoce3ej(D63t3a3<60 QJIGO)

QoxaoaijoDcd). ^ r a r o a o (.nJ«J)lon1(jDO(r)63B§l(o3 gaSG^cSonnnralceojaT) 6njej(0)(.<^ro^63T36)g

crv)0ocroce>o(ol(65 oort^cslooxaranoo^ ga3ce6)o<p^da>§1ejj6)s ailaocejejoDaJlccucotziOceoj

Gouocy ^(olccoocaio) (.y)CT\51^1§2gg (.ojanlcnloDOODcaTSiloog LnJoocneaBogceojol^ (oldl

jjo1ajj6ngoajjcft.QQ)jg9j. aocjoajoaoGfijooej (.f^STUjoDODOcD) B O J o^^pjcoroijcejOocTS

(ato)l(o3(Dlcm caOiiJlcOTcn^ og)orD06m (granacTuoaloffijas oDlcnJl^ajoooxn oajgnorysj

(.rJooOTOKDSceoffllceoonjsjam K(T)ajl@0(/)63r3o§ (.r>J((3)1cDocQ)c05aj«^<e6)olce6)^

oSjcmjo (3rda)1aooanc9jO(DcaKj)l(o3 oJoo^QQ)6)fL|S2(aTO)2«ft><3Q)2o Oajct^sne©) cnlej

ODlraSdSo^onn (i3T3CJLn<0>o(Dajj,ajcni£ioQ)26)s (gr^jOJao^fflosm. (.aJsnlcnlcjoocDesraog rar^iajl

ered); aol^y (graojooo) ajlffl(3aoor)o«5i2da>fflocQ)l (graajoDalryiceo^cejcmoem ag)anD OJOQCBOD

(rB^oscQ)jo carajOJlo^ceooocOTnloci^cEB^o (DOo^tslcmffloerr) (3Tda3(roo(ol nolcDilc^ ajo(Q)(r)cx2)1

ejj6)s CoJororalajIceojonDcd).

(n)3(,a3ajlai06TT>o ( T h i c k Discription)

ODajiiJ(olc(<3)aj03 (T\^Orin1((3)_!yaJla(3crocD(ora)loD caTdanlGci^cDJOco) fiJOCD(0l(D)ltft)O§o

aT)ji2fl6)^89>lej^o (stddj) njej cm6uejcft)g1«^ cDlcrD njej ({)1(i3)1da>a3 croj1oa>(ol<66)2aT)^6re.

(roo(.a3aflaj(06TDo, <^ej(3nad6TDfiJOfflocQ)6TT>o «j)2S6si3lQQ)aj. cruocaaaJlojoerDo n^om

(3T5)aocQ)o crooocroceooraica) (D(Dajoaoc/oooro(.GJ)c)a.o©cr)OQQ) (^lGn£io(3ajD co°l(3scrul«33

(DloTDoem (r)ajnjra1(.«5)aj03l<ft.a3 orojIoeDColcSO^aTXOT. co1(3s<Tol6)(i^, croooroeeoooeTO

^^ si. oJJ. 37.

38
g^os oj^osupcDo n^cm Gejaj<D(ro{aoano(0OTK5)l6)ej o^c^oj^o (.f^orolfiufflocQ) ojocn

fflosm Deep Play: Notes o n the Balinese Cockfight.^^ e n j o e j l o j l a j l o e j Cte>o<plCo-jo

(olooD (saaqnOo rJooDajl(S(DQQ)mo<fiO^(ft.QQ)06m ^ 1 ) Gej6uoD(aKDl(o3. sruoeilceQOffl^os

(3Id(DJ(3aJ63I36)§aJC^lQQ)2g2 OtdOJO^OS (0)O(TT) aj^O6U^O0D(206rD Coft)0*PlGajO(0. STUOeil

(Sooojos raT3Cce>fflajo(ro(r>6)0Q)c6O2ol^2§2 c&incmosTTxo). sioi sruoejlteooooS car^jLcftizn

fleooajs^eouooS (araomog^os (.oJCOTldajCOsmoacrooomlolceojoiaono CcejO<$>lCfL|o©1ej;6)S

(TOJCQ)o (a)l(Dl^dlCD)6mo. CQ)lDO(3(OTD(Oran«53 Ct930<PlGfiJ0(Dl(03 6)fiJO(D2(O)^0rD(O) fflOD^niadJy

(006m. croo(.a3ajlaj(06TDfflO6m GaDOtplGfyoralocn aJlaorafflOceojom n ^ ^ a j j o O D ^ (.r^col

(DICJDOCDO.

(Too(2i2nolcja>i2ocQ) Q o j (.n-i«5)1®3<^o n^ono ODleja»c0OO6m (/)1(3scru raraoDjoSdOo

cnssBog cromlfJIteo^onDca). rJ0O63T3§26)scQ)jo crooeajeTOg^osoajo cm6UGJc6jo3c66)ls

Qoilejoem (gra(3(oiQo cBjISceoj^TDd). Q O ^ rjoo(ara)l6)ci^ cro©3l(36yj^(0) rardcoloSOTTOoam

crOfiOKiaoem. gDOTnocnoaoern (TOOLOBO) n^cm(!^is)tBiOsrsi(sqaQ\<BS)icw^. raraonloej

ooTOfflDlej^o (/)2CU9i20QQ) ora^coioo QgleroKRlolceo^aDCOTjeifl&osnggj, iijlnroesragjos ojlonil

i2QQ)(t5T(3)lej06rD CTOOLCBO) ift>jsl6)cft)0ggjcm(g). fi^6)«n©3lej^o era] crooooroceooalcBj

orooeoio crojcx3)o ailaodajejcnceiiifflffl^. rardd) (TUffl2nO(aro)l6)£i a ^ (.rxJCcxsocnearag^fflooQ)!

enjcnjoCTnjsjroKnlOceooens ooccoGa fflcnciiT^lejOoeojojonS te>ip1cD)2fl93QQ)2ggj. ao^ ovaj

noroioiloej oJlejceojcejaS raracoloej (sido(f)6im§iS)S fflcnqp^lej^ .ejIsceo^orDcd). oflejcBoj

cft)(^ o^oTDflj) (3T9)aj^(aTa)l(66)6)qjS2onr) i J l e j (.r>JGCQ)oa)6gB§^oo(a) laogoanDjffl^. m^

LoJGQQ)0(n63BgjiziocD)1 6njau)6)ajs2(aro)l6)ce5)06rTS fflOLsncffl raraojoco) acnqiji^lejOceo^ajoaS

((3ro)§l«^ODlonn ce>6)6ne(otD>2ajo(i^ cft.<plQQ)l^.

(/)1(5scn5 gcgoD^esrag^os ailao3lda.(06m6)(i3ta) flxTloonjceorolteojorDj. ailai©

STDOcoro) rUflftiCOo ocudBOjOTD^. c3Tda3ta>0o QilojoemeTOc^ aoleeoej^o (3racra)lffli2oaJ2cja.cQ)l

^ - aj^(D)lQQ)oor)63T3g2o oj^cojffloeDgjo cDlraoRnoo (TOoeaj1^^0da)06rBl(olce6)^aT)(a)lcr)o«53.

^^ Clifford Geertz. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. (New York:

Basic Books, 1973).

39
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gegao^cOTnlcejo cej^ctrnomjos oracenjocoajKnlGejo rara^ojioo njacw^arxoloD nJoSjOo.

cgra63i36)or) Goooceo^GonioaS ojooeroro) finejtrJGiaoQQ) QCD] ^iJlnfDcaocD)! arooajfidlcej

aj(ru«j)]ajoQQ)1 crxa^dso ra^oDlceo^ojoaS cej^loa^o.

f^eK^riHsmnJooociDsmo ( F r i c t i o n a l R e a d i n g )

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(o1(o>lcD)06m f>ej(3oad6TDrJ0(00QQ)6mo. (TuoaDl(!j)^(ft)^(0)loft.§2o ^(S)(o croom^nO^eoriadeTT)

erogjo Bco iiJ(o1(.©)arocT3(3e(aTa)l6)oi^ aj^«5)^(ru(0)nJ0O63r3§06rn. (gTaanlcnocoS

r>J0Oo/r>ja3U0a3t0)eJo, c034((3)l/croa3(3(§o (OTJSSSTSIQQ) rUOOnKDOCOO) ajloJ©1(0)6BB6)g gGoJ

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croojoo gocnilcx2>26rn(3(OTO)2fTT)(0)leJ26)SQQ)jo oraaicxBloej •iJoli.ffncrDOCTolcD^^ocaTa) eojgl

aJ0c96)jc93 n^arxOTooanra^crnj cDOJ^ralccoajoeaila^aooDcaKnloa^ ejoMd^o. <^GJ{3fAi6TD

ruooocasmo n0aDdlcD)6)ajS2(TD STD (D1(0)I(D)1(^ aj^(D)^cro«j) Ga6uejcej§lcej6)(o>(m

ce3(0](a)6)fijsjaD iiJlej ruoosgraog groScej^nadsonncejio^ssTOg^os oj(olco6rT)CT)cft>6)§ocmjo

ca>2S06)(a) (roffloaa)fflfflOQQ)l aJlaoc9>ejcDo 6)i3j(^2<S'^^^ ODajiiJ(olc(0)ajo3lc95o3 miteo

oej^nad6TT)fiJooo(Q)6TD(aTa)lej26)s njoorajojerogloej ^(olLcaioooaesRc^ C3T3<P16)^

sjceojcoruoyjo ^no aJlcKaoDcnralca)! r j o o s r o a g (graajeiauejojjo r»j(olaj(3(aKJ)aDOnDl(0)

oj^aocQ) (.nj(0)l(Sooro6gt3§OQQ)^ croaloJl^cOT. mol^ ' ^ ^ ^ njooerog^o OTdajcr^^es

g«3)rLJ03(D(aTa)l6)oi^(iQ)jo ajlca)(06m((3ra)l6)(i^(n>jo crojIcejOSTTxaTjnloa^cEK^o e'DcwIca. oroonD

-aJOj>63Rgo(o3 cmd(O)1(Til(36jj^a3)1<6O6)nj§1{o1c06)2onD26)ajaT)2o ^ojom^os oj(olaj(3(ati3)cn

^° Gojoo. n^o. ajl. aDO(0OQQ)6TT)a3, ar)ajjxJ(dli(U)ciJ03o (gOfiadOGoJOoailsTDl ooGJOJoalcft.,

40
6gT3a3ce6)oo^oro(Dl^ r d o o e r o g ^ a s raracSanoeangjo crojiiJCOceDgjo ojlojceiadcejgjo fi^cKrOcD

ojooo (0)6)(nm(D)^o ffloo^om^aajoD^a^gg eeaiocuo cro^LaJCDOODaoem.

Cj^^loco^ i(sf\di6(^og (DnJl^ Invisible Bullets (1981)^' O^CTD cejeuooo

r^ejcSrfldeTDnJoraocrsGTTXiSTiDlsxni^ ffllcft)^ geofiooemffloem. eriad(^(rOfJlQQ)(3 caomoaudl

(OflcejODOOSTDCTT) (S(T)O(3CLK5)Or>J6)0(.nC(D)26)S<n)2o aJ2G(0Oa)(21CT)aJO3lCQ)O6)6TD(TD (.f^OG89>0

ci206)o^1(D)26)scQ)2o anrU(Dl(0)aj036gr36)g (gtdCor)jo9a6mailcu)CQ)mO(e6)j<ejCQ)06rn gi)

cej6UCT)(aro)l(o3 (gtacgoDo 6)^(5)2CTD(0). CrtadcebarooJlQQ)(3 iiJcolcRncDOScfeemaog (o^oJOqj

SJOTTOICQ) Cr»J(0)j>cc»aaocroc(o>t^rai20QQ' (0)L<TO)63t3og cejoenecoKnjonocOTlejjos aoLOJxsffl njol

L(0)(r)0Sce>63T3o§ceo2o1^2g2 ^no ajlaJolcoojocoxDeSjC^ croocu^fflOcejjaDsxOTegBOCT)

o^ono fflODog^lejOoeo^ajonS ce><p1cQ)2. 6)c6>oc§06rT)lcn)(o3 cSjoejf^GjgOTKnloej ijJolccOTnJoo

63T3§2o GrfldcJ^CrOnJl(B)(3 aJCDlLOTCOOScejnJOOeSTag^O ((3)f212i1eJ2gg <^ej(3riad6TDrdO(DOCXJ)6rD

(T)ainj(ol(.(o>ajo3caranon aaj OJOOD ailriadcx2)o 0^)00 colejiBO oraocnlcejooo

ejel^co) aj§6)(D ooaJcaHcxDoern. (3ra(2ffl(ole96)CE»l6)ej efflOGaju6n3 oiooQcm^ caraccrDO

(TUlGCD)oad6)a^ QOJ ajle6KJ)0nJ(Do L<^fJlii3»lro36)rU§(i3> (.<^10^61^0^2o cQiOCOTOlaS 6 ) 0 ) ^

6)oaj3a5u)^ffljgg a(0O6)g cgrajOjao^eojsjanD^. Lcolci^eigyoc^lcDjo ce^jgcaceo^o mad)

(3raailaoj(n)ODlcQ)iaocQ)1 GCOTOODI. (DajiiJ(olc«J)ajo36)(t5Ta), oip6ijp(x>(!mi\6)<:^ aoj

Gffleuej (i^onD cDlejGdBO cgraaj(3 cfeenglojOD^ggj. ^GOJOC^ rardco) SBCD] asnxjDejo

( F i e l d ) rar^iCDil fflodloonalceo^anDj. gcw n^Cnjotposm cruoeoil^co)? raraco) (CDearag^os

LaoauQQ)lco36)rJS06)(a) csaJocffiexcoeTOoaD? (OT^searBloo) aj1crufflCQ)6m3a3 oraeojoc^ (wearagl

Stephen Greenblatt. Invisible Bullets- Literary Theory An Anthology. Julie

Rivkin and Michael Ryan (Eds.), (Blackwell, 1999).
32
Catherine Gallaher and Stephen Greenblatt, Practicing New Historiricism
(Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press, 2000) p. I.

41
 ^0(0)0(02 l26nU)ej(206)6TD8a)1(03(a)6)nT) (3T5i(3(fi6)06m ((3Td(i3>l(i33 S)OOJ3COU)^I21J

S)6rs<rn (3T9ajcft.oaD6)njsoa3 S}9\<s)i<B)? (r)aj:iJ(ol(.(OTajoG(3ta)l«53 ooairacocjo^ajeriBO

oj^cej n ^ o D ] ' ^ ' ^ ^ ™ ' ' ^ ^ ^ ng)(Ta)06m? KJ)^s6(3T3l(rB cro(sa3nD6!Ji3a3 cnlejcnl(o3c96)2om26Tie.

siJ(ii\i(JS)6)(ms)<d6>id\a^lo (DajiiJdl(.«J)aj036)(aTa)c96)^ol^o r>^^ooj(3ce6)2o ^ijlejsxo^oo

(m3olciQ)oo. aj^aj(niDoaj«33<e6)(D6TDO(aKy) (Systematisation) a>aj^ol(.(a>oj03l<63a3

o^ojKJKrnra^cTD^. o r a o j ^ a o l a o e j ^ o ooorufauoaoilce) (.rUGfflQQ)63T3a3 oraaKooln-ll^Ico^

OnDl^. r » 0 ^ O o (D)lc&6T0I0> SBO^ oJf3D«J)l(D)0QQ)l (Daj^alLKnaJOGOOTKJ) a3r()aJ(3 ffl^GODOgj

6)aj^1§l^. (Diemaaa ao] ODOIOTOOOQ) (authentic) ODajijj(o\(0)aj03lcx2)^ n^ono

rarajGOOSJO (.nJKJ)1oa>JGJfflOQQ) 63(De1(.nJ0QQ)O L f ^ J e a j S l f y i ^ l g l ^ . (3T5)6)(06)QQ)©DlejJo goSOfiJSJ

(onnoGCDO, rdjocoTOOceooGcno cQjiplcQj^cm (ulcDcoKDlejjgg 63(02 ^ ' 9 ® i < ^ f^ra^ c n a j u j o l

(.(0)aJ03o. (T>aJiiJ(0l(.((3)aJ03rdOffl0CQ) (TOOnr)l(a)^ailm(3aOOD63I3(^ aj1ffl(3aD(T)LaJG0Q)O(/)63r3

g j o s oracroocoofflSTDfflocD) 6)6)ajanf3i)_j|6i3T3a3 raTdajasxolnjl^].

ere. cnoej^awaroKrnGJ^gg OJOISTDOQISTOC^ oroorLOlccn^rjoorxDoc/xaTO c r D o e a J l ^ .

