CH.

CHARAN SINGH UNIVERSITY, MEERUT

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

SYLLABUS
FOR M.Sc. (PHYSICS)
ELECTRONICS SPECIALIZATION
(REGULAR)

w.e.f.
ACADEMIC SESSION 2016-2017 AND ONWARD
 (1)
M.Sc. PHYSICS (I Semester): MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS

Unit 1. Polynomials- Legendre, Hermite and Laguerre polynomials and their

generating functions. Recurrence relations and special properties of P n(x) as solution of
Legendre
differential equation, Rodrigues formula, orthogonality of Pn(x) , associated Legendre
polynomials (Introdution only).
Unit 2. Bessel function of first kind, generating function, recurrence relations, J n(x) as
solution of Bessel differential equation, Expansion of Jn(x) when n is half and odd
integer, Integral representation.
Unit 3. Complex Variable: Function of a complex variable, Cauchy Riemann conditions,
Cauchy’s integral theorem (without proof), Cauchy’s integral formula, Cauchy’s Residue
theorem, singular points and evaluation of definite integrals of the type
∫02π f(sinθ, cosθ)dθ, ∫-∞∞ f(x) dx, ∫-∞∞ f(x) eiaxdx
Unit 4. Integral Transforms: Laplace Transform, First and second shifting theorems,
Inverse LT by partial fractions, LT of derivative and integral of a function, Solution of
initial value problems by using LT,
Unit 5. Fourier Series and Fourier Transform: Fourier series, Half range expansion,
Arbitrary period, Fourier integral and transforms, FT of delta and Gaussian function.

Text and References Books

Mathematical method for Physics by G. Arfken
Advanced Engineering Mathematics by E.Kreyszig
Special Functions by E.D Rainville
Special Functions by W.W Bell
Functions of complex variable by R.V.Churchill
Mathematical Method for Physicists and Engineers by K.F.Reily, M.P.Hobson and
S.J.Bence
Mathematical Physics by H.K. Das
 (2)

M.Sc. PHYSICS (I Semester): CLASSICAL MECHANICS

Unit 1. Preliminaries: Newtonian mechanics of a particle, Mechanics of a system of

particles, Constraints; their classification, D’Alembert’s principle, Virtual work,
generalized coordinates and derivation of Lagrange's equations, Velocity-Dependent
potentials and the Dissipation function, Applications of Lagrangian formulation: Simple
Pendulum with rigid support, Two connected masses with string passing over a pulley.
Unit 2. Variational Principles and Lagrange's Equations: Hamilton’s principle, Some
techniques of the calculus of variations, Derivation of Lagrange’s equation from
Hamilton’s principle, advantages of variational principle formulation, Principle of least
action.
Unit 3. Two body central force problem: Reduction to the equivalent one-body
problem, Motion in a central force field, The Virial theorem, The inverse square law of
force, The motion in central force in the Kepler problem.
Unit 4. Hamiltonian equations of motion: Legendre transformations and Hamilton
equations of motion, Cyclic coordinates and conservation theorems, Canonical
transformation generating functions, Properties, Poisson bracket, Poisson theorem,
Relation of Poisson brackets, Hamilton Jacobi method
Unit 5. Small oscillations: Concept of small oscillations, Expression of kinetic energy and
potential energy for the problem of small oscillations, Frequencies of free vibration, and
Normal coordinates.

Text and Reference Books

H. Goldstein : Classical Mechanics
N.C. Rana and P.S. Joag : Classical Mechanics
A. Sommerfiel : Mechanics
Perceival and D. Richards: Introdution to Dynamics
 (3)

