Name/s: ANDREA JEAN MIRANDA Date Performed: __________________

Group No. 5 Date Submitted: ___________________

THE ANIMAL CELL

Laboratory Activity No. 3

Cells from the lining of the human mouth wall will be observed because they represent closely
the structure of the so-called typical animal cell. Prepare a slide of your cheek cells as indicated
below.

I. OBJECTIVES:
1. Observe the human cheek cell under the microscope
2. Identify and label the parts of the cell
3. Understand the functions of every part of the cell
II. MATERIALS:

Microscope glass slide

coverslip toothpicks
iodine solution

III. PROCEDURE:
1. Place a drop of water in the center of a clean slide.

2. With the broad end of a flat toothpick gently scrape the inside of the cheek opposite the
molar teeth. (Do not dig into your cheek.)

3. Spread the material at the end of the toothpick in the water of the slide. Keep stirring
until you have a uniform whitish smear on the slide.

4. Add a few drops of iodine solution and add a cover slip.

5. Observe under the LPO.

6. Find an isolated cheek cell. Center it in the field and switch to HPO.

7. Make a large diagram of the cell and label the parts recognized.

IV. DRAWING:

1. Draw a human cheek cell observed under the HPO. Label all the parts observed.
IV. QUESTIONS:

1. What controls most of the cell processes and contains the hereditary information of
DNA?
- It is the nucleus that controls most of the cell processes and contains the hereditary
information of DNA.

2. When a large proportion of a cell's ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum,
it is a sign that the cell is specialized to ____________?
- Manufacture or synthesize the proteins and will be exported through endoplasmic reticulum.

3. Why do cells need to transport proteins?

- Cells need to transport proteins because transport proteins in the cell membrane permit the
target flow of the particular molecules from the surrounding environment.

4. Which cellular component metabolizes carbohydrates and steroids, works in

detoxification, regulates the concentration of calcium, produces steroids and fats, and
attaches receptors to the proteins of the cell membrane?

- It is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum that metabolizes carbohydrates and steroids,

works in detoxification, regulates the concentration of calcium, produces steroids and
fats, and attaches receptors to the proteins of the cell membrane.

5. Explain why a large surface-to-volume ratio is needed for the proper functioning
of cells.
- A large surface-to-volume ratio is needed for the proper functioning of cells it is because in
comparison to a lesser ratio, the bigger surface area to volume ratio is more effective. The
more plasma membrane a cell has available to transfer substances into and out of the cell, the
better it will be able to carry out its intended activities.

6. Give an example of a cell that has cilia and one that has flagella. Describe the
functions of these cells.

- An example of a cell that has cilia and also flagella are the sperm. The sperm cell is released
during sexual intercourse and to eventually meet with an ovum. Moreover, prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells contain flagella and cilia. Specifically in microorganisms and animals, but with
the exception of higher plants as they do not contain these structures.
Name: ANDREA JEAN MIRANDA Date Performed: _______________
Course/Yr: BSED SCI-2B Date Submitted: _______________
Score/Rating: __________________

CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS

Laboratory Activity No. 4.a

I. Introduction

A. Cell Division

The genetic information of plants, animals and other eukaryotic organisms resides in several (ormany)
individual DNA molecules, or chromosomes. For example, each human cell possesses 46chromosomes, while
each cell of an onion possesses 8 chromosomes. All cells must replicate their DNAwhen dividing. During DNA
replication, the two strands of the DNA double helix separate, and foreach original strand a new
complementary strand is produced, yielding two identical DNA molecules.DNA replication yields an identical
pair of DNA molecules (called sister chromatids) attached at a region called the centromere.

DNA replication in eukaryotes is followed by the process called mitosis which assures that each
daughter cell receives one copy of each of the replicated chromosomes. During the process of mitosis, the
chromosomes pass through several stages known as prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. The
actual division of the cytoplasm is called cytokinesis and occurs during telophase. During each of the
preceding stages, particular events occur that contribute to the orderly distribution of the replicated
chromosomes prior to cytokinesis.

B. The Stages of Mitosis

Prophase. During prophase, the chromosomes supercoil and the fibers of the spindle apparatus
begin to form between centrosomes located at the pole of the cells. The nuclear
membrane also disintegrates at this time, freeing the chromosomes into the
surrounding cytoplasm.

Prometaphase. During prometaphase, some of the fibers attach to the centromere of each pair
of sister chromatids and they begin to move toward the center of the cell.

Metaphase. At metaphase the chromosomes have come to rest along the center plane of the
cell.

Anaphase. During anaphase, the centromeres split and the sister chromatids begin to migrate
toward the opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase. During telophase, the chromosomes at either end of the cell cluster begin to cluster
together, which facilitates the formation of a new nuclear membrane. This also is
when cytokinesis occurs, leading to two separate cells. One way to identify that
telophase has begun is by looking for the formation of the cell plate, the new cell
wall forming between the two cells.

II. Objectives: In this laboratory exercise the students will be able to:

1. Understand better cell division and the different stages of mitosis.

2. Observe the different stages of mitosis under the microscope.
3. Draw/illustrate the stages of mitosis.
4. Determine the time each stage occurs.

III. Materials:

prepared slide of mitosis (onion root tip) pen

microscope pencil
IV. Methods:

1. For the observation of the prepared slide containing mitosis, scan the microscope under the 10x
objective.
2. Look for the region that has large nuclei relative to the size of the cell; among these cells will be
found cells displaying stages of mitosis.
3. Switch to the 40X objective to make closer observations. Since prophase and prometaphase
are difficult to distinguish, classify all these cells as prophase.
4. Record your observations in the spaces provided
V. Results:

1. Find and draw a cell showing each stage of mitosis.

PROPHASE METAPHASE

ANAPHASE TELOPHASE
2. Briefly describe the distinguishing visible feature of each stage of mitosis.

Prophase:
The chromosomes appear condensed and the nuclear envelope is not apparent. He nuclear
envelope is not apparent. He nuclear membrane breaks down and spindle fibers begin to form.

Metaphase:
Thick, coiled chromosomes, each with two chromatids. The sister chromatids line up at the
center or equator of the cell.

Anaphase:
The chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart and move to the opposite poles of the
cell.

Telophase:
The chromosomes are at the poles begin to uncoil and form chromatin. Nuclear membrane
forms and spindle fiber breakdown. Cytoplasm splits into two and the cell divides creating two
daughter cells, his process is called cytokinesis.

3. What processes occur in the interphase cell prior to the onset of mitosis?
- The interphase is divided into three stages: G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase. In G1 phase organelles are
duplicated, proteins are formed and cell growth. He S phase is where the DNA replication occurs along with
the centrosome. The cell grows more in size in G2 phase. Also, in this phase the cell prepares for mitosis.

4. Once cell division ends, the cells will exist the cell cycle and enter the ______________ stage.
Why is it incorrect to say that these cells are “resting”?

- The cells enter the interphase stage. It is it incorrect to say that these cells are “resting” because the typical
cell spends the majority of its time in the interphase stage, which many processes such as DNA error checking,
protein synthesis, respiration and mRNA synthesis occur during this time.