1. ce>eJOQQ)a6)20l^2gg iiJ(3^cft.C^ Lr>J«5^l0r>lCD00D63T36)§<ft.2Ol^gg ^(3^cft>§0QQ)l

aodl.

2. iij(o1(.{a)nJ(oiaocQ) Lr>J(0)l(§oaro63i36)gcS6)jol^2gg snaKDlcfeajoBoJOfflocQ) OJIODBT

dft>(06Tr)63l3C^ aOD^nH^ODOlOo, fflaD^rfldj^aflrjadCQ)! fi^OTDlajCOJ^OS ^(Ol(.(0)6)(i3T3)

ajtaG(DJriadlce6)2^iT)f^^<2&J«9® fflodlcxalolceojcmj.

3. (.rJ(JDO0D(.rJ«J)laJO3^ OJOruCOTjajlcoSCDlcrD fflOOl C3TdaD26ajaU)63T36)§ njlaaRnjScSODJ

6)e9306rB (ruonn1(tJ)j>(e5^OT)1oft)03ceo oTacnJcolfiMJlccDiaocD) aj^oajnno0lce3croa3(3g

4. L<TJ(O)_j,(iB(^o(TOC((3)aj1(2(5aDm(i3rOTlc03(T)1(rD OJ^QJOLDOCO aflaDcft>£J0D(qTg)1ceja6)jgg

fflOOo."
o

33 Ibid. p. 17.

42
 (3ir5(33ruajjo (.<"»-<<^y>lcr>lcju3encujo

GCDOaj(<33 Lr»-ICrolllu1<ft,(Dl^(0)lcn ODJO aj(3riad63T3a8(fiO GOOradO (3T3(a)l6)ei 6i(ai

flft)l£IOnJO(.(5)o o^^OOJOJOS^m^o (.aDf3DCQ)lGej(60 aJOlcSjOOffiODd) (rOOaOlcO)^ (3ra)(rOJ03

cft)(3o90 ajloroaoonrijIoeojcrD s o ^ ajOo^fflOGomceooo. (gtaanjojo® ajocQ)(n<fi6)06)(D^o

ojojo (3T5) ojocancmo^leijos ASOD^eoJoconajoaDSjIej^o catdcolocn (.oJC(a)i<e3fflocQ)l

(.aDf3JLn^1(o^aT)1^. cejooemo m^ oa.mooJO(.(a)o GODOOJGJIOOI^ e o ^ rJocSoojeocDcann

CT)laj6)cft.oggj(m raT5i6>jj,0(T)(26rnajDej(ata)lGejceo (3Td(o3nJ(TO(acQ)o fflO(.(0)o cajsaDjajojorD

BODOcQilajaT)]. ©n3^Gej6U(r»l6)ej rfld1cQ)(3 (graejleuoomceojol^oem ^ a i l a s nJoetiSTcn^

ojojoDOj). i995-(a3 (3raoDl(0)OG3ajcru_),QQ)2o crojcnilanoojojjo G^^6)onD«>2OT)lQQ) ' © o c ^ l

oiflocfi ^OBjGejeu: (Tj(o1(SOri9d, G(r)oaj((33, •ij®l(.(<3)o' fi®anDGej6UCDo (.ojcrolfiolcejol^

«5)la5 GODrfljaoerD rtiflcQ)(3 raraeilajoci^ Gooooiejlea^ (.r»Joaa)(aTa)1(o3 CDIOTD n ^ ^ o o j o j

6)SQQ)J0 (.<^faDCQ)lGeJc90 (BiSaD^OJOJOrDCOT. (X»LDO(3(aiD(i3TOTl(a3 nadlOQ)^ (gTdeJl6UOa3

(.nj(ru(0)^(0) cej6ijlda.ffloo26)S GejeucnosTiDlejjo Lf^cjoocncoJCOTlaJoe^ aj1rtaiQQ)(aocQ)1©^aTn

^. (3T5) Lr»J6Tiicru>cora)l«ej 15-00 Ci3raslfl96)2<^1fyi6)ej a o ^ ruaoacSaoo ffl0(.(0)i205rn ^ O D

nJO(.«J)6)(aTa)ce6)2ol^ GeJ6u1d9jffiO(3 coscoirolcxDas). ajraslcSOjolaj ^(.oJcejoaffloomla^onD^.

fflej6TUO(3 (.r>JG3ao6)«3ro) (r»LD0(3(mD ^laflanorairoxxK^o eorfldocQ)CQ)jo rarajOJloaddSj

(olceo^cTTXOT n^ono c3T3aj(a,oaD6)ri_jS2onD GCDoojeJlRsS aoryi§ao(Dj6)s (graeoajojjo

'(OToyom' KO(a)lo96)oo]6)s ajlog(a)CQ)]o cgtacSOTiQajorOToern. Gcnoojeileej n^s^ ca^fr^lo

da)l£lOnJO(.«5)o «y)1aJ6TieI(D)O(.(3)c90lSQQ)1(^ fflOCJDQJCCnOS iiJ63T30(0ra)o (DSl:^ <ft.6nj§lrijl

GCDOojeiloej aj^loLnJCOTlcDlcJDOcoecaKDdSopl^gg (olcMderDOOcrs nJ(3^

fla>(^c0O (OT^Sceoo ca>2o1^^©tft,06rB GejeucDOffl'p^anjaTXOTloD OTdoScroofflloQQ) (.t^GcejOrul

' Anitha Devasya and Susie Tharu. "Englishing Indulekha: Translation Novel
and history". Haritham, May 1995, p.5-23 (oJoleOfAi n^o.sl. oraaacrooal, n^.oil.
Lyo1cft>2aoc3).

43
B©2 eocooKJTO) ( s h i f t ) omosrn ^d) SyiolsQicxrxd). GcooaieJloa^ Gcej(.n3Loj(Bfflcx2)63T3

glcoS cDlann ajraKnloa^ LriJooa>63T3glcejce6) (3T3(B0DJnad6TDo oj^OnJlceo^aDj. iniocvDma

gloej (gTde6TO)O(0)©jo caraajcoernldeoorijgajrajizioca) fflOD^rad^ojos (otaeleeitnooDOT),

(TUJCOTJo n^onrnoj ojloenss^oSoorys^onD]. (.'^J«5>lt^oorJl«J>«ft>i«J)1c93gl6)GJ (araojo^os

g2lajl(0)o L'^oocDOjroSceoolceoorvjs^aDj.rargjCJU^ODlGcejOcaTa)©rarajODcffiearagjosojlo^enj

ccT)oajeJl(a3 L'iJ(2«5>i«95CTV)i2)j30QQ)(tjro)l6)a^ ajraeoojocoKDcfio^ol^gg ailffi(3aocD

(OTOICD 0000) CT\)0U)J(tJ)CQ)06TD^§§(m? dlOOJeJlCTOaCOTCnCffi^O ^(OTOXDo aj1ffl(3aO(D63T3

6)§cD)2o (0)(2Qilro3 eruoruilojl^jocejoene (mxmsxno inAmmesadi dlomeilcrooroTOceojdl^

§§ cru89j«^oJCD63r30§ 6TuocjDlfl96)]aD(a)0(D)1 cejffl2«j)0(Bfflo? - <po<T)ol6)oi^ (genre)

(a)ej(ata)l(o5(a)6)orD ^ro nj^colco) (036)6n3(aro)ej^cft)a3 oJ^cnooGejOiiJCDcejoSceo aj*l

oojteojonnjere ti^cmoem © T : ) (i3T3a)_5,0(Q)(Dra)l«53 arofflcScoidlceo^ajoaa iOQi^^BQicrrxd).

(3ro)3_jyi20QQ)l ODScoKnlcmon (grdoolcooGBajcro^j^omjo, oro^crolcooojojjo (m^jOoflo^orDl^.

nq)<PlnAd) QJcBoadssRaSceojajcnj (OOOD ajcSGaoocarb) cft.2(20(Dcr3 caracoKncooffloo^

aJlffl(3aD(no ^os^Gejeuceo Gcoeo ajlGoSiiiaJl^lajcTDj. aJOOTjcfflGODOoo^ ^ l o j ^ o l c o )

(SJOOOD^O oru^r^iforo^io (3T3CCT)oft>o cSjUDcejg^os cejcScoTJDoaj^o (sr^jConojorDj ffijcSGceoocoro).

"o^ooloeo aj§6)(0 ece^nleTUaD^ffiooDSSTBg^SS iijao)2GaG(r)on3caJoeJ2o CDCTUJOI

GQffiCm^O ojgGCOCCB^O ODOQffiGOQTO^o n0(.aUOCTOl(DlGQQ)QQ>2o da>6TT)laOG(DQQ)2o ChC^lO (JS)6)d^

GODOOJeJlcoS <ft)LDOnJOLCa)63BgOce6)lQQ)(O)l0DlS(I»l«}3 OJ^ ca>1CQ)GCr)QQ)Jo oJlsl^ll

(maojecD) raraaojrjumoflsoooo^o raraGgnDOTKnloo crooO)©)! gSTTSOOono^oDlo^onD gi)

c3raajcn)(oa3ra)1(a3 nJOGCEBenglojonnnalceffl^omj. (roffl^ooco) ^1(.(0)o cn\(A<m\<B6>iaT>(S)\co

(roffl;30(D)(ata>leej (.rjooocnoajg oraocosaBoa ajlajolaooryGseriecOToerD (grajojao^o.

(0)1i^a3 ((3T5) {Toa230(Q)(aTi3)l(o3 a o ] ajlcjororirnej^o oruosnicnjuonjgaJcnogjaD^gg orojoeo

44
aJlc0jfflo(D)2§§ csTUocDo 0Dl[2fl(ari3)fflO6m (Tuai(36TD®26)S ea>oaj_!)63r3gl(o3 (3raaja3 nJ0(.(3)

fflOQQ)! ojlajcolceooajsocolo^nrxOT.'"

6)<e30^1(0)l(§»fflnoos3cr)(ToecQ)l(a3 tLi^Qsooaras) o^wcs) (.ajeorfldSTDfflocffila^onD]

^d). (T00(iDl(0)_},ailffl^aacD(0o(/)6)(aTa) cmacd) i i j j s j a j l s l a j l ^ l g j . rata) GloDooflej^SS

(gracor)jrtad6TD6gi3a3 cejoo^aooofl oos(TT)(0)j2il^. GODoojeileej (OTIC^OJOS (gracrooonola)^

6)(ata)ce6)jol^§g ot^j^^aoenjao ^oaij^aGcooexi^ Klaj^jjolCctntei^ctJTznodj (OTexmoroosm

aruoj(36TDcro(2jBocQ)Ooa563T3§ocxj) croOfir)1(a)^c630(oo^iao(3 cej1<po§offl aa^cnSi

glcoSoolonD aJjOoCCT)g9jonr)(g)1(o3 (.r>-i<0>it9'O cc^oDOiijejjcaTtn^aDanocQ)! raraGgoDo cnlol

<B&i\o^. ^d) oJ6)cedJ (OOn^CSlOQ) ^S6)nJSeJOQQ)1(02CrDJ. aJOLa3)63T36)§ (3T5)(rOnJ3(20ce6)l

(BoooajeJleoD aJloocfeejoDoo^c^^cTT) raracDOJuil oroonnlco^^ojooDesragjeneooQffiffljIej^o

(3T3aj(Q)l6)ejO(TD2o riajlQQ)(3 (graefleuoGcno ^ODyajcojes (araeoojeao (.fiJ<^(T)Ojlri3dQQ)fflo

<0>l£lOnJO(.(O)63r3a3 OTdOD^aJOaJajOJOS aODCp^lcoS OTra)«'(aK5)l(03 ^ S o aJlsl^. fi^tpjCOKn]

SiO&db cii0i(S)6SB(jbS6) (B)Vn\GmS) OrXOScej^OnD ^1an(D)63I3§leJJ0S(O)6)(TDQQ)O6rD

CODOOJCCS r J l o a j l 6 ) d f t . 0 § g ^ ( T 0 ( d ) .

riJ3(,(a)ajlesaoo

^ . 0.^0. Ga£lO(J^(3 ca>inOoJOL(a)63T36)g O6Tie0QQ)l(i3)l(Dljy (maQJcflO OTDSre

(round), oDejo^ (flat) nQODlesraeoD Cojolgj. nDejogloon oene (0)ej63T3§2§§«n

o^oTD oilglceooo. raracb) a o ^ sic^ (3ra)aocQ)6)(aTa)G(Q)o cn^emoanaiGoroo (iitdslcnicoor)

(2000)1 oolcScialceoori-isjanr)]. orDsre cft>js^{0)C(33 (TO©Dl(36TDaio^onD 6)6)ajca>o(olcft)(OTCQ)lejjo

GiiJOB(Doft.glejjo oj^cecnfflOQQ) oroaJlGaoo3d(3>oa>6)g (.'T-iKnloolcDlaoolfleojcrDj. raraonloDoc^

((310016)00) 0Q)LDO(3(aiD gjlailcinroKnlflej a o ] aj^o^(o>l6)0O)G(jjo6)ej ciilajol<66)jcuo(n[3 (.r>J0Q)O

(21j(3Gce6)0(OKn cfe^aOOn^, (TO(22BOCQ>QlriJo. (ca)^(^1(UeriJ(02C3: C(ft)(OG@OQQQ)o Lf^Cp^, 1109)

nJJOo 13.

45
dlcffio^ ajjerelcejOsmldSOjcm^srE. (ardcolm ^ro c2i6ijejoQ)l(o3 aj<pleft>o§l6)QQ)(TD (.f^ocoo

CDj^iZ)]6)6ns8a)1ej2o aJlejGTxaenjej^esnc^ cejjslciBjeni. (gT5)<paj]o oo^oilceocoomjo (Life)

^ 7 ) aJlesoDo Lr>-it9jsla-|1t96)2CTT)l^. (U)lce6)a3cnilo(r> Ct^oej^gg a^yjOTKn^tejOojos

cft.iDOaJO(.(a)63T3a3 ojgoo 6)s>ei(ni\SiO (alive) amtaemcm ciocGnffl^, (aracnoaxOTaco)

oj^i^sroJslfyieeo^orDja^sns. ccKoSajoeroTa) 3JQQ)O oigara ^jrajceocoSojoGrJoiaoem. ruej

Gcnoojej^cejglejjo <6j06TD2om croj<jMd(2i«5)ej63r3ogQQ)jo anoesBOgcj^jo aJjcSepj^ffloos^o

cejerDceolaejsjcfiOjanrn^. ^no oene aocnraenrxjDeaBgjo aralcBoej^o (araoD^oj^coroil

iijjrajce6)co3aio36)(aTa)fflol<ft.Sce6)2onD((3)lcD2(Bai6TBlo^cejoalroKw, ^oojo^

(Ewen) o^dKffj) <e5moaJO(.(a) aJlesoDsroogceojol^ ailojcolteojom^enB. tfecaaooDaocD)

aJl(3^0D63T3§^ (araoj, cgraajoroceolsoQilcoS aJlej sruonjusaragjo ajoernoo.

1. (TU89>1(36m(a) (complexity)

2. aildft.(Tuj(Oo (development)

3. fi3ra)a0)o1(B3Klaj1(5)«5Ta)1(sej(66)2§§ ceisomjcejoro^o (Penetration into the inner

life)

(TU©3l(36TD(OT - 63(0] (.aJU)OOD(/)26TT>aJ2o (aiaCOlOCDiiJJ^IfyC^lcrS^gg goJCnjeTDOJl

CaDrfld63T3§2o (.fiJ<ft>Sl(ijlce6)2o. OTaOR^OoJCGaOCOJnJeSROS, c0jO(OlG<e6)G^(3(TO, 6)6)Saj

(a)js63BlQQ)aj ^(oflcoSorysjoT)]. (fi^eTDSxoKnarujiJIfyiceojcrT) Gojooooflolcoojo ^ro

nJ0(.(0)«5KJ)lCD KD^Sc96)(010)1 (OS ^SJcflj. g30:- 6)S)(.nJaJ0, Orola3 (0)2S63r3lCQ)aJ.