M.Sc. PHYSICS (I Semester): QUANTUM MECHANICS- I

Unit 1. Wave Mechanics: Dual nature of matter and radiation, Schrodinger equation,
Principle of superposition, Motion of wave packets, Uncentainty principle, Fundamental
postulates of wave mechanics, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Probabilistic
interpretation, normalization of bound and continuum state wave functions,Expectation
values of dynamical variables, Coordinate and momentum representation, Hermitian
operator, Commutator algebra and uncertainty relation, Three dimensional potential
well and Hydrogen atom.
Unit 2. Representation and Transformations: State vectors, Hilbert Space, Dirac
notations, Dynamical and linear operators in matrix form, Linear harmonic oscillator in
matrix formulation, Space and time displacements, Rotation generators,
Transformations of dynamical variables, Symmetry and conservation laws. Symmetric
and anti symmetric wave-functions and Pauli exclusion principle.
Unit 3. Approximate Methods: Time independent first and second order perturbation
theory for non-degenerate and degenerate levels, Variational method and its
application for Helium atom. Stark effect, Dipole polarizability of ground state Hydrogen
atom, Zeeman Effect.
Unit 4. Angular momentum: Commutation relations involving angular momentum
operators, the eigenvalue spectrum, Matrix representation of J , Addition of angular
momentum, Clebsch- Gordon coefficients, Spin angular momentum, Spin wave
functions, Addition of spin and orbital angular momentum.
Unit 5. Scattering Theory: Laboratory and centre-of-mass systems, scattering by
potential field, scattering amplitude, differential and total cross sections, phase shift,
Lippmann-Schwinger equation, First Born approximation.

Text and References Books

Modern Physics by S.P. Khare.
Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Physics by S.P. Khare.
Quantum Mechanics by S. Gasiorowicz.
A text book of Quantum Mechanics by P.M. Mathews and K. Venkatesan
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics by E. Merzbacher
Quantum Mechanics by L.I. Schiff
 (4)
M.Sc. PHYSICS (I Semester): ELECTRONIC DEVICES

Unit 1. Conduction Mechanism in Semiconductors: Classification of semiconductors -

Elemental and compound semiconductors, Direct band and indirect band gap
semiconductors, Charge carriers in extrinsic semiconductors, Carrier concentrations; The
Fermi Level, electron and hole concentrations at equilibrium, temperature dependence
of carrier concentrations, drift of carriers in electric and magnetic fields; conductivity
and mobility, drift and resistance, effect of temperature and doping on mobility, The
Hall effect, Diffusion of carriers in semiconductors; diffusion processes, diffusion and
drift of carriers, diffusion and recombination, The continuity equation.
Unit 2. Semiconductor-diode characteristics: Qualitative theory of P-N junction, The
Contact Potential, Space charge at a junction, Capacitance of p-n junctions, Forward and
reverse bias junctions, Reverse bias breakdown, Zener diode, Tunnel diode.
Unit 3 . Bipolar Junction Transistors: Transistor current components, The transistor as
an Amplifier, CB, CE, CC configurations, Input output characteristics, Early Effect,
Graphical analysis of the CE configuration, Transistor hybrid model, h parameters,
Analysis of a Transistor amplifier circuit using h parameters, Hybrid π model, Ebers-Moll
model, Transistor biasing and thermal stabilization.
Unit 4. Field Effect Transistors: Construction and characteristics of JFET, transfer
characteristic, The FET small signal model, Measurement of gm and rd, JFET fixed bias,
Self bias and voltage divider configurations, JFET source follower (common-Drain)
configuration, JFET Common – Gate configuration, Depletion and enhancement type
MOSFETs.
Unit-5. Feedback Amplifiers: Classification of Amplifiers, Feedback concept, Ways to
introduce negative feedback in Amplifiers, Effect of negative feedback, Method of
analysis of a feedback amplifier, Volatge-series feedback, Current-series feedback,
Volatge-shunt feedback, Current-shunt feedback, Nyquist criterion for stability of
feedback amplifiers.

Text and Reference Books

Solid State Electronic Devices by B.G. Streetman
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory by R.L. Boylested and L. Nashelsky
Integrated Electronics by J. Millman and C.C. Halkias
Introduction to Semiconductor Devices by M. S. Tyagi
Electronic Devices and Circuits by Balbir Kumar and S.B. Jain
 (5)

M.Sc. PHYSICS (II Semester): QUANTUM MECHANICS- II

Unit 1. Time dependent Perturbation Theory : First order perturbation, Interaction of

an atom with electromagnetic field, Transition probabilities, Fermi Golden rule, Dipole
approximation.

Unit 2. Induced and Spontaneous radiations: Einstein A and B coefficients, Induced

and spontaneous emissions of radiations, their applications in the construction of gas
and solid lasers.

Unit 3. Quantum Theory of Radiation: Classical radiation field, Fourier decomposition

and radiation oscillators, Creation, annihilation and number operators, Photon states,
Quantized radiation field, Basic matrix elements for emission and absorption,
Spontaneous emission in the dipole approximation, Plank’s radiation law.

Unit 4. Relativistic Equations: Klein-Gordon equation and its plane wave solution,
Probability density in KG theory, Difficulties in KG equation, Dirac equation for a free
electron, Dirac matrices and spinors, Plane wave solutions, Charge and current
densities, Existence of spin and magnetic moment from Dirac equation of electron in an
electromagnetic field.

Unit 5. Dirac Equation: Dirac equation for central field with spin orbit interaction,
Energy levels of Hydrogen atom from the solution of Dirac equation, Covariant form of
Dirac equation.

Text and Reference Books

Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Physics by S.P. Khare.
Quantum Mechanics by L.I. Schiff
Modern Quantum Mechanics by J.J. Sakurai
A Text Book of Quantum Mechanics by P.M. Mathews and K.Venkatesan
Quantum Mechanics by A. P. Messiah
 (6)

M.Sc. PHYSICS (II Semester): STATISTICAL MECHANICS

Unit 1. Foundation of Statistical Mechanics & Ensembles: Phase space, concept of

Ensemble, Ensemble average, Liouville’s theorem, equation of motion and Liouville’s
theorem, Canonical Ensemble, Microcanonical Ensemble, Grand Canonical Ensemble,
partition functions.

Unit 2. Statistical Quantities: Calculation of statistical quantities, Energy and density

fluctuations, Entropy of an ideal gas using microcanonical Ensemble, Gibb’s paradox,
Sackur- Tetrode equation.

Unit 3. Postulates of quantum statistical mechanics, Density matrix, Statistics of

indistinguishable particles, Maxwell-Boltzmann, Fermi- Dirac and Bose- Einstein
Statistics, properties of ideal Bose and Fermi gases, Bose- Einstein condensation.

Unit 4. Cluster expansion for a classical gas, virial equation of state, ising model, mean-
field theories of the ising model in three, two and one dimensions, Exact solutions in
one-dimension.
Landau theory of phase transition, critical indices, scale transformation and dimensional
analysis.

Unit 5. Fluctuations: Correlation of space-time dependent fluctuations, fluctuations

and transport phenomena, Brownian motion, Langevin theory, fluctuation dissipation
theorem, The Fokker-Plank equation.

Text and Reference Books

Statistical and Thermal Physics by F. Reif
Statistical Mechanics by K. Huang
Statistical Mechanics by R. K. Pathria
Statistical Mechanics by R. Kubo
Statistical Physics by Landau and Lifshitz
Statistical Mechanics and properties of matter, theory and application by E.S.R. Gopal
 (7)

M.Sc.PHYSICS (II Semester): ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS

Atomic Physics:
Unit 1 . Quantum Mechanical Treatment of one-electron Atom, Spin-Orbit interaction
and fine structure of hydrogen atom, Spectra of alkali elements. Singlet and triplet
States of Helium.

Unit 2 . Many electron atoms: Central field approximation, Thomas-Fermi field, Atomic
wave function, Hartree and Hartree –Fock approximations, Spectroscopic Terms: L S and
J J coupling schemes for many electron atoms, Introduction of Zeeman Effect, Paschen
effect and Stark effect, Electric dipole and Electric Quadrupole.

Molecular Physics:
Unit 3. Born - Oppenheimer approximation, Heitler-London theory of H2, LACO
treatment of H2+ and H2, Classification of Molecules, Types of Molecular Spectra and
Molecular Energy States: Pure Rotational Spectra, Vibrational-Rotational Spectra,
Raman Scattering, Selection rules, Isotope effect, Classification of electronic states,
Coupling of rotational and electronic motions, Electronic spectra: Franck-Condon
principle.

Unit 4. Infrared Spectroscopy, General description and working of infra-red

Spectrophotometer, Raman spectroscopy, Raman Spectrometer.

Unit 5. Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Photoelectron Spectrometer, Nuclear Magnetic

Resonace, Chemical Shift, NMR Spectrometer, Electron Spin Resonance (Introduction
and their principles only), ESR Spectrometer.