^ E.M. Foster, Aspects of Novels, (New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and

Distributors, 2004) (FP 1927), p.61.
"* Shlomith Rimmon-Kenanes, Narrative Fiction; Contemporary Poetics, (London :
Methuen, 1988) p.40.

46
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osojo. (thejew).^

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<B>icm<!m) s2CDO(3(3ar)C(2C(no6)q^ ^as^cejajoonflco^fiJsmOTKDloS' da)inooft>o3aJ(T) 63<pl6)oa>

Cmjgg (3taU)^OCQ)6m36)g^Oo nJOL(0)6gT36)g ajlaD(6jej(Do6)jiJ(^2(TDajCD)06rD. 000)0103,

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aocrao (3Tda)_5,ocQ)(OTn1ejjo c3ra(a)0(OT aJ0L(<3)63i36)§ croailorocoxoo nJooDaJlccjuooxaooes)^

0 ^ 0 . r J l . G(TJO§I6)0I^ 'GODOOKOS OTOOnDlcCD^J^'caTiDlej^O, rjl.6)cft> 6nJ0eJcft.^n^6TDO0l^

'iijao)2<2fflGCT)oa3 aa^ OJOCDO' nq)cm aJj^roccncejajTOlej^o ^iJOTO^cfflGooooD^o orooajfinlcej

rJoajoGJKnGJOJjo fi^oD Gej6JJOD(ora)lejjo rfldlQQ)(3 raraejleuoocn aJooa^aDleeojaTn^.

GBjeuooo ^Toraraaj(TooKJt(3)1(o3L^uGco^cejo (.nJcrooiooj^j^caoem.

^ Ibid., p.41,42.
o&^onDOJKn gjcDO{3g(T)GfflGcr)oa3, ^(B^eejeuo cDlojrLierDo, (coilrajajonarorLj^rao: oflQ^ooil
ejocroo Lf^op^, i933).

47
(3Ta(d)."'

o^.fiJl.aJl. Gaooajej2<036)§ tejUOOLnJCJOOODo, n^0i(U)inJ(X)0(X)o, md)6uy^ocni<ni(X)Ocno

a0aT)l63T36)Cn fflJODOCOfl (0)1 ©I (66)] OD]. iJleJdft.l£lOaJO(.(a)63Ba3ceO Cr>JOl2J61J^O(D(03ca>1

(OaJlceoCTnjsjaD G(DoajeJ2eft)6)gcD)06rn ruo(.(0)(.riJCJDO(Do (ig)(rD(0)26)ce>06nB ailajc0iadlce6)^

nmd). eoDoojoS ajO(Q)1^^te3<pl6roTi3)oc53 jJlejcajiC)OaJO(.(D)63>3a3 rarocR^ojOiiJeaiO^os fflm

(^^ rDlO6Tat0)^CT)l(05te6)Jo. ^T) cftOIP^rijOSleJ^OS GCDOt96)2GaUOo3 ^ORnjGiaCOQOOO^

GODOOJej^cejaS oJOL(0)LnJCJDOOD(2106)6TDOm n0.fiJl.ojl. oJOCffiJOmj. gG3J(r)^CO<e363B§0CQ)

(rooeaj63T3(^ oJS]caTa)2QQ)(3«JK5)OC(no, ci3Tdej8ft)OfflcrD]a3(OGi2io raraoroxoleeiad iJI(.ro)6rDail

3Coa)C(20 c3ra)QQ)6)oaDeJl6)cej06n3 (20CD)0K0ejo (.njcesslojlceoocooo cOTjoDlcaooaj) croajl

GOOrfld aj^<e«5>l(0)J6i3T3gO(03 (0)6)0^ (2Kr)(^1«53 c932S^6)aj§l oJ0(3(aKD ijjleJc93inOnJOL(a)6gi3

c§QQ)^o (S)6)V^ (3re)e(3ao63i3§26)s cyo^lGtS^of^leilraS (0)003 da>jslciQ)l(a2(an551cx2)l§]gg rulejta.

i£iOrJOL«5)63r3cgcQ)2o (3t3aj(0)(oln_jl^ otdojolej^as 63(0] (QjmcrBces)] (DjrJo 6)cejOsj(ara)

GODoaj6)ej<P2((3K5)2cejO(0(T)06m nJ(Ta)2G(aG(r)oo^. (md((3)0(D)(a) nJOL(a)Lf^(Joo(D(aocr» ccnocu

nJO(.(0)6m36)§ (3raCiJ((3)Olajlc66)]mO((3)l(D3 iiJCKOJGfflGaOOaa aO] C«5)1l226iJ nJfaD(0)l

(gTd(uejo6TiJl^1§26re. "(3ra)3_5,o (roj<n(0)o ojotsojcejglejjos oJO(.(0)6)(ora) rJ(0l'iJQQ)O(ijsj

(0ta)(a3, nJlcTDls cejmorJO(.(a)(ata>l6)a^ ajoceojocrdaj^farwlcrajo C9J0§1 ajoQQ)ODce6)0(3ceo

G(Dffl1§ja\)j(§ociJoffl(D(][ji^1ejOce6)0(T3crua3(3s6)fflO(0]ce6)(o3. rarodnloo^'^joGffl otacD^ajico

oJO(.(0)63i3§26)S ajOce6)jcft)glejj6)s md) oft)LDOriJoc(0)(aTO)l6)(ni^ (rojeoaj(3Ta)lGejc90 o c u g l ^ o

(n26TT)GeOriad3(3cfD(D6OT3g26)S Cn)(2ffil(.CrafflOQQ) QO] (lilm(3(;D(T)(0l(D)l n^.rJl.rdl

(3TdaD2aj(3(aKnlce6)jornj6n§. OiiJojGc^olexH) ((3raaj((3)o1njl^(a)l(o3 rUcnrojcfflccDoexni^ g e g

o^.rJl.rUl. OOCimjOilol, jjJOUy^GCSGCOOQa^ <a>inOrUOL(!})6ma3, eOoadOCSaJOoiflsml, ( ( 2 0 ( 3 ^ - 0 ^

LrJlc;53 1982), nJJOo 85.
Sl. oJJOo 87.

48
aO_)^63T3a3 (^eJLrUOrJ(a)1(D)l6)QJ(aT0)lQQ)(a)OQQn (STdQqnOo cft)O^(0)^anr)l^. 0003(3(10 <)9>ICI0

rJOLKnaoajforOTceoailcDo md^asmeruoio moixxmcn masitBiiaT)]^. 'oDoaaconoej cfticio

aJOL(a)63r36)§^oo oidOD^CoJceAisrDlQmsTOg^o QOGOocTD^o croajlcoonado (rus^lojoj^o

ajrajCnflO^Cm^. n ^ O D n ^ o . r J l . GrJOglOO^ C3Td(§l(.nJOQQ){S«jri3)OS2o

aj^cecj)l(a)Jo ©OdSjajol^lg^eni." n ^ c m nS\.6)<Bi. enjoejcaj^o^smoog oololaviism

GCOKROSJO r » ® . o j l . f J I . ((3)6)0!^ (3Taaj)^fLJ(0)l eoeUOajS^COTO)!. fflOl.(0)ia^ 230(010) ce>mOoJO

L(a)63B(/3ceo SCT3(ZIO <D(D3C0>OCT3 GOGCDOCD cft.*pl6ioTa)l§l6)^(TD oracjgnDo (ii^<e(0)i20te6)j

"ciJO(n)(T)<e6)0(ojes morx^j^loS ^^(ottnooajceojonn c05i£iOoJoc(O)63BO§ (3i3(U(a)(cnryi

ca.lD0fiJ0L(0)63T36)§ OTO^rt^SlteOOCTS (gTaCSgnfXOKnlOD <ej(Pl6K5Ta)l§l^."' n^0nDO(03 ri9tnCQ)(3

(3T3ejl6U0O(7^ rJO(.(0)(rU^r.dsl6)a2)riJ^1 L'TJ(0)1r>J03l(Bte6)6ng(0) a(00(Ua0^fflOQQn a^.nJI.nJl

090 G(D)O0nnnQQ)l^.

6)(.aJ0. Otej.oJl. (/ao(d)iiJtn3a3 ( o o o ^ oJ^(ro(0)cej(aTa)l6)ej oooejoo oracD^ocffio

oa)i£iOtiJO(.(a)63i36)§ (3raaJc<^LDl(fioo<Doaj)l cnlceoloaj^lolceo^aT)^. GO06nj<3| eS\i^

ejloo^ (a)(ara)J63B6)§ (ijT5)(rooJ3fflOtS6)1cQ)06rn ordGgnOo rjocnoo (T)S(aTa)lQQ)(3). ^OOTJGIZI

G(Doa3 a^crn (^©(aKolej^gg cft>i£iOnJO(.(a)63r36)§(r»06m (3T3(U(a)(olryi^(OT.

1. aJO(0(TU(0j,6)(OTO) CJOlcflOOl^ (iJJGOOa)Ol2fl(i3)J6)ajrO) (3ra(gleJn4Jlc90jaDaJ(3

2. ajoocnjo^(aro)l6)ci^ (3reslfflca>(^.

3. aJO(0(nj(o^6)(Dro)(H)2o rUjG(oo(no(2l(a)j6)(aro)(r»2o oroacDJCEBlfyiceood^ (.(^ffllceojcm

cij(3.

oJ0(D(nj(0^C(aTO0S2gg oilceoooo ^iJCKnjGfflGcnoexT^ orojeocuooajcralnads^j^ffloerD.

^(BjGeJ6u, fflocuojo^ (^CBjGejeu), oo(2a3GiaG(DOCi3, cft.^06TT)lcx2)ffl2i, G(/)ocu1a3a3ce>^§l

GfflGODOO^, (^©5(D(ni3 ((/oo(03) (a)2S63T3lcD)aj(3 ^ ' D ail<66)ooo gg§aj(0O6m. rueiaj^Gm

si. rUJOo 88.

49
63B1(D)OJ(3 njoraoru(o_5^(tjia)l6)oi^ (aTdslffloft.g06rn. ejoMdalceQ^glomcim, o ^ i j o ^ c c ^ o l , Geft>ao

ojci^ (Dom^ccrnol, aa)oaJla3n-|6m1ce6)(3 (o^sesralcmajcd ffl^omofflexaTO) ojlsocnroKnlcoSoajsj

820) <T08ft>(o3oJ(aTa)1oo ce>«n6roTD>l^. raraoilcnocDS 6)(.r»-io. oQcocOTijJccBOOi^ oranJcy^LDcr)

(013)1(03 ODIOD^O (3t3aj(3 aJ2O(0T0)0QQ)1. ccpoojeJlej^oerBBjIej^o (uocoxDeeooooo^

<ej6p;^1(o3cDlanr)jo rarddJcS (araLrvKoj^cSiadootej^cBjcxDoen) ^aJl6)S. 6Tiiocno§l(o36)aj^

(DOlOCQ) 6 ) ( U S l 6 ) ( U ^ 6 ) < e ) O a D CJOlOCnOCD) mOCDOJaCT) ( i n 3 ( / ) a ) f f l O Q Q ) l d a . 6 T l l § l f y i ^ rtajlQQ>(3

(sraGJleuoocD mocDOJOci^ (3ra)(ooa)ce>(3 ffl(T)8aJj(3(^o (2iO(j96)2ceD(n)ocQ)lo2(scTDO O^CTD

a\)ca3(ir)(OTO)1oD2o cmriooDa^erB. oJ6)ceai ^ i ) (iJl(roffl4(a)1 i99O-<0j(/3 otgicujcoruo

(5ipc66)2o raraLnJ(0)j,d9ddmoaJ2(TD(0)1(D]o fflejcxj)ogajlffl(3(/oa)o (rooceiadl(E»o(r»l. anacajo

(stpcflo^o (TOOnr)1(0)jyOjlm(3(/D(D(oto)l6)a^ (araejcfe^o nJlslcmjo <m)Q<Bi laodlcQilojorT)].

(S(Doajej1(o3 c93monJOL(0)(ora)l6>oi^ CTO^oMslacmcffi^o uo^as^exmnosDio c e j ^ o l ^ j S S croondl

(0)_!)L<TJtDoaDfflO(n) aJ(3^QQ)^ (3rd(0) (O^ooDjailgas). nJ(Dl(.(0)6)(0Ta)(i»jo oooadcslco)

6)(ata)CQ)2o "ftiJ^l^iSS (nfir)(D(0)<ft.o§ (roriJ(3c«)lc96)2cm aJl(a)ocr)(ora)1cejfl9© oracojo

(i<Pce6)2o croOfiol(0)^ojlia(3(;ocT)o (2oolce6)<pl6raTa)loj(TDj.

(2(0(00(010) aJO0(2(3(/0l^ (i3Ta(Dl(0)0 G3(U(rO^QQ)2(SS(H)2o Cr02Crol(a)002(lJl6)(l^(D)2o

(Sej6)JCD(S(OT0)OS (.r»J(O)1ce>(0l^J6)c6jO6n3 (Ul.Crol. (.001^03 Cn)0(TUo934(0)0, ^(B^CBBJeU,

^ o ^ l o ^ n^ooTDOo] (.'^eojcnuo LfiJ0rol(3Dlce3(0l<e6)^(e5CQ)^6n3ocQ)l. (gr3)3^o (ijt3(0) © o ^ l

nadlejoem (ig)<P2(0)6)(Tj§(0)." fflejQQ)o§(oto)1(BeJc90 (sej6Uc6j(T3 (0)6)anr) offloylfflo^o ODS

(0TO)lQQ)(SriJOC^ aJIOJ aJ(DlaJ(3(OTO)(D6313a3 (313(0)1(03 (UO2(0T0)1CQ)1§J6n3. ^CBJCSeJeUQCBJO

fflO(JDCUCD^o (T)S(OTa)J(TT) (rOo(gOri9d6TD(aTO)100l6)S OrUO^J'^^ ar0o0r0cft)^(0)G(^0ce>6313C^fl9O

6)(.ojo. 6)<B5. rul (^O(0)^(.<^o^. njom^aisamoai md06m^o (mdswlQa>ocQ>^o, ((0)1OJCU(D(TO)

nJJCOo: (2aa)(DgeClrfldOiDrt3(J)^l3_},]|, 1992) nJJOo 57.

" V.C. Sreejan, Sanskrit, Indulekha and English, The Early Novels in the South
Indian Languags, ed. Sankaran Raveendran(Calicut: Publication Divsion,
University of Calicut, 2001).

50
aej(D)o§(ora)l(a3 Gej6)Jce>6)oi^ Kweam nJoleorfldcjDosrn (rxoScejlcmd). ajlaj^caiOTOocoTOloej

iJlej crolrjuocT3>63T3c^ Ocftios^ceo^csaiioad g o o ^ l n ^ GeJ6iJor)(aK3)l(o3 rara)U)oro(.cocnD6gT3

ogteojdl^ (!jr3slo96)2oln-]2fla>o3 ODoScejIsxxBBjIej^o aejOTogGejeuarxorcnloS (saas)

6)iiJC£»(a)l§1^. n£iej(OT5)1(03 lZiejQQ)0§GeJ6}J(Do ffl0(.((3)O OJOCOnoeO^OrT) Q(DOa3ce6)

Gejooa3on5 GOjerD^glcmjas (octJtOTJegragosm cejojceDoS riJ(ola)6TT)1^1(o1ce6)2onD«j) n^om

"(21(a)O(0)1(O)fflOCQ) (gra)(0T2lCQ>{a)6)QQ)(TD ojl(C^c650eJCr089>ro3aJGJia)l6)(1^ C3T5)B_|>ra2r>JaOQQ)l ^T)

crujaJODexaTO) cejosmoo. careccOTcrufflomo OTdonloa^ aj^eraKorxoKnlroS arojcfnjesrsog

aoqa^jca>gco)oar)jgg (grdCJoloDleajaQ rUfioKnlcEB^CTS nJ3<^e}s<x)<&>§io cnlipeJlceojorDj

6)6nB(TD] croccKOTlceojorDj" nq)cm eo(/)o e9j2§lc^(3(OTCDl§26nB. ^ n 3 cejsuooocara) catasi

(moooDffiOQQ)! oj^cOT^crocofflOceojoman s20(a)l6)(]Q) GcnoajeJlcoSoDlom coj(36)f\JS]

(OTOijajocn^gg amiQqnDamsiloc^ (.ODoaosm. coooajeilcn ^ocolonrncOTfflOQQ) QO^

(gi3(3«nDo 0Dl(3i22il6)^s^RjK5>((3)lmca0ri3do cej6U(T)(ata)1oo^ a6n§ooeo(/)a5Ta) orojorolcoooj

aJl6)CT^cQ)^o (gTdonilcOTCQJjoscmjo ^S6)rjsej2<fl5a36)<e6)(a)l6)(0 aOce^naooQ) ail(2i(3aDOD63T3a3

(gr3«pl^2'^1sjoa>crB2o OHJQCBCOTJ.

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(SODOoS (0)2S63T3lQQ>aj(8 ^aajGejsu ojocon^lg^sng. ajreecocroacmo aj_j((o>_)>(ru(a)ao(D)

(oerB (O)ejffl20oft>a3 orajBcSaoajcaSceooleeojcejcro^o (ijra)(Ooail<e6)2cft)<Q)2o (Tuocrooolcfioj

o9>CQ)2o 6)iiJ<^2^^ (SOo9doft.o3 (omalej^gg oroofiGJ(3riad(OTa)l6)a^ oejiDcxKocra^o ^T3 CODOOJ

eJlooD cft)06rD0o."

'eooaJcesoS a>LDOnJO(.(0)63i3§0(r»l§2SS^io croo'^eJcSriajo a o l c e o ^ j o rucolon^OT)

aooa>O6)(0) (gT90oa5)fflO(X3)l cnleng^GrUoajjonr) (ooroKnlej^ggan^aoaj) SBO] 0DOSce>fflocr!)1

^a32ceJSU6)QQ) da)06TD0o' (ojjoo ii). GODOOjejIoej (06rBom6)(aia)CD)jo oJcolooDgoffl

(eca.o§cQ)o: fuil.orol. erujcfiboro, 2003) ojjoo 11.

51
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(06reOl2U)^0(D)o ^OBJC&JeUO^o fflOCOOJODJo LnJ6TDQQ)lo96)^(TD(a)l6)(lg aJlaJOeTDOJ^O aJ(0)l

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crooorod934(0)(tJKJ)1(a3 oraeomo esnsjoeDomosm cmaajcS O^C^JCTTXOT. fflocuojoon goa]

Gej6u iUjoenilceo^aDccnlroS rardorojoeoajlcejaj) ^O^OHDJO ^ « J ) fflejomogcoKnloej injsm

QffiocDjecuaooeTDaDjo L^^ISJOB oejoffiog (BQj6uaD(aTa)l(a3 arojaJlryiceo^nDjeng.

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6)^Qm(0)«j)l<D^Gaonado (ro^cn)l(0)0(02, (gr3<T)lOT)0C3ajrruj, t i ^ o r D l o j o j o s cej6ucr)(i3Ta)l6)ej

cSjoenDOo.
"(T)OCQ)(5(i3)OaJOS C<ft>LCB120(E!) Gidi] <ej(a3njl(a) (2eJ6TU0Ol6)(D r>JSJ(Ota)J0Q)(5(arO>Jdft.;

(TUjg20(OTl aJlajOciD(aTaflej]6)s (DoooxSarojoiJoraTO) gOnjlcea^eSj; OQOcQxSfla.^s^os™^^^''^''^

dSiOCDTa) (3T9a51ce300oajflft>oaD63Bc^ iziog1ocQ)<pj(0)]ce>; (DocD)n3ffloojo oocnijaxnolffloojo

(S)Qm\Qii^Q e3aDO0Rj)(06TiicTU)6)(ot!5) cDlcScyiJIcfio^aiaD^o ojlensjo (ojnJOnjs^ajTiKjcejCQ)^©

Oajt^^cft); ffloor)ajajoa6)((3TS) cnlcSc^iiJlceojcft) . . . cnooaxS aroiajnDoroKJ) (^eonDcoem

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a\)OCfflO^^(a)JoJ(DlrJOSloa>6)§ OnJOlSQliOi (a)2S63T3lQQ)flft)0O^63I3§l(03 /ijacn^GfflGODOGD

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52
caKDjcTD iijlQJnJiUD(a)1<0Da3 - 'croJKoanlaJlojorifxaTjnlej^oscro^gg OTOJCOJO', eoojcncD)!

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(OOQQ) aro(.(a)1dft.o§ ajlajoaoo ca>!Pl^20d9506nsjajoT)0(o3 (OToajoglejjereocoDfleooajjcm

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s i . oJJ., 28.

53
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'^ Frantz Fanon, Black skin white masks, trans. Charles Lam Markmann, New
York: Grove Press, 1968) p. 114.

55
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" ^ c B j c e j e u o i x B ol(D)eJlci^1<66)Oo96)^cn) G(OJ ajsu^j^'^ejScBjo ooradcrBosm.'"^

65. :iJCTO)2(Sffl(S(T)on3, gDCBjcsejsu, ((S(e50§(r»o: (uJl.orol.snj^cebcro, 2000), njjoo 10.

fi^o.rJI. GnAoa^, (icDoaj(a3(roO(iDl(a)j>o, ((S<ft>o*l(Sce6)os: rujc^srjj^ ojsi^1(sraj(3(ro, 1991),
oJJOo 124.

ml, 1990), fiJJOo, 9.

56
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^' Shlomith, Narrative fiction: Contemporary Poetics, p.59-67.

58
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25
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^^ s l . oJJ. 36.
Shahid Amin, Representing the Muslim. Then and Now, Subaltern Studies XII,
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005), p.2.

62
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^ Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, Reflections on the Origin and

Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1991) p.84.

63
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^^ Gyanendra Pandey, T/je Construction of Communalism in Colonial North India

(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999) p.23-65.
^° Ronald Miller - Mappila Muslim of Kerala (Madras : Orient Longman, 1976)
p.225.

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oa>aj^ciJcmn(Q)^6)s (Djnj1o9506m(OTa)lGejd96) (313(0) fflej6njodl6)or> ODOOH^. tej^oadlejfalf^o

§(OTO)1oo ejel^ 0DO(Q)0i3(ao(3 ooorooDlcejOocm^o ce306rr)ce6)0(00QQ)2o G8?oeJl6)^(iB(0)

(0)63t3§^6)S 0r0m230QQ)O(0ia) <Si3aiO<aS>l<B}ni'P\ (3raaj(3 OrUO(22nDl(6jG(.<^6TDlQQ)l(03 <6J26)0

6)(2i^6)nj§ or)1ej(B)l6)ej(aTa)2(ft>cQ)2o OiiJOffiaj)^. s^oSmlfflooooj) oDonj2(a)lo1fflO(026)s OT^JLC/)

oDiaoDjorool^ ODOQQXS oruosnjoaudjjofflO(0)^30CQ)Ccft.ffl(U2oODSryi(?^ oiorr)]. (3ra63i36)or)

or)OQQ)oi3fflO(3ceo ODonjj(0)1(ol oroffl^raooaj^mooo)! (3tdS2(oio>6njora)o ora£iOfJI<66)2ajoo[3

or\)0finiij(o^6)mo(02ce6)1."

<ej06TDce6)0(3 ((3rdCDlca.aJ2o ODO(a)a3fflO(3) ,BiO(6r&i\S) G^oeilflft>gl(a3 a^(36)fij§1o2

onol^. (3Tdaj(5 dfc^oadlejffll 3g1(0)(3(S6)^o, (0)°lcQ)(3a6)2o, fflOryi§fflO(3<e6)^o nJO§(ora)1oD

^'' Swamakumari, E.K., Ph.D Thesis (unpublished), CaHcut University, 2001 social
changes in Malabar - with speical reference to T w o traditional Communities
(1881 - 1933).

83
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QilQS nJO§rot(3)l6)a^ ojnJfaTOlejoern, Kn2fl(ft>c^ ^no a l ^ anaoojoaoo gnDgloomsjcarcnlaj

(TDOT).

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CO

(3K)Si]d), sjaH ^00)1 swauxDo, (6)da>o^1: oft>(n(o3, L"-i(rolrjJDlc0DoerD(?oft)(.(Bo, 2002, ojjoo

36.

84
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fi^goj^o ajrauildaio eruooil^fij) (.eruonjaloS (grauilcejOfflocaKnom^o raidajojos snocolcejao

ce(a)ld9j6)gcQ)]o (3ro)6m.

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6)aJ(X»(OT(0)OQQ)l oJOQffiOriJS^aT)]." C3T363r36)m CDCTUjanlolaOcS g G o J c e A i l ^ C n d O d J ) (3ja1

cQ)^os sjoal CDOciQ)a3(20(DOQQ)l(aTOl(3(m2. ODOOOXTSOIOO^O S1O-|2<^1O(T) Gojsl^lojonnr)

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(0)6)07) riJOl(J(e6)(03ajl^^.

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nJ(Dlnad<ft>0(063BgJo SlojJ o^(36)(xJS2(OrO)l. (Dlc0)2(a)1 aJl(DlceOJ(TD«5)10DOCQ)] C/OCTUgoeOO

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ns\ei\,o (sejocnaS, csojewoS mocnjosi (ccft.o<pl(S(fi6)os: izio(;5)^e2(2l, 2004) aJlcu:

Sl.rula>^ ri^6ID03 nJ^Oo 497.
60
Swamakumari Ph.D Thesis, p. 92.

85
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C(ft)OS«5)l6)QQ) G n j s l ^ o e r n . aoaci^da>j§1cr)aupoo c/olc0dil^(O)ol6raRT) cDcru^KDlolasjos

^' Ibid. p. 97.

86
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(o^CUil.), nJJOo 73-79.

63 ~
s i . oJJOo 87.

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SrUJcebCJ^OC^, 1999) rUJOo 49.

88
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nr)\mioi\6)C^ cruGOiiJOO(22ej_)>aj^aj(rucioo)1(a3 ^0(0)1 (0)1(3(010) (3ro(T)ao)(On£iej

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^ Ibid., p.36.

100
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GODcfiooc^ «5)0<paD 820(0)1) (3ra)§oo6manD fflODOp^lejOcesncQ) ojooci^ emaxDisodi

nni6)Q}6)W oJolaDcnJlceo^'Q'QQ'io tej^g^rysjOTKn^aiQCBjo 6)iiJCQ)(a)2. cg2_5>o«j)looaj2 ODIOO

ODCDOOQ)! oj1§lcejc90 (as63T3l. (DlosTtna) <ft>6pj^2da.cgo6)s ^1) cruoeaj63Ba3 OOOJJ

(0)6)0^ nJlKDoaJlGcnos aJlajo1^2- (BraGgnOo oCjoejexB) (roaocjuocnlajlceooad (.yoal^.

^TD arooeajcatoilor)] Goooado saoanlajj^ajoracooQ) cnoDlryiteoerDOfflorn OOJOGJ 2^^^

anlo^fflooDOfflsjcaro)]; 8?o(0)laj^ai(m£)teo cejIaHccS fflcn^rtad^j^ooam cnlejteojgg (^^^

OTaajti&oooegBg^o ODlGoaduiloeooajs^nrD aojcraoracxB^o (ro(.(a)1ca>6)gQQ)2o oroococe^ltfioerD

Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar, Vol, Writings and Speeches. 1. Compiled by Vasant
Moon (Bombay: Education Department, Government of Maharashtra, 1989)
p.56.
Mahatma Jotirao Phule, Collected Works. Vol. I, trans. Prof. P.O. Patil,
(Bombay: The Education Department of Maharashtra, 1991) p.xvi.

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6TD«J) 6)aj§l6)fi_|SJcata)2(TD(0).

Peter Middleton. The Inward Gaze. Masculinity and subjectivity in Modern

Culture (London and New York: Routledge, 1992) p. 17.

104
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CQ)06m raraoj o^njIcejColceoorygcOT."

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^a3]G£J6y, oJJOo 18.

'•^ Thomas J. Gerschick, Masculinity And Degrees of Bodily Normativity in
Western Culture in Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinity (Ed) Michael
S.Kimmel, Heff Hearn, RW Connell. (New Delhi: Sage Publications 2005) p.
369.

105
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23

CJDClSnjlgg. ((OlOJOJCnOOnJJOo: LoJeOCOT SnjJ<flO 0 0 1 ) 0 0 , 1990) nJJOo 51.

McGill, Michael E. The Mc Gill Report on Male intimacy (Ne^

and Pen 1985) p 31. Quoted by Peter Middleton 1992) p. 120.

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^ nJl. (scroo2ia3. gDosjcejeuo crojoJODCujo cr»omoc3«nQ_^oj2o, ^(BjQQJOJOnJomo, njjoo 107.
^* Mrinalini Sinha. Colonial Masculinity. 'The Manly English Man' and the
'Effeminate Bengali' in The Late Ninteenth Century (Manchester: Manchester
University Prss, 1995).

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aoajil 2QQ)(3aDaj(0O6)6TDaT> G6Tuoa)o ODlej(nDl(o3<e6)^CTr)j6nsoQQ)l(02(n)j.

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(3rac(0) CoJooej(0)6)aD cajOgcDigiCTxa) (TooLmo8?^(0)jG(aKJ)os (roj1ce3(Dl^ (Dlejojos^o

nmc9>oDl&joo^fij(gia)l£jjgg(g)OQQ)1(DjaDlej. ajoejo, Lrjcaooo, n^crrnajooxDjarool^

raracolej^o ojej fflO(^63t3o3 (.fiJc&sfflocnno^onD^.

(3id(,6nj3a]asm(.tiJcni£i3cn(3TO>1s)(T^ (3i(>ej<a>(/3

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cD^ffljene. (STdcsmoniaeTT) (.njcrunocoo ( N o n - b r a h m i n M o v e m e n t ) r»0aT)dl(D)6)rijs2CTD

^no (.oJcrunocDo g(T0)^a3 cruoffl^nLnlcej croonDajo_5,63T3g2^s (STdaDlcOTltfecgos^gg L^JfO)''

ce>(06rT)6)i2KTD a)1ejce6)06m oj^Jo 6)aD05nB(a). a(.Goaru LnJ(n)lajDa3cro1 a ^ (oere (.r>J(Tul

Udayan Misra. The Raj in Fiction. A study of 19th century British Attitudes
Towards India. (Delhi: B.R. Publhsing coproration 1987) P.4.

113
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d). a\)Oi2jnDlce3rU(o1r^<e6)©6rT)(OTO)l(T)CD2ce>2ejfflOQQ) eJl6Tiio(D3 da)0<PiiJajos2o 63(0] QJCTSOT)

a)(o cejO^iiJQffi^o ^^OQQflajanoj ^oilos. Lsruofnasmo^os gcrDctnoajcmcoa^o

coajsnSofflo^ej^gg oras^csro) eniortoesragjo ncajaoooil aJlG^oej^ocruoocnforo) (3Taaj(3e90

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^o(0)1oft)(^ g^o(ata)(0)1cr)0(o3 r»®^o ((SiraLSTiiOajaemaocrsjo OOJL3(3 o^om ciioft)^

^'^ K. Nambi Arooran, Tamil Renaissance and Dravidain Nationalism 1905-1944.

(Madurai: Koodal Plblishers, 1980) p. 4.

114
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ono]. (mad) CTV)om2aDl<e5i20QQ)l oJlocieifflocD) B O J (.nJarunoaoaoconrajafDjcajo? cfetpleraKJ)

nq)o. o^cru.d^cro. oJ06nr\JD^a3 (3T3c96)(2fl§ ODlocar^njamj.

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OrOo(TU£lOOD63T3§1(a3 n0(C)l^n_|^cft>gO6rn g(I2)(3(TD2 aJ(TD(CT).

31 Ibid., p. 28.

115
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b e c o m i n g ) aro^coffloj^o (DlaBLCTOTlcoxu^aoceol."