Text and Reference Books

Introduction to atomic spectra by H.E. White
Spectra of diatomic molecules by Herzberg
Atoms and molecules by M. Weissbluth
Quantum theory of Atomic Structure Vol I by Slater
Quantum theory of molecules and Solids by Slater
Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy by C.B.Banwell
Introduction to molecular spectroscopy by G.M.Barrow
Molecular spectroscopy by Jeanne L.McHale
Molecular spectroscopy by J.M.Brown
Spectra of atoms and molecules by P.F. Bemath
Modern spectroscopy by J.M. Holias
 (8)
M.Sc.PHYSICS (II Semester): ELECTRODYNAMICS & PLASMA PHYSICS

Unit 1. Electrostatics: Electrostatic fields in matter; Dielectrics, Polarization, Field inside a

dielectric, Electric displacement, Linear dielectrics. Laplace’s and Poisson Equations, Methods of
images, point charge near an infinite conducting plane, Point charge in the presence of
grounded conducting sphere, Point charge in presence of charged insulated sphere.

Unit 2. Magneticstatics: Magnetic vector potential, Magnetostatic fields in Matter:

Magnetization, field of a magnetized object, magnetic field inside matter, linear and non linear
magnetic media.

Unit 3. Time-Varying Fields: Maxwell’s displacement current, Maxwell’s equations, Maxwell’s

equations in terms of vector and scalar potentials, Poynting theorem, Lienard- Wiechert
potentials due to a point charge, Fields of a point charge in motion, Power radiated by an
accelerated charge, Larmor’s formula and its relativistic generalization.

Unit 4. Plane Electromagnetic Wave: Reflection, Refraction of electromagnetic waves at an

interface between dielectrics, Fresnel’s relation polarization by reflection and total internal
reflection, Plain electromagnetic waves in free space, dielectrics and conducting media.

Unit 5. Plasma: Definition of plasma ,Concept of temperature, Debye shielding, Criteria for
plasma, Single-particle motions in E and B fields, Magnetic mirrors and plasma confinement,
Plasma as fluid, the fluid equation of motion, Equation of continuity and equation of state,
Waves in plasmas, Plasma oscillations, Plasma frequency ωp, Electron plasma waves, ion waves,
Electron and ion oscillations perpendicular to B and parallel to B, Cutoffs and resonances.

Text and Reference Books;

Classical Electrodynamics by J.D. Jackson

Foundations of Electromagnetic theory by J.R. Reitz, F.J.Milford and R.W.Christy
Introduction to Electromagnetics by David J. Griffiths
Intriduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol-1: Plasma Physics by Francis F. Chen
Plasma Physics by S.N. Sen.)
 (9)
M.Sc. PHYSICS (III Semester): CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS

Unit 1. Crystal Physics and Defects in Crystals:

Crystalline solids, unit cell and direct lattice, Bravais lattice in two dimensions (plane
lattice) and three-dimensional ( space lattice), Closed packed structures.

Unit 2. Interaction of X-rays with matter, Absorption of X-rays, X-ray diffraction, The
Laue, powder and rotating crystal methods, The reciprocal lattice and its important
properties and applications, Diffraction intensity, Atomic scattering factor, Geometrical
structure factor.

Unit 3. Crystal imperfections: Point defects, line defects and planer (stacking) faults.
Estimation of dislocation density from X-ray diffraction measurements. The observation
of imperfections in crystals: electron microscopic techniques.

Unit 4. Electronics Properties of Solids:

Electrons in a periodic lattice: Bloch theorem, The Kronig-Penny Model, Effective mass
of an electron, Tight-binding approximation, Cellular and pseudopotential methods,
Fermi surface: Fermi surface and Brillouin zones, Anomalous skin effect, Cyclotron
resonance, de Hass van Alphen effect, Magnetoresistance, Hall effect in semiconductors
Superconductivity: Elements of BCS theory, Flux quantization, Meissner effect, Critical
temperature, Persistent current.

Unit 5. Ferromagnetism: Weiss theory of ferromagnetism, Heisenberg model and

molecular field theory, Ferromagnetic domains, The Bloch-wall, Spin waves and
magnons, Curie- Weiss law for susceptibility, Ferri and antiferro-magnetic order.