6)<0jOGgO6TT)lOQ)ro3 e(06TDo 6)rJO(5)21Z16mDej(OTa)1«53 QJoOOlCQ) aJlGOJixJ006)(0ta)

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O^OD] (i3T9(D). ^^

C6nJOniZ15TD(026)S (JD<3(2ia63T3g2o OTaCDJo^OOODeTOgJO (hC^lo a3TdS63T3lQQ) Cffl6U

ej6)(X2) (3Ta)(5i2lc2) a6mjDej6)ffionD2o (ooo^csloo) aroo(TU(aK5)1ca> ffl6nu)ejo(ma) (§7)03)1095(2

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^^ M.S.S. Pandian, Brahmin and Non- Brahmin.(H&vj Delhi: Permanent black.

2007) p.5.
" Ibid.,p.7.
^^ Ibid.,p.60.

116
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^^ Ibid., 152.

17
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(3ra(U(a)(o1ryic9©6)fijS2(nno oocnJ2(0)1(o1 ajmooJOLcoeroog LaDfiu1.^o(o3 (OTOOD ordco)

cu^ce(0)fflOoa.2o. (ro2ffl1or)(nj;(D)1o1, o^jJo^Gc^ral (Daii;((3)1(o1, (Bcft>ooojn^ ooau2(OTlo1, oolco]

Stephen Greenblatt, Renaissance self fashioning from more to Shakespeare.

(Chicago: The Unviersity of Chicago Press, 1984) p. 8,9.
InduRajaGopal. The Tyarnnay of Caste. The Non-Brahmin Movement and
Political Development in South India. (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, Pvt.
Ltd, 1985) p.l.

118
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"^^ Justice p . Venugopal. Justice Party And Social Justice. (Madras: Periyar Thidal,
1992) p.7.

"^ E.V. R a m a s w a m i Naikar, Collected works of Periyar EVR. compiled b y D . K.

Veeramani (Chennai : T h e Periyar Self respected propagandalnstitution, 2005)
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'^'^ M.G.S. Narayanan, (Preface), Autobiography of C. Sankaran Nair (Ottappalam:

Chettur Sankaran Nair Foundation, 1998) p.ii.

124
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'*^ Gouri Viswanathan, Masks of Conquest ; Literary Study and British Rule in
India (London: Faber and Faber: 1990) p.23.

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aJJ.76.

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47
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^ G. Arunima, There Comes Papa, Colonialism and the Transformation of

Matriliny in Kerala, Malabar C1850-1940 (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2002)
p.128.

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Indhu Rajagopal, The Tyranny of Caste, The Non-Brahmin movement and

Political development in South India, p.66.

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•
^^ The Non Brahmin Manifesto - See Dr. P. Rajaram, The Justice Party A
Historical Perspective 1916-1937 (Madras: Poompozhil PubHshers, 1988)
p.280.
^^ K. Nambi Arooran, Tamil Renaissance and Dravidian Nationalism (1905-1944),
(Madurai: Koodal PubHshers , 1980) p.38.

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fiJjcSsrij^aj^fflocD) a o ^ 8?1ail(D)o oDOQilceo^omcoloo^o rao«9dLs1cQ) (Tooau(aKJ)l<65 aj^j^oojcroo

00)1(63 cfflajejcBjOgceo^ol^fflor>c|^1ejo<e6)2onQ(0)l(T)]oojlra^oe^ooroo (mcn\cuo(o\^(L06rn.

S30(0)1QQ)26)S (3T3slcTU£iO(D(aTa)l(o3 63(0] aj_5><e(0)loQQ) (0)otpaT)(D)OQQ)l (vKolcnemlceo^

omoj) n^otn^ocejosneosm? r»®(TT)l§aj(3<eo ( o l ^ c s ^ o e i l cncoSceajomd) fig)oa)26)cej06nio

sm? (DO^^(OTo> fi^^oaj(3<eojo ojlra^oe^ocroo aD(o3ce>lQQ)o«53 oDl^GKoeJl oajc^^ojocra

(grajooBjIej^ffl^snsocSDjGmo? ajlra^oe^oorocaranoci^ raraeoojoG^ aJlej g2aDaJleoa)63r30§

oDiaJ G s o e f l 6)iiJ(^oa3 oo1(36nj(TU)1(0)(ooce6)]CTD(tD n^arf\ j J l e j Cajoaj^ssrsaa ^ a J l e s

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nJej CJD(3l2m6SI3g2o 222(3)0(01 (3Ta(.6nJOfii26TDrLJJ(0^rfld(OT (ejCOJCOT^fTT)]^- CTOOfflJaOl

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(gTdqjcruocnlfijIaoocDjgg n^oSj (gra)(D)2(JDfflO(B)1 aJlB^oe^ocroocorocOToanDcxDoem a3T3aj(3

cejsnsdn n ^ c m Orjolomooleo^ ajoc66)j<0j(^ oajglojoaojcm^. c/olcnDon go^lrt^

(ul3jjOs_?,o(T\)(205m ODcoSGcfesnecd) n^cnm fflocDOJOO^ ODl(36TUcau(aTa)1oD d^js^coc?^

(.nJC(a>^d9D(c»(n)26ng. oroocrocej^co) Gc&Loalaj^ojfflooQ) aJlej,o{§^o(TV)a^ OOIODCO cnasitQi

6TD6)ffiOnD aOCJDOJO^ cQjOJCCnjOnQd). n^(a)1fflO§1(r»^6)S eOrtaiOQQ) 0Cr»Ji0Aj1(B6)jQJOCDjgg

a o ^ crucasc/DOi^o OTacOTleisssralcong^erB. (T)(TIJ2(OT1O1 ejaaloiwai^o (TOo(TUo93^((3)aj^o

GJIJC3(TD OJG®6TD_J>aj_3)(U(TUDCQ)1((^ 0r)OCS3)(36)OT)O§^g2 ejolrUeftfiJ KO(OTloft>a3ceO (3raajffl26)S

^'^ E.V. Ramaswami Nayikar, Collected Works of Periyor EVR, Compiled by Dr.
K. Veeramani (Chermai: The Periyar Self-Respect Propaganda Institution, 2005)
p.545, 46.

131
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Oca)OCg06rDl(D)(D3 anaa)1ce30(Daj^ajcru£iQQ)lfi53cr)l(Tn g o ^ l n ^ / ^ o ^ l n ^ oile^^o

e_|>o(ro6)((3Kn (gT3S(3(aTa)1fflO(^2(TD a®^ (o1(a)1aoocro(.(CD(2io6m g's rdoooerogjos Q O J

rrofflooDO). Gcft>ajejo Q O J e o o i i n^onr) oolejomceo g D o ^ l r t d s j o j oilcfflOiiJceDaxSQmo

cnl(3(^an1c96)^ano(0)OQQ)l crucoajlaojoDcoloo^ nJlorDl&i^gg gegaD^jjaaaroocDnoloeo^o.

cesOffl^(01(3)1(03 ar)lr»^ricej(20oft>2o. OtejOCBgoemlooxoS (gra(jDlcejO(Oo (T0^r^sl6)^s^((3Ta) a o ^

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ejosTsajcn c6>06TDO(U2(TT)(a)06m.

" Q ( 0 ] r>j^(a)l(D) (TUo(T\j<ao(0(atD)l6)ci^ (3td(D(S63i3(^o(ma) a i l g l ^ d l c o n ^ oaoeuoDOG

aoern ^(HB^csejeu. (3Ta(OT g o ^ l o ^ croo(r0(e50(0ffl^. izi2(0)ejo§l(aKn(aK5)l6)a^ Gil6Tuo(i^

^^ oJl.Ocfe. oogS(syo6uracT3, cojrLjdj^o (ssmocjDcu^o, ^a3j(s^6u - djocoicncaijos slcfOcd^ad, rujoo

77
56
oJI. nJOjlL(ma3,ffl1(3ro)l«53(r)l(Tr)2oraoo^LSloejialcroocrDLfS^foifSilcsejoee),^mjsojeu cuoQa)ar)
00)^6)5 Slc/OSiUi, fi^(Un3(3 ^ . n j | . (0OS(SCOOnJ0eja3, rUJOo 70.
en

oJI.Ocft). 6njoej<a>^na3erDa3, j}jao)j(saa(voa3 63«>] njocoo, ojjoo 86.

[32
 1813 ffl](0)(a3 ^00)^5,Qan(<33 ^ o ^ l n ^ eooiionJocDo orajOoel^lffljcmj. (.smlgloiij

cft)0(3 oDSajlejOcesDoQ) ^ro aJlG^j^oe^ocroroKnloa^ rLDQj(ao<r»1 so(OTlaj_},ajoniD c r o ^ o ^ s l ^

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(.riJC(0)^oa>o (n)2:aJlfi-j1o96)]orT>^6r8. 19-0O OD^gosTigloS ^ a i l e s cosajlejooeeilcxy OJI^^^O

(§^oa\)(aT!J)l6)oi^ ojcoffloojuil coDgerog^o ©a^rUCOTOo ODj^oeniloej OT^jra^f^ajgcannloej

c n ^ (300)01^0 e j e l ^ d ) gdBcSam gaoKrHceoocSteooem. (.(^conj^eajl^ CsniOoiaerTxSteo.*'

crooffljnnlceDfflocnOTrd) L6TuoniB6m(3 o o c e j o j o l ^ Gmgegng^os G4(U9(0)6)(D)QQ)06m,

aJ(o_j>Oaj(0)aoQQ)l(D2ornl^. (20t«J)a^ (grdGD^tej^ejoruOfiDiiJoj^esBglcoS a i o n J I ^ coD§63r3§2

6n§Oc66)oa3 (3T3sl^(2i(3(OTO)ej2flft.c^ oDcoScftnco) rUffl1fl96)2*9'a3 cSjIipogexD cgraoDjojalryl^

r»^anD]o aa.o^(0)ooJ2orT>((3)06m. GOJUO. rJI. ooKOfflomo^ (D(o3c9>2(rD (ruDlctnlajlaJOceosTT)

ajloD^omaiciDoem.

CO

GBOOOelffiOCrfl erUJiSO n m D O n j , 1978) nJJ. 51.

^^ G. Aloysius, Nationalism without A Nation in India (Delhi : Oxford University

Press, 1998) p.41.

133
 rkjjojciai (Y\)a«a»uoaj) - S)(3)os)STOT3)sj(iJKJ) K3aj)1cft.gl(ij3 1901-1923
(aOK3)120Cn«3T3)l«j3)'"'

KO(a)l(X2)26)S GrJO 1901 1911 1921

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2 SXOT&IJCn^ L6nJOrLi216TD(3 67.3 68.2 59.7

3 ODOCQ)^ 39.5 41.9 42.9

4 6)nJ§1 32.0 39.1 39.5

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6 CDOSO^ 15.4 18.1 20.0

7 6njeJl83ocnocB)laj02 cejojosxo 14.3 20.9 22.3

8 agjggog 6.9 24.6 24.2

9 <d3l2I2 4.8 12.2 13.6

10 '^''ili. «"9!i^T 3.8 9.0 10.2

11 aojgffl 2.5 3.6 7.0

rJ<P(X3) (TOO(2Jar>lcJa.Lflft>12«5tO)l((33 L<^JG(0)^a5l.y (.6nJOfiJ26TT)_))Oa)lnJ(0)^(aTa)l(03 OJeflCQ)

(2io(^6Bt3§2en§oe90oa3 6)(03OC§o6mlQQ>eJlcn)(aTa)loo cft)«n6toTa)l§l6)^aD (sracejorfldj^axnooi^

01030(010) izi^6uaJlej6)o96)sjce6)2(S(Tuotf'^o ^o96)oej'^ej§(OTa)l(o3 (stdiemonmsm ^o(0)1

dfooSaolsooncoS ojle^oe^j^ooroo ejelceo^cTDOJO^os a^6rq(OTa)1(o3 GODOIQQ) C(O)O(O)1ejj0g

nj^eoocnco)! ajojcrncoiocD)! oftiOSTD^cm^ene. ^ o ^ l o ^ crooceiajoanomjos cejoo^coro^leijo

^° Dr. P. Rajaraman, The Justice Party (Madras: Poompozhil Publishers, 1988)

p.49.

134
 nJJOJfiH gOo(^1o^ (n)3a»UO(!J) - S)«J)OS)6KJTtJ)SjaJT!J) KD(3)l<9>g1(35 1901-1921
( OOOT)(Z100r>fi3T!J)l(03 / '

S30«J)l(r»26)S QrUa 1901 1911 1921

1 «5)i2fly (.61UOaia6TD(3 17.88 22.27 28.2

2 eCiDBJ^CD^ (.6nJOaffl6TD(3 10.44 14.75 17.37

3 ^ a 3 a j u ^ a 3 (.ean^TURn^aa 2.72 4.41 5.47

4 or)OQQ)(3 1.54 2.97 4.57

5 e r u e j l s ? cnocQilajD^ cejOJoexD 0.98 2.60 3.43

6 OOJggOg 0.19 2.12 2.3

7 6)aJ§l 0.15 0.98 2.34

8 6)cuga 0.06 0.41 0.63

9 0DOSO(3 0.05 0.30 0.75

10 •^-iJi. 6>"9si^T 0.04 0.22 0.41

11 (05(212 0.03 0.20 0.45

©jlej^o (.6niOai26TT>6)(0 (mdQrLi<&Ai\n^Q(X)0<B6>iQ(moa?) (mdd) aj§e(o njlcmoceooojcrun

0Q)l(a3 KDexTDCffioSTD^ggflJ). 1921 (gi5)QQ)1§^o aJl3_)>oe^o(n)(Doa)(arOT LSif^Oaiaemo^os

((Tra)ai1aJ(0)_jy«JK5)loo Q(Dj Gojooej^o cn)o(gaJl.^1§l^. njacoTsnocmcOTOo cnjgoeneloo^

(gra)3_j>rLj<ft.2(a)lQQ)l(o3 fflCD^j^njlGonoocSO s?o(OTloajgl6)ej(aTa)oa3 G6Tuou)nj](3(^fflOQQ) iUQa

63130^ cejcmool coajsnSomci^ (DS(aTa>lQQ)(3)ocQ)l ajoerDjcml^. croeft>j§jaja3 CDCOOSTO

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(.ojerDOrysjcoTOOcolralcBOOo^ Cruccoij^cejo (.(^(Uolceo^crDcooQQn <&,06woo. nJlnnDOces)

(ijiacnncarmsocolceooexo oruca>2gl«53 G^ijaoaS GLrUoajroonolajl^l^. csnjoooeru (."Jcrul

cu)a3crul(D)l5)ej Qooans), ^(Doenfl, ^0(a)lcft>gl6)ej oft.j§1ceja3 crucft>jg1co3 CnJcSono].

fflc^oa^o (Siij(3aTn^. i858-«53 i20(.((3)i2i06rn oilG^j^oe^j^ooro aorLDlaroooocB Gm8?(3

fiCDOJOcSou csrdoruaj^yo^icooaj) ce>^§lcft)Og crocft)2@lK53 LrLJGaicf3lojlo96)](rn«5)lco ara^

QJlail (.r>JCrO«5)OaJl<fi6)J(TD«n. ISIS-OO^o 1 8 5 7 - 0 D J O ^SCQ)1«33 OiUdlciQ) S'r)6TT)Jcft)glejJo

61
Ibid., p.50.

135
S)a.3Cg36rDlQQ)ejl(n)aiJo (3W(.61U3njasmr»JJ(ajrili(3)Qa)Jo

OcaoGgoemlQffieilcroGcaTmosjgg oracsnJOaiZismnjjojoiKOQa^os ODleJoJos^aaOg

(TOOconra^onD^? (aocjoojoo^ oDlejoJos^teaoS oTdKnloejooOTffijIejjo nilaSoJc^^aD^snsoajj

Gao? Q<Bi06rAi(DC^6)c^ nJlooJlciisossjfvjl^oem GCDoaj«53 cruoeoflcBO^aTxa).