Text and References Books

Verma and Srivastava: Crystallography for Solid State Physics
Azaroff: Introduction to Solids
Omar: Elementary Solid State Physics
Aschroff & Mermin: Solid State Physics
Kittel: Solid State Physics
Chaikin and Lubensky: Principles of Condenced Matter Physics
 (10)
M. Sc. PHYSICS ( III Semester ): SPECIAL PAPER- I: ELECTRONICS

Unit 1. Operational Amplifier Basic and Application: Review of Feedback, Linear Circuit, Op-
Amp Basic, Inverting and Non-inverting amplifiers, Unity follower, Summing amplifiers,
Integrator, Differentiator, Op- Amp Specifications- DC Off-set parameter, Frequency parameters,
Imperfection in Op- Amplifier application- multiple stage gain, Voltage summing and
subtraction, Current controlled voltage ource, Voltage controlled current source, Rectifiers and
Limiters, Comparators and Schmitt Triggers, Active filters.
Unit 2. Digital Logic Gates: Symbols and truth tables, Classes of digital integrated circuits
(Diode logic, DTL, TTL, ECL, MOSFET, CMOS), Transistor- Transistor Logic (TTL), Single Input TTL
Inverter (transfer characteristic), Multi- collector transistors, Propagation delays, Diode Logic,
DTL NAND Gate (transfer characteristic, noise immunity, fan out), Emitter Coupled Logic
(transfer characteristic of OR/NOR gate, practical implementation, MOSFET Logic- Review of
MOSFET, MOSFET Inverter with active load, MOSFET NOR and NAND gates, Complementary
MOS (CMOS)- CMOS inverter, CMOS NOR and NAND, Power dissipation in CMOS,
Advantages/Disadvantages of CMOS.
Unit 3. Digital Electronics and Logic Gate: Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal number system, Base
conversion system, Bipolar junction and Field Effect transistor as switches, Basic digital logic
gates (OR, AND and NOT, NOR, NAND and Exclusive OR), XOR gate, Boolean laws and theorem,
Sum of Product (SOP) and Peroduct of Sum (POS) method, Karnaugh map, pair, quad and
octave, POS simplification, min-term, max-term.
Unit 4. Application of Digital Logic Gate: Half adder and Full adder circuit, multiplexers,
demultiplexer, Flip- Flop and Registers- RS Flip Flop, D- Flip Flop, T- Flip Flop, JK- Flip Flop, JK
Master- Slave Flip Flop, Astable, Monostable and Bi-stable multivibrator, types of registers,
serial-in-serial out, serial-in-parallel out, parallel-in-serial out, parallel-in parallel out, Counters
and Convertors- asynchronous and synchronous counter, Mod-3 and Mod-5 counters, shift
counters, Digital-to Analog Converters-D/A converter, ladder network, A/D converters.
Unit 5. Microprocessor-Intel 8085 microprocessor architecture, interfacing devices, BUS
timing, instruction set, simple illustrative program.

Text and Reference Books

Electronic Device and Circuit: R. Boylested and L. Nashdsky
Analysis and Design of Digital Integrated Circuit: Hodges, Jackson and Saleh
Digital Principles and Implementation: A.P. Malvino and D.P. Leach
Op- Amp and Linear Integrated Circuit: Ramakant A. Gayakwad
 (11)
M. Sc. PHYSICS ( III Semester ): SPECIAL PAPER II: ELECTRONICS

Unit 1. Microwave Devices: Klystrons amplifiers,velocity modulation, Basic principles

of two cavity klystrons, Multicavity clystron amplifier and Reflex klystron oscillator,
Magnetrons, principles of operation of magnetrons and Travelling wave tube (TWT).
Transferred electron devices, Gun effect, Principles of operations, modes of operation,
Read diode, IMPATT diode, and TRAPATT diode.

Unit 2. Amplitude Modulated Systems: Frequency translation, method of frequency

translation, recovery of the base band signal, Amplitude modulation, Maximum allowed
modulation, The square law demodulation, Spectrum of an amplitude modulated signal,
Modulators and Balanced modulators, Single side band modulation, Methods of
generating as SSB signal, Vestigial side band modulation, Multiplexing.

Unit 3. Frequency Modulated Systems: Angle modulation, Phase and frequency

modulation, Relationship between phase and frequency modulation, Phase and
frequency deviation, Spectrum of an FM signal, Sinusoidal modulation, Bandwidth of a
sinusoidally modulated FM signal, FM generation, Parameter variation method,
Armstrog system.

Unit 4. Transmission and Radiation of signals: Primary line constants, phase velocity
and line wavelength, Characteristic impedance, Propagation Coefficient, Phase and
group velocities, Standing waves, Lossless line at radio frequencies, Voltage standing
wave ratio, Slotted line measurements at radio frequencies, Transmission lines as circuit
elements, Smith chart, Single and double Stub matching, Time domain reflectometry,
Telephone lines and cables, Radio frequency lines.

Unit 5. Fiber optic communications: Principles of light transmission in a fiber,

Propagation within a fiber, Effect of index profile on propagation, Modes of
propagation, Single mode propagation, Losses in fibres, Dispersion, Fiber optic
communication systems.

Text and Reference Books

Electronic Devices and circuit Theory by R. Boylested and L. Nashdsky

Principles of Communication Systems by H. Taub and Donald L. Schilling
Optoelectronics: Theory and Practice, Edited by Alien Chappal
Microwaves by K.L. Gupta
Electronic communications by Dennis Roddy and John Coolen
 (12)
M. Sc. PHYSICS ( III Semester ): NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS

Unit 1. Introductory Concept of Nuclei: Binding energy and Binding energy per nucleon,
Nuclear angular momentum, Nuclear magnetic dipole moment and Electric quadruple moment,
Parity quantum number, Statistics of nuclear particles, Isobaric spin concept, Systematic of
stable nuclei.

Unit 2. Nuclear Disintegration: Simple theories of decay, Properties of neutrino, Non-

conservation of parity and Wu’s experiment in beta decay, Electron capture, Internal
conversion.

Unit 3. Inter Nucleon Forces: Properties and simple theory of the deuteron ground state, Spin
dependence and tensor component of nuclear forces, Nucleon- nucleon scattering at low
energy, Charge- independence of nuclear forces, Many – nucleon systems and saturation of
nuclear forces, Exchange forces, Elements of meson theory.

Unit 4. Nuclear Structure and Models: Fermi gas model, Experimental evidence for shell
structure in nuclei, Basic assumption for shell model, Single- particle energy levels in central
potential, Spin-orbit potential and prediction of magic numbers, Extreme single- particle model,
Prediction of angular momenta, Parities and magnetic moment of nuclear ground states, Liquid
drop model, Semi- empirical mass formula, Nuclear fission, The unified model.

Unit 5.Particle Physics: Properties and origin, Elementary particles, Properties, classification,
type of interactions and conservation laws, Properties of mesons, Resonance particles, Strange
particles and Strangeness quantum number, Simple ideas of group theory, Symmetry and
conservation laws, CP and CPT invariance, Special symmetry groups SU (2) and SU (3)
classification of hadrons, Quarks, Gell- Mann- Okubu mass formula.

Text and Reference Books

Nuclear Physics by Roy & Nigam
Introduction to nuclear Physics by H. Enge
Theoretical Nuclear Physics by J.M. Blatt and V.F. Weisskopf
Theoretical nuclear and Subnuclear Physics by J.D. Walecka
Particle Physics An introduction by M.Leon
Group Theory in Subnuclear Physics by F.I. Stancu
Introduction to Particle Physics by R. Ones.
Fundamentals of Nuclear Physics by B.B. Srivastava
Nuclear Physics by D.C. Tayal
 (13)
M.Sc. PHYSICS (IV SEMESTER): PHYSICS OF NANOMATERIALS

Introduction to Nanostructure Materials: Nanoscience & nanotechnology, Size dependence of

properties, Moor’s law, Surface energy and Melting point depression of nanoparticles, Free
electron theory (qualitative idea) and its features, Idea of band structure, insulators,
semiconductors and conductors, Energy band gaps of semiconductors, Effective masses and
Fermi surfaces, Localized particles, Donors, Acceptors and Deep traps, Mobility, Excitons,
Density of states, variation of density of states with energy and size of crystal.
Quantum Size Effect: Quantum confinement, Nanomaterials structures, Quantum well,
Quantum wire and Quantum dot, Fabrication techniques.
Characterization techniques of Nanomaterials: Determination of particle size, XRD (Scherrer’s
formula), Increase in width of XRD peaks of nanoparticles, Shift in absorption spectra peak of
nanoparticles, shift in photoluminescence peaks, Electron microscopy: Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Probe microscopy (SPM),
Scanning Tunneling Electron Microscopy (STEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).
Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Key issues in the synthesis of Nanomaterials, Different approaches
of synthesis, Top down and Bottom up approaches, Cluster beam evaporation, Ball Milling,
Chemical vapor deposition, capping agents, Carbon nanotubes (CNT)- Synthesis, Properties and
Applications.