G<ft>06n^(.^(p^l6)ci^ 02(Tj1cft.(D6rDRjTa)1m £63^03)^0 ODoej ajcaoadcoKnloDjGaoniio. ^o3ajD_5^a3

(7)Orfld6TD(o3 G<Bj06n3t,a)(p^l6)o^ o^cft fflejQQ)o§l (.nJfnilajD6n30QQ)1raj(m crol. ooejOoScDO

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rareegfiDcoToloo LsnJiglrfljjcfeocoosjgg oroalojcDo oj^oSOTxaosm. n^(0)1(3fylcci^(D)^

caidKW. (i3T3elcDa3(D63T3g2o (aT^iajao^j^orijsejjtejgjo^'^osni cDlosTmoxooconra^aT)^ (iST^i

(.njcruowo. t.6if^1§1o^ (f)ni6c&6)i2\c^ ^ o ^ l r t ^ aJlG^jyOe^ooaxoTOlej^os ^aa>_},c©c90

aJ2G(0Oa)(O)l(EBlGeJce6)J§g nJO(0) 6)«J)gnCD)1^1o1<eO](mj. CQ)2C063T3§OCQ)2§2 gOceO

«jK5)l(a3arnanD, ODlcp^oa)(a)(E»l(o3cDlanD oraon oDooiog aj1g1^2^^<^^^''^^^^®l«®®2^^2-

(oo'Si\^(ms) n^qaiio (3ra)ajao^(2ioQQ)l(ol<eo2<Tr> fflcjD, arooajanldgj, ooo^csloo) KDej63T3§l

e j j g g (T)aj1(e3©6TD63T3(^ csrecd) orvJOCo^aoceolQQilolceojnnR^ L6nJl§1o9d sraerrxartrnexT^

(araeoojo ^ o i l o s ojlsngjo oiraraosiajaj^jajjo as^faDOj^o OcfeoggoD^o e o c e o gereo

M.S. Gore, Non-Brahmin Movement in Maharashtra (New Delhi : Segment

Book Distributors, 1981) p.l5.

136
0D6)i22 ^1) a)aj6n36)i2ci^ 6)5)ajc3aol<e) or^iCdfcfflemeaTBglcisScrnonD (OcSiadlcSojaT)^.

aj_5,ce(0)1ca.a3ce6)]o orujcorm^cejoScao^o crooOceiiieTDo (X)(si(&,icmi.

.... L6TiJl§6)o^ arOfir)0(EBG(ora)06)s fflo(.ca)(B(a cna^ceo GGODIQQ) 6)r>^ce>_?^o oruooilceoj

cfeOCBjQSj ^ C q j O o S 00(22103 6302ff5)Ofl3ro>1«53 g o ^ l o ^ 83laJlaj)l206m 0DQQ)lce6)^(rD(OT.

(DOn^(.Sl(E!) aJl(BfflOijJCD(!JK3)10DJo OTOOajaDldaj oJCOlriMtejCOSmeSROSceO^O C6TlJl§1fi^e(06TDo

K5K5)l(a3 ojlorocOTCDlceojorD^ene. ^ o ^ l o ^ e o o i n e e j a S c e o ^aa)^QQ)1(o3 ejelfleojom QJOODICD)

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eJ63B§l(O30DlonD26)da)O6rB rdOln^cfeOCOeSTSaS ODS(xjleJOa6)2fl9jQQ)22106m BCD] oJ(0lU)1aJ6)(0

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^a3jeej6ucQ)l«53 ^o^loadlexD (2nD(0)jaj(a3ce6)o1<eo2<^nDa3)leji6)s tsnilglod dcejOgoDl

QoilroScoJOcftjonr) gnjeraaDoaj-ODlGajea) oruo'^ejooem.*"

^oOT^ceooora croocrooa.o(ocrocnjaT>(DOc96)2<^oa3 Lsnilglrfldjcejoc^ (DS(OTa)^orr>

caroajoD63T3e§ i2)0CDajn3 ojgaocxjxjDlcejo (.'^J'^ocrolceojaD^sni. ^oo^dBooo^os

rLJ2G(oo(/)((3)li3»<0O (313(0) (3Td(0)_5)OajaD^(2io6)6rncm2o (gracsgnOo ce302(a>2fnDj mocD

CU(l3 ((3T3(A51COl(BClJa0c935)0r> (D)S2l20(r)CT)0(Q)06rT5 (ft)06TD2(TT>(OT."

63
C. Sankaran Nair, Autobiography (Ottapalam : C.S.N. Foundation, 1998) p.296-
298.
64
nJl. (S(ruoffloi3, iDCBjcejsucmjo (.cfeltfio^jo, ^a3j(sej6u - cuowarxxD^eys 3l(/a<6}a3, njjoo no.
65
n4).s1. (si20(ir)(T3oo^, eocuoDCQjjos (iTO(jDl(T)l(Scuc/oaj(o3o9Qffl6nr)o, ^(B^aojeu (njoca>mcQ)j6)s
3lc/aca,c/3, njjoo i03.

137
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67 T
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Qcnc&t}^ on^ssimlcQ) enjoD^^onflffl ( M u l t i E t h n i c ) ooK^egrBgoem.'"

(hybridity) n^oD cro89>eunJ(Do ojej Cce>06TDj(6jg1(^ (Tilam

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aJ6)c9iii (3Td((3) aflca)(Q)(3)JC(atij)0go n0«jro)jG(njoa3 aTOnJ.ja.ScejCDffloojjorD].""'

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^^ Thomas Hykland Erikson, Ethnicity and Nationalism, (London: Pluto Press,

2002) p.99.
M.S.S. Pandian, Brahmin andNon Bramin, p.62.
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cOiCS, oJJOo 44.

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M.S. Gore, Non-Brahmin Movement in Maharashtra, p.3,4.

^' ^ E.V. Ramaswami Nayikar, Collected Works of Periyar E.V.R., p. 183.

141
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(0)1(D(TUcft>o©o, (!iTd6)03j{a)(S(3Ti3)CQ)2o (rnolaojfflajoraocaKnQTOjo r>j(ocrooJfflo ailejoonryiceo]

m o o ^ g g 6i(si fflGcocoo ooGOJcrosjejajacaTtj) (graaj«j)(olfyi<66)2cft'QQ)06rD.'"'' n ^ o D o i l .

cro1.(.aDlsa^ caraelLnJoooxaoern aooDOjao^ tejOo^j^corolcoS ooolomoajjoa..

^^ K.P.S. Menon, C Sankaran Nair, (New Delhi: Publications Division,

Government of India, 1989) p.l37, 138.
oJl.orol.Lyals^oS, oroocnjteaViKDajjo ^DoajGejsucQjjo goo^lraijo,
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3](M)S>ai, nJJOo 33.

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txJJOo. 127-128.

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" B O ^ cffijcrxorancn o^tejffl^suaocQ) (n^cejo, n^oSjIcfe^coo, <T00(3c^^0Dlcno) Q O J

arooJl(Dl§l^. ^ralL«5)6)a3ta) (aT3)6)cft. 6njocjDld96)jaD soj oJlaD3l<ft.ffl6TD(2il^. (ao]

(n)oaro«a>offl(OTD)l6)a^ (i^^oajaj)63T36)§cD)jo crOrtJcSaDlao^orD aexooc^ (Tuj(.«5)ajOcft.^o

g^) aj^ajaOO(063T3a3ce6)lscQn(33 ajejoDocoiatejajjo (dynamic) ((jracrurfloajjaoaj)

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Edward Said, Orientalism, Western Conceptions of the Orient (Harmondwroth:

Penguin, 1991)
Ashis Nandi, Intimate Enemy. Loss and Recovery and Self under Colonialism
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983.
Gouri Viswanathan. Masks of Conquest. Literary study and British nde in India
(Londond: Faber & Faber, 1990).

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cncmo<B}i<rr>(U)\(!5i exmoisoiarxmlcn r>j<jft.(Oo cai3aj(3 0D(TDOcja)Oa3 cfesnocBjarnscraiOTOgo

Lois Tyson, Critical Theory Today ( New York : Routledge, 2006), p.290.

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ri9dce3(3(ara)0(fi6)gO(rBl (aodl. aj_|>ooJora(Tjf3U(crncD)^6)S ara^ grUSJoccDo fflOLKnaoQCBlra^onD]

njralo^(ft)ra6TD6!Ji3a3. (sracDlcn oraojora GCruralryi^cOT (2^ Klaj£8oeJ63T3gl«53cnlorD

oj^cOT^oroKDfflOQQ)! i2(r)jnad^(3ce6)2§g s'DeJlcejiaoQQ) dooD^rtadlcejoilcejorao (a)6)ono(D)06m.

nraj nJ](a)lcD) cruoaDnJo^jyOcaTO) GooolGssnglaira^cauoaS a^ Kao^teoaS aoDjoaTlcoS

oracOTl^lailfleojo (3Td6)^©>1(o3 oDoalceo^o. aoDjoad^oS oruonDiijra^^esiaog (graoD]oa.;ej

fflOceolfflOf^ooS(.(^ffll^^Ocejoere caTacolsjIailceojo. L6Tu1§1riad2eft>0(3c9O CODO^I^JGOJO

cft)00i3 ajf^oajKJ) ara^raT3(TO)©1c0iij(2io6m^aJloscmjerBocono^nTxd). findcolccoaooaS

BO] (Tooia]nrndft)Cn(o<ft>GcoTi3>CQ)2o raraai(3<)90 GaDralcssnscojsneoQQflra^onDj. ejoerarOTloo^

(ft>01PiiJnjOSl(i53 ^00)^ araj Cn^ ailoJeTTflCEBJo ^CKn^J^oSOO^ C n ^ gnJG(gOc6«nOc66)g2°

cijraicxjilra^cTDj. ^OOT^jyOmjos (.oJcft.^(a)laJleoj6gi3C^ S)(a>oggcQ)slo90oa3 (mdcn^ssi A><f\

6Ti3Ti3)lrajaD]. (iSTdKrHcn ajj^ojcruodBOJCoSceoraemajjo rJ^«j)lcQ) cQ)(.(TO)63r3c;3 6)6)c03da)Oraj)O

"^ Chandraban Prasad. The brownman's Counter Apparteid Seminar, N e w Delhi

2006, 17-22.

151
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152
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C!jr5)(JD20nno9j ^ O r o ^ 1885-1947 (T^CTD (.C/)CnCiroT0)l(03 6)fflce6)06)g ^ o C ^ l o ^ n^OnO^fUGOmOO)!

n^scsd) crujffllcOT (TU(3(6O0(3 w h i t e n ^ c m Gi3j(3«jta>2. ratdajjocoxw "njlcTOooilej^o otael

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oJcejajaDOJcoocesn aoc^oo."

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aocQilra^om]. (.snilglo^ GffloajuK^ ailepej^ocroaoem (Sca30§6TT)lQQ)l(o3 (DSryiejoeceosne

6)(0)orD raraojcS a i o e l ^ . oaiteooog Qoldsoejjo saijcScfluoarolOcBoonjo oolosSteojcrDoo

§^ f^CTTlJO iiJ(.CT36nJOn3 (ijreelCnJOCQ)6)fiJS2CTT)2.

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6aJ2(3na4Jocrol<66) Q o j a ^ ODlejceojcej n^oDjo oradloffiociS tftsnocB^o.""

6)fflc66)06)gQQ)26)S 126)^0(02 OJOc&J^aOdajeJo o^SJCOTO) 6)oft)06Tiejo 6)(2(e6)06)g Qffl^

ajoaDl(Q)aJ03l(IB06)6TD0rD (3ra)g2cft'C/3 ffl^(.f3<2>Sl<66)0O26re0CQ)lO^CTD2.

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(!ir306nil<66), (TOocrocej^ay) (.cocnDerogjos ^ o ^ l r ^ rJffl1eorfldflft>a3 6ro)oa3 ojoooil^lgj

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6)6)eJL6njdlcQ)20s OrfldoSfidlraS ^croj^cmjoscxD^o (3raG06nj^QQ)26)scQ)2o fflj<P2aJ0^ croOfiDl

(tn^sstag^o g(^6)ce6)oggoai3 cej^plcojo n^cm (maelLnJoccsecaTO) andOJolcoS

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^ T ) su6mjDloa.QQ)l(a8crnano oraoSrUo (2io(.(3)6)i2S2(OTa)06nD, 6)(2ic96)06)g ajoooloaajo

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" Ibid, p.20.

154
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asjSTDlGQjiporvJl^lcejgnRjS aoD^o r u d l n j l ^ l a ^ o n D l c ^ ! " "

cfljolejjos cardjConojcTD]. OTaonDOKSTO) (.snilgcn i(ff\<BQio ejo^lcnjo o^oTOOQQnrajcmjGOJO

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ce30O^63T3a3 ocaceooog oj^cOcocaoteQ^ccinjoa^ aoj seiora^o ojgoo cronJo^sffloem.

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(ftioejoajcniDces) oTacD^croral^ (.enflglo^ oos^j^ceooojo (iSTdcuojo mQm\(si (mac(D^o(D_}yO

6)c05O(Tnl§2o ar)loorv)1^1§2o (rO(iolce6)oa3 njosl^oexo) (3ra)QQ)caaoajo (T06n)63r3l

(20U)aj6)a^ ajO(66)2ca)(^d96)2o 6)(2ce6)06)g(D)26)s ajOo96)]cS5(;3a6)2o ^SOQ)1(O3 raracDl

CDlcaj(/0(aTtJ)l6)ci^ s1ca.(D{0)ca)C;3 6)ceDO^l6TOTa)2GnJOca)2<^rD(D)OCQ)l c&oerD^onD]. (araailaolGOJ

(/0cft)6)ag nDlo(TV)0(012ca)((3) 6)(2c06)O6)gCQ)26)S aJOce6)2cft.gl(a3 ^^OOalo^OfD]. GaoOgODl,

'^ Ibid., p.20.

'^ Ibid., p.20.
14
^(BJ(SeJ6U, rJ2Oo.250.

155
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aDocrot(0)QJlQp(gj,ocn)CTta)1ar)jgg eonoo ^(TO^cSooooDloScnlonD (ooom

gOfficaOD^aJOnDlO^OrDJ. raO^OOOo GaOnOO^ COOCO) (jnOODOCB^o 1823 (03 aJDl(rOo6TlI(3 11

(p ajlej^jjoojlglm (n)ffl(3ryi:^ (DleojacDcoranoS aoocnJCcwaJlra^oeparvxaTOiloDjGajengl

(gra)ajao^6)aj§l(02anDj. oaoeaoog (0)6)og aloo^lcru (i0<P2(0)^anD(O)lcD2o 12 oj(3rfldo

fflJCTU.

fij^sngoQmlcojonDj- ^<^^<^ ^'^'^1° ^ ^ graoaDcoerDaosm c6j(a3ce6)(aio)QQ)l6)ej nD]aii

GcejOgsfloo^ orajOoso. ajCisSceocorooonoej nj'rxoazioojos or^iOJaoj^o aocsnaocxjilco^orD]

oracolcejceo cncofl^cd). (0)63T3a3e96) Sy(sisQ(ms)(S)i6)S eooadco^o orocraaacro^o ao(.(0)o

aJdl^o(o3GnJooo ^o^sTTsloej (iOoadOffi^o cn)Ondl(0)^ajjo dfojsl ajolceoemoacm

(OO^OOOo Ga0riO0l5 GOOQQ)l(iQ)26)S GCTXOT^COTJCOTOIOS 1818 (03 (.STUlglo^ OtdUilcftOOldft)

^ ^CBJCGJSU, nJJOo. 252.

Chandraban Prasad, The brown man's counter apartheid- seminar, p.20.
'^ Gouri Viswanathan, Masks of Conquest. Literary study and British rule in
India; p.43.

156
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(66)6)(x|S2cej(Q)2o 0)122090 ce3lyS63T3lQQ)l(0l(e6)2ca>iB)]O 6)aJ(^2OD(0)1CO)ce6)0a3 0)1^(0).

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aj06gr3oo3 nJ(^o(aTa)ajla)o eralLraco^o csi^jOoncolceojoD^. (graaj(3 ^o^lo^ ce^ei

c£bS(3(20^fl96)2o ffl^loTjGLS^Imjo o\)ejoo riJO6T0T0)(a) 6)ca)06Tie dSjOco^ffll^. orarural

riadoa.^(a)6)(D i§(0lce6)2OD(a)1co)(e6)oa3 ejoeoejcoaoem (Tj(olri^oa.i(0)(02i2ocQ)2g2 eSj^aJSo.

0)202cft)6TDce6)l0) 3aoeJoMdo ^0)0) 0)011226)5 fin05ll2c6jg0(n)1 (i3)25(02ODCa)1CO)(S6)0(^

0)^(0) 0)12226)5 g(iJceO(e<o)oaj (3ra)(Q)l(0l<j96)2OD(a)06n)."'°

cijroGca) Lajar\)oa)(ato)1(a3 anooD OTaagaDo 0)6)122 raracoisjcooiTjs^caKnjffloo

aj^(e(O)i2O(06)joD2.