Text and References Books

Nanostructures & Nanomaterials, Synthesis, Properties & Applications by Guozhong
Cao, Imperial College Press.
Introduction to Nanotechnology, by Charles P. Poole, Jr. Frank J. Owens, John Wiley &
Sons Inc. Publication.
Quantum Wells, Wires and Dots by Paul Harrison, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Quantum Dot Hetrostructures, by D. Bimberg, M. Grundman, N.N. Ledenstov.
Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology by Hornyak G.L., Tibbals H.F., Dutta J.,
Moore J.J., CRC Press.
Carbon Nanotechnology by Liming Dai
Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Applications by Michael J. O’. Connell.
 (14)

M. Sc. PHYSICS (IV Semester): SPECIAL PAPER III ELECTRONICS

Unit 1: Digital communication: Elements of a digital communication system, sampling

theorem – Low Pass and Band Pass signals, Pulse Amplitude Modulation, Natural
sampling. Flat – top sampling, Other forms of Pulse Modulation, Pulse Code Modulation,
uniform and non-uniform Quantization of signals, Quantization error, Differential PCM,
Delta Modulation, Adaptive Delta Modulation.

Unit 2: Digital Modulation techniques: Principle of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK),
Generation and Reception of BPSK, Bandwidth of BPSK Signal , Differential Phase Shift
Keying (DPSK); DPSK Transmitter and Receiver, Bandwidth of DPSK Signal, Quadrature
Phase Shift Keying (QPSK); QPSK transmitter and Receiver, Bandwidth of QPSK Signal,
Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK), BFSK Transmitter and receiver, Amplitude Shift
Keying (ASK).

Unit 3. Random Variables, Probability Distributions, Random Processes,

Mathematical representation of Noise: Sources of noise. Frequency domain
representation of noise, effect of filtering on the probability density of Gaussian noise,
Spectral components of noise, Response of a narrowband filter to Noise, effect of a filter
on the power spectral density of noise, Superposition of noises, Mixing involving noise,
Linear Filtering of Noise.

Unit 4. Data Transmission: Baseband signal receiver, probability of error Optimum filter
probability of error for Optimum receiver, Matched filter, Impulse response of Matched
filter, probability of error of a Matched filter Correlation.

Unit 5. Satellite Communication: Introduction to Satellite Systems, Types of Satellites,

Frequency Allocations, Satellite orbits; orbit fundamentals, Orbit shape, Height of
Geostationary orbit, Law governing satellite motion; Kepler’s Laws, Antenna Look Angles
determinations, Orbital Elements, Orbit Perturbations, Inclined Orbits, Global
Positioning Systems, Satellite link power budget equation, system Noise, carrier to noise
ratio for uplink and downlink, combined uplink and downlink carrier to noise ratio.

Text and Reference Books;

(1) Principles of Communication Systems, second Edition by Taub and Schilling
(2) Communication Systems, third edition, by Simon Haykin
(3) Digital Communications, second edition by J.S. Chitode
 (15)
M.Sc. Physics (IV- Semester ):SPECIAL PAPER –IV- ELECTRONICS

Unit 1. Materials for Integrated Circuits

Classification of IC, CMOS Process Overview , Electronic grade silicon , Crystal growth
,Czeehralski and float zone crystal growing methods, Silicon shaping lapping , Polishing and
wafer preparation,
Unit 2. Hot Processes-I: Oxidation and Diffusion
Oxidation of silicon, oxide deposition by thermal dry oxidation and wet oxidation method
Diffusion Process, Diffusion Coefficient, Fick’s 1st and 2nd Laws of Diffusion, Vacancy –Impurity
interactions, Dopants and Dopant Sources , Doping by Diffusion, ion implantation, Diffusion
Process Control, Diffusion Systems, Implantation Technology, Selective Implantation, Junction
depth, Channeling, Lattice Damage, Annealing ,Dopant Diffusion and Related Operations:
Equipment for Diffusion and Related Operations.
Unit 3. Thin Films: Metals and Nonmetals
Vacuum Science and Technology, Evaporation theory and electron beam evaporation,
evaporation system, idea of DC and R.F. sputtering system, Physical vapor deposition methods,
Design construction of vacuum coating units, Chemicals Vapor Deposition, Reactors for Chemical
Vapor Deposition, CVD Applications, Epitaxy methods for thin film deposition, Vapor-Phase
Epitaxy,
Unit 4. Photolithography, Photoresist Processing and Etching
Wafer Cleaning methods, Wafer Preparation method: Vapor HMDS Treatment for adhesion
improvement of photoresist, photoresist coating methods, soft backing of photo resist, post
exposure backing of photo resist, Negative photoresist, Positive photoresist, Contrast and
sensitivity of photoresist, Chemical Modulus Transfer Function (CMTF ) of Photoresist, Resist
Exposure ( single, bi-layer and multi level photoresist exposure ) and Resist Development, Hard
Baking and Resist curing, Photolithographic Process Control.
Photolithography: An Overview, lithography, Raleigh criterion for resolution, Photolithography
source, Resolution and numerical aperture, Photolithographic methods: Contact, proximity and
projection and their resolution limit, Photo mask and mask Alignment, Limitations of optical
lithography, Concept of phase-shift mask, Idea of electron beam lithography, Electron optics,
Idea of an X-ray lithography and x-ray mask, Wet chemical dry etching for material removal,
Reactive plasma etching, Ion milling,
Unit 5. Interconnections and Contacts and Packaging and Yield
Ohmic Contact Formation, Contact Resistance, Electromigration, Diffused Interconnections,
Polysilicon Interconnections, Buried Contacts, Butted Contacts, Silicides, Multilayer Contacts,
Liftoff Process, Multilevel Metallization.
Testing, Die Sepration, Die Attachment, Wire Bonding, Packages, Flip-Chip Process, Tape-
Automated-Bonding Process, Yield, Uniform and Nonuniform Defect Densities.

Text and Refernece Books:

Integrated Electronics- Milliman and Taub
Microelectronics –Milliman and Gros
Thin Film Phenomena- K.L. Chopra
Hand Book of Thin Film- Marshel and Glang
VLSI Technology- S.M. Sze.
 (16)
M.Sc. PHYS. (IV SEM.) COMPUTATIONAL METHODS AND
PROGRAMMING

Unit 1. Computational methods: Methods for determination of zeros of linear and

nonlinear algebraic equations and transcendental equations, Bisection method, Muller’s
method, Quotient-difference method, Newton-Raphson method
Solution of simultaneous linear equations, consistency of a system of linear equation,
Gaussian elimination, LU decomposition method, matrix inversion, Jacobi iterative
method, Gauss-Seidel method, convergence of Gauss-Seidel method

Unit 2. Diagonalization of matrices, Eigen values and eigenvectors of matrices, Power

and Jacobi method.
Finite differences, Newton’s formula for interpolation, Gauss, Stirling, Bessel’s, Everett’s
formulae, Divided differences, Newton’s general interpolation formula, Lagrange’s
interpolation formula.

Unit 3. Numerical differentiation, Numerical integration, Trapezoidal rule, Simpson 1/3

and 3/8 rules, Boole’s and waddles rules, Newton-Cote’s formula, Euler- Maclaurin
formula, Gauss quadrature formula.
Method of Least square curve fitting, straight line and quadratic equation fitting, curve
fitting of curves y =axb, y =aebx, xya = b and y = abx, curve fitting by sum of exponentials,
data fitting with cubic splines.

Unit 4. Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations, Euler, Picard and Runge-
Kutta methods, Predictor and corrector method, elementary ideas of solutions of partial
differential equations, solution of Laplace equation

Unit 5. Programming: elementary information about digital computer principles,

compilers, interpreters and operating systems, Fortran programming, flow charts, integer
and floating point, arithmetic expressions, built in functions, executable and non
executable statements, IF statements, GO TO statements, DO loop and implied DO loop,
simple computer programmes.
Text and References Books
Introductory Methods of Numerical analysis by S.S. Shastri
Numerical Analysis by Rajaraman

Numerical Methods by E. Balagurusamy

Fortran Programming by Rajaraman
Numerical methods for scientific & Eng. Computatioans by Jain, Iyengar