.... 0)01)003)1 e(o1ce6)2aT)(D)1o)2gg (ft)<pld] raraojolcoS ajloSjOxnceQjoDKnlo) GOien^l

O)^ lg(06TDCaTO)1eJJ6)5 (TXmui raraOJe)© rjdl(T_|1o96)JODJ. (3TO(i3)0(B)(d) O ) ^ S(06rD(0Ta)1

ej26)S o)a]i2c/3 (.oJK(ft.6)g o ) ^ a)OJ6n36)i20^6)o)ce6)^dl.^ oJdl(^jld96)^ODj. CQ)2GOO(TJ^O3

e6TO)oo)ojaD(0)lQQ)1(o3 (m3o1oj2ggoj(00(fi6)l (20(^2oD(a)1ejj6)5 eoajlciQ)1co3 ((3Toai(3 QCB^GOO

Macaulay- Quoted in Chandraban Prasad, p.20.

157
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6)(2(66)oo@(H)26)S 1833 Kj6)6)ejQQ)l6)ej (.f^cn^ocfioj^o 1835 6)01 <ni\3psp(xo alcD^larojo

1838 6)Qi 6)r»^.rJI.<T0lCQ)Jo aODCj;^1eJO<B6)06)«5) 6)fflceO06)§e<D)0S OJoOOlcOXO) dajOSTDlceOJ

ornserorcnogo ^oo^eeoorao^ cej^^ojoglooco)! COT^SCO^O.^"

Cnj(U9(0)C(TCDo96)OQOr)OCQ) (3190)100100100 eft. 6) OP fl96)jd].ajj63g gl) nJ^ODcSoiOdSOr)

ojgoo LfLioroceoxaoQQXoloDoeioem ratacoleijes 3l(3'^Gii2ioQQ)l(0)6)anr) oajsano^GrdoooxOT.

'(m3CJLnorncaiaDcja>a3' fi^om a\)oai(3(jf^o COTOOD LiTJ(^^^«53ce6)o1ceoory§l(olce6)2onD2.

6)oa.. 000^. ojerrflceoajos ai036gr3a3 rJjor)3nJ(ol(BaDO(jDl<eooa3 oraoj) onn^enicruilcomo

teojo. ca.la'Scfloonjg SCDCOTOD^OS eaeijgg caTaancfijOfflo (DlejonncScaroocn^gg

(Toocroc6>o(oloft. rarauilorncajaafOTOloa^ (OLooaoem ^O^IOM ailra^oe^j^ocroefflomcd)

(OTOcmom^o aroonDlcncDancnncejceo aj<pj(0)loj1<pj(TDj.

6)cft.oc§06Tr)lQQ)eil(roo (.rLiomala^ffloom^o (ToooorocejOolcejffljei^egBgjos

oj^oojooo eicei9d_j,fflOce6)1cQ)l(a]cm1^. aj_!>0njorao, croocni(aTa)lce> nJjoiieTDo, 015)01000

CrUdOnJCDo «J)^S6313lQQ)OJQQ)^6)S gaJKOOT)6313§OCQ)06m (31901 OlCmCO)/'

'Csni'DenSfflCDjoad^dS' O^CTD (i(ejOjei(rooOJ(3y:^6)(ar(3)6)(D)sjaJK» oriffl(3aDCDonGa>(i»

fflOfiSS)^*^^ •3JLa36ruoa3 inAcrooeloc^ O1(0)1(IQ)JO oilffl(5aDlc06)6)a_|GS6n3(a)j6Tie. BOOIQQXI^

Qi\(^l<&>(ji<B6) oilo^faocsocH)! ^ o ^ l o ^ on3_},o@_!>ocro((3Ta)loo Goienel oosoooo GaooDoS

''' Ibid., p.2l

'" Ibid, p.2l
^° p.21.
^' Robert J.C Young, Poj'^ Colonialism. An Historical Introduction (U K:
Blackwell, 2001) p. 24.

158
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6n§. e6T(DO(D(/00(rU(.(0)rLJfflfflOCQ) 6i(Ql (.nJODCDOfflOrD ODIOJCSO ^ ( O T I O O D (TUffl1rJlfyice6)2oa>

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^ o a ^ G e j e u nQcm Qcoocndb rj^ejcacarjn^cm 6)cft,o(Sgo6rnl(D)(o3 (maoD2flft.jej orTlej

nJos^cQjGgos ailm^aocft>(3 OTdOoajuil GiiJ03_5j63T3§2CQ'(3(OTi3)lQQ)«j)0(Q)l tejoerDOo.

6)(a>o(B§06TrnQQ)eJloruo(aia) (ardonnaiora^j^fflocx^^o (roJoeoail(ft)fflocQ)jo a^colcSceooajcsere

'(3TdCD_5j'(20CQ)06m oraojcS (3raaj(0>(Dl(Tjl<e6)2(TD(d).

'^cBjcsejsu' (3r3c96)oej«3rtD ooocmcS cnoajjOTriol ajjsjosnjssRglcoS ODlejcnlcTTfl

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oJcft,(Oo 6)OJc96)0000(Q)l (gt3aj«J)Olryice6)jaD(d) CQ)J(BO0nJ^CT3 fflO(O)^c0j6)QQ)CX2)O6rn; ^ o ^ l n ^

aJl3^0(§^0(T06)«Jta)(D)06m. (ScBjOglOffiaOOO) raracnO^OasmBC/S n^(OTl(3c9S)6)rijCS6TB(0)2«5)

ocm. n^aDO«33 (araaxDexD ((3)ca.(3ce6)oa3 nJ<0>(Do oaJooooaS cr»;(BO0rU_!y0^ nJi)raa\)(2);nO

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'rLj(0)l6)cr>§oo (3raa)_}^OQQ)(aTi3)l6)ej J3J(3^QQ)1(O3 oi^co^oroKD (gTaelcoJoayesRod

fflO(^l6)aj^ 6)c930C§06TTnQQ)co3 (3T3ao)©1oMd(aK5)l(n gTjceo (Tj<ft)ffl]aD(0)1&J06m (3rdai(3

a^OJffl^o nJ^gc&o 6)<)9>0g2J0rD(OT'" n^OTD (Dla1c0iad6TDaJ2o g'DOQfflOO^ WSrDKJttDloS

6)aJSJ(at0)OajJCTD aJltacSaDOOfflOerD. (.6Tin§°lrii<2t9'0O2^S n ^ ^ O 6)iiJCD)(a)lcft.6)§QQ)2o (§1cft>(0

cso^ono^sng.

22 w v/

OJ0a2)(r)a2)J6)5 3)(/0<&>(/d, rUJOo 118.

23 w
6)ta>.
6)ta>. ^^ ., o^a3, (rooaj03roro)l6)o^ raooiiLslQcso. ^CB^G^SIJ cuooaxnaD^os el(Jd<&a3,
nJJOo.81.

159
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00)^05 sorfld, 0ggsc9Oo n^crnlajQQnej^es cnoofl^cd).' '(Sj^ra^orDlGej ojlslcejjs^dSj'

n^oTD nDocrolcrocaroiloa^ (a)(.aa>ffl06m OdajOGgoerDlomeJlcruaj^o (roj1cft>(Dl^6)((3)(TD

(?ca)ocm](Tn]."

fiJ^eJCQXDOCD) (2(0(010)6)00 'flajJOJOnDlGej njlslcft.2SlCQ)(0)26)cft.06Iie' (.STlJOnJaem^

(DKJ)1oa^ffl(3(§0D63r3gl(o3(T)lnnQrardcuoSciJlcfflo^1(?5)(DOQQ>(0)2o oa>2S^(o>fs3 6)ffl^6)nj§ e o ^

Kl(ijl(0)o - (3ta((3)jo 6i(oi (2cn2oad^(T)0CQ)l(0)O(TD- £ie1:^(0)jo '(TV)(Dcroj(a)1 ailK(B)'(aro)1(o3

ODOo <Bi€rsi. ^'r)«'(ug20(a)1(D)l(o3 SJODI^ (DO(oocQ)6rD(/)j(02 ail3^0(§^o(n)o (BCDSICD) cQ>[n

(T)l(0)_5^6)6)nj(0)cr)j,(iQ)(0)1 (iJldJolceo^arDj.

.... ^no <m,0J9y^(S)i<u<ia)\(X)raraojce)0(^1cejgo(D)l(D]CTT)^'r)tf>ru(3 CDOCH)^ rjsmjul

(O)a3ffioo26)s (TOffl(/o1(3o3dooQQno1<e6)]cm(0)1oD caJ6rT§lQQ)06m 6)c930(g)1jj1sjgg(0).

(jmmaexx) B O J fflO(0)1o1 (3T9sl6).^d1cQ)oaJ2(TD 32O(ara)1(0j(TD ((gra<s6)oej(cro) CDOCD)^ CO^OJ

ce6)oao(3 a3Ta(U(36TDaneo(/)(aTa)1(o36)ry§(ueo oJoln-|1.yi(o^(TD(0) (a)l6n§Ofi_|o§ Qp(aT0)1

ojesTO)! c3Tdsl(Sd96)6rB(U6)(0 (Oislocejoesreolermo) (3Tdsl.^o(D)1(oj(TDj). aDO(D)(3(/)2(02ce6)(T20

(Dl(j^oDlaDjo ^'D<S'm(j6\rQiy^a2]0(A oJoenruilcOT^o aro(TU03l^1ojaT>cuo26)s (05j§(oro)1(o3

(T)0(oocQ)6TDco2(i)jaj2o Onjs^o." (mdsooQidm) CT)0(X3)(3 croiajBOQffioocoesragjo ruejo)©

(oraH&j^gg ail(3aji>J(T)63T3cr3fl90 aJlccDcnxDocono^CTD]. (a)(a3o£iej(2iocQ)l tsruoniaeTDriJl

(BoocjDo (graaj(3ce6)1sQQ)1eJ2o ao<e(0)(20(D)lffl^aD2. CDO(D)O^2IO(3O90 anacTuejesBgloej ams^

(OTO)g6i3T3gl(o3 (.nJGajaal.y fflsmlffl^gl L<TJO(3(aidlce6)^(TD(o>1co aJlGj(e6)2ce3§26rTSOcr»l(0]aDj.^*

0)000)0312000 (^j(.eo3i20O0CQ)l gOajl.^o)1(3(CKJ)0ci^ (Baj6n§l(D)06m o)aii;(0)1(ol(20(3

6)(ft,. n^a3, njerT)1ce6)(3, ^oB^aojeu 630j rujcnSruoaixr). CTOOOJOBO, rujoo.e.

25 ^
Cn1(0)^6)S).aJ(0)(D_!^CQ)(5)1, (3tdrU(;5)Offl1cft), 6)6)aic96)o (rO(!D^OCC/)nno, 0^)0(3. 6)cft.. (S82O0rO
(6)6)01(66)0: (SaOOGTHl nJ61^1(Joil*PCrO, 1988) oJJOo. 24.
^^ Dileep M. Menon, Caste Nationalism and Communism in South India, Malabar,
J900-1948 (New Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 1994) p. 109.

160
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GQiso 6iOi arocasaoaj^fflocon rjoeimoxxy^^- s>6)Cii<B6)o Q<B&iuxs)o a o j oruJcejOffl^oroj

(onaoerD; (0(D)oa)(0)orojo(0)(.ao)_^o Gceiii(.(i3)(.oJcajyD(DaJ2fflOQQ>l <Q}i§\iiii§\ss)(!>i(d).

cooojDloSceojsl CoJOcejOCDjgg arojOKnc^TO^^jyO^oocOT CceiaJC(0)(OTO)l(D3 (.f^Jcajaolfl96)2<^o

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6)aJ§1^. (U(3ce6)eJ(r)1(rD CUl(B(T)06nJ(gO(U6)QQ) n0O6TDO<ft)J§(OKn 6)da>06rT§2(B<TJO(X})1 ClJ6n3l

d9jQQ)^1CUlS2aJOOl3 (T>S<Q0&iCniaiOJ0Srn ca>26)S GrJOQQ)(d). (DS(0OS2(/)2(O2f^O6m H^CBCTDOS

^no cftjin fiJO6T0T0)(0)."^°

(iIIdc06)OGJ(ata) CnO(TU)l0Q)26)S ( D i e J n J O S (BrUOeJJo rJOloJ2(36TD(20(3Q)2o ^0(0)1aJJ>(U

(TU£1QQ)26)S (TO89>2iiJl(O)(O)J6)(OT0) (0)cft)(3(e6)2(UO(T3 eJcMd^(20d96)lQQ)1ffl2CTDl6)^(Tn06m ^1)

cft>l£l 0D6)(212 aO(3(2126)a_|S2(DTa)2(TD(0). (.6rUOni216TD_},(aTO)l6)Cl^ (BCU(DJoft)(/3 (3T(bL(a)(20L(0)o (319)*?

^^ Ibid.,pAOS.
28
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OCSJO^^O OcfeOeJCffl^o GoJOeJJO ODSRJtOlGriJOaD glXOOgOBOra^OS e06TD

ffllctnloQCBceojol^ Goft)(OG§o(o3rJ(aTa)lcQ)lejjo a g ^ o nJoofflcSaamjgganoco)! cejsmoo. 32

(.a)Oi2)croc89>(o>63i3g2o croeoaoerog^o £ 9 ) S a j ^ 2 ® ^ ' ^ i ^ ^ i ' ^ i o '^^1° ^^ (.sruoojaCTDcroia^

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29
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-50.

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S O ] (DOri^LS<TOn3^e(CK3)le&J cft>6TD<e6)Je9>§06m1aJ n^CWdJ) {.(TJCCJ^^J^cft. LWOraDQCBcSaDlceOJ

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cni^oersifBiOi ojlcnnn§l§jo caracd) cro^n^sl^^s^ciSTa) orooffljnolcftfflooQ) oracDlKDlQCD^os

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«»63t3g]6)S (TUDOCDo (gra(.6nJOai25Tr)6)((3 OTdGrJoMJl^ cSj^SJCnR^ QOfijjgg(0)0<Q6)1.

^° Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Writings and Speeches. Vol.9, (Education

Department, Government of Maharashtra, 1990) p.205.
^' Ibid, p.206.
^^ Ibid, p.207.

163
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" Debi Chatterjee, L^ against caste (Jaipur and New Delhi: Rawat Publications,
2004) p. 11.

164
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c s a c 3 ^ ^ojomoffio ((S)i,(J^2^: csca)(o§(rooan1(a)^ (JTOceooQcsl, i985) ojjoo.se.

165
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1917 a o o x j ^ 20 m S f i ^ l c r o nJO(3§lcD)j6)S (i3ra)3^ e(eD06rT3(iDoa3cro1«53 ^COTOTOO

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^^ B.N. Naidu. Intellectual history of colonial India (Mysore, 1831-1920) (Jaipur

and New Delhi: Rawat Publications, 1996) p.40-41.
36
Justice.?. Venugopal. Justice Party and Social Justice. (Madras: Periyar Thidal
1992) p.8.
" Ibid, p.9.

166
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aj(3nado (.6njOfiia6nD(3
L<e>1croOT)^n3 n^'\° nj_5,ci6aro
U)0Olc93C/i
gJCD
13,15,600 3,65,21,000 11,67,600 2,824 41,000

<^6g^o % O^SPJ^O % '^Sffio % '^^° % "^Sffio /o

1870-1871 110 67 36 22 10 6 ^%i 8 5 164

1880-1881 492 64 171 22 47 6 2 25 58 7.5 770
1890-1891 1461 67 445 20.5 168 8 20 1 75 3.5 2169
1901-1911 4074 71 1035 18 306 5.3 69 1 225 4 5709
1918 + 10269 67 3213 21 1343 8.8 186 1.2 205 1 15216

^^ Eugene. F. Irgchick, Politics and Social conflict in South India. The non-
brahmin Movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916-1929 (Bombay: Oxford
University Press, University of Caroline Press, 1966) p. 14.
^"^ Ibid, p.\6.

167
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"^^ Non- Brahmin Manifesto, Dr.P. Rajaraman, MA,Ph.D. The Justice Party, A
Historical perspective, 1916-1917. (Madras: Poompozhil Publisheres, 1988)
p.284.

168
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169
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s)ocQ)2o (D(a3(janQQ)aj6)(0(D)]o (ToaniofD(oo<fi6)l.""

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aj(o3 croooDlcoj^c/Doeuceo (0)OcB6)^1§(d) ^ o ^ l o ^ ailraj^oe^ocroo e j e l ^ raraajjocDSj

63T30S1 ((ft>^a3ej(0)) uJORnjGfflGODOoS ( g o B j c e j e u ) crol. o i l . (aoao^rJIgg (fflO(3(aro)06mjD

aj(3(2iia) f i ^ a r n a j o o a ^ l o j a D ^ . ca)2CT3ej{o>cQ)l((33 6)o9d(r»<£b(TOnjl(i»dl6)oi^ 'orolosniejToo^

(rOJOa)10Dffl^gg(0)OCQ)1 n ^ o . r J l . CnJ0a3 (BODOCUroS (rOOndl(a)_5^(Ori3)l«53 aJ^c9«5)fflOc96)lQQ)1ra]

CTDJ. (SODOOJeJloeJ oJOaajO(CD_5)(TOJOa)1(T)6)(OTO) nJ(Q\(f>Sm\<BS)lQ<mO(ji ^OilQQieUSS)

"" K.M. George, Western Influence on Malayalam Language and Literature (New
Delhi: Sahitya Academi, 1998) (FP. 1972) p.6.

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ajj(3(^ffloajoo. n^cTDoroS (roo3iooj>63i3o3 crv)JoeoaJl(ft)fflOQQ)1«5KnoaT> gsmoojo

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croj(0)toTOfflo(D) ailaj(3(<3ra)(Do aJ6)o c3Td)Ciioo. (a^ejdBi^caflcQilej^gg (3T5)L<^1(0)(0)JO

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fflocQ) cruooonjtejOolcQj oJ03iio(OTJ)Gj(aK5)1a^ CQCDOKleeo^oDCOToajoo.

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c0jOeiO fflJCOKSS aJej(a)(D«5T0>l&J^gg 6)6)aJG30Dlc63 CrOJOa)1OD(aT0)1OD ODfflmjOS arV)OaDl(0)^o

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croo(rocft.^(0)(rojo(ju)1or)(ora)l6)a^ (.f^Gajo)o ajc^fJol^^ajaD^. i6,i7 ooj^oerejcesgoaj^Gcmo

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^^ / Z ) / J . , p . l 0 1 , 102.

171
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c3Tdaj(3 (aejQQ)ogeori9dceo cnl'^GJsns^ceQgjo, aj_j^O(jft.(06Tr)63r3gjo afl(3i2i2il^2 ^«53cft>1.

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aocDil ajlaj(ol^ac9j06n3 (araccnloa^ croajlcaortadcocejglceiceo cej6iicft)a3 cejSteo^orr)].

aJ6)«5Ta)ocnj(0)Oo CD2(^06n@l((33 ^CKJ)_?>(Q)1«53 oDSojlejOceolcn) Lsnilglod aroconjGOQa)(aTa)l

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(floo^ (!jTd((j) aJOQQilceojcejQffijo ci3r3)Croj3lce6)2flft>t^2° 6)iiji3»((3)2. ^o<66)^(2OT)l oversea)

(JDOCD^STOOS grJGCQ)Oa)lc96)jaD«n GrUOS)ej(0)6)(TD(XJ)O6ml(a). aJlG3aDoJJCrO(0)tft)63T3(^

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((310)1(03 .aJaO)^C(2(S(T)0(T>2o ffl^CDOJUil (BnJOJo 6)i3J(D)(0)(d) ^(3)050)."

^^ Ibid.,p.5\
^^ Ibid., p.53.

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ceojoDon. (oagooloffifflocQ) (.oJGOcmegng^o croi2oft)OeJlce3(.rJaDOD6i3T3§jo oTaajanolfyidBOj

(TDcolcD cojerelcffioem nJsleraKnooaS orDOoolctnjyOjtijesTsaS crojlcejol^oj). ^T) OJCCOO

oMdfflOQQ) (6>so6)e950g2(o3 (2iejcQ)o§roTa)lcn cejjs^KJXoS (/)26m<)ft>(0fflO6)6mom Gej6u<6>oi8

aj^ceflnaoceo^oD^. ^TDOCTOO©^ (.nJ(.c9>lQQ) ^oz5>_^n^ fruonnlto^^ctsranoog fflTJeJlcejCOOcD)

G30nadc9j(a2iocQ)l g n j o u i l ^ o a j o m (macgdocorfnloi raraelLnJoomizfl^.

orujocjDlaoffll^ocaro) maO(aro)0(n) croonnlcoj^o ailragiaosrn. r»^^o OJGJICQ) o^y^^^'^J'^^

(Djo nj£jaJla>(ota)1&jjg9 crojocjolcoesrsc^ceo oJlGU)(D)ffloajjaD2.

so(Ea)0(3 oJO6TOTOTaj)]CrJ0o&j crooarDcojjCJToloej (hrooilSidS) aii<i>i<nid6 aroooDl

(o^oroilaejccDjo cejejoonoejorojo LnJaJSKajexoTO) crojoooolcejolfleQjonocolejoem. oracOTim

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(BscQ)jo oJO(oaiira_?,(aTtJ)l6)ci^(D)2o crojooaironnlan^cojo (gidoojyOG^oafflooQ) (ar^jOilo^flejOCDo.''*

"cno§l(5)jaj0(o ODlejODlanDlgjgg (ZiejcQ)og(roonDl(OT^(ara)l6)oi^ rU(olL(0)o m!)<x>i<B>

ffl6m(0Knl6)(l^ aJ(0l(.(a)fflO6m" n^OT) LnJ6U_J)OrLJ(DG(i3r0)O6)SCQ)O6m Ojl. OUl. (.0018203

(0)6)0^ orooffloocruOfinlco^o o^onD cejeuoDo rarajOoel^osi. (O)lce>^o (STdorooDla^u)

laoQC!) (.f^eu^Onjoosxaono (3T3(0)l6)or) aJlG(/oriinfyi(Bce6)6nB(a)j6n§. aGJomogoroonDlco^o

(3T3(r)2(ft.(ol^(OT m2*]cuo^ rdsl6TaT(3)odl6)(T) (ma)CQ)1(02CTD26)ajaD2o ajracgoOo cnicooJlcBO]

(TD^sne.

^^ Ibid, p. 53.

173
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(S&J<fiOJO dajSOD^aJOD]. GOJC^CS ffle96)0(3(Ora)l, QCaO^nOnOCrO, G(.n£lD(r»lnJD (fJ)]S63t3lCQ)

(Too(3(.(0), cej1(86)c96)(/)0(3B, cn)o(roGoJ<p(To «j)^s6gr3l m o g o o j C9JJ§O GrJ(oj<ft)a3 cejSorD^oj

(ru(.Sc&nJoeJlci^ ^^^^TO GQioGOJOsna Gojojcejs^os gnD^mooonojcnr)]. 3l(3'^ej(aociQ)

(O^rUo 6)ce>O0gjc9a(n)j6ngOQQ)1e^.''°

(Doroo, CDJCDI, anDiiJlanj^o (OT^SSTOIQQ) cnilriJDOCToemsGgos cnaii<B6) G«j)oanno(aKn

(md)(ai2i6TU(TU)o o^cT0)26)c9j06n3 (gra)a)]or)lGda>0(aKJ)(a oJooajoanj^orolrauooTOeiSBGgos

C((3)0(TD2CTDj n^cw cmcsqnDo (SaJO(i\si^. ^eTOOCD rJ005uo(a)^i20(Q)(0)l6)OD (graoojte^cal

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ceooa3 ca.iplcQ)l6)g|aD (jnl^ojlGejceooem (graGgnDOfflajraflQcysj). aJlej (.riJfT\)ce«5>fflocD)

CoJ(0)1(ft.a6TD63T3a3 (3T5) GeJ6)j(T)(ora)l(n CCDOO gQfflcanD^aJolcejcm^sngoQQil.

'(D0§l(0)jaJoocQ)2§g (2ejQQ)o§(TOOaol«j)^(ora)l6)oi^ iiJo1(.(a)o' ^cBjGejoj

6)((3)o§^g2 <0jtfn6Tt5Kn 63©2 ODjc^osTTijcejoejexaKD ^ol(.(3)mocQ)06rD GejeuoQo ((jraojcaxolojl

(3T5)aocx2)63T3(^ cftSoOcejOggjoDcolooD aJlfflcSoolceo^cTT) Ltra°1^6)a^ (oecm

''^ ajl.cnil. i(M°\Bidd, avomamaroonolanj^o, moon^ejizil ajoKn<ft., 27 ag5(.tiJl«53, 1997. njjoo. 24.
(u1. cnil. aooraloro, r^fP](3tu)jo ajoauaxuijo (c<ft)0§cQ)o: n^ad. enXl. o^rro. 1999) njjoo.
150. 151.

174
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•^ Michael Kimmel. After fifteen years: the impact of the sociology of masculinity
of sociology in Men Masculinities and social theory (Ed.) Jeff H e a m and David
Morgan. (London: Unwin Hyman , 1990) p.94.
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OnnLSmjOJOl -210(3^, rUJOo 86.
As stated at the out set, my object is to write a novel after the EngHsh fashion
and it is evident that no ordinary Malaylaee lady can fill the role of the heroine
of such a story. My Indulekha is not therefore an ordinary Malayalee lady.

182
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(Delhi, O U P , 1984) p . 8 1 .

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^ N a n n c y Halstorm, The socialist Feminist Proejct. (Monthly Review March

2003), p . 39-49
oil. (/)1(a), 6)ruo2o(ScftiOOQ)m<ft>(/3, ^as^QJsu - cuowcncaijsys slaoc&ad, nj]Oo 67.

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^"^ V. Geetha, Patriarchy (Calcutta : Stree, 2007) p.38

^ Engels Fredrich, The Origin of the Family, Private property and the state
(Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1948) p. 73.

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^^ Rosalind Delmer. Quoted in Gender and Class as analytical Categories: Some

uses of Re-reading Engels - Malini Bhattacharya in Literature and Gender. Ed.
Supriya Choudhury and Sajini Mukherji (New Delhi : Orient Longman, 2002)
p.92.
" Ibid., p. 96-97.

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63B§2o aj(3(^a(3f§(T>(aTa)1(sejfl90 rUjojsBTa^cTD^.

^^ Nancy Holstorm - The socialist Feminist Project. (Monthly Review Vol. 54.
Marcch 2003 No. 20). p. 39-49.

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^° Sl.cjl. 152.
Sl.oJJ. 177.
^^ Mao Tse-tung Report on the peasant movement in Hunan. 1927. trans, by Stuart
Schram in Mao-tse tung (New York: Praeger 1972) pp. 228-9.

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^^ Tanika Sarkar, Strisiksha and its Terror. Re-reading Ninteenth century Debates
on Reform, in Literature and Gender ed. Supriya Chaudhuri and Sajini Mukherji
(Newdelhi : Orient Longman, 2002) p. 156.

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^ Kumari Jayawardena. Feminism and Nationalism in the third world in the 19th
and early 20th centuries. (Hague : Institute of Social Studies. 1982) p.82.
37
Ibid. p.81.

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cft>G(0oa)6)(DKJ) or^jCronJGfflOceolcEBoerD ojlaDea>&JODo o^jJomanoansanroS, GOGOOOOO^

' Barthes. Roland The Death of the Author - Modem Criticism and theory - A
Reader Ed. David Lodge - Routledge London 1988.

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(3racu1(/a(ijj(ajr>aj(3> (Hegemonic Masculinity)

Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity fi^cm cejsuorxoTOTlejoern

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riad(0)6)(Q) a t ) o 6 n J C r U ) 1 ^ gCTD(D)lce6)6)aJS2CTDaj)."^

^ Tim Carrigan, Bob Cornell, John Lee, Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity,
The Meaning of Masculinities - The New Men's Studies, Hary Brod (Ed.),
(USA: Unwin Hymn, 1990) p.92.

212
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^ R.W. Connell - Gender and Power - Society, the Personal Social Politics.
California : Standford University Press, 1987) p. 183.

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Thomas Michael, Virginity Vs. decency - continuity and change in Pakistani

Men's perception of sexuality and women. South Asian Masculinities - Context
of Change, Sites of Continuity. Ed. Radhika Chopra, Caroline Osella and Filippo
Osella (New Delhi: Kali for women, 2004) p. 107-108.
Ibid., p. 109.

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rUJCOo: C<e3(OgO(§OraiOgDa3f^1g_!j2§, 1992) r j p o 6..

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27
rUSmlceOcS 6)<e3.a®(T3. 196-197.

^^ O. Chandu Menon, Indulekha (trans.), Anitha Devasia, (New Delhi:Oxford

University Press, 2005) p.249.

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ajlelcTD (Tumjnf)6gT3gl6)ej aj^cwIolce^naocQ) croJcOTJcroejcoSaJsatsaa (TOJCQ)O rdi^smctoern.

^'^ Ibid., p. 250-51

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^° /6/c/., p. 2 5 3 .

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^•^ Partha Chatterji, The Nation And its Fragments (New Delhi: Oxford University
press, 2001) p.6.
^^ Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and
Spread of Nationalism, (London, Verso. 1991).
^^ Partha Chatterji, The Nation and its Fragments (NewDelhi: Oxford University
Press 2001) p.7.

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^^ Partha Chatterji, The Nation and its Fragments, p.6.

^^ Himani Banerji, Regeneration: Mothers and Daughters in Literature and Gender
Edit Supriya Choudhuri and Sajini Mukherji (New Delhi : Orient Longman,
2002).

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263
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264
 r»J3CrU^iaj|

1. Agency
2. Canonization nJ1oaj(o3ce6)(06rDo
3. Close Reading orojcei^ffl tiJO(oocQ)6mo

4. Colonizer (3rdCJDloDlGajaD(ft.a3

5. Colonized orauilonilaJlo^saB

6. Culturalism croooorocejoolcfe ojoao

7. Dichotomisation oi\(0l(iif\<&iO6mo

8. Discursive practice aj^OajaDO(Olc05LrUeCQ)OCOo

9. Dynamic
11 t thnicity
12. Free play
13 Frictional reading f^Gj(3oad6m (TJorao(D)6rDo

14 Gender eiloo)®)

15 Genealogy ajoaooajej1iij(o1«5)o

16 Identity (i3ra(gle€T5)OOD((3)

17 Masculinity
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19 Notion orueajKsSajooo

20 Non-brahmin (grdLeniOfiiaem

21 Reductionism
22 Self orujcOTJo

23 Sign (3raSQQ)0§0

24 Stereotype
25 Teleology ej«Md^ajo3o

26 Temporal <0joeilc65o
27 Textualism nJOOOJOGo

28 Thick discription (roo(.a3oilajra6TDo

265
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7. OceD.rdl. aD(0OT)iij(.a30^, ^as^GGjeu a o j oroomjaDloft) oroaoocejo, i968.

8. ao©5(oa3 (0)OCH)O§, ^cra^dejojom^o ^o^lnn^o (rvoanlanj^BlnJC^X (Bca>o§(D)o:

aJlRncosmo ooooademroa enijceooruoooaS i978.

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10. aJLosGaoajcoo^ o^o. (m)&. ^a3jej6ucoQ)o crojffllGcxso, ODfOTjOjyo <3yaJl(uyQQ)^o

(Joa>oip1ece6)os: nJj^snorJST^ICceooadaSoro, 1979.

11. (S5^rt^6TD6)6)ca>(2C^ (i3TdQQ)ffl00o, ^CK5>^C(2CaD06)CI^ da.§lLeoaOT, ffleJOOgfflGOOOraffl,

1980.

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6)a£l(.5maj(0l -210(3.^, 1982.

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•^ejo, 1983.

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300)0 12O0r\51c9j, OfflCffi - ^]6n3, 1984.

22. CajoenjKnlceoco ooncl, (aejQQ)ogo GODoajcaS acoj (OTlraleimcnjecQogo jualisnaom

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(3)](X2>JO rUJG(S0(/)(3)1(n>JO, (OflcOjaJCnCTO^aJ^fflo: aJlOOTOfJSlgylGoadcScrO, 1992.

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(3ra)<p.!iJnj(0)laj, ajDloTOoenj^ 12, 1994.